Timeline of the Hundred Years' War
Encyclopedia
This is a timeline of the Hundred Years' War
between England
and France
from 1337 to 1453 as well as some of the events leading up to the war. (The Hundred Years' War actually spanned 116 years.)
The Battle of Castillon is generally considered the end of the Hundred Years' War as Henry VI's insanity and the Wars of the Roses
left England in no position to wage war in France. However Calais remained an English possession until 1558 and the title of King of France was not omitted from the English royal style until 1 January 1801 ( after the Battle of Castillon).
Hundred Years' War
The Hundred Years' War was a series of separate wars waged from 1337 to 1453 by the House of Valois and the House of Plantagenet, also known as the House of Anjou, for the French throne, which had become vacant upon the extinction of the senior Capetian line of French kings...
between England
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
and France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
from 1337 to 1453 as well as some of the events leading up to the war. (The Hundred Years' War actually spanned 116 years.)
Background
- 1259: The Treaty of ParisTreaty of Paris (1259)The Treaty of Paris was a treaty between Louis IX of France and Henry III of England, agreed to on December 4, 1259....
between Henry III of EnglandHenry III of EnglandHenry III was the son and successor of John as King of England, reigning for 56 years from 1216 until his death. His contemporaries knew him as Henry of Winchester. He was the first child king in England since the reign of Æthelred the Unready...
and Louis IX of FranceLouis IX of FranceLouis IX , commonly Saint Louis, was King of France from 1226 until his death. He was also styled Louis II, Count of Artois from 1226 to 1237. Born at Poissy, near Paris, he was an eighth-generation descendant of Hugh Capet, and thus a member of the House of Capet, and the son of Louis VIII and...
acknowledges the loss of most of the Angevin EmpireAngevin EmpireThe term Angevin Empire is a modern term describing the collection of states once ruled by the Angevin Plantagenet dynasty.The Plantagenets ruled over an area stretching from the Pyrenees to Ireland during the 12th and early 13th centuries, located north of Moorish Iberia. This "empire" extended...
. Henry III keeps the remains of the Duchy of Aquitaine, mainly GasconyGasconyGascony is an area of southwest France that was part of the "Province of Guyenne and Gascony" prior to the French Revolution. The region is vaguely defined and the distinction between Guyenne and Gascony is unclear; sometimes they are considered to overlap, and sometimes Gascony is considered a...
as a vassal of Louis IX. - 1314: Philip IV of FrancePhilip IV of FrancePhilip the Fair was, as Philip IV, King of France from 1285 until his death. He was the husband of Joan I of Navarre, by virtue of which he was, as Philip I, King of Navarre and Count of Champagne from 1284 to 1305.-Youth:A member of the House of Capet, Philip was born at the Palace of...
dies leaving three sons, Louis XLouis X of FranceLouis X of France, , called the Quarreler, the Headstrong, or the Stubborn was the King of Navarre from 1305 and King of France from 1314 until his death...
, Philip VPhilip V of FrancePhilip the Tall was King of France as Philip V and, as Philip II, King of Navarre and Count of Champagne. He reigned from 1316 to his death and was the penultimate monarch of the House of Capet. Considered a wise and politically astute ruler, Philip took the throne under questionable...
and Charles IVCharles IV of FranceCharles IV, known as the Fair , was the King of France and of Navarre and Count of Champagne from 1322 to his death: he was the last French king of the senior Capetian lineage....
. - 1316: Louis X dies. His daughter Joan II of NavarreJoan II of NavarreJoan II was Queen of Navarre from 1328 until her death. She was the only daughter of Margaret of Burgundy, first wife of King Louis X of France...
is bypassed in favour of his brother Philip V. - 1322: Philip V dies. His daughters are also put aside, the third brother, Charles IV becomes King of France.
- 1324: The War of Saint-SardosWar of Saint-SardosThe War of Saint-Sardos was a short war fought between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France in 1324. The war was a clear defeat for the English, and led indirectly to the overthrowing of Edward II of England...
between Charles IV and Edward II of EnglandEdward II of EnglandEdward II , called Edward of Caernarfon, was King of England from 1307 until he was deposed by his wife Isabella in January 1327. He was the sixth Plantagenet king, in a line that began with the reign of Henry II...
. The war is a complete failure for England and ends with the French capture of La RéoleLa RéoleLa Réole is a commune in the Gironde department in Aquitaine in southwestern France.-Geography:La Réole is located on the right bank of the Garonne, southeast of Bordeaux by rail.-History:...
. - 1328: Charles IV of France dies leaving only daughters. His sisters Isabella of FranceIsabella of FranceIsabella of France , sometimes described as the She-wolf of France, was Queen consort of England as the wife of Edward II of England. She was the youngest surviving child and only surviving daughter of Philip IV of France and Joan I of Navarre...
, now the effective ruler of England, claims the French throne for her son Edward III of EnglandEdward III of EnglandEdward III was King of England from 1327 until his death and is noted for his military success. Restoring royal authority after the disastrous reign of his father, Edward II, Edward III went on to transform the Kingdom of England into one of the most formidable military powers in Europe...
as Charles' closest living male relative. However the French nobility favour Philip VIPhilip VI of FrancePhilip VI , known as the Fortunate and of Valois, was the King of France from 1328 to his death. He was also Count of Anjou, Maine, and Valois from 1325 to 1328...
