Steinwald
Encyclopedia
The Steinwald is a mountain range
up to in southern Germany
and, at the same time, a nature park
(Steinwald Nature Park) founded in 1970 with an area of 246 square kilometres (95 sq mi) in the province of Upper Palatinate
, in North Bavaria
.
n county town of Marktredwitz
and north of Erbendorf
in the district of Tirschenreuth. The Steinwald is separated from the Fichtelgebirge
to the northwest by the Waldershof trough (Waldershofer Senke) and from the Upper Palatine Forest to the southeast by the Waldnaab
-Wondreb-trough.
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. In the south and east it is surrounded by a basalt
landscape of Kuppen - gentle, rounded summits - (Kemnather Land, Nördlicher Steinwald), whose most striking elevations are the Parkstein near Weiden
, the Rauhe Kulm near Kemnath
, the Schlossberg near Waldeck, the Armesberg
, the Teichelberg and the Ruheberg. Numerous granite blocks and rock 'bastions' are found in the Steinwald, often with fantastic shapes. They have odd names such as Katzentrögel, Zipfeltannenfelsen oder Saubadfelsen.
The Steinwald is still rich in precious stones, including for example agate
and jasper
, ore
and rock types. Ores such as siderite
, limonite
and haematite occur too. These ores used to be mined, especially in the Middle Ages
; today the remaining supplies are too small and too scattered to enable them to be extracted profitably.
The Steinwald is frequently seen as an extension of the Fichtelgebirge
mountains. But geological investigations have proved this to be wrong; the granite in the Steinwald is considerably softer than the Fichtelgebirge granite and, unlike the latter, contains no lithium
. In addition it is younger than the Fichtelgebirge, as evinced by the numerous deposits of basalt and chalk.
The Steinwald is also rich in springs
. Water often bubbles out of rock crevices and has a good quality. It also has one of the most iron
-rich springs in the whole of the Europe
, the King Otto Spring in King-Otto-Bad near Wiesau
, which is named after the brother of the Prince Regent Luitpold of Bavaria
, Otto I of Greece
. Even today the water is bottled by the firm of King-Otto-Sprudel.
The soil quality in the Steinwald depends on the dominant rock locally. Its extremely varied soils can be divided into about four types:
characteristics. It is not snow-free until the middle of May. Giant snowdrifts and severe snow storms render paths and trails impassable in winter. A short spring follows the long and harsh winter; summer has more precipitation and is followed by a mild and fine autumm. Average annual temperatures lie between 4 and 5 °C, average precipitation is about 15 cm.
as the dominant species. The proportion of deciduous trees has risen, however, from 25.1% in 1987 to 30.4% in 2002. Berry bushes provide much of the ground cover, especially blueberries and cranberries, and cryptogams
- lichens and mosses - are widespread. The seven-petalled Arctic starflower, the symbol of the Fichtelgebirge Club
, occurs here and fern
s also abound in the woods.
Wild animals in the Steinwald, such as the red deer
, wild boar, red fox
, weasel
, polecat
, stoat
and, more recently, the lynx
, are almost only found in the more remote areas of woodland. Woodpeckers, goshawks, eagle-owls, tawny owl
s live in the high treetops, as do pygmy owls and the Tengmalm's Owl
. Enjoying special projection birds that would otherwise become rare such as the black stork
s and the capercaillie, which still occur in low numbers in the Steinwald.
Dealing with damaged areas of the forest ties up a lot of effort and means that sometimes long-term forestry work suffers. On the other hand, the heavily thinned areas of forest result in a rapid transformation that helps to prevent attack by bark beetle
.
For a good 20 years new forms of forest damage have appeared in the High Steinwald that go under the name of Waldsterben or forest dieback. Today the Steinwald in Northeast Bavaria is one of the main areas of concern. This is due to the high levels of sulphur dioxide emission from the burning of brown coal in the nearby Eger Basin, to acid rain
and to the many days of mist and fog. The forest damage, which is clearly visible, has remained since 1986 at about the same level of 32%. Research to date has shown that its causes are complex and involve biotic and abiotic factors, however environmental pollution plays a significant role.
Forestry management measures include fertilising in order to counteract the lack of magnesium which causing a yellowing of the pine needles. So that no treeless steppes appear as on the heights of the Ore Mountains, the damaged highlands are planted. The Kemnath Forestry Department has done this on about 200 hectares (494.2 acre).
