Anti-Revisionist
Encyclopedia
In the Marxist–Leninist movement, anti-revisionism refers to a doctrine which upholds the line of theory and practice associated with Karl Marx
, Friedrich Engels
, Vladimir Lenin
and Joseph Stalin
, and usually either Mao Zedong
or Enver Hoxha
as well. Anti-revisionists claim that the Soviet Union
under Stalin's leadership represented the final correct and successful practical implementation of the scientific socialist
ideas of Marx, Engels and Lenin in the Soviet Union
. However, the anti-revisionist movement is effectively split into two camps which are divided in their attitudes toward the People's Republic of China
(PRC) under Mao: the Maoist
faction advocates his ideas and policies, while the Hoxhaist
faction does not.
Anti-revisionism (known to its detractors as "Stalinism
") is seen by its followers as a healthy, solid, scientific ideological road, devoid of both the alleged corruption
and elitism
of Trotskyism. Nevertheless, "anti-revisionism" can also be a vague and controversial label, particularly in those cases where groups will argue over which of them is really the "true" anti-revisionist.
Anti-revisionism is based on the view that the Soviet Union successfully implemented socialism
during approximately the first thirty years of its existence – from the time of the October Revolution
until the Secret Speech and peaceful coexistence
of 1956. Anti-revisionists point out that Stalin's policies not only achieved impressive rates of economic growth and argue that such growth could have been sustained and a prosperous communism could have been achieved if the Soviet Union had remained on this same course (see also the article Theory of Productive Forces
); they also typically further allege that the worldwide ideological impact and leadership of the Soviet Union in the 1930s and 1940s world labour movement represent a superior ideological and social model of real "workers' power
" that was first ruined by the Secret Speech and was later to re-emerge with China's Cultural Revolution
, only to be ruined again by the capture and deposition of the Gang of Four
by China's "state capitalists
" (or according to others, the denunciation of the Cultural Revolution at the third session of the Eleventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China
, by Deng Xiao Ping).
According to anti-revisionists, these later attempts to 'fix' or revise the socialist system represented a shift onto the road to capitalism
and ultimately led to the downfall of the Soviet Union and the betrayal of communist principles in all self-proclaimed communist countries. Thus, revisionism is seen as the cause of the fall of the Soviet Union and the East European socialist republics, as well as the cause of what they see as the full-blown capitalism of China and the various other similar "betrayals" of genuinely communist principles throughout the communist states.
After years of direct experience with China that led him first to write the book Fanshen, author William Hinton
then experienced Chinese economic reform
and, with this experience, wrote an angry anti-revisionist book entitled The Great Reversal: The Privatization of China. Both books, as well as Hinton's work generally, still tend to have much resonance among many anti-revisionists in the communist movement today.
by leaders like Nikita Khrushchev
in the Soviet Union and Deng Xiaoping in China. They generally refer to such reforms and states as state capitalist and social-imperialist
. They also reject Trotskyism
and its "Permanent Revolution
" as hypocritical by arguing that Leon Trotsky
himself had at one time thought it acceptable that socialism could work in a single country as long as that country was industrialized, but that Trotsky had considered Russia too backward to achieve such industrialization – what it later in fact did achieve, mostly through his archenemy Joseph Stalin
's Five Year Plans. In their own right, anti-revisionists also acknowledge that the Soviet Union
contained a "new class
" or "'red' bourgeoisie," but they generally place the blame for the formation of that class on Khrushchev and his successors. Therefore, in anti-revisionist circles, there is very little talk of class conflict
in the Soviet Union before 1956, except when talking about specific contexts such as the Russian Civil War
(when some agents of the former feudal ruling class tried to retake state power
from the Bolsheviks) and World War II
(fought principally between communists and fascists, representing the interests of the proletariat and the bourgeoisie respectively).
During the Sino-Soviet split
, the governments of the People's Republic of China
under Mao Zedong
and the People's Republic of Albania under Enver Hoxha
proclaimed themselves to be taking an anti-revisionist line and denounced Khrushchev's policies in the Soviet Union. In the United States
, those who supported China or Albania at the time were expelled from the United States Communist Party under orders from Moscow, and in 1961 they formed the Progressive Labor Movement and other "new communist movement
" communist parties. A short time later, anti-revisionist groups were further divided by the Sino-Albanian split
, with those following Albania being loosely described as Hoxhaist.
On the whole, the original 1960s-era anti-revisionists tended to take a careful, selective approach to the Cuban Revolution
and the way it soon aligned itself with Soviet ideas and practice, criticizing the latter action, while simultaneously acknowledging some aspects of Cuban self-described socialism as genuinely revolutionary — in particular the writing and thinking of Che Guevara
. Anti-revisionists also took a hopeful approach towards the Vietnamese communists, expressing confidence that they too were genuinely revolutionary-communist in their aspirations, and supported their struggle against the United States in the Vietnam War
— a side which, ironically, got a lot of support from the Soviet Union, anti-revisionists' "state capitalist" enemy.