, the closest in unbroken male lineSalic lawSalic law was a body of traditional law codified for governing the Salian Franks in the early Middle Ages during the reign of King Clovis I in the 6th century...
. - 1330: Edward III seizes power in England. He has Isabella imprisoned and her lover Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March executed.
- 1331: Edward III renounces his claim to France and accept Philip VI as his liege in Aquitaine.
- 1332: Birth of Charles II of NavarreCharles II of NavarreCharles II , called "Charles the Bad", was King of Navarre 1349-1387 and Count of Évreux 1343-1387....
, son of Joan II of Navarre and grandson of Louis X of France. - 1333: War breaks out between Edward III and David II of ScotlandDavid II of ScotlandDavid II was King of Scots from 7 June 1329 until his death.-Early life:...
, beginning the Second War of Scottish IndependenceWars of Scottish IndependenceThe Wars of Scottish Independence were a series of military campaigns fought between the independent Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England in the late 13th and early 14th centuries....
. Scotland was a French ally under the Auld AllianceAuld AllianceThe Auld Alliance was an alliance between the kingdoms of Scotland and France. It played a significant role in the relations between Scotland, France and England from its beginning in 1295 until the 1560 Treaty of Edinburgh. The alliance was renewed by all the French and Scottish monarchs of that...
. - 1335: Philip VI make plans for sending an expedition force to Scotland.
- 1336:
- 26 January: Draft peace treaty agreed to between England and Scotland pending approval of David II.
- March: Secret meeting between Philip VI and Pope Benedict XIIPope Benedict XIIPope Benedict XII , born Jacques Fournier, the third of the Avignon Popes, was Pope from 1334 to 1342.-Early life:...
at AvignonAvignonAvignon is a French commune in southeastern France in the départment of the Vaucluse bordered by the left bank of the Rhône river. Of the 94,787 inhabitants of the city on 1 January 2010, 12 000 live in the ancient town centre surrounded by its medieval ramparts.Often referred to as the...
. The pope tells the French king he intends to cancel the planned crusade. - 11 March: Parliament assembles at Westminster. No Scottish ambassador appear.
- Easter: Philip VI meets representatives of the Scots at LyonLyonLyon , is a city in east-central France in the Rhône-Alpes region, situated between Paris and Marseille. Lyon is located at from Paris, from Marseille, from Geneva, from Turin, and from Barcelona. The residents of the city are called Lyonnais....
s. Preparations for a French expedition to Scotland resumes. - 7 April: Edward announces that he will invade Scotland in great numbers once the truce expires.
- May: Henry of LancasterHenry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of LancasterHenry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster, 4th Earl of Leicester and Lancaster, KG , also Earl of Derby, was a member of the English nobility in the 14th century, and a prominent English diplomat, politician, and soldier...
departs for the north to take command of the English campaign in Scotland. Edward III appoints admirals to requisition ships for coastal defence. - Early June: Henry of Lancaster reaches PerthPerth, ScotlandPerth is a town and former city and royal burgh in central Scotland. Located on the banks of the River Tay, it is the administrative centre of Perth and Kinross council area and the historic county town of Perthshire...
. Edward III receives detailed information on Philip VI's plans in Scotland. A small force under Sir Thomas Rosslyn is sent to fortify the ruined castle of DunnottarDunnottar CastleDunnottar Castle is a ruined medieval fortress located upon a rocky headland on the north-east coast of Scotland, about two miles south of Stonehaven. The surviving buildings are largely of the 15th–16th centuries, but the site is believed to have been an early fortress of the Dark Ages... - 11 June: Edward III departs for Scotland via Newcastle with a force of 400 men.
- 25 June: The Great Council of England assmebles at NorthamptonNorthamptonNorthampton is a large market town and local government district in the East Midlands region of England. Situated about north-west of London and around south-east of Birmingham, Northampton lies on the River Nene and is the county town of Northamptonshire. The demonym of Northampton is...
. They eventually decide to send a new embassy to France. - 7 July: The bishops of Durham and Winchester and two others are appointed English ambassadors to France.
- 11 July: In case brought before the Parlement of Paris by Garcie Arnaud, lord of Navailles Edward III is found to be in default and ordered to deliver the bastide of PuymirolPuymirolPuymirol is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.-Geography:The Séoune forms part of the commune's eastern border, flows westward through the middle of the commune, then forms part of its western border....
. The English government refuses. The French begin preparations for the seizure of the Duchy of Aquitaine. - 12 July: Edward III moves north from Perth with an additional 400 men from Henry of Lancaster's troops.
- 17 July: Edward III reaches Moray FirthMoray FirthThe Moray Firth is a roughly triangular inlet of the North Sea, north and east of Inverness, which is in the Highland council area of north of Scotland...
. - 22 July: Edward arrives at Aberdeen from the north and burns the town to the ground.
- 24 July: The English embassy to France embarks at Dover.