From the walker's car park north of Pfaben an educational trail leads to some of the natural attractions of the Steinwald. In addition, there are circular walks starting from Friedenfels
and Erbendorf
. The High Steinwald may be reached on trails running from Neusorg
, Waldershof
, Marktredwitz
, Poppenreuth, Fuchsmühl
, Friedenfels and Erbendorf.
Mountain range
A mountain range is a single, large mass consisting of a succession of mountains or narrowly spaced mountain ridges, with or without peaks, closely related in position, direction, formation, and age; a component part of a mountain system or of a mountain chain...
up to in southern Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
and, at the same time, a nature park
Nature park
A nature park is a landscape protected by means of long-term planning, use and agriculture. These valuable landscapes are preserved in their present state and promoted for touristic purposes....
(Steinwald Nature Park) founded in 1970 with an area of 246 square kilometres (95 sq mi) in the province of Upper Palatinate
Upper Palatinate
The Upper Palatinate is one of the seven administrative regions of Bavaria, Germany, located in the east of Bavaria.- History :The region took its name first in the early 16th century, because it was by the Treaty of Pavia one of the main portions of the territory of the Wittelsbach Elector...
, in North Bavaria
Bavaria
Bavaria, formally the Free State of Bavaria is a state of Germany, located in the southeast of Germany. With an area of , it is the largest state by area, forming almost 20% of the total land area of Germany...
.
Geographical location
The Steinwald lies south of the Upper FranconiaUpper Franconia
Upper Franconia is a Regierungsbezirk of the state of Bavaria, southern Germany. It forms part of the historically significant region of Franconia , all now part of the German Federal State of Bayern .With more than 200 independent breweries which brew...
n county town of Marktredwitz
Marktredwitz
Marktredwitz is a municipality in the district of Wunsiedel, in Bavaria, Germany. It is situated 22 km west of Cheb, 50 km east of Bayreuth and 50 km south of Hof/Saale.The town celebrated the Horticultural Show 2006 in cooperation with Cheb....
and north of Erbendorf
Erbendorf
Erbendorf is a town in the Upper Palatinate region of Germany. As of December, 2006, the town has a population of 5,341.The following villages are incorporated into the town:...
in the district of Tirschenreuth. The Steinwald is separated from the Fichtelgebirge
Fichtelgebirge
The Fichtelgebirge is a mountain range in northeastern Bavaria, Germany. It extends from the valley of the Red Main River to the Czech border, a few foothills spilling over into the Czech Republic. It continues in a northeastern direction as the Ore Mountains, and in a southeastern direction as...
to the northwest by the Waldershof trough (Waldershofer Senke) and from the Upper Palatine Forest to the southeast by the Waldnaab
Waldnaab
The Waldnaab is the left-hand, eastern and longest headstream of the River Naab in the Upper Palatinate .Together with the Waldnaab the Naab is long.- The Tirschenreuth Waldnaab :...
-Wondreb-trough.
Mountains and hills
The mountains and hills in the range and in the Steinwald Nature Park include the following − in order of height in metres (m) above sea level (NN):{|
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- PlattePlatte (Steinwald)At the Platte is the highest mountain in the Steinwald, a forest in the Fichtelgebirge mountain range in central Germany.The Platte is a popular walking destination, not least because of the Upper Palatinate Tower, which is located on its summit...
− with Upper Palatinate TowerUpper Palatinate TowerThe Upper Palatinate Tower is an observation tower on the high Platte mountain, the highest peak in the Steinwald and in Northern Upper Palatinate in southern Germany.... - Mountain of the Ruins of Weißenstein
- Knock
- Plößberg
- ArmesbergArmesbergArmesberg is a mountain of Bavaria, Germany....
| width="350" valign="top" |
- Roßkopf (725 m)
- Steinberg (705 m)
- Großer Teichelberg
- Vogelfelsen
|}
Geology
Like the Fichtelgebirge, the Steinwald consists mainly of graniteGranite
Granite is a common and widely occurring type of intrusive, felsic, igneous rock. Granite usually has a medium- to coarse-grained texture. Occasionally some individual crystals are larger than the groundmass, in which case the texture is known as porphyritic. A granitic rock with a porphyritic...