Several present-day communist parties
worldwide still see themselves as explicitly anti-revisionist, but not every such party adhering to elements of anti-revisionism necessarily adopts the label "anti-revisionist". Many such organizations may call themselves Maoist, Marxist-Leninist or even just simply "revolutionary communist". Australian Greens Senator Elect Lee Rhiannon was an anti-revisionist, though very touchy about the subject.
The Workers Party of Korea still claims an anti-revisionist political line; however, this may not be an accurate label either in self-description or description by others, because of the official 'superseding' of Marxist-Leninist thought in North Korea
by Juche
, a heavily nationalist, militaristic ideology.
Karl Marx
Karl Heinrich Marx was a German philosopher, economist, sociologist, historian, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. His ideas played a significant role in the development of social science and the socialist political movement...
, Friedrich Engels
Friedrich Engels
Friedrich Engels was a German industrialist, social scientist, author, political theorist, philosopher, and father of Marxist theory, alongside Karl Marx. In 1845 he published The Condition of the Working Class in England, based on personal observations and research...
, Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin was a Russian Marxist revolutionary and communist politician who led the October Revolution of 1917. As leader of the Bolsheviks, he headed the Soviet state during its initial years , as it fought to establish control of Russia in the Russian Civil War and worked to create a...
and Joseph Stalin
Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was the Premier of the Soviet Union from 6 May 1941 to 5 March 1953. He was among the Bolshevik revolutionaries who brought about the October Revolution and had held the position of first General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee...
, and usually either Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong, also transliterated as Mao Tse-tung , and commonly referred to as Chairman Mao , was a Chinese Communist revolutionary, guerrilla warfare strategist, Marxist political philosopher, and leader of the Chinese Revolution...
or Enver Hoxha
Enver Hoxha
Enver Halil Hoxha was a Marxist–Leninist revolutionary andthe leader of Albania from the end of World War II until his death in 1985, as the First Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albania...
as well. Anti-revisionists claim that the Soviet Union
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....
under Stalin's leadership represented the final correct and successful practical implementation of the scientific socialist
Scientific Socialism
Scientific socialism is the term used by Friedrich Engels to describe the social-political-economic theory first pioneered by Karl Marx. The purported reason why this socialism is "scientific socialism" is because its theories are held to an empirical standard, observations are essential to its...
ideas of Marx, Engels and Lenin in the Soviet Union
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....
. However, the anti-revisionist movement is effectively split into two camps which are divided in their attitudes toward the People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China
China , officially the People's Republic of China , is the most populous country in the world, with over 1.3 billion citizens. Located in East Asia, the country covers approximately 9.6 million square kilometres...
(PRC) under Mao: the Maoist
Maoism
Maoism, also known as the Mao Zedong Thought , is claimed by Maoists as an anti-Revisionist form of Marxist communist theory, derived from the teachings of the Chinese political leader Mao Zedong . Developed during the 1950s and 1960s, it was widely applied as the political and military guiding...
faction advocates his ideas and policies, while the Hoxhaist
Hoxhaism
"Hoxhaism" is an informal term used to refer to a variant of anti-revisionist Marxism-Leninism that developed in the late 1970s due to a split in the Maoist movement, appearing after the ideological row between the Communist Party of China and the Party of Labour of Albania in 1978.The Albanians...
faction does not.
Anti-revisionism (known to its detractors as "Stalinism
Stalinism
Stalinism refers to the ideology that Joseph Stalin conceived and implemented in the Soviet Union, and is generally considered a branch of Marxist–Leninist ideology but considered by some historians to be a significant deviation from this philosophy...
") is seen by its followers as a healthy, solid, scientific ideological road, devoid of both the alleged corruption
Political corruption
Political corruption is the use of legislated powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain. Misuse of government power for other purposes, such as repression of political opponents and general police brutality, is not considered political corruption. Neither are illegal acts by...
and elitism
Elitism
Elitism is the belief or attitude that some individuals, who form an elite — a select group of people with intellect, wealth, specialized training or experience, or other distinctive attributes — are those whose views on a matter are to be taken the most seriously or carry the most...
of Trotskyism. Nevertheless, "anti-revisionism" can also be a vague and controversial label, particularly in those cases where groups will argue over which of them is really the "true" anti-revisionist.
