Jacobite succession
Encyclopedia
The Jacobite succession is the line through which the crown in pretence of England and Scotland has descended since the flight of James II & VII
from London
at the time of the Glorious Revolution
. James and his Jacobite
successors were traditionally toasted
as "The King over the Water".
who claimed the thrones of England, Scotland, Ireland and France after the Glorious Revolution
of 1688 were, with the dates of their claim:
Upon Henry's death, the succession passed to a different house, and none of the Jacobite heirs since has actually claimed the thrones of England and Scotland or incorporated the arms of England and Scotland in their coats-of-arms.
Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia
was a descendant of Charles I
through his youngest daughter Henrietta Anne. Her daughter Anne Marie of Orléans
married Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia
, and Charles IV was great-grandson of Queen Anne Marie in the male line.
(b. 1917), dowager Duchess of Calabria and mother of the heir of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
The succession from Maria Teresa is as follows.
claimed that King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
was the rightful King of England, as heir to the Kings of Sardinia.
In 1831 the male descendants of Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia
and his wife Anne Marie d'Orléans, a niece of James II, died out and the Savoy succession – but not the Jacobite succession – passed to a distant cousin, because the succession in the Kingdom of Sardinia was governed by the Salic Law
, which does not recognize claims by or through a female. England and Scotland have never been subject to the Salic Law (if they were, the succession could not have passed to the house of Savoy, nor in fact could the House of Stuart
have inherited the thrones of either Scotland or England, as their claims in the two kingdoms derived, respectively, from Marjorie Bruce
and Margaret Tudor
). Rolfe may not have understood this.
claimed that Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
"is the lawful Jacobite sovereign of this realm". Moncreiffe made the following argument:
Under Moncreiffe's theory, however, James VI of Scotland
could never have succeeded as James I of England in 1603. This problem, recognized in 1603, had been circumvented at the time of James's accession by the ahistorical assertion that Scotland and England had been "anciently but one" kingdom, and that the succession of the Scottish monarch to the throne of England was a "reuniting" of two parts of a single kingdom, i.e., that Scotland was not really a foreign country – a concept emphasized by James's insistence on the use of the name Great Britain
for the united realms of England and Scotland.
It was not common law but a 15th century statute that restricted the English crown to those in the liegeance of the Sovereign, and that statute was supplanted by the Acts of Succession passed in Henry VIII's reign. Additionally, Jacobites believe that the royal succession is determined by God and by hereditary right, not by Parliament. For instance, most Jacobites recognise Mary, Queen of Scots as having been the rightful Queen of England - a clear violation of the aforementioned law, which in their view is overridden by Mary's hereditary rights (as granddaughter of Margaret Tudor
), and the illegitimacy of Elizabeth I
.
Another interesting question raised by Moncreiffe's theory is that had the act of settlement not been passed, then George III would probably not have been born in Britain and so the House of Hanover as well as the House of Savoy would have had to be bypassed on Cardinal York's death.
James II of England
James II & VII was King of England and King of Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII, from 6 February 1685. He was the last Catholic monarch to reign over the Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland...
from London
London
London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...
at the time of the Glorious Revolution
Glorious Revolution
The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, is the overthrow of King James II of England by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau...
. James and his Jacobite
Jacobitism
Jacobitism was the political movement in Britain dedicated to the restoration of the Stuart kings to the thrones of England, Scotland, later the Kingdom of Great Britain, and the Kingdom of Ireland...
successors were traditionally toasted
Loyal toast
A loyal toast is a salute given to the head of state of the country in which a formal gathering is being given, or by expatriates of that country, whether or not the particular head of state is present. It is usually a matter of protocol at state and military occasions, and a display of patriotic...
as "The King over the Water".
House of Stuart
The StuartsHouse of Stuart
The House of Stuart is a European royal house. Founded by Robert II of Scotland, the Stewarts first became monarchs of the Kingdom of Scotland during the late 14th century, and subsequently held the position of the Kings of Great Britain and Ireland...
who claimed the thrones of England, Scotland, Ireland and France after the Glorious Revolution
Glorious Revolution
The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, is the overthrow of King James II of England by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau...