. In the south and east it is surrounded by a basalt
Basalt
Basalt is a common extrusive volcanic rock. It is usually grey to black and fine-grained due to rapid cooling of lava at the surface of a planet. It may be porphyritic containing larger crystals in a fine matrix, or vesicular, or frothy scoria. Unweathered basalt is black or grey...
landscape of Kuppen - gentle, rounded summits - (Kemnather Land, Nördlicher Steinwald), whose most striking elevations are the Parkstein near Weiden
Weiden in der Oberpfalz
Weiden in der Oberpfalz is a district-free city in Bavaria, Germany. It is located 100 km east of Nuremberg and 35 km west of the Czech border. A branch of the German Army's NCO Academy is located here...
, the Rauhe Kulm near Kemnath
Kemnath
Kemnath is a town in the district of Tirschenreuth, in Bavaria, Germany. It is situated near the Fichtelgebirge, 24 km southeast of Bayreuth....
, the Schlossberg near Waldeck, the Armesberg
Armesberg
Armesberg is a mountain of Bavaria, Germany....
, the Teichelberg and the Ruheberg. Numerous granite blocks and rock 'bastions' are found in the Steinwald, often with fantastic shapes. They have odd names such as Katzentrögel, Zipfeltannenfelsen oder Saubadfelsen.
The Steinwald is still rich in precious stones, including for example agate
Agate
Agate is a microcrystalline variety of silica, chiefly chalcedony, characterised by its fineness of grain and brightness of color. Although agates may be found in various kinds of rock, they are classically associated with volcanic rocks and can be common in certain metamorphic rocks.-Etymology...
and jasper
Jasper
Jasper, a form of chalcedony, is an opaque, impure variety of silica, usually red, yellow, brown or green in color; and rarely blue. This mineral breaks with a smooth surface, and is used for ornamentation or as a gemstone. It can be highly polished and is used for vases, seals, and at one time for...
, ore
Ore
An ore is a type of rock that contains minerals with important elements including metals. The ores are extracted through mining; these are then refined to extract the valuable element....
and rock types. Ores such as siderite
Siderite
Siderite is a mineral composed of iron carbonate FeCO3. It takes its name from the Greek word σίδηρος sideros, “iron”. It is a valuable iron mineral, since it is 48% iron and contains no sulfur or phosphorus...
, limonite
Limonite
Limonite is an ore consisting in a mixture of hydrated iron oxide-hydroxide of varying composition. The generic formula is frequently written as FeO·nH2O, although this is not entirely accurate as limonite often contains a varying amount of oxide compared to hydroxide.Together with hematite, it has...
and haematite occur too. These ores used to be mined, especially in the Middle Ages
Middle Ages
The Middle Ages is a periodization of European history from the 5th century to the 15th century. The Middle Ages follows the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 and precedes the Early Modern Era. It is the middle period of a three-period division of Western history: Classic, Medieval and Modern...
; today the remaining supplies are too small and too scattered to enable them to be extracted profitably.
The Steinwald is frequently seen as an extension of the Fichtelgebirge
Fichtelgebirge
The Fichtelgebirge is a mountain range in northeastern Bavaria, Germany. It extends from the valley of the Red Main River to the Czech border, a few foothills spilling over into the Czech Republic. It continues in a northeastern direction as the Ore Mountains, and in a southeastern direction as...
mountains. But geological investigations have proved this to be wrong; the granite in the Steinwald is considerably softer than the Fichtelgebirge granite and, unlike the latter, contains no lithium
Lithium
Lithium is a soft, silver-white metal that belongs to the alkali metal group of chemical elements. It is represented by the symbol Li, and it has the atomic number 3. Under standard conditions it is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element. Like all alkali metals, lithium is highly...
. In addition it is younger than the Fichtelgebirge, as evinced by the numerous deposits of basalt and chalk.
The Steinwald is also rich in springs
Spring (hydrosphere)
A spring—also known as a rising or resurgence—is a component of the hydrosphere. Specifically, it is any natural situation where water flows to the surface of the earth from underground...
. Water often bubbles out of rock crevices and has a good quality. It also has one of the most iron
Iron
Iron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe and atomic number 26. It is a metal in the first transition series. It is the most common element forming the planet Earth as a whole, forming much of Earth's outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth's crust...
-rich springs in the whole of the Europe
Europe
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
, the King Otto Spring in King-Otto-Bad near Wiesau
Wiesau
Wiesau is a municipality in the district of Tirschenreuth in Bavaria, Germany....
, which is named after the brother of the Prince Regent Luitpold of Bavaria
Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria
Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria , was the de facto ruler of Bavaria from 1886 to 1912, due to the incapacity of his nephews, King Ludwig II and King Otto.-Early life:...