Anti-revisionism is based on the view that the Soviet Union successfully implemented socialism
Socialism
Socialism is an economic system characterized by social ownership of the means of production and cooperative management of the economy; or a political philosophy advocating such a system. "Social ownership" may refer to any one of, or a combination of, the following: cooperative enterprises,...
during approximately the first thirty years of its existence – from the time of the October Revolution
October Revolution
The October Revolution , also known as the Great October Socialist Revolution , Red October, the October Uprising or the Bolshevik Revolution, was a political revolution and a part of the Russian Revolution of 1917...
until the Secret Speech and peaceful coexistence
Peaceful coexistence
Peaceful coexistence was a theory developed and applied by the Soviet Union at various points during the Cold War in the context of its ostensibly Marxist–Leninist foreign policy and was adopted by Soviet-influenced "Communist states" that they could peacefully coexist with the capitalist bloc...
of 1956. Anti-revisionists point out that Stalin's policies not only achieved impressive rates of economic growth and argue that such growth could have been sustained and a prosperous communism could have been achieved if the Soviet Union had remained on this same course (see also the article Theory of Productive Forces
Theory of Productive Forces
The Theory of Productive Forces is a widely-used concept in communism and Marxism placing primary emphasis on technical advances and strong productive forces in a nominally socialist economy before real communism, or even real socialism, can have a hope of being achieved.The most influential...
); they also typically further allege that the worldwide ideological impact and leadership of the Soviet Union in the 1930s and 1940s world labour movement represent a superior ideological and social model of real "workers' power
Dictatorship of the proletariat
In Marxist socio-political thought, the dictatorship of the proletariat refers to a socialist state in which the proletariat, or the working class, have control of political power. The term, coined by Joseph Weydemeyer, was adopted by the founders of Marxism, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, in the...
" that was first ruined by the Secret Speech and was later to re-emerge with China's Cultural Revolution
Cultural Revolution
The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, commonly known as the Cultural Revolution , was a socio-political movement that took place in the People's Republic of China from 1966 through 1976...
, only to be ruined again by the capture and deposition of the Gang of Four
Gang of Four
The Gang of Four was the name given to a political faction composed of four Chinese Communist Party officials. They came to prominence during the Cultural Revolution and were subsequently charged with a series of treasonous crimes...
by China's "state capitalists
State capitalism
The term State capitalism has various meanings, but is usually described as commercial economic activity undertaken by the state with management of the productive forces in a capitalist manner, even if the state is nominally socialist. State capitalism is usually characterized by the dominance or...
" (or according to others, the denunciation of the Cultural Revolution at the third session of the Eleventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China
National Congress of the Communist Party of China
The National Congress of the Communist Party of China is a party congress that is held about once every five years. The National Congress is theoretically the highest body within the Communist Party of China, but in practice important decisions are made before the meeting. Since 1987 the National...
, by Deng Xiao Ping).
According to anti-revisionists, these later attempts to 'fix' or revise the socialist system represented a shift onto the road to capitalism
Capitalist roader
In Maoist thought, a capitalist roader or is a person or group who demonstrates a marked tendency to bow to pressure from Bourgeois forces and subsequently attempts to pull the Revolution in a capitalist direction....
and ultimately led to the downfall of the Soviet Union and the betrayal of communist principles in all self-proclaimed communist countries. Thus, revisionism is seen as the cause of the fall of the Soviet Union and the East European socialist republics, as well as the cause of what they see as the full-blown capitalism of China and the various other similar "betrayals" of genuinely communist principles throughout the communist states.
After years of direct experience with China that led him first to write the book Fanshen, author William Hinton
William H. Hinton
William Howard Hinton was an American farmer and prolific writer. A Marxist, he is best known for his book Fanshen, published in 1966, a "documentary of revolution" which chronicled the land reform conducted by the Chinese Communist Party in the 1940s in Zhangzhuangcun , sometimes translated as...
then experienced Chinese economic reform
Chinese economic reform
The Chinese economic reform refers to the program of economic reforms called "Socialism with Chinese characteristics" in the People's Republic of China that were started in December 1978 by reformists within the Communist Party of China led by Deng Xiaoping.China had one of the world's largest...
and, with this experience, wrote an angry anti-revisionist book entitled The Great Reversal: The Privatization of China. Both books, as well as Hinton's work generally, still tend to have much resonance among many anti-revisionists in the communist movement today.
Background
Self-proclaimed anti-revisionists firmly oppose the reforms initiated in Communist countriesCommunist state
A communist state is a state with a form of government characterized by single-party rule or dominant-party rule of a communist party and a professed allegiance to a Leninist or Marxist-Leninist communist ideology as the guiding principle of the state...
by leaders like Nikita Khrushchev
Nikita Khrushchev
Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War. He served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, or Premier, from 1958 to 1964...
in the Soviet Union and Deng Xiaoping in China. They generally refer to such reforms and states as state capitalist and social-imperialist
Social-imperialism
Social-imperialism is a Marxist expression, typically used in a derogatory fashion, to describe people, parties, or nations that are "socialist in words, imperialist in deeds"...
. They also reject Trotskyism
Trotskyism
Trotskyism is the theory of Marxism as advocated by Leon Trotsky. Trotsky considered himself an orthodox Marxist and Bolshevik-Leninist, arguing for the establishment of a vanguard party of the working-class...
and its "Permanent Revolution
Permanent Revolution
Permanent revolution is a term within Marxist theory, established in usage by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels by at least 1850 but which has since become most closely associated with Leon Trotsky. The use of the term by different theorists is not identical...