of 1688 were, with the dates of their claim:
| Descendent | | Portrait | Birth | | Marriages | | Death |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| James II & VII James II of England James II & VII was King of England and King of Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII, from 6 February 1685. He was the last Catholic monarch to reign over the Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland... 6 February 1685– 16 September 1701 |
 |
14 October 1633 St. James's Palace son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France |
Anne Hyde Anne Hyde Anne Hyde was the first wife of James, Duke of York , and the mother of two monarchs, Mary II of England and Scotland and Anne of Great Britain.... 3 September 1660 8 children Mary of Modena Mary of Modena Mary of Modena was Queen consort of England, Scotland and Ireland as the second wife of King James II and VII. A devout Catholic, Mary became, in 1673, the second wife of James, Duke of York, who later succeeded his older brother Charles II as King James II... 21 November 1673 7 children |
16 September 1701 Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye The Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye is a royal palace in the commune of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, in the département of Yvelines, about 19 km west of Paris, France. Today, it houses the Musée d'Archéologie Nationale .... aged 67 |
| James Francis Edward Stuart James Francis Edward Stuart James Francis Edward, Prince of Wales was the son of the deposed James II of England... ("James III & VIII") ("The Old Pretender") 16 September 1701– 1 January 1766 |
 |
10 June 1688 St. James's Palace St. James's Palace St. James's Palace is one of London's oldest palaces. It is situated in Pall Mall, just north of St. James's Park. Although no sovereign has resided there for almost two centuries, it has remained the official residence of the Sovereign and the most senior royal palace in the UK... son of James II of England James II of England James II & VII was King of England and King of Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII, from 6 February 1685. He was the last Catholic monarch to reign over the Kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland... and Mary of Modena Mary of Modena Mary of Modena was Queen consort of England, Scotland and Ireland as the second wife of King James II and VII. A devout Catholic, Mary became, in 1673, the second wife of James, Duke of York, who later succeeded his older brother Charles II as King James II... |
Clementina Sobieski 3 September 1719 2 children |
1 January 1766 Palazzo Muti Palazzo Muti The Palazzo Muti should not be confused with the Palazzo Muti Papazzurri in the Piazza della Pilotta which was designed by Mattia de' Rossi in 1660.... aged 77 |
| Charles Edward Stuart Charles Edward Stuart Prince Charles Edward Louis John Casimir Sylvester Severino Maria Stuart commonly known as Bonnie Prince Charlie or The Young Pretender was the second Jacobite pretender to the thrones of Great Britain , and Ireland... ("Charles III") ("The Young Pretender") ("Bonnie Prince Charlie") 1 January 1766– 31 January 1788 |
.jpg) |
31 December 1720 Palazzo Muti Palazzo Muti The Palazzo Muti should not be confused with the Palazzo Muti Papazzurri in the Piazza della Pilotta which was designed by Mattia de' Rossi in 1660.... son of James Francis Edward Stuart James Francis Edward Stuart James Francis Edward, Prince of Wales was the son of the deposed James II of England... and Clementina Sobieski |
Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern Princess Louise of Stolberg-Gedern Princess Louise Maximilienne Caroline Emmanuele of Stolberg-Gedern was the wife of the Jacobite claimant to the English and Scottish thrones Charles Edward Stuart... 28 March 1772 no children (2 illegitimate children) |
31 January 1788 Palazzo Muti Palazzo Muti The Palazzo Muti should not be confused with the Palazzo Muti Papazzurri in the Piazza della Pilotta which was designed by Mattia de' Rossi in 1660.... aged 67 |
| Henry Benedict Stuart Henry Benedict Stuart Henry Benedict Stuart was a Roman Catholic Cardinal, as well as the fourth and final Jacobite heir to publicly claim the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Unlike his father, James Francis Edward Stuart, and brother, Charles Edward Stuart, Henry made no effort to seize the throne... ("Henry IX & I") 31 January 1788– 13 July 1807 |
 |
11 March 1725 Rome Rome Rome is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, on the Tiber River within the Lazio region of Italy.Rome's history spans two and a half... son of James Francis Edward Stuart James Francis Edward Stuart James Francis Edward, Prince of Wales was the son of the deposed James II of England... and Clementina Sobieski |
never married | 13 July 1807 Frascati Frascati Frascati is a town and comune in the province of Rome in the Lazio region of central Italy. It is located south-east of Rome, on the Alban Hills close to the ancient city of Tusculum. Frascati is closely associated with science, being the location of several international scientific... aged 82 |
Upon Henry's death, the succession passed to a different house, and none of the Jacobite heirs since has actually claimed the thrones of England and Scotland or incorporated the arms of England and Scotland in their coats-of-arms.
House of Savoy
- House of SavoyHouse of SavoyThe House of Savoy was formed in the early 11th century in the historical Savoy region. Through gradual expansion, it grew from ruling a small county in that region to eventually rule the Kingdom of Italy from 1861 until the end of World War II, king of Croatia and King of Armenia...
Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia
Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia
Charles Emmanuel IV was King of Sardinia from 1796 to 1802. He abdicated in favour of his brother Victor Emmanuel I...
was a descendant of Charles I
Charles I of England
Charles I was King of England, King of Scotland, and King of Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. Charles engaged in a struggle for power with the Parliament of England, attempting to obtain royal revenue whilst Parliament sought to curb his Royal prerogative which Charles...
through his youngest daughter Henrietta Anne. Her daughter Anne Marie of Orléans
Anne Marie of Orléans
Anne Marie d'Orléans was the first Queen consort of Sardinia and the maternal grandmother of Louis XV of France...
married Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia
Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia
Victor Amadeus II was Duke of Savoy from 1675 to 1730. He also held the titles of marquis of Saluzzo, duke of Montferrat, prince of Piedmont, count of Aosta, Moriana and Nizza. Louis XIV organised his marriage in order to maintain French influence in the Duchy but Victor Amadeus soon broke away...