, Otto I of Greece
Otto of Greece
Otto, Prince of Bavaria, then Othon, King of Greece was made the first modern King of Greece in 1832 under the Convention of London, whereby Greece became a new independent kingdom under the protection of the Great Powers .The second son of the philhellene King Ludwig I of Bavaria, Otto ascended...
. Even today the water is bottled by the firm of King-Otto-Sprudel.
The soil quality in the Steinwald depends on the dominant rock locally. Its extremely varied soils can be divided into about four types:
- From the rocks on the edge of the Steinwald (phyllitePhyllitePhyllite is a type of foliated metamorphic rock primarily composed of quartz, sericite mica, and chlorite; the rock represents a gradation in the degree of metamorphism between slate and mica schist. Minute crystals of graphite, sericite, or chlorite impart a silky, sometimes golden sheen to the...
, quartziteQuartziteQuartzite is a hard metamorphic rock which was originally sandstone. Sandstone is converted into quartzite through heating and pressure usually related to tectonic compression within orogenic belts. Pure quartzite is usually white to gray, though quartzites often occur in various shades of pink...
, sandSandSand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles.The composition of sand is highly variable, depending on the local rock sources and conditions, but the most common constituent of sand in inland continental settings and non-tropical coastal...
s and kaolin clays), soils are formed that are predominantly acidic and poor in nutrients. - The granite in the Steinwald has left behind mostly deep, weathered soils with medium levels of nutrients.
- Basalt weathering has formed tightly bordered soils with a good supply of nutrients.
- Other good soils are those affected by groundwater and dammed lakes, often accompanied by the formation of bogs.
Climate
The climate in the Steinwald has AlpineAlps
The Alps is one of the great mountain range systems of Europe, stretching from Austria and Slovenia in the east through Italy, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Germany to France in the west....
characteristics. It is not snow-free until the middle of May. Giant snowdrifts and severe snow storms render paths and trails impassable in winter. A short spring follows the long and harsh winter; summer has more precipitation and is followed by a mild and fine autumm. Average annual temperatures lie between 4 and 5 °C, average precipitation is about 15 cm.
Nature
The woods of the Steinwald consist mainly of conifers, with spruceSpruce
A spruce is a tree of the genus Picea , a genus of about 35 species of coniferous evergreen trees in the Family Pinaceae, found in the northern temperate and boreal regions of the earth. Spruces are large trees, from tall when mature, and can be distinguished by their whorled branches and conical...
as the dominant species. The proportion of deciduous trees has risen, however, from 25.1% in 1987 to 30.4% in 2002. Berry bushes provide much of the ground cover, especially blueberries and cranberries, and cryptogams
Cryptogams
The name cryptogams is used fairly widely as a phrase of convenience, although regarded as an obsolete taxonomic term. A cryptogam is a plant that reproduces by spores...
- lichens and mosses - are widespread. The seven-petalled Arctic starflower, the symbol of the Fichtelgebirge Club
Fichtelgebirge Club
The Fichtelgebirge Club is a large walking club and local heritage society in Bavaria and recognised conservation group with 20,000 members in 55 local groups. As the name says, its main sphere of activity is in the Fichtelgebirge mountains in north Bavaria...
, occurs here and fern
Fern
A fern is any one of a group of about 12,000 species of plants belonging to the botanical group known as Pteridophyta. Unlike mosses, they have xylem and phloem . They have stems, leaves, and roots like other vascular plants...
s also abound in the woods.
Wild animals in the Steinwald, such as the red deer
Red Deer
The red deer is one of the largest deer species. Depending on taxonomy, the red deer inhabits most of Europe, the Caucasus Mountains region, Asia Minor, parts of western Asia, and central Asia. It also inhabits the Atlas Mountains region between Morocco and Tunisia in northwestern Africa, being...
, wild boar, red fox
Red Fox
The red fox is the largest of the true foxes, as well as being the most geographically spread member of the Carnivora, being distributed across the entire northern hemisphere from the Arctic Circle to North Africa, Central America, and the steppes of Asia...
, weasel
Weasel
Weasels are mammals forming the genus Mustela of the Mustelidae family. They are small, active predators, long and slender with short legs....
, polecat
European polecat
The European polecat , also known as the black or forest polecat , is a species of Mustelid native to western Eurasia and North Africa, which is classed by the IUCN as Least Concern due to its wide range and large numbers. It is of a generally dark brown colour, with a pale underbelly and a dark...