- Late July: John of Eltham, Earl of CornwallJohn of Eltham, Earl of CornwallJohn of Eltham, 1st Earl of Cornwall was the second son of Edward II of England and Isabella of France. He was heir to the English throne from the date of the abdication of his father to the birth of his nephew Edward of Woodstock .-Life:John was born in 1316 at Eltham Palace, Kent...
enters Scotland with several thousand men to ravage CarrickCarrickCarrick is the Anglicised version of creag/carraig, Gaelic for "rock", and may refer to:- Ireland :*Carrickmacross*Carrick-on-Suir*Carrick-on-Shannon*Carrick, Co...
and the ClydeRiver ClydeThe River Clyde is a major river in Scotland. It is the ninth longest river in the United Kingdom, and the third longest in Scotland. Flowing through the major city of Glasgow, it was an important river for shipbuilding and trade in the British Empire....
valley. With the arrival of the Mediterranean fleet French naval strength in the Channel ports numbers 26 galleys. - August: The bishops of Durham and Winchester have a series of fruitless meetings with Philip VI and his Council in Paris. Edward III forbis all exports of wool and leather.
- 20 August: Philip VI gives the English ambassadors his final answer. He intends to invade England and Scotland immediately with the fleet and army he has gathered. The ambassadors send a clerk, William Tickhill, to warn the Council of England.
- 22 August: Four French privateerPrivateerA privateer is a private person or ship authorized by a government by letters of marque to attack foreign shipping during wartime. Privateering was a way of mobilizing armed ships and sailors without having to spend public money or commit naval officers...
s attack the English town of OrfordOrford, SuffolkOrford is a small town in Suffolk, England, within the Suffolk Coast and Heaths AONB.Like many Suffolk coastal towns it was of some importance as a port and fishing village in the Middle Ages. It still has a fine mediaeval castle, built to dominate the River Ore.The main geographical feature of the...
. - 24 August: Tickhill arrives at Northampton. The chancellor, John de StratfordJohn de StratfordJohn de Stratford was Archbishop of Canterbury and Treasurer and Chancellor of England.-Life:John was born at Stratford-on-Avon and educated at Merton College, Oxford, afterwards entering the service of Edward II....
, issues writs to convene another Great Council at NottinghamNottinghamNottingham is a city and unitary authority in the East Midlands of England. It is located in the ceremonial county of Nottinghamshire and represents one of eight members of the English Core Cities Group...
and sends Tichkhill to report to Edward III in Scotland. - French privateers captured several royal ships and loaded merchantmen anchored at the Isle of WightIsle of WightThe Isle of Wight is a county and the largest island of England, located in the English Channel, on average about 2–4 miles off the south coast of the county of Hampshire, separated from the mainland by a strait called the Solent...
. - 6 September: The combined fleets of the two English Admiralties are ordered to attack the retreating French galleys, but by now they have returned to their bases.
- 25 September: The Great Council opens at Notthingam, Edward III having arrived the day before. With Southern England gripped by invasion fever they grant a tax of one tenth and fifteenth and prepares to levy more than 80 000 men in coastal defence.
- September: English agent John Thrandeston is sent on a diplomatic mission to the counts of Hainault, JuliersDuchy of JülichThe Duchy of Jülich comprised a state within the Holy Roman Empire from the 11th to the 18th centuries. The duchy lay left of the Rhine river between the Electorate of Cologne in the east and the Duchy of Limburg in the west. It had territories on both sides of the river Rur, around its capital...
and Guelderes. In France English merchants and travellers are arrested and their goods seized. The English retaliate in kind. - October: Edward III seizes the treasure gathered at St Mary's AbbeySt Mary's Abbey, YorkThe Abbey of St Mary in York, once the richest abbey in the north of England, is a ruined Benedictine abbey that lies in what are now the Yorkshire Museum Gardens, on a steeply sloping site to the west of York Minster. The original abbey on the site was founded in 1055 and dedicated to Saint Olave...
at YorkYorkYork is a walled city, situated at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss in North Yorkshire, England. The city has a rich heritage and has provided the backdrop to major political events throughout much of its two millennia of existence...
for the crusade. Sir Andrew MurraySir Andrew MurraySir Andrew Murray , also known as Sir Andrew Moray or Sir Andrew Murray of Bothwell, was a Scottish military leader who commanded resistance forces loyal to David II of Scotland against Edward Balliol and Edward III of England during the Second War of Scottish Independence...
captures and destroys Dunnottar, Kynnef and LauristonLauristonLauriston is an area of central Edinburgh, Scotland. The former location of the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, the area is undergoing a major re-development known as Quartermile...
, and lay waste to GowrieGowrieGowrie may refer to several places:* Gowrie, a province in Scotland** Carse of Gowrie, the southern part of Gowrie noted for its farmlandGowrie may also refer to:* Gowrie, Australian Capital Territory, a suburb of Canberra, Australia...
, AngusAngusAngus is one of the 32 local government council areas of Scotland, a registration county and a lieutenancy area. The council area borders Aberdeenshire, Perth and Kinross and Dundee City...
and MearnsMearnsMearns can refer to*Mearns Academy* Mearns, Alberta* Mearns Castle*Mearns Castle High School* Mearns FM* Mearns Primary School* Kincardineshire, the County of Kincardine, The Mearns in Scotland* Newton Mearnsin biology:...
to deny their use to the English. John Thrandeston visits the court of William I, Count of HainautWilliam I, Count of HainautWilliam I, Count of Hainaut was Count William III of Avesnes, Count William III of Holland and Count William II of Zeeland from 1304 to his death...
at ValenciennesValenciennesValenciennes is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.It lies on the Scheldt river. Although the city and region had seen a steady decline between 1975 and 1990, it has since rebounded...