, and Charles IV was great-grandson of Queen Anne Marie in the male line.
| Descendent | | Portrait | Birth | | Marriages | | Death |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia Charles Emmanuel IV was King of Sardinia from 1796 to 1802. He abdicated in favour of his brother Victor Emmanuel I... ("Charles IV") 13 July 1807– 6 October 1819 |
 |
24 May 1751 Turin Turin Turin is a city and major business and cultural centre in northern Italy, capital of the Piedmont region, located mainly on the left bank of the Po River and surrounded by the Alpine arch. The population of the city proper is 909,193 while the population of the urban area is estimated by Eurostat... son of Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia Victor Amadeus III was King of Sardinia from 1773 until his death. Although he was politically conservative, he carried out numerous administrative reforms until declaring war on revolutionary France in 1792... and Maria Antonietta of Bourbon |
Marie Clotilde of France Clothilde of France Marie Clotilde of France , known as Madame Clotilde, was a French princess who became Queen of Sardinia as Clotilda in 1796... 1775 No children |
6 October 1819 Rome Rome Rome is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, on the Tiber River within the Lazio region of Italy.Rome's history spans two and a half... aged 68 |
| Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia Victor Emmanuel I was the Duke of Savoy and King of Sardinia from 1802 to 1821, and Jacobite Pretender from 1819 until his death.-Biography:... ("Victor") 6 October 1819– 10 January 1824 |
 |
24 July 1759 Turin Turin Turin is a city and major business and cultural centre in northern Italy, capital of the Piedmont region, located mainly on the left bank of the Po River and surrounded by the Alpine arch. The population of the city proper is 909,193 while the population of the urban area is estimated by Eurostat... son of Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia Victor Amadeus III was King of Sardinia from 1773 until his death. Although he was politically conservative, he carried out numerous administrative reforms until declaring war on revolutionary France in 1792... and Maria Antonietta of Bourbon |
Maria Teresa of Austria-Este 21 April 1789 7 children |
10 January 1824 Moncalieri Moncalieri Moncalieri is a town and comune of approximately 58,000 inhabitants about eight kilometers directly south of downtown Turin , in Piedmont, Italy. It is notable for its castle, built in the 12th century and enlarged in the 15th century, which later became the favorite residence of Maria Clotilde... aged 65 |
| Maria Beatrice of Savoy Maria Beatrice of Savoy Maria Beatrice of Savoy was a Princess of Savoy and Duchess of Modena by marriage. She was also the Jacobite Pretender from 1824 until her death.-Biography:... ("Mary III") 10 January 1824– 15 September 1840 |
 |
6 December 1792 daughter of Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia Victor Emmanuel I was the Duke of Savoy and King of Sardinia from 1802 to 1821, and Jacobite Pretender from 1819 until his death.-Biography:... and Maria Teresa of Austria-Este |
Francis IV, Duke of Modena Francis IV, Duke of Modena Francis IV Joseph Charles Ambrose Stanislaus was Duke of Modena, Reggio, and Mirandola , Duke of Massa and Prince of Carrara , Archduke of Austria-Este, Royal Prince of Hungary and Bohemia, Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece... 20 June 1812 4 children |
15 September 1840 aged 48 |
House of Austria-Este
| Descendent | | Portrait | Birth | | Marriages | | Death |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Francis V, Duke of Modena Francis V, Duke of Modena Francesco Ferdinando Geminiano von Habsburg-Lothringen, known as Francis V of Modena , Archduke of Austria-Este, Royal Prince of Hungary and Bohemia, was Duke of Modena, Reggio, and Mirandola, Duke of Guastalla , Duke of Massa and Prince of Carrara from 1846 to 1859... ("Francis I") 15 September 1840– 20 November 1875 |
 |
1 June 1819 Modena Modena Modena is a city and comune on the south side of the Po Valley, in the Province of Modena in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy.... son of Maria Beatrice of Savoy Maria Beatrice of Savoy Maria Beatrice of Savoy was a Princess of Savoy and Duchess of Modena by marriage. She was also the Jacobite Pretender from 1824 until her death.-Biography:... and Francis IV, Duke of Modena Francis IV, Duke of Modena Francis IV Joseph Charles Ambrose Stanislaus was Duke of Modena, Reggio, and Mirandola , Duke of Massa and Prince of Carrara , Archduke of Austria-Este, Royal Prince of Hungary and Bohemia, Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece... |
Adelgunde of Bavaria Princess Adelgunde of Bavaria Princess Adelgunde of Bavaria was a daughter of Ludwig I of Bavaria and Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen. She was Duchess consort of Modena by her marriage to Francis V, Duke of Modena.-Family:... 30 March 1842 1 child |
20 November 1875 Vienna Vienna Vienna is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.723 million , and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre... aged 56 |