" as hypocritical by arguing that Leon Trotsky
Leon Trotsky
Leon Trotsky , born Lev Davidovich Bronshtein, was a Russian Marxist revolutionary and theorist, Soviet politician, and the founder and first leader of the Red Army....
himself had at one time thought it acceptable that socialism could work in a single country as long as that country was industrialized, but that Trotsky had considered Russia too backward to achieve such industrialization – what it later in fact did achieve, mostly through his archenemy Joseph Stalin
Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was the Premier of the Soviet Union from 6 May 1941 to 5 March 1953. He was among the Bolshevik revolutionaries who brought about the October Revolution and had held the position of first General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee...
's Five Year Plans. In their own right, anti-revisionists also acknowledge that the Soviet Union
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....
contained a "new class
New class
The "New Class" model, as a theory of new social groups in post-industrial societies, gained ascendency during the 1970s as social and political scientists noted how "New Class" groups were shaped by post-material orientations in their pursuit of political and social goals...
" or "'red' bourgeoisie," but they generally place the blame for the formation of that class on Khrushchev and his successors. Therefore, in anti-revisionist circles, there is very little talk of class conflict
Class conflict
Class conflict is the tension or antagonism which exists in society due to competing socioeconomic interests between people of different classes....
in the Soviet Union before 1956, except when talking about specific contexts such as the Russian Civil War
Russian Civil War
The Russian Civil War was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed to the Soviets, under the domination of the Bolshevik party. Soviet forces first assumed power in Petrograd The Russian Civil War (1917–1923) was a...
(when some agents of the former feudal ruling class tried to retake state power
State power
State power may refer to:*Police power, the capacity of a state to regulate behaviours and enforce order within its territory*Government force, state coercion to induce conforming social results* The extroverted concept of power in international relations...
from the Bolsheviks) and World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
(fought principally between communists and fascists, representing the interests of the proletariat and the bourgeoisie respectively).
During the Sino-Soviet split
Sino-Soviet split
In political science, the term Sino–Soviet split denotes the worsening of political and ideologic relations between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics during the Cold War...
, the governments of the People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China
China , officially the People's Republic of China , is the most populous country in the world, with over 1.3 billion citizens. Located in East Asia, the country covers approximately 9.6 million square kilometres...
under Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong, also transliterated as Mao Tse-tung , and commonly referred to as Chairman Mao , was a Chinese Communist revolutionary, guerrilla warfare strategist, Marxist political philosopher, and leader of the Chinese Revolution...
and the People's Republic of Albania under Enver Hoxha
Enver Hoxha
Enver Halil Hoxha was a Marxist–Leninist revolutionary andthe leader of Albania from the end of World War II until his death in 1985, as the First Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albania...
proclaimed themselves to be taking an anti-revisionist line and denounced Khrushchev's policies in the Soviet Union. In the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
, those who supported China or Albania at the time were expelled from the United States Communist Party under orders from Moscow, and in 1961 they formed the Progressive Labor Movement and other "new communist movement
New Communist Movement
The New Communist Movement ' was a Marxist-Leninist political movement of the 1970s and 1980s in the United States. The term refers to a specific trend in the U.S. New Left which sought inspiration in the experience of the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Chinese Revolution, and the Cuban...
" communist parties. A short time later, anti-revisionist groups were further divided by the Sino-Albanian split
Sino-Albanian split
The Sino-Albanian split in 1978 saw the parting of the People's Republic of China and People's Socialist Republic of Albania, which was the only Eastern European nation to side with the PRC in the Sino–Soviet split of the early 1960s.-History:...
, with those following Albania being loosely described as Hoxhaist.
On the whole, the original 1960s-era anti-revisionists tended to take a careful, selective approach to the Cuban Revolution
Cuban Revolution
The Cuban Revolution was an armed revolt by Fidel Castro's 26th of July Movement against the regime of Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista between 1953 and 1959. Batista was finally ousted on 1 January 1959, and was replaced by a revolutionary government led by Castro...
and the way it soon aligned itself with Soviet ideas and practice, criticizing the latter action, while simultaneously acknowledging some aspects of Cuban self-described socialism as genuinely revolutionary — in particular the writing and thinking of Che Guevara
Che Guevara
Ernesto "Che" Guevara , commonly known as el Che or simply Che, was an Argentine Marxist revolutionary, physician, author, intellectual, guerrilla leader, diplomat and military theorist...
. Anti-revisionists also took a hopeful approach towards the Vietnamese communists, expressing confidence that they too were genuinely revolutionary-communist in their aspirations, and supported their struggle against the United States in the Vietnam War
Vietnam War
The Vietnam War was a Cold War-era military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. This war followed the First Indochina War and was fought between North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of...
— a side which, ironically, got a lot of support from the Soviet Union, anti-revisionists' "state capitalist" enemy.