, stoat
Stoat
The stoat , also known as the ermine or short-tailed weasel, is a species of Mustelid native to Eurasia and North America, distinguished from the least weasel by its larger size and longer tail with a prominent black tip...
and, more recently, the lynx
Eurasian Lynx
The Eurasian lynx is a medium-sized cat native to European and Siberian forests, South Asia and East Asia. It is also known as the European lynx, common lynx, the northern lynx, and the Siberian or Russian lynx...
, are almost only found in the more remote areas of woodland. Woodpeckers, goshawks, eagle-owls, tawny owl
Tawny Owl
The Tawny Owl or Brown Owl is a stocky, medium-sized owl commonly found in woodlands across much of Eurasia. Its underparts are pale with dark streaks, and the upperparts are either brown or grey. Several of the eleven recognised subspecies have both variants...
s live in the high treetops, as do pygmy owls and the Tengmalm's Owl
Tengmalm's Owl
Boreal Owl, Aegolius funereus, is a small owl. It is also known as the Tengmalm's Owl after Swedish naturalist Peter Gustaf Tengmalm. Other names for the owl include Richardson's Owl, Funeral Owl , Sparrow Owl and Pearl Owl...
. Enjoying special projection birds that would otherwise become rare such as the black stork
Black Stork
The Black Stork Ciconia nigra is a large wading bird in the stork family Ciconiidae. It is a widespread, but rare, species that breeds in the warmer parts of Europe, predominantly in central and eastern regions. This is a shy and wary species, unlike the closely related White Stork. It is seen in...
s and the capercaillie, which still occur in low numbers in the Steinwald.
Forest damage
The forest is exposed to many dangers. Chief among the concerns of forest owners and foresters is the almost annual weather damage:- Wind and storm damage in the eastern Steinwald
- Rime and ice breakage in the highlands and
- Tree breakage under the weight of snow in the entire nature park area.
Dealing with damaged areas of the forest ties up a lot of effort and means that sometimes long-term forestry work suffers. On the other hand, the heavily thinned areas of forest result in a rapid transformation that helps to prevent attack by bark beetle
Bark beetle
A bark beetle is one of approximately 220 genera with 6,000 species of beetles in the subfamily Scolytinae. Traditionally, this was considered a distinct family Scolytidae, but now it is understood that bark beetles are in fact very specialized members of the "true weevil" family...
.
For a good 20 years new forms of forest damage have appeared in the High Steinwald that go under the name of Waldsterben or forest dieback. Today the Steinwald in Northeast Bavaria is one of the main areas of concern. This is due to the high levels of sulphur dioxide emission from the burning of brown coal in the nearby Eger Basin, to acid rain
Acid rain
Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, meaning that it possesses elevated levels of hydrogen ions . It can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals, and infrastructure. Acid rain is caused by emissions of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen...
and to the many days of mist and fog. The forest damage, which is clearly visible, has remained since 1986 at about the same level of 32%. Research to date has shown that its causes are complex and involve biotic and abiotic factors, however environmental pollution plays a significant role.
Forestry management measures include fertilising in order to counteract the lack of magnesium which causing a yellowing of the pine needles. So that no treeless steppes appear as on the heights of the Ore Mountains, the damaged highlands are planted. The Kemnath Forestry Department has done this on about 200 hectares (494.2 acre).
Walking
Many holidaymakers visit the Steinwald to go walking. The long-distance trails through the Steinwald are:- The Burgenweg is marked with yellow-blue-yellow signs. It runs from MarktredwitzMarktredwitzMarktredwitz is a municipality in the district of Wunsiedel, in Bavaria, Germany. It is situated 22 km west of Cheb, 50 km east of Bayreuth and 50 km south of Hof/Saale.The town celebrated the Horticultural Show 2006 in cooperation with Cheb....
to the castle ruins of Weißenstein and continues on into the Upper Palatinate. - The Goldsteig, a 600 kilometre long trail through the Upper Palatine Forest and Bavarian ForestBavarian Forestthumb|The village of Zell in the Bavarian ForestThe Bavarian Forest is a wooded low-mountain region in Bavaria, Germany. It extends along the Czech border and is continued on the Czech side by the Šumava . Geographically the Bavarian Forest and Bohemian Forest are sections of the same mountain range...