. - 18 October: Edward III marches to Bothwell.
- 22 October: The English government disbands the fleet of the western Admiralty.
- 26 October: The English government disbands the fleet of the northern Admiralty.
- 8 November: The mass recruitment of costal militias ordered by the Council of Nottingham is cancelled.
- December: Edward III leaves Scotland to pass Christmas at HatfieldHatfield, HertfordshireHatfield is a town and civil parish in Hertfordshire, England in the borough of Welwyn Hatfield. It has a population of 29,616, and is of Saxon origin. Hatfield House, the home of the Marquess of Salisbury, is the nucleus of the old town...
. - 26 December: Philip VI formally demands from the English Seneschal in Gascony the extradition of the exile Robert III of ArtoisRobert III of ArtoisRobert III of Artois was the son of Philip of Artois and Blanche of Brittany.In 1318 he married Joan of Valois , daughter of Charles of Valois, and had issue:* Louis...
from England.
- 1337:
- 5 January: Representatives of the ports of the western and northern Admiralties assembles in London to hear the services in the coming year: three months of service without compensation.
- 10 January: Edward II obtains the consent of a Council of magnates to issue writs requiring free service from the ports with the seamen's consent or not. All ships are to assemble at PortsmouthPortsmouthPortsmouth is the second largest city in the ceremonial county of Hampshire on the south coast of England. Portsmouth is notable for being the United Kingdom's only island city; it is located mainly on Portsea Island...
on 15 March. - January: Robert UffordRobert d'Ufford, 1st Earl of SuffolkRobert d'Ufford, 1st Earl of Suffolk, KG was born in Thurston, Suffolk, England to Robert d'Ufford and Cecily de Valoines. On 13 November 1334 he married Margaret de Norwich, daughter of Sir Walter Norwich and Catherine de Hedersete. They had four children. He was made Earl of Suffolk in...
and William MontaguWilliam Montacute, 1st Earl of SalisburyWilliam I Montagu, alias de Montacute, 1st Earl of Salisbury, 3rd Baron Montacute, King of Mann was an English nobleman and loyal servant of King Edward III....
are appointed admirals. - February: Philip purchases CambraiCambraiCambrai is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. It is a sub-prefecture of the department.Cambrai is the seat of an archdiocese whose jurisdiction was immense during the Middle Ages. The territory of the Bishopric of Cambrai, roughly coinciding with the shire of Brabant, included...
and four other castles in the Cambrésis for his son John of NormandyJohn II of FranceJohn II , called John the Good , was the King of France from 1350 until his death. He was the second sovereign of the House of Valois and is perhaps best remembered as the king who was vanquished at the Battle of Poitiers and taken as a captive to England.The son of Philip VI and Joan the Lame,...
. Etienne le Galois de la Baume, the French Master of Crossbowmen arrives in the south-west where he makes a failed attempt to capture the town of Saint-MacaireSaint-MacaireSaint-Macaire is a commune in the Gironde department in Aquitaine in southwestern France.-Population:-References:*...
. In England the day of assembly for the northern Admiralty is moved forward one month with orders to proceed at once to OrwellOrwellOrwell can refer to:*The writer George Orwell and the derived phrase Orwellian*The River Orwell in Suffolk, England*Orwell High School in Suffolk, England*The village of Orwell, Cambridgeshire, England...
. 20 ships of the western Admiralty at SouthamptonSouthamptonSouthampton is the largest city in the county of Hampshire on the south coast of England, and is situated south-west of London and north-west of Portsmouth. Southampton is a major port and the closest city to the New Forest...
are ordered to leave immediately for BordeauxBordeauxBordeaux is a port city on the Garonne River in the Gironde department in southwestern France.The Bordeaux-Arcachon-Libourne metropolitan area, has a population of 1,010,000 and constitutes the sixth-largest urban area in France. It is the capital of the Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture...
. In Scotland Andrew Murray takes Kinclaven Castle before invading FifeFifeFife is a council area and former county of Scotland. It is situated between the Firth of Tay and the Firth of Forth, with inland boundaries to Perth and Kinross and Clackmannanshire...
with William Douglas, Lord of LiddesdaleWilliam Douglas, Lord of LiddesdaleSir William Douglas, Lord of Liddesdale was also known as the Knight of Liddesdale and the Flower of Chivalry. He was a Scottish nobleman and soldier active during the Second War of Scottish Independence.-Family:...
. FalklandFalkland-Places:*Falkland, British Columbia, Canada*Falkland, Nova Scotia, Canada*Falkland Ridge, Nova Scotia, Canada*Falkland, Newbury, a ward of Newbury, Berkshire, England.*Falkland, Fife, a burgh in Fife, Scotland....
tower and LeucharsLeucharsLeuchars is a small town near the north-east coast of Fife in Scotland.The town is nearly to the north of the village of Guardbridge, which lies on the north bank of the River Eden where it widens to the Edenmouth estuary before joining the North Sea at St Andrews Bay. Leuchars is north-east of...
fall to the Scots. - 28 February: St Andrews CastleSt Andrews CastleSt Andrew's Castle is a picturesque ruin located in the coastal Royal Burgh of St Andrews in Fife, Scotland. The castle sits on a rocky promontory overlooking a small beach called Castle Sands and the adjoining North Sea. There has been a castle standing at the site since the times of Bishop Roger...
surrenders to the Scots after a three weeks siege. - March: Murray captures Bothwell CastleBothwell CastleBothwell Castle is a large medieval castle sited on a high, steep bank, above a bend in the River Clyde, in South Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is located between Uddingston and Bothwell, about south-east of Glasgow. Construction of the castle was begun in the 13th century by the ancestors of Clan...