Several present-day communist parties
Communist party
A political party described as a Communist party includes those that advocate the application of the social principles of communism through a communist form of government...
worldwide still see themselves as explicitly anti-revisionist, but not every such party adhering to elements of anti-revisionism necessarily adopts the label "anti-revisionist". Many such organizations may call themselves Maoist, Marxist-Leninist or even just simply "revolutionary communist". Australian Greens Senator Elect Lee Rhiannon was an anti-revisionist, though very touchy about the subject.
The Workers Party of Korea still claims an anti-revisionist political line; however, this may not be an accurate label either in self-description or description by others, because of the official 'superseding' of Marxist-Leninist thought in North Korea
North Korea
The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea , , is a country in East Asia, occupying the northern half of the Korean Peninsula. Its capital and largest city is Pyongyang. The Korean Demilitarized Zone serves as the buffer zone between North Korea and South Korea...
by Juche
Juche
Juche or Chuch'e is a Korean word usually translated as "self-reliance." In the Democratic People's Republic of Korea , "Juche" refers specifically to a political thesis of Kim Il-sung, the Juche Idea, that identifies the Korean masses as the masters of the country's development...
, a heavily nationalist, militaristic ideology.
Anti-revisionist leaders
Those at a national level claiming an anti-revisionist orientation actually vary widely in their ideological perspectives from within communism. An amalgamated list of the more famous self-proclaimed anti-revisionist leaders:- Joseph StalinJoseph StalinJoseph Vissarionovich Stalin was the Premier of the Soviet Union from 6 May 1941 to 5 March 1953. He was among the Bolshevik revolutionaries who brought about the October Revolution and had held the position of first General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee...
- Enver HoxhaEnver HoxhaEnver Halil Hoxha was a Marxist–Leninist revolutionary andthe leader of Albania from the end of World War II until his death in 1985, as the First Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albania...
- Ho Chi MinhHo Chi MinhHồ Chí Minh , born Nguyễn Sinh Cung and also known as Nguyễn Ái Quốc, was a Vietnamese Marxist-Leninist revolutionary leader who was prime minister and president of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam...
- İbrahim KaypakkayaIbrahim Kaypakkayaİbrahim Kaypakkaya was a leader of the Turkish communist movement. He was a former member of the Revolutionary Workers and Peasants Party of Turkey...
- Gheorghe Gheorgiu-Dej
- Walter UlbrichtWalter UlbrichtWalter Ulbricht was a German communist politician. As First Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party from 1950 to 1971 , he played a leading role in the creation of the Weimar-era Communist Party of Germany and later in the early development and...
- Mátyás RákosiMátyás RákosiMátyás Rákosi was a Hungarian communist politician. He was born as Mátyás Rosenfeld, in present-day Serbia...
- Lazar KaganovichLazar KaganovichLazar Moiseyevich Kaganovich was a Soviet politician and administrator and one of the main associates of Joseph Stalin.-Early life:Kaganovich was born in 1893 to Jewish parents in the village of Kabany, Radomyshl uyezd, Kiev Governorate, Russian Empire...
- Nina AndreyevaNina AndreyevaNina Aleksandrovna Andreyeva was a Russian chemist. A supporter of classical Soviet principles, she wrote an essay that defended many aspects of the traditional Soviet system, and criticized General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev and his closest supporters for not being real communists.- Career in...
- Chairman Gonzalo (Abimael GuzmanAbimael GuzmánManuel Rubén Abimael Guzmán Reynoso , also known by the nom de guerre Presidente Gonzalo , a former professor of philosophy, was the leader of the Shining Path during the Maoist insurgency known as the internal conflict in Peru...
) - Mao ZedongMao ZedongMao Zedong, also transliterated as Mao Tse-tung , and commonly referred to as Chairman Mao , was a Chinese Communist revolutionary, guerrilla warfare strategist, Marxist political philosopher, and leader of the Chinese Revolution...
- Bill BlandBill BlandWilliam 'Barbosa' Bland was a British Marxist-Leninist and optician who was notable as a worldwide leader of a movement that backed Enver Hoxha, the Albanian communist leader, in the struggles over Marxist-Leninist orthodoxy in the later 1960s...
- Harry HaywoodHarry HaywoodHarry Haywood was a leading figure in both the Communist Party of the United States and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . He contributed major theory to Marxist thinking on the national question of African Americans in the United States...
- Hardial BainsHardial BainsHardial Bains was the founder of the Communist Party of Canada and its leader until his death...
- Nelson PeeryNelson PeeryNelson Peery is an American political activist and author. Peery spent over 60 years in the revolutionary movement, and has been active in the Communist Party USA , the Provisional Organizing Committee to Reconstitute the Marxist-Leninist Party , the Communist League , the Communist Labor Party ,...
- PrachandaPrachandaPuspa Kamal Dahal ; born Chhabilal Dahal on 11 December 1954, also known as Prachanda ]]. Prachanda led CPN as it launched an insurgency on 13 February 1996. In 2008 the ensuing civil war culminated in the overthrow of the Shah dynasty in favor of a communist...