| Maria Theresia of Austria-Este ("Mary IV") 20 November 1875– 3 February 1919 |
 |
2 July 1849 Brno Brno Brno by population and area is the second largest city in the Czech Republic, the largest Moravian city, and the historical capital city of the Margraviate of Moravia. Brno is the administrative centre of the South Moravian Region where it forms a separate district Brno-City District... daughter of Ferdinand of Austria-Este Archduke Ferdinand Karl Viktor of Austria-Este Ferdinand Karl Viktor was Archduke of Austria-Este and Duke of Modena.-Biography:Born in Modena, he was the second son of Francis IV of Modena and his wife Maria Beatrice of Savoy... and Elisabeth of Austria Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria Elisabeth Franziska Maria, Archduchess of Austria, Princess of Hungary and Bohemia .... |
Ludwig III of Bavaria Ludwig III of Bavaria Ludwig III , was the last King of Bavaria, reigning from 1913 to 1918.-Early life:... 13 children |
3 February 1919 Chiemgau Chiemgau Chiemgau is the common name of a geographic area in Upper Bavaria. It refers to the foothills of the Alps between the rivers Inn and Traun, with lake Chiemsee at its center. The political districts that contain the Chiemgau are Rosenheim and Traunstein... aged 69 |
House of Wittelsbach
| Descendent | | Portrait | Birth | | Marriages | | Death | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria Rupprecht or Rupert, Crown Prince of Bavaria was the last Bavarian Crown Prince.His full title was His Royal Highness Rupprecht Maria Luitpold Ferdinand, Crown Prince of Bavaria, Duke of Bavaria, of Franconia and in Swabia, Count Palatine of the Rhine... ("Robert I & IV") 3 February 1919– 2 August 1955 |
 |
18 May 1869 Munich Munich Munich The city's motto is "" . Before 2006, it was "Weltstadt mit Herz" . Its native name, , is derived from the Old High German Munichen, meaning "by the monks' place". The city's name derives from the monks of the Benedictine order who founded the city; hence the monk depicted on the city's coat... son of Maria Theresia of Austria-Este and Ludwig III of Bavaria Ludwig III of Bavaria Ludwig III , was the last King of Bavaria, reigning from 1913 to 1918.-Early life:... |
Marie Gabrielle of Bavaria Duchess Marie Gabrielle in Bavaria -Family:Her parents were Duke Karl-Theodor in Bavaria, kinsman to the Kings of Bavaria and world renowned ophthalmologist, and his second wife, Princess Maria José of Bragança, a daughter of King Miguel I, exiled monarch of Portugal... 10 July 1900 Munich Munich Munich The city's motto is "" . Before 2006, it was "Weltstadt mit Herz" . Its native name, , is derived from the Old High German Munichen, meaning "by the monks' place". The city's name derives from the monks of the Benedictine order who founded the city; hence the monk depicted on the city's coat... 4 children Antonia of Luxembourg 7 April 1921 Lenggries Lenggries Lenggries is a municipality in Bavaria, Germany. Lenggries is the center of the Isarwinkel, the region along the Isar between Bad Tölz and Wallgau... 6 children |
2 August 1955 Schloß Leutstetten Starnberg The city of Starnberg is in Bavaria, Germany, some 30 km south-west of Munich. It lies at the north end of Lake Starnberg, in the heart of the "Five Lakes Country", and serves as capital of the district of Starnberg... aged 86 |
|
| Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria Albrecht Luitpold Ferdinand Michael, Duke of Bavaria, of Franconia and in Swabia, Count Palatine of the Rhine , was the son of Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria and his first wife, Duchess Marie Gabrielle in Bavaria. He was the one surviving child from that marriage... ("Albert") 2 August 1955– 8 July 1996 |
3 May 1905 Munich Munich Munich The city's motto is "" . Before 2006, it was "Weltstadt mit Herz" . Its native name, , is derived from the Old High German Munichen, meaning "by the monks' place". The city's name derives from the monks of the Benedictine order who founded the city; hence the monk depicted on the city's coat... son of Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria Rupprecht or Rupert, Crown Prince of Bavaria was the last Bavarian Crown Prince.His full title was His Royal Highness Rupprecht Maria Luitpold Ferdinand, Crown Prince of Bavaria, Duke of Bavaria, of Franconia and in Swabia, Count Palatine of the Rhine... and Marie Gabrielle of Bavaria Duchess Marie Gabrielle in Bavaria -Family:Her parents were Duke Karl-Theodor in Bavaria, kinsman to the Kings of Bavaria and world renowned ophthalmologist, and his second wife, Princess Maria José of Bragança, a daughter of King Miguel I, exiled monarch of Portugal... |
Countess Maria Draskovich of Trakostjan Countess Maria Draskovich of Trakostjan align="right"|Countess Maria Draskovich of Trakostjan was the first wife of Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria, head of the House of Wittelsbach and pretender to the Kingdom of Bavaria from 1955 to 1996 as well as the Jacobite pretender to the thrones of England, Scotland, Ireland and France... 1930 4 children Countess Marie-Jenke Keglevich of Buzin Countess Marie-Jenke Keglevich of Buzin Countess Marie-Jenke Keglevich of Buzin was the second wife of Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria, head of the House of Wittelsbach and pretender to the Kingdom of Bavaria from 1955 to 1996 as well as Jacobite pretender to the thrones of England, Scotland, Ireland and France... 1971 No children |