. - 3 March: Parliament of England meet at Westminster.
- 16 March: Parliament closes. The Lords have endorsed Edward III's plans to dispatch an army to Aquitaine and send an ultimatum to the King of France. Six earldoms have been created and Edward III's six years old heir Edward of Woodstock has become the Duke of CornwallDuke of CornwallThe Duchy of Cornwall was the first duchy created in the peerage of England.The present Duke of Cornwall is The Prince of Wales, the eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II, the reigning British monarch .-History:...
, the first use of the ducal title in England. - William I of Hainaut announces that he intends convene a great diplomatic conference at Valenciennes on 4 May.
- 15 April: The English delegation to the peace conference at Valenciennes is announced: Henry BurghershHenry BurghershHenry Burghersh , English bishop and chancellor, was a younger son of Robert de Burghersh, 1st Baron Burghersh , and a nephew of Bartholomew, Lord Badlesmere, and was educated in France....
, Bishop of LincolnBishop of LincolnThe Bishop of Lincoln is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Lincoln in the Province of Canterbury.The present diocese covers the county of Lincolnshire and the unitary authority areas of North Lincolnshire and North East Lincolnshire. The Bishop's seat is located in the Cathedral...
, William Montagu, 1st Earl of Salisbury and William de Clinton, 1st Earl of HuntingdonWilliam de Clinton, 1st Earl of HuntingdonWilliam de Clinton, 1st Earl of Huntingdon and Lord High Admiral, was the younger son of Baron John Clinton of Maxstoke and Ida De Odingsells, who was a great-great-granddaughter of Henry II. The Clintons were a great Norman family who had arrived with William the Conqueror in 1066...
. - Late April: Philip VI refuses to receive ambassadros bearing the final proposals of the King of England.
- 30 April: The arrière-banArrière-banArrière-ban, in French customs, is a general proclamation whereby the king summons to war all his vassals and their vassals. To the Provost of Paris belongs the convoking and commanding of the arrière-ban....
is proclaimed throughout the Kingdom of France. - May: Philip VI comes to Paris to preside over a meeting of his Great Council. It is decided that the duchy of Aquitaine will be declared forfeit on the grounds that Edward III is sheltering the King's enemy, Robert of Artois.
- 4 May: The peace conference at Valenciennes opens with, as expected, only those well disposed to Edward III represented.
- 20 May: Gaston II of Foix-Béarn, the French commander in the south, receives his orders.
- 23 May: The Constable of FranceConstable of FranceThe Constable of France , as the First Officer of the Crown, was one of the original five Great Officers of the Crown of France and Commander in Chief of the army. He, theoretically, as Lieutenant-general of the King, outranked all the nobles and was second-in-command only to the King...
, Raoul I of Brienne, Count of EuRaoul I of Brienne, Count of EuRaoul I of Brienne was the son of John II of Brienne, Count of Eu and Jeanne, Countess of Guînes.He succeeded his father as Count of Eu in 1302, and his mother as Count of Guînes in 1332. In 1329, he was named Constable of France, and he also held the office of Governor of Languedoc.In 1315, he...
, receives his orders. - 24 May: The bailli of AmiensAmiensAmiens is a city and commune in northern France, north of Paris and south-west of Lille. It is the capital of the Somme department in Picardy...
is instructed to take possession of the English enclave of PonthieuCount of PonthieuThe County of Ponthieu , centered on the mouth of the Somme, became a member of the Norman group of vassal states when Count Guy submitted to William of Normandy after the battle of Mortemer.....
. - May: Jeanne de Valois, Countess of Hainaut, Philip VI's sister, comes to Paris from Valenciennes with the conference's peace proposal. The proposals are dismissed.
- 7 June: Death of William I of Hainaut. He is succeeded by his son William II, Count of HainautWilliam II, Count of HainautWilliam II, Count of Hainaut was William IV of Avesnes, William IV of Holland and William III of Zeeland from 1337 to his death, succeeding his father, William I. He married Joanna, Duchess of Brabant and Limburg in 1334, but had no issue.- Military career and death :William fought in France as...
- June: The English ambassadors departs Valenciennes to visit John III, Duke of BrabantJohn III, Duke of BrabantJan III van Brabant , also called John III, the Triumphant , was Duke of Brabant, Lothier, and Limburg...
at BrusselsBrusselsBrussels , officially the Brussels Region or Brussels-Capital Region , is the capital of Belgium and the de facto capital of the European Union...
and then the excommunicated Emperor, Louis of BavariaLouis IV, Holy Roman EmperorLouis IV , called the Bavarian, of the house of Wittelsbach, was the King of Germany from 1314, the King of Italy from 1327 and the Holy Roman Emperor from 1328....
, at FrankfurtFrankfurtFrankfurt am Main , commonly known simply as Frankfurt, is the largest city in the German state of Hesse and the fifth-largest city in Germany, with a 2010 population of 688,249. The urban area had an estimated population of 2,300,000 in 2010...