(Pushpa Kamal Dahal) - Baburam BhattaraiBaburam BhattaraiDr. Baburam Bhattarai is a Nepalese politician who became the 35th Prime Minister of Nepal in August 2011. He is a senior Standing Committee Member and vice chairperson of Unified Communist Party of Nepal . His party started a revolutionary People's War in Nepal in 1996 that ultimately led to the...
- Bob AvakianBob AvakianBob Avakian is Chairman of the Revolutionary Communist Party, USA , which he has led since its formation in 1975. He is a veteran of the Free Speech Movement and the Left of the 1960s and early 1970s, and was closely associated with the Black Panther Party. He has published writings on Marxism and...
- Jiang QingJiang QingJiang Qing was the pseudonym that was used by Chinese leader Mao Zedong's last wife and major Communist Party of China power figure. She went by the stage name Lan Ping during her acting career, and was known by various other names during her life...
- Zhang ChunqiaoZhang ChunqiaoZhang Chunqiao was a prominent Chinese political theorist, writer, and politician...
- Yao WenyuanYao WenyuanYao Wenyuan was a Chinese literary critic, a politician, and a member of the "Gang of Four" during China's Cultural Revolution.-Biography:...
- Wang HongwenWang HongwenWang Hongwen was the youngest member of the Gang of Four. At the pinnacle of his power he ranked third in the Communist Party's hierarchy. He was charged with counterrevolutionary activity in October 1976, and sent to prison.-Biography:Wang was born in a village outside of Changchun...
- Frank BaudeFrank BaudeFrank Baude is a Swedish politician, bricklayer and former chairman of the Communist Party Marxist-Leninists , KPML, from 1970 to 1998.- References :...
- Ludo MartensLudo MartensLudo Martens was a Belgian historian noted for his work on francophone Africa and the Soviet Union. Martens wrote on the political history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where he has lived and travelled extensively....
- Kim Il-sungKim Il-sungKim Il-sung was a Korean communist politician who led the Democratic People's Republic of Korea from its founding in 1948 until his death in 1994. He held the posts of Prime Minister from 1948 to 1972 and President from 1972 to his death...
- Tron ØgrimTron ØgrimTron Øgrim was a Norwegian journalist, author and politician. He was active in Socialist Youth Union from 1965 to 1973, and a central figure in the Workers' Communist Party from 1973 to 1984. In addition to being a politician, Øgrim was an author of political works and several science fiction...
- Harpal BrarHarpal BrarHarpal Brar is an Indian-born communist politician, writer and businessman based in Britain.Born in Muktsar, Punjab, British India, Brar has lived and worked in Britain since 1962, first as a student and lecturer in law at Harrow College of Higher Education , and later in the textile business...
- Jose Maria SisonJosé María SisonJose Maria Sison is a writer and activist who reorganized the Communist Party of the Philippines and added elements of Maoism to its philosophy....
- Vlado DapčevićVlado DapcevicVladimir "Vlado" Dapčević was a Montenegrin and Yugoslav communist and founder of Party of Labour.-Early life:Dapčević was born 1917 in the village Ljubotinj in Montenegro, he attended Secondary school in Cetinje, where he was expelled because of organizing a student strike.At 16, in 1933, he...
- Comrade JoséComrade JoséComrade José is the nom de guerre of Víctor Quispe Palomino, who claims to be the leader of the Shining Path, a Maoist guerrilla group in Peru....
- Carlos LamarcaCarlos LamarcaCarlos Lamarca was a Brazilian Army Captain who deserted to become a communist guerilla member. He was a part of the revolutionary guerrilla group Popular Revolutionary Vanguard and became, along with Carlos Marighella, one of the major elements of communist subversion in Brazil...
- Carlos MarighellaCarlos MarighellaCarlos Marighella , was a Brazilian Marxist revolutionary and writer.Marighella's most famous contribution to guerrilla literature was the Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla, consisting of advice on how to disrupt and overthrow an authoritarian regime aiming a revolution. He also wrote For the...
- Luis Carlos PrestesLuís Carlos PrestesLuís Carlos Prestes was a leader of the 1920s tenente rebellion and the Communist opposition to the dictatorship of Getúlio Vargas in Brazil....
- Oscar NiemeyerOscar NiemeyerOscar Ribeiro de Almeida Niemeyer Soares Filho is a Brazilian architect specializing in international modern architecture...
Anti-revisionist groups
- Afghanistan
- Albania
- Communist Party of AlbaniaCommunist Party of Albania (1991)The Communist Party of Albania is a communist, and anti-revisionist Marxist-Leninist, political party in Albania. It is led by Hysni Milloshi. The party was formed in 1991, as a split from the Albanian Party of Labour which converted itself into the Socialist Party of Albania...