8 July 1996 Castle Berg Starnberg The city of Starnberg is in Bavaria, Germany, some 30 km south-west of Munich. It lies at the north end of Lake Starnberg, in the heart of the "Five Lakes Country", and serves as capital of the district of Starnberg... aged 91 |
||
| Franz, Duke of Bavaria Franz, Duke of Bavaria Franz Bonaventura Adalbert Maria Herzog von Bayern , styled as His Royal Highness The Duke of Bavaria, is head of the Wittelsbach family, the former ruling family of the Kingdom of Bavaria... ("Francis II") 8 July 1996– present |
14 July 1933 Munich Munich Munich The city's motto is "" . Before 2006, it was "Weltstadt mit Herz" . Its native name, , is derived from the Old High German Munichen, meaning "by the monks' place". The city's name derives from the monks of the Benedictine order who founded the city; hence the monk depicted on the city's coat... son of Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria Albrecht Luitpold Ferdinand Michael, Duke of Bavaria, of Franconia and in Swabia, Count Palatine of the Rhine , was the son of Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria and his first wife, Duchess Marie Gabrielle in Bavaria. He was the one surviving child from that marriage... and Countess Maria Draskovich of Trakostjan Countess Maria Draskovich of Trakostjan align="right"|Countess Maria Draskovich of Trakostjan was the first wife of Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria, head of the House of Wittelsbach and pretender to the Kingdom of Bavaria from 1955 to 1996 as well as the Jacobite pretender to the thrones of England, Scotland, Ireland and France... |
not married | |||
Future descent after the Duke of Bavaria
The heir presumptive of Franz, Duke of Bavaria, is his younger brother- Prince Max, Duke in BavariaPrince Max, Duke in BavariaMax-Emanuel Ludwig Maria Herzog in Bayern, sometimes styled Prince Max of Bavaria, Duke in Bavaria, born 21 January 1937 as son of Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria, is the heir presumptive to both the headship of the former Bavarian Royal House and the Jacobite Succession...
. Then his daughter- Sophie, Hereditary Princess of LiechtensteinSophie, Hereditary Princess of LiechtensteinSophie, Hereditary Princess of Liechtenstein , is the wife of Alois, Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein, Regent of Liechtenstein and heir apparent to the Liechtensteiner throne.-Early life and education:...
, and then her eldest son- Prince Joseph WenzelPrince Joseph Wenzel of LiechtensteinPrince Joseph Wenzel of Liechtenstein, Count of Rietberg , styled His Serene Highness , is the eldest child of Prince Alois of Liechtenstein, the Regent and Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein, and his wife Princess Sophie of Bavaria, Duchess in Bavaria...
of LiechtensteinLiechtensteinThe Principality of Liechtenstein is a doubly landlocked alpine country in Central Europe, bordered by Switzerland to the west and south and by Austria to the east. Its area is just over , and it has an estimated population of 35,000. Its capital is Vaduz. The biggest town is Schaan...
, born 24 May 1995 in London. The first heir in the Jacobite line born in the British Isles since James III and VIII, The Old Pretender in 1688.
- Prince Joseph Wenzel
- Sophie, Hereditary Princess of Liechtenstein
Alternative successions
While Franz of Bavaria is recognized by most Jacobites as the Stuart heir, arguments have been made for several other candidates.Alicia
Maria Beatrice of Savoy married her uncle Francis V, Duke of Modena. This marriage was concluded validly in Sardinia. However, it would have been illegal for them to marry in Britain, and therefore the Jacobite succession is considered by some to have passed from Maria Beatrice to her younger sister Maria Teresa, who married the Duke of Parma. Her representative today is HRH The Infanta AliciaPrincess Alicia of Bourbon-Parma
Infanta Alicia, Dowager Duchess of Calabria is a daughter of Elias, Duke of Parma and Piacenza and his wife Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria. Alicia was Duchess of Calabria through her marriage to Infante Alfonso, Duke of Calabria...
(b. 1917), dowager Duchess of Calabria and mother of the heir of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
The succession from Maria Teresa is as follows.
- House of SavoyHouse of SavoyThe House of Savoy was formed in the early 11th century in the historical Savoy region. Through gradual expansion, it grew from ruling a small county in that region to eventually rule the Kingdom of Italy from 1861 until the end of World War II, king of Croatia and King of Armenia...
Descendent Portrait Birth Marriages Death Maria Teresa of Savoy Princess Maria Teresa of SavoyMaria Teresa of Savoy, was the wife of Charles II, Duke of Parma .-Early life:...