. In return for a fee the Emperor promises to support an English invasion. The princes of the Low Countries sign similar agreements. - 28 June: Edward III starts issuing orders for an expeditionary army to sail from London 28 July.
1337–1360
- 1341: The Breton War of SuccessionBreton War of SuccessionThe Breton War of Succession was a conflict between the Houses of Blois and Montfort for control of the Duchy of Brittany. It was fought between 1341 and 1364. It formed an integral part of the early Hundred Years War due to the involvement of the French and English governments in the conflict; the...
breaks out. Edward supports John of MontfortJohn IV, Duke of BrittanyJohn IV of Montfort , was duke of Brittany, from 1341 to his death. He was son of Duke Arthur II and Yolande de Dreux, countess of Montfort, his second wife.In 1322 he succeeded his mother as count of Montfort, and in 1329, he married Joanna of Flanders at Chartres...
while Philip backs Charles of Blois. - 1346: Edward III inflicts a crushing defeat on Philip VI at the Battle of CrécyBattle of CrécyThe Battle of Crécy took place on 26 August 1346 near Crécy in northern France, and was one of the most important battles of the Hundred Years' War...
. - 1347: CalaisCalaisCalais is a town in Northern France in the department of Pas-de-Calais, of which it is a sub-prefecture. Although Calais is by far the largest city in Pas-de-Calais, the department's capital is its third-largest city of Arras....
falls to Edward III. The Scots invade England but are defeated at the Battle of Neville's CrossBattle of Neville's CrossThe Battle of Neville's Cross took place to the west of Durham, England on 17 October 1346.-Background:In 1346, England was embroiled in the Hundred Years' War with France. In order to divert his enemy Philip VI of France appealed to David II of Scotland to attack the English from the north in...
and David II is captured. - 1348: The Black DeathBlack DeathThe Black Death was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, peaking in Europe between 1348 and 1350. Of several competing theories, the dominant explanation for the Black Death is the plague theory, which attributes the outbreak to the bacterium Yersinia pestis. Thought to have...
reaches Europe. - 1350: Philip VI dies and is succeeded by his son John IIJohn II of FranceJohn II , called John the Good , was the King of France from 1350 until his death. He was the second sovereign of the House of Valois and is perhaps best remembered as the king who was vanquished at the Battle of Poitiers and taken as a captive to England.The son of Philip VI and Joan the Lame,...
. - 1351: The Battle of the Thirty.
- 1356: Edward the Black Prince, son of Edward III, defeats John II at the Battle of PoitiersBattle of Poitiers (1356)The Battle of Poitiers was fought between the Kingdoms of England and France on 19 September 1356 near Poitiers, resulting in the second of the three great English victories of the Hundred Years' War: Crécy, Poitiers, and Agincourt....
. John II is among the captured. - 1358: Peasant revolt in France called the JacquerieJacquerieThe Jacquerie was a popular revolt in late medieval Europe by peasants that took place in northern France in the summer of 1358, during the Hundred Years' War. The revolt, which was violently suppressed after a few weeks of violence, centered in the Oise valley north of Paris...
. - 1359: John II signs the Second Treaty of London accepting huge territorial losses and an enormous ransom. However CharlesCharles V of FranceCharles V , called the Wise, was King of France from 1364 to his death in 1380 and a member of the House of Valois...
, John's son and heir, refuse to accept. - 1360: The Treaty of BrétignyTreaty of BrétignyThe Treaty of Brétigny was a treaty signed on May 9, 1360, between King Edward III of England and King John II of France. In retrospect it is seen as having marked the end of the first phase of the Hundred Years' War —as well as the height of English hegemony on the Continent.It was signed...
. Edward III renounces his claim to the French throne in return for the restoration and suxerainty of Aquitaine. Edward makes his son, the Black Prince, Duke of Aquitaine.
1360–1400
- 1364: The defeat and death of Charles of Blois at the Battle of AurayBattle of AurayThe Battle of Auray took place on 29 September 1364 at the French town of Auray. This battle was the decisive confrontation of the Breton War of Succession, a part of the Hundred Years' War....
marks the end of the Breton War of Succession. - 1366: The Black Prince intervenes in the civil war in CastileCrown of CastileThe Crown of Castile was a medieval and modern state in the Iberian Peninsula that formed in 1230 as a result of the third and definitive union of the crowns and parliaments of the kingdoms of Castile and León upon the accession of the then King Ferdinand III of Castile to the vacant Leonese throne...
between Pedro the CruelPedro of CastilePeter , sometimes called "the Cruel" or "the Lawful" , was the king of Castile and León from 1350 to 1369. He was the son of Alfonso XI of Castile and Maria of Portugal, daughter of Afonso IV of Portugal...
and Henry of Trastamara. - 1370: John ChandosJohn ChandosSir John Chandos, Viscount of Saint-Sauveur in the Cotentin, Constable of Aquitaine, Seneschal of Poitou, KG was a medieval English knight who hailed from Radbourne Hall, Derbyshire. Chandos was a close friend of Edward, the Black Prince and a founding member and 19th Knight of the Order of the...