- Communist Party of Albania
- Argentina
- Revolutionary Communist Party of ArgentinaRevolutionary Communist Party of ArgentinaThe Revolutionary Communist Party of Argentina is a Maoist communist party from Argentina. It was founded in 1969 from a 1967/1968 split in the Communist Party of Argentina caused in part by the Sino-Soviet split. Its flag colors are the red and the yellow. It publishes Hoy.- External links :...
- Revolutionary Communist Party of Argentina
- Benin
- Communist Party of BeninCommunist Party of BeninThe Communist Party of Benin is a political party in Benin. PCB was founded in 1977 by the Union of Communists of Dahomey. The party was initially called Communist Party of Dahomey . The first secretary of the party is Pascal Fantodji...
- Communist Party of Benin
- Bhutan
- Bhutan Communist Party (Marxist–Leninist–Maoist)
- Brazil
- Revolutionary Communist PartyRevolutionary Communist Party (Brazil)The Revolutionary Communist Party is a Hoxhaist communist political party in Brazil. It formed after a split with the October 8th Revolutionary Movement in 1995. It is a member of the International Conference of Marxist-Leninist Parties and Organizations ....
- Revolutionary Communist Party
- Burkina Faso
- Voltaic Revolutionary Communist PartyVoltaic Revolutionary Communist PartyVoltaic Revolutionary Communist Party is a communist party in Burkina Faso. It was founded on 1 October 1978, following a split in the Voltaic Communist Organization . PCRV followed the political line of the Albanian Party of Labour, anti-revisionist Marxism-Leninism...
- Voltaic Revolutionary Communist Party
- Burma
- Communist Party of BurmaCommunist Party of BurmaThe Communist Party of Burma is the oldest existing political party in Burma. The party is unrecognised by the Burmese authorities, rendering it illegal; so it operates in a clandestine manner, often associating with insurgent armies along the border of People's Republic of China...
- Communist Party of Burma
- Canada
- Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist)Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist)The Communist Party of Canada is a Canadian federal Marxist–Leninist political party.The party is registered with Elections Canada as the Marxist–Leninist Party of Canada...
- Parti marxiste–léniniste du Québec
- Communist Party of Canada (Marxist–Leninist)
- Chile
- Chilean Communist Party (Proletarian Action)Chilean Communist Party (Proletarian Action)Chilean Communist Party is a communist group, originating from the pro-Albanian tradition, in Chile...
- Chilean Communist Party (Proletarian Action)
- Colombia
- Communist Party of Colombia (Marxist–Leninist)
- Côte d'Ivoire
- Revolutionary Communist Party of Côte d'IvoireRevolutionary Communist Party of Côte d'IvoireThe Revolutionary Communist Party of the Ivory Coast is a communist party in Côte d'Ivoire.Internationally, it participates in the International Conference of Marxist-Leninist Parties and Organizations, an international network of Communist parties that uphold the line of Enver Hoxha and the...
- Revolutionary Communist Party of Côte d'Ivoire
- Denmark
- Workers' Communist PartyWorkers' Communist Party (Denmark)The Workers’ Communist Party is a minor Danish communist party founded in Copenhagen, on April 2000.The Founding Congress of the APK adopted the general programme, "The Manifesto for a Socialist Denmark", the programme of action, All Together against Capital, as well as the statutes of the APK.The...
- Workers' Communist Party
- Dominican Republic
- Communist Party of LabourCommunist Party of LabourCommunist Party of Labour is a communist party in the Dominican Republic. The party was founded in 1980, after the split from the Dominican Popular Movement . PCT upheld the political line of the Party of Labour of Albania...
- Communist Party of Labour
- Ecuador
- Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Ecuador
- France
- Workers' Communist Party of France
- Georgia
- New Communist Party of GeorgiaNew Communist Party of GeorgiaNew Communist Party of Georgia , is a political party in Georgia. Founded in 2001 by Yevgeny Dzhugashvili, the grandson of Joseph Stalin. Dzhugashvili later left the position as party leader.The party symbol is a hedgehog....
- New Communist Party of Georgia
- Germany
- Communist Party of Germany (Roter Morgen)Communist Party of Germany (Roter Morgen)The Communist Party of Germany is a minor German political party established in 1968 in Hamburg.It was founded in 1985 by members of a party of the same name The Communist Party of Germany (Red Dawn) is a minor German political party established in 1968 in Hamburg.It was founded in 1985 by...
- Marxist–Leninist Party of Germany
- Communist Party of Germany (Roter Morgen)
- Greece
- Movement for the Reorganization of the Communist Party of Greece 1918–1955
- India
- Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)
- Communist Party of India (Maoist)Communist Party of India (Maoist)The Communist Party of India is a Maoist political party in India which aims to overthrow the government of India through violent means. It was founded on 21 September 2004, through the merger of the People's War, and the Maoist Communist Centre . The merger was announced to the public on October...
- Iran
- Iranian People's Fedai GuerrillasIranian People's Fedai GuerrillasThe Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas is an Iranian opposition organization. It has a Marxist-Leninist ideology. The group was formed in 1979, when Ashraf Dehghani broke away from the Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas...