, begins in the Steinwald. It runs past the ruins of Weißenstein Castle. - The Steinwaldweg is marked with a red and white rectangle. It is one of the main hiking trails of the Fichtelgebirge ClubFichtelgebirge ClubThe Fichtelgebirge Club is a large walking club and local heritage society in Bavaria and recognised conservation group with 20,000 members in 55 local groups. As the name says, its main sphere of activity is in the Fichtelgebirge mountains in north Bavaria...
and runs from the top of the KösseineKösseineThe Kösseine is a massif in the High Fichtelgebirge mountains in Germany, lying in northeast Bavaria south of Wunsiedel. The highest elevation of this granite massif is the summit of the Große Kösseine, . The border between the Bavarian provinces of Upper Franconia and Upper Palatinate runs over...
to the PlattePlatte (Steinwald)At the Platte is the highest mountain in the Steinwald, a forest in the Fichtelgebirge mountain range in central Germany.The Platte is a popular walking destination, not least because of the Upper Palatinate Tower, which is located on its summit...
and from there to the ruins of Weißenstein Castle. The end of the 38 kilometre long route is in WaldsassenWaldsassenWaldsassen is a town in the district of Tirschenreuth bordering the Czech Republic in the Upper Palatinate, Bavaria.As of June 2005, Waldsassen had a population of 7,483....
. - The Südweg, also a main hiking trail for the Fichtelgebirge Club, is marked by a black S on a yellow background, and runs from NeuenmarktNeuenmarktNeuenmarkt is a municipality in the district of Kulmbach in Bavaria in Germany.-City arrangement:Neuenmarkt is arranged in the following boroughs:...
to the ArmesbergArmesbergArmesberg is a mountain of Bavaria, Germany....
. From here the 68 kilometre long trail runs past the Waldhaus to WiesauWiesauWiesau is a municipality in the district of Tirschenreuth in Bavaria, Germany....
, where it finishes.
From the walker's car park north of Pfaben an educational trail leads to some of the natural attractions of the Steinwald. In addition, there are circular walks starting from Friedenfels
Friedenfels
Friedenfels is a municipality in the district of Tirschenreuth in Bavaria, Germany....
and Erbendorf
Erbendorf
Erbendorf is a town in the Upper Palatinate region of Germany. As of December, 2006, the town has a population of 5,341.The following villages are incorporated into the town:...
. The High Steinwald may be reached on trails running from Neusorg
Neusorg
Neusorg is a municipality in the district of Tirschenreuth in Bavaria, Germany....
, Waldershof
Waldershof
Waldershof is a town in the district of Tirschenreuth, in Bavaria, Germany. It is situated 22 km northwest of Tirschenreuth, and 3 km southwest of Marktredwitz....
, Marktredwitz
Marktredwitz
Marktredwitz is a municipality in the district of Wunsiedel, in Bavaria, Germany. It is situated 22 km west of Cheb, 50 km east of Bayreuth and 50 km south of Hof/Saale.The town celebrated the Horticultural Show 2006 in cooperation with Cheb....
, Poppenreuth, Fuchsmühl
Fuchsmühl
Fuchsmühl is a municipality in the district of Tirschenreuth in Bavaria, Germany....
, Friedenfels and Erbendorf.
Sources
- Steinwaldia Pullenreuth (Hrsg.): Wir am Steinwald, regelmäßig erscheinende Bücherrreihe im Verlag E. Bodner Pressath
- Steinwaldia Pullenreuth (Hrsg.): Aus dem Sagenschatz des Steinwaldes, 1978
- Hermann Braun: Im Banne der Berge - Sagen aus dem Sechsämter-, Stift- und Egerland, 1978
- Johann Baptist Lehner: Den Grenzbach entlang. Land und Leute am Steinwald., 1926, Reprint 1991, Verlag E. Bodner, Pressath, ISBN 3-926817-13-5
- Anton Schmidt: Wald- und Forstwirtschaft im Naturpark Steinwald, 1995 in "Oberpfälzer Heimat 39"
- Erich Schraml: The Walpoten in the Steinwald?, 1997 in "Der Siebenstern. Vereinszeitschrift des Fichtelgebirgsvereins 66"
- Harald Stark: Grenzkonflikte im Steinwald. Kurpfälzische Übergriffe auf die Herrschaft Weißenstein im 15. Jahrhundner, 1998 in Oberpfälzer Heimat 42
- Dietmar Herrmann: Der Hohe Steinwald im Fichtelgebirge in: Unser Fichtelgebirge 1/2008, p. 17-32
Maps
- Fritsch Wanderkarte Nr. 52 nature park Fichtelgebirge, 1:50.000
- Bayerisches Landesvermessungsamt München, Topografische Karte 1:25.000, Steinwald Nature Park