, the English Seneschal of PoitouPoitouPoitou was a province of west-central France whose capital city was Poitiers.The region of Poitou was called Thifalia in the sixth century....
is defeated and slain at Chateau Lussac. - 1372: French commander Bertrand du GuesclinBertrand du GuesclinBertrand du Guesclin , known as the Eagle of Brittany or the Black Dog of Brocéliande, was a Breton knight and French military commander during the Hundred Years' War. He was Constable of France from 1370 to his death...
captures PoitiersPoitiersPoitiers is a city on the Clain river in west central France. It is a commune and the capital of the Vienne department and of the Poitou-Charentes region. The centre is picturesque and its streets are interesting for predominant remains of historical architecture, especially from the Romanesque...
. - 1377: Du Guesclin takes BergeracBergerac, DordogneBergerac is a commune and a sub-prefecture of the Dordogne department in southwestern France.-Population:-Economy:The region is primarily known for wine and tobacco...
. - 1376: The Black Prince dies.
- 1377: Edward III dies. His grandson Richard IIRichard II of EnglandRichard II was King of England, a member of the House of Plantagenet and the last of its main-line kings. He ruled from 1377 until he was deposed in 1399. Richard was a son of Edward, the Black Prince, and was born during the reign of his grandfather, Edward III...
becomes King of England. - 1380: Earl of BuckinghamThomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of GloucesterThomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester, 1st Earl of Buckingham, 1st Earl of Essex, Duke of Aumale, KG was the thirteenth and youngest child of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault...
commanded an expedition to France to aid England's ally the Duke of BrittanyJohn IV, Duke of BrittanyJohn IV of Montfort , was duke of Brittany, from 1341 to his death. He was son of Duke Arthur II and Yolande de Dreux, countess of Montfort, his second wife.In 1322 he succeeded his mother as count of Montfort, and in 1329, he married Joanna of Flanders at Chartres...
. The French refused battle so Buckingham forces continued a chevaucheeChevauchéeA chevauchée was a raiding method of medieval warfare for weakening the enemy, focusing mainly on wreaking havoc, burning and pillaging enemy territory, in order to reduce the productivity of a region; as opposed to siege warfare or wars of conquest...
and laid siege to NantesNantesNantes is a city in western France, located on the Loire River, from the Atlantic coast. The city is the 6th largest in France, while its metropolitan area ranks 8th with over 800,000 inhabitants....
. - 1381: The Duke of Brittany reconciled to the regime of the new French king, Charles VICharles VI of FranceCharles VI , called the Beloved and the Mad , was the King of France from 1380 to 1422, as a member of the House of Valois. His bouts with madness, which seem to have begun in 1392, led to quarrels among the French royal family, which were exploited by the neighbouring powers of England and Burgundy...
, paid 50,000 franc to Buckingham to abandon the siege and the campaign.
1400–1422
- 1415: Henry V of EnglandHenry V of EnglandHenry V was King of England from 1413 until his death at the age of 35 in 1422. He was the second monarch belonging to the House of Lancaster....
lands at HarfleurHarfleur-Population:-Places of interest:* The church of St-Martin, dating from the fourteenth century.* The seventeenth century Hôtel de Ville .* Medieval ramparts * The fifteenth century museums of fishing and of archaeology and history....
in NormandyNormandyNormandy is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy. It is in France.The continental territory covers 30,627 km² and forms the preponderant part of Normandy and roughly 5% of the territory of France. It is divided for administrative purposes into two régions:...
and takes the city. He wins a near-total victory over the French at the Battle of AgincourtBattle of AgincourtThe Battle of Agincourt was a major English victory against a numerically superior French army in the Hundred Years' War. The battle occurred on Friday, 25 October 1415 , near modern-day Azincourt, in northern France...
. - 1417: Henry V takes CaenCaenCaen is a commune in northwestern France. It is the prefecture of the Calvados department and the capital of the Basse-Normandie region. It is located inland from the English Channel....
. - 1419: RouenRouenRouen , in northern France on the River Seine, is the capital of the Haute-Normandie region and the historic capital city of Normandy. Once one of the largest and most prosperous cities of medieval Europe , it was the seat of the Exchequer of Normandy in the Middle Ages...
falls to Henry V on 19 January, placing NormandyNormandyNormandy is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy. It is in France.The continental territory covers 30,627 km² and forms the preponderant part of Normandy and roughly 5% of the territory of France. It is divided for administrative purposes into two régions:...
under English control. BurgundyDuchy of BurgundyThe Duchy of Burgundy , was heir to an ancient and prestigious reputation and a large division of the lands of the Second Kingdom of Burgundy and in its own right was one of the geographically larger ducal territories in the emergence of Early Modern Europe from Medieval Europe.Even in that...
allies with England. - 1420: Henry V and Charles VI of FranceCharles VI of FranceCharles VI , called the Beloved and the Mad , was the King of France from 1380 to 1422, as a member of the House of Valois. His bouts with madness, which seem to have begun in 1392, led to quarrels among the French royal family, which were exploited by the neighbouring powers of England and Burgundy...
sign the Treaty of TroyesTreaty of TroyesThe Treaty of Troyes was an agreement that Henry V of England and his heirs would inherit the throne of France upon the death of King Charles VI of France. It was signed in the French city of Troyes on 21 May 1420 in the aftermath of the Battle of Agincourt...
. Henry marries Catherine of ValoisCatherine of ValoisCatherine of France was the Queen consort of England from 1420 until 1422. She was the daughter of King Charles VI of France, wife of Henry V of Monmouth, King of England, mother of Henry VI, King of England and King of France, and through her secret marriage with Owen Tudor, the grandmother of...