- Labour Party of IranLabour Party of IranThe Labour Party of Iran is a Hoxhaist Communist party whose leadership is currently exiled in Germany. It is against the Iranian government and is a member of the International Conference of Marxist-Leninist Parties and Organizations ....
- Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas
- Italy
- Communist PlatformCommunist Platform (Italy)Communist Platform is an Italian Hoxhaist marxist-leninist organization founded in February 2008 as a merger of the editorial board of Teoria & Prassi and members of Lenin Circle....
- Communist Platform
- Mexico
- Communist Party of Mexico (Marxist–Leninist)
- Nepal
- Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)
- Norway
- Marxist–Leninist Group Revolution
- Pakistan
- Communist Party of PakistanCommunist Party of PakistanThe Communist Party of Pakistan is a communist party affiliated with Communist Party of the Russia. Before the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the party had long association and ties with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ....
- Communist Mazdoor Kissan PartyCommunist Mazdoor Kissan PartyThe Communist Mazdoor Kissan Party is a political party in Pakistan formed in 1995 through the unification of the Communist Party of Pakistan and the Mazdoor Kissan Party .-History:...
- Communist Party of Pakistan
- Philippines
- Communist Party of the PhilippinesCommunist Party of the PhilippinesThe Communist Party of the Philippines is a leading communist party in the Philippines. It remains an underground political organization since its founding on December 26, 1968 and has been operating in clandestine manner since its founding...
- Communist Party of the Philippines
- Russia
- Communist Party of the Russian FederationCommunist Party of the Russian FederationThe Communist Party of the Russian Federation is a Russian political party. It is the second major political party in the Russian Federation.-History:...
- Russian Maoist PartyRussian Maoist PartyThe Russian Maoism Party is a maoist party in Russia. It was established on June 9, 2000.The RMP accepts the legacy of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party [RSDLP], the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party [RSDLP], the Russian Communist Party [RCP], the Communist Party of the Soviet Union...
- Communist Party of the Russian Federation
- Spain
- Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist)
- Sweden
- Communist PartyCommunist Party (Sweden)The Communist Party is a Marxist-Leninist political party in Sweden.1970-1977 it was known as the Communist League Marxist-Leninists and during 1977-2004 it had the name Communist Party Marxist-Leninists ...
- Communist Party
- Tunisia
- Tunisian Workers' Communist PartyTunisian Workers' Communist PartyThe Tunisian Workers' Communist Party , also known by its French acronym PCOT, is a Marxist-Leninist political party in Tunisia. Its general secretary is Hamma Hammami. It was outlawed until the Tunisian Revolution, when in a failed attempt to shore up the state framework it and another banned...
- Tunisian Workers' Communist Party
- Turkey
- Marxist–Leninist Communist Party
- United Kingdom
- Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist)
- Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist)
- Stalin SocietyStalin SocietyThe Stalin Society is a British discussion group for individuals who see Joseph Stalin as a great Marxist-Leninist and wish to preserve what they believe is his positive legacy...
- Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist–Leninist)
- New Communist Party of BritainNew Communist Party of BritainThe New Communist Party of Britain is a communist political party in Britain. The origins of the NCP lie in the Communist Party of Great Britain from which it split in 1977.-Formation:...
- United States
- Freedom Road Socialist OrganizationFreedom Road Socialist OrganizationThe Freedom Road Socialist Organization — known in Spanish as Organización Socialista del Camino para la Libertad — was formed in 1985 as many of the Maoist-oriented groups formed in the United States New Communist Movement of the 1970s were shrinking or collapsing...
(frso.org faction) - Progressive Labor Party
- Revolutionary Communist Party, USARevolutionary Communist Party, USAThe Revolutionary Communist Party, USA , known originally as the Revolutionary Union, is a Maoist Communist party formed in 1975 in the United States. The RCP states that U.S...
- Revolutionary Organization of Labor (Ray O. Light)
- U.S. Marxist–Leninist Organization
- Freedom Road Socialist Organization
- Venezuela
- Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Venezuela
Historical anti-revisionist groups
-
- Party of Labour of Albania
- Communist Party of the Soviet UnionCommunist Party of the Soviet UnionThe Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the only legal, ruling political party in the Soviet Union and one of the largest communist organizations in the world...
under Stalin's leadership - Communist Party of ChinaCommunist Party of ChinaThe Communist Party of China , also known as the Chinese Communist Party , is the founding and ruling political party of the People's Republic of China...
under Mao's leadership
External links
- Encyclopedia of Anti-Revisionism On-Line
- Lies Concerning the History of the Soviet Union by the Stalin SocietyStalin SocietyThe Stalin Society is a British discussion group for individuals who see Joseph Stalin as a great Marxist-Leninist and wish to preserve what they believe is his positive legacy...
- Stand for Socialism Against Modern Revisionism
- List of Anti-Revisionist Parties/Groups
- Communist Party of India (Maoist)
- Communist Party of India (Marxist)