15 September 1840–
16 July 1879
19 September 1803
Palazzo ColonnaPalazzo ColonnaThe Palazzo Colonna is a palatial block of buildings in central Rome, Italy, at the base of the Quirinal Hill, and adjacent to the church of Santi Apostoli...
daughter of Victor Emmanuel I of SardiniaVictor Emmanuel I of SardiniaVictor Emmanuel I was the Duke of Savoy and King of Sardinia from 1802 to 1821, and Jacobite Pretender from 1819 until his death.-Biography:...
and Maria Teresa of Austria-EsteCharles II, Duke of Parma Charles II, Duke of ParmaCharles Louis of Bourbon-Parma was King of Etruria , Duke of Lucca , and Duke of Parma .-Early life and marriage:...
5 September 1820
LuccaLuccaLucca is a city and comune in Tuscany, central Italy, situated on the river Serchio in a fertile plainnear the Tyrrhenian Sea. It is the capital city of the Province of Lucca...
(2 children)16 July 1879
aged 75 - House of Bourbon-ParmaHouse of Bourbon-ParmaThe House of Bourbon-Parma is an Italian cadet branch of the House of Bourbon. It is thus descended from the Capetian dynasty in male line. The name of Bourbon-Parma comes from the main name and the other from the title of Duke of Parma....
Descendent Portrait Birth Marriages Death Robert I, Duke of Parma Robert I, Duke of ParmaRobert I was the last sovereign Duke of Parma and Piacenza from 1854 to 1859, when the duchy was annexed to Sardinia-Piedmont during the unification of Italy...
16 July 1879–
16 November 1907
9 July 1848
FlorenceFlorenceFlorence is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany and of the province of Florence. It is the most populous city in Tuscany, with approximately 370,000 inhabitants, expanding to over 1.5 million in the metropolitan area....
son of Charles III, Duke of ParmaCharles III, Duke of Parma-Early life:Charles III was born at the Villa delle Pianore near Lucca, the only son of Charles Louis, Prince of Lucca and his wife Princess Maria-Theresa of Savoy . He was given the baptismal names Ferdinando Carlo Vittorio Giuseppe Maria Baldassarre...
and Louise Marie Thérèse of FranceMaria Pia of the Two Sicilies
5 April 1869
RomeRomeRome is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, on the Tiber River within the Lazio region of Italy.Rome's history spans two and a half...
(12 children)
Maria Antonia of PortugalInfanta Maria Antonia of PortugalInfanta Maria Antónia of Portugal was a Portuguese infanta, the seventh and last child of Miguel I of Portugal and Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg.-Infanta of...
15 October 1884
Schloß Fischhorn
(12 children)16 November 1907
ViareggioViareggioViareggio is a city and comune located in northern Tuscany, Italy, on the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea. With a population of over 64,000 it is the main centre of the northern Tuscan Riviera known as Versilia, and the second largest city within the Province of Lucca.It is known as a seaside resort...
aged 59Henry, Duke of Parma Henry, Duke of ParmaHenry, Duke of Parma and Piacenza was the head of the House of Bourbon-Parma and the pretender to the defunct throne of Parma from 1907 to 1939.-Biography:Prince Enrico was born at Wartegg Castle in Rorschach, the second but eldest surviving son of...
16 November 1907–
16 November 1939
13 June 1873
Wartegg
son of Robert I, Duke of ParmaRobert I, Duke of ParmaRobert I was the last sovereign Duke of Parma and Piacenza from 1854 to 1859, when the duchy was annexed to Sardinia-Piedmont during the unification of Italy...
and Maria Pia of the Two Siciliesnever married 16 November 1939
PianoreTuscanyTuscany is a region in Italy. It has an area of about 23,000 square kilometres and a population of about 3.75 million inhabitants. The regional capital is Florence ....
aged 66Joseph, Duke of Parma Joseph, Duke of ParmaJoseph, Duke of Parma and Piacenza was the head of the House of Bourbon-Parma and the pretender to the defunct throne of...
16 November 1939–
7 January 1950
30 June 1875
BiarritzBiarritzBiarritz is a city which lies on the Bay of Biscay, on the Atlantic coast, in south-western France. It is a luxurious seaside town and is popular with tourists and surfers....
son of Robert I, Duke of ParmaRobert I, Duke of ParmaRobert I was the last sovereign Duke of Parma and Piacenza from 1854 to 1859, when the duchy was annexed to Sardinia-Piedmont during the unification of Italy...
and Maria Pia of the Two Siciliesnever married 7 January 1950
PianoreTuscanyTuscany is a region in Italy. It has an area of about 23,000 square kilometres and a population of about 3.75 million inhabitants. The regional capital is Florence ....
aged 74Elias, Duke of Parma Elias, Duke of ParmaElias, Duke of Parma and Piacenza was the head of the House of Bourbon-Parma and pretender to the defunct throne of Parma between 1950 and 1959...
7 January 1950–
27 June 1959
23 July 1880
BiarritzBiarritzBiarritz is a city which lies on the Bay of Biscay, on the Atlantic coast, in south-western France. It is a luxurious seaside town and is popular with tourists and surfers....
son of Robert I, Duke of ParmaRobert I, Duke of ParmaRobert I was the last sovereign Duke of Parma and Piacenza from 1854 to 1859, when the duchy was annexed to Sardinia-Piedmont during the unification of Italy...
and Maria Pia of the Two SiciliesMaria Anna of Austria-Teschen Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria (1882–1940)Archduchess Maria Anna Isabelle Epiphanie Eugenie Gabriele of Austria, full German name: Maria Anna Isabelle Epiphanie Eugenie Gabriele, Erzherzogin von Österreich was a member of the Teschen branch of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine and an Archduchess of Austria and...