, daughter of Charles VI, and their heir would inherit both kingdoms. The Dauphin, Charles VIICharles VII of FranceCharles VII , called the Victorious or the Well-Served , was King of France from 1422 to his death, though he was initially opposed by Henry VI of England, whose Regent, the Duke of Bedford, ruled much of France including the capital, Paris...
is declared illegitimate. - 1422: Henry V dies on 31 August, aged , and Charles VI on 21 October, at of age. Henry's young son, Henry VI of EnglandHenry VI of EnglandHenry VI was King of England from 1422 to 1461 and again from 1470 to 1471, and disputed King of France from 1422 to 1453. Until 1437, his realm was governed by regents. Contemporaneous accounts described him as peaceful and pious, not suited for the violent dynastic civil wars, known as the Wars...
, who is days old at the time, is crowned king of both England and France. However in central France, the Dauphin continues the war.
1422–1453
- 1424: One of Henry VI's regents, Humphrey, Duke of GloucesterHumphrey, Duke of GloucesterHumphrey of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Gloucester, 1st Earl of Pembroke, KG , also known as Humphrey Plantagenet, was "son, brother and uncle of kings", being the fourth and youngest son of king Henry IV of England by his first wife, Mary de Bohun, brother to king Henry V of England, and uncle to the...
, marries Jacqueline, Countess of HainautJacqueline, Countess of HainautJacqueline of Wittelsbach was Duchess of Bavaria-Straubing, Countess of Hainaut and Holland from 1417 to 1432...
, and invades Holland to regain her former dominions, bringing him into direct conflict with Philip III, Duke of BurgundyPhilip III, Duke of BurgundyPhilip the Good KG , also Philip III, Duke of Burgundy was Duke of Burgundy from 1419 until his death. He was a member of a cadet line of the Valois dynasty . During his reign Burgundy reached the height of its prosperity and prestige and became a leading center of the arts...
. - 1428: The English lay siege to OrléansOrléans-Prehistory and Roman:Cenabum was a Gallic stronghold, one of the principal towns of the Carnutes tribe where the Druids held their annual assembly. It was conquered and destroyed by Julius Caesar in 52 BC, then rebuilt under the Roman Empire...
. - 1429: Joan of ArcJoan of ArcSaint Joan of Arc, nicknamed "The Maid of Orléans" , is a national heroine of France and a Roman Catholic saint. A peasant girl born in eastern France who claimed divine guidance, she led the French army to several important victories during the Hundred Years' War, which paved the way for the...
breaks the siege of Orléans. The Dauphin is crowned King of France at ReimsReimsReims , a city in the Champagne-Ardenne region of France, lies east-northeast of Paris. Founded by the Gauls, it became a major city during the period of the Roman Empire....
. - 1430: Joan is captured by the Burgundians and later sold to the English.
- 1430: Joan of Arc tried and executed.
- 1435: Burgundy switches sides, signing the Treaty of ArrasTreaty of ArrasThere have been several treaties of Arras:* the Treaty of Arras , between Charles VII of France and Philip the Good of Burgundy* the Treaty of Arras , between Louis XI of France and the governments of the Low Countries...
. - 1449: The French recapture Rouen.
- 1450: An English attempt to relieve Caen is defeated at the Battle of FormignyBattle of FormignyThe Battle of Formigny was a battle of the Hundred Years' War fought between England and France. It was a decisive victory for the French.- Background :...
. The French take Cherbourg. - 1451: BordeauxBordeauxBordeaux is a port city on the Garonne River in the Gironde department in southwestern France.The Bordeaux-Arcachon-Libourne metropolitan area, has a population of 1,010,000 and constitutes the sixth-largest urban area in France. It is the capital of the Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture...
and BayonneBayonneBayonne is a city and commune in south-western France at the confluence of the Nive and Adour rivers, in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department, of which it is a sub-prefecture...
fall to French forces. - 1453: John Talbot, 1st Earl of ShrewsburyJohn Talbot, 1st Earl of ShrewsburyJohn Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury and 1st Earl of Waterford KG , known as "Old Talbot" was an important English military commander during the Hundred Years' War, as well as the only Lancastrian Constable of France.-Origins:He was descended from Richard Talbot, a tenant in 1086 of Walter Giffard...
attempts to retake Gascony, but is defeated by Jean BureauJean BureauJean Bureau was the Master Gunner of the French artillery under Charles VII during the final years of the Hundred Year's War. Bureau was born in Champagne, but later moved to Paris, where he worked for the English government during the occupation. In 1439 Charles VII made Bureau master of...
at the Battle of CastillonBattle of CastillonThe Battle of Castillon of 1453 was the last battle fought between the French and the English during the Hundred Years' War. It resulted in a decisive French victory.-Context:...
.
The Battle of Castillon is generally considered the end of the Hundred Years' War as Henry VI's insanity and the Wars of the Roses
Wars of the Roses
The Wars of the Roses were a series of dynastic civil wars for the throne of England fought between supporters of two rival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet: the houses of Lancaster and York...
left England in no position to wage war in France. However Calais remained an English possession until 1558 and the title of King of France was not omitted from the English royal style until 1 January 1801 ( after the Battle of Castillon).