25 May 1903
ViennaViennaVienna is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.723 million , and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre...
(8 children)27 June 1959
Friedberg
aged 78Robert II, Duke of Parma Robert II, Duke of ParmaRobert Hugo, Duke of Parma and Piacenza was the head of the House of Bourbon-Parma and the pretender to the defunct throne of the Parma between 1959 and 1974.-Biography:...
27 June 1959–
25 November 1974
7 August 1909
WeilburgWeilburgWeilburg is, with just under 14,000 inhabitants, the third biggest town in Limburg-Weilburg district in Hesse, Germany, after Limburg an der Lahn and Bad Camberg.- Location :...
son of Elias, Duke of ParmaElias, Duke of ParmaElias, Duke of Parma and Piacenza was the head of the House of Bourbon-Parma and pretender to the defunct throne of Parma between 1950 and 1959...
and Maria Anna of Austria-TeschenArchduchess Maria Anna of Austria (1882–1940)Archduchess Maria Anna Isabelle Epiphanie Eugenie Gabriele of Austria, full German name: Maria Anna Isabelle Epiphanie Eugenie Gabriele, Erzherzogin von Österreich was a member of the Teschen branch of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine and an Archduchess of Austria and...never married 25 November 1974
ViennaViennaVienna is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.723 million , and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre...
aged 65Elisabetta of Bourbon-Parma
25 November 1974–
13 June 198317 March 1904
ViennaViennaVienna is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.723 million , and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre...
daughter of Elias, Duke of ParmaElias, Duke of ParmaElias, Duke of Parma and Piacenza was the head of the House of Bourbon-Parma and pretender to the defunct throne of Parma between 1950 and 1959...
and Maria Anna of Austria-TeschenArchduchess Maria Anna of Austria (1882–1940)Archduchess Maria Anna Isabelle Epiphanie Eugenie Gabriele of Austria, full German name: Maria Anna Isabelle Epiphanie Eugenie Gabriele, Erzherzogin von Österreich was a member of the Teschen branch of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine and an Archduchess of Austria and...never married 13 June 1983
Bad IschlBad IschlBad Ischl is a spa town in Austria. It lies in the southern part of Upper Austria, at the Traun River in the centre of the Salzkammergut region. The town consists of the Katastralgemeinden Ahorn, Bad Ischl, Haiden, Jainzen, Kaltenbach, Lauffen, Lindau, Pfandl, Perneck, Reiterndorf and Rettenbach...
aged 79Maria Francesca of Bourbon-Parma
13 June 1983–
20 February 19945 September 1906
WeilburgWeilburgWeilburg is, with just under 14,000 inhabitants, the third biggest town in Limburg-Weilburg district in Hesse, Germany, after Limburg an der Lahn and Bad Camberg.- Location :...
daughter of Elias, Duke of ParmaElias, Duke of ParmaElias, Duke of Parma and Piacenza was the head of the House of Bourbon-Parma and pretender to the defunct throne of Parma between 1950 and 1959...
and Maria Anna of Austria-TeschenArchduchess Maria Anna of Austria (1882–1940)Archduchess Maria Anna Isabelle Epiphanie Eugenie Gabriele of Austria, full German name: Maria Anna Isabelle Epiphanie Eugenie Gabriele, Erzherzogin von Österreich was a member of the Teschen branch of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine and an Archduchess of Austria and...never married 20 February 1994
FribourgFribourgFribourg is the capital of the Swiss canton of Fribourg and the district of Sarine. It is located on both sides of the river Saane/Sarine, on the Swiss plateau, and is an important economic, administrative and educational center on the cultural border between German and French Switzerland...
aged 87Alicia, Duchess of Calabria Princess Alicia of Bourbon-ParmaInfanta Alicia, Dowager Duchess of Calabria is a daughter of Elias, Duke of Parma and Piacenza and his wife Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria. Alicia was Duchess of Calabria through her marriage to Infante Alfonso, Duke of Calabria...
20 February 1994–
present13 November 1917
ViennaViennaVienna is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.723 million , and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre...
daughter of Elias, Duke of ParmaElias, Duke of ParmaElias, Duke of Parma and Piacenza was the head of the House of Bourbon-Parma and pretender to the defunct throne of Parma between 1950 and 1959...
and Maria Anna of Austria-TeschenArchduchess Maria Anna of Austria (1882–1940)Archduchess Maria Anna Isabelle Epiphanie Eugenie Gabriele of Austria, full German name: Maria Anna Isabelle Epiphanie Eugenie Gabriele, Erzherzogin von Österreich was a member of the Teschen branch of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine and an Archduchess of Austria and...Infante Alfonso, Duke of Calabria Infante Alfonso, Duke of CalabriaInfante Alfonso, Duke of Calabria was one of two claimants to the title of the head of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies from 1960 until his death in 1964...
16 April 1936
ViennaViennaVienna is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.723 million , and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre...
(3 children)
Victor Emmanuel
In the early twentieth century Frederick RolfeFrederick Rolfe
Frederick William Rolfe, better known as Baron Corvo, and also calling himself 'Frederick William Serafino Austin Lewis Mary Rolfe', , was an English writer, artist, photographer and eccentric...
claimed that King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
Victor Emmanuel III was a member of the House of Savoy and King of Italy . In addition, he claimed the crowns of Ethiopia and Albania and claimed the titles Emperor of Ethiopia and King of Albania , which were unrecognised by the Great Powers...
was the rightful King of England, as heir to the Kings of Sardinia.
In 1831 the male descendants of Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia
Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia
Victor Amadeus II was Duke of Savoy from 1675 to 1730. He also held the titles of marquis of Saluzzo, duke of Montferrat, prince of Piedmont, count of Aosta, Moriana and Nizza. Louis XIV organised his marriage in order to maintain French influence in the Duchy but Victor Amadeus soon broke away...
and his wife Anne Marie d'Orléans, a niece of James II, died out and the Savoy succession – but not the Jacobite succession – passed to a distant cousin, because the succession in the Kingdom of Sardinia was governed by the Salic Law
Salic law
Salic law was a body of traditional law codified for governing the Salian Franks in the early Middle Ages during the reign of King Clovis I in the 6th century...
, which does not recognize claims by or through a female. England and Scotland have never been subject to the Salic Law (if they were, the succession could not have passed to the house of Savoy, nor in fact could the House of Stuart
House of Stuart
The House of Stuart is a European royal house. Founded by Robert II of Scotland, the Stewarts first became monarchs of the Kingdom of Scotland during the late 14th century, and subsequently held the position of the Kings of Great Britain and Ireland...
have inherited the thrones of either Scotland or England, as their claims in the two kingdoms derived, respectively, from Marjorie Bruce
Marjorie Bruce
Marjorie Bruce or Marjorie de Brus was the eldest daughter of Robert the Bruce, King of Scots by his first wife, Isabella of Mar, and the founder of the Stewart dynasty. Her marriage to Walter, High Steward of Scotland gave rise to the House of Stewart...
and Margaret Tudor
Margaret Tudor
Margaret Tudor was the elder of the two surviving daughters of Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York, and the elder sister of Henry VIII. In 1503, she married James IV, King of Scots. James died in 1513, and their son became King James V. She married secondly Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of...
). Rolfe may not have understood this.
Elizabeth
In his book The Highland Clans, Iain Moncreiffe of that IlkIain Moncreiffe of that Ilk
Sir Rupert Iain Kay Moncreiffe of that Ilk, 11th Baronet, CVO, QC was a British officer of arms and genealogist. He used various forms of his name: His columns for Books and Bookmen wete signed Iain Moncreiffe; Royal Highness is by Sir Iain Moncreiffe of that Ilk, Bt.; Simple Heraldry is by...
claimed that Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
Elizabeth II is the constitutional monarch of 16 sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize,...
"is the lawful Jacobite sovereign of this realm". Moncreiffe made the following argument:
Under Moncreiffe's theory, however, James VI of Scotland
James I of England
James VI and I was King of Scots as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the English and Scottish crowns on 24 March 1603...
could never have succeeded as James I of England in 1603. This problem, recognized in 1603, had been circumvented at the time of James's accession by the ahistorical assertion that Scotland and England had been "anciently but one" kingdom, and that the succession of the Scottish monarch to the throne of England was a "reuniting" of two parts of a single kingdom, i.e., that Scotland was not really a foreign country – a concept emphasized by James's insistence on the use of the name Great Britain
Great Britain
Great Britain or Britain is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, and the largest European island, as well as the largest of the British Isles...
for the united realms of England and Scotland.
It was not common law but a 15th century statute that restricted the English crown to those in the liegeance of the Sovereign, and that statute was supplanted by the Acts of Succession passed in Henry VIII's reign. Additionally, Jacobites believe that the royal succession is determined by God and by hereditary right, not by Parliament. For instance, most Jacobites recognise Mary, Queen of Scots as having been the rightful Queen of England - a clear violation of the aforementioned law, which in their view is overridden by Mary's hereditary rights (as granddaughter of Margaret Tudor
Margaret Tudor
Margaret Tudor was the elder of the two surviving daughters of Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York, and the elder sister of Henry VIII. In 1503, she married James IV, King of Scots. James died in 1513, and their son became King James V. She married secondly Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of...
), and the illegitimacy of Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I of England
Elizabeth I was queen regnant of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana, or Good Queen Bess, Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty...
.
Another interesting question raised by Moncreiffe's theory is that had the act of settlement not been passed, then George III would probably not have been born in Britain and so the House of Hanover as well as the House of Savoy would have had to be bypassed on Cardinal York's death.