Sanok
Encyclopedia
Sanok ' is a town in south-eastern Poland with 39,110 inhabitants, as of 2 June 2009. It's the capital of Sanok County
in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship
. Previously, it was in the Krosno Voivodeship
(1975–1998) and in the Ruthenian Voivodeship
(1340 - 1772), which was part of the Lesser Poland
province
. Historically it was part of the Land of Sanok
and the Ruthenian Voivodeship
.
This historic city is situated on the San River
at the foot of Castle Hill
in the Lesser Poland
(Małopolska) region. It lies in a wooded, hilly area near the national road number 28, which goes along southern Poland, from Ustrzyki Dolne
to Wadowice
(340 km (211 mi) away). It is located in the heartland of the Pogórze Bukowskie
part of Doły (Pits), and its average altitude is 300 m (984 ft) above sea level
, although there are some hills located within the confines of the city.
s in the Salt Mountains (Central Beskidian Piedmont
), in the inland with temperateness climate. The landscape is typical of medium-height-mountain terrain, with ridges reaching 500 m and sometimes 1,300 m. Only small parts of southern Low Beskids
and the northern San river
region have a low-mountain landscape. A series of mountain passes along the Torysa River and Poprad River
—Tylicz Pass (688 m), Dukla Pass
(502 m), and Łupków Pass (657 m). The hills of the Bieszczady
mountain range
are typical for this countryside. Sanok County is bordered by Krosno County
to the west, Brzozów County
to the north, Przemyśl County
to the north-east and Lesko County
to the east. It also borders Slovakia
to the south.
During 1772 - 1918 it belonged to Austrian empire, later Austrian-Hungarian empire when double monarchy was introduced in Austria
. This part of Poland was controlled by Austria
for almost 120 years. At that time the area (including west and east of Subcarpathian Voivodship) was known as Galicia.
The line of the river Dunajec and that of the San, both in West Galicia, marked the two successive stages in the break-through battle which initiated the Austro-German offensive of 1915 on the eastern front. An attempt to stand on the line of the Wisłok river and the Łupków Pass failed before renewed Austro-German attacks on 8 May 1915. Wisłok Valley was one of the strategically important Carpathian rivers bitterly contested in battles on the Eastern Front
of World War I during the winter of 1914/1915.
Before World War II
, the Oslawa and San rivers line, was designated as the wild frontier between Poles and Lemkos.
City is a member of Carpathian Euroregion
. The Carpathian Euroregion is designed to bring together the people who inhabit the region of the Carpathian Mountains
and to facilitate their cooperation in the fields of science, culture, education, trade, tourism and economy.
, the south-eastern Poland region that is now Subcarpathia
was overrun in pre-Roman times by various tribes, including the Celts (Anarti
), Goths
and Vandals
(Przeworsk culture
and Púchov culture
). After the fall of the Roman Empire
, of which most of south-eastern Poland was part (all parts below the San
), the area was invaded by Hungarians and Slavs
.
The region subsequently became part of the Great Moravia
n state. Upon the invasion of the Hungarian tribes into the heart of the Great Moravian Empire around 899, the Lendians
of the area declared their allegiance to Hungarian Empire
. The region then became a site of contention between Poland, Kievan Rus'
and Hungary starting in at least the 9th century.
The first traces of settlement in the area of modern Sanok date back to at least the 9th century. The following century a Slavic fortified town (gord) was created there and initially served as a center of pagan worship. The etymology of the name is unclear, though most scholars derive it from the Celtic river-name San
. Certain archaeological excavations
performed on the castle hill and on Fajka hill near Sanok-Trepcza
, not only confirm the written resources, but date the Sanok stronghold origin to as early as the 9th century. On Fajka hill, where probably the first settlement of Sanok was situated, some remains of an ancient sanctuary and a cemetery were found, as well as numerous decorations and encolpions in Kievan type. Also found were two seals of the Great Kievan Prince Rurik Rostislavich
from the second half of the 12th century.
, was made a part of Land of Czerwień
. This area was mentioned for the first time in 981, when Vladimir I
of Kiev
took the area over on the way into Poland. In 1018 it returned to Poland, 1031 back to Rus', in 1340 Casimir III of Poland recovered it. The gord of Sanok in mentioned for the first time in Hypatian Codex
in 1150. It was given the Magdeburg law
by Boleslaw-Yuri II of Galicia in 1339.
It can be found in a Ruthenian chronicle, the Hypatian Codex
, where at the date of 1150 one can read: The Hungarian King Géza II of Hungary
crossed the mountains and seized the stronghold of Sanok with its governor as well as many villages in Przemyśl
area. The same chronicle refers to Sanok two more times, informing, that in 1205 it was the meeting place of a Ruthenian princess Anna with a Hungarian king and that in 1231 a Ruthenian prince made an expedition to "Sanok - Hungarian Gate".
After 1339 Galicia–Volhynia was seized by King Casimir III of Poland, who reconfirmed the municipal privilege of Sanok on 25 April 1366. At that time Sanok became the centre of a new administration district called Sanok Land
which was a part of the Ruthenian Voivodeship
. Several courts of justice operated in the town, including the municipal and rural courts of lower instance and also the higher instance court for the entire Sanok land, based on the German town law
.
Germans settled in the territory of the Kingdom of Poland
(territory of present day Subcarpathian Voivodeship
) from the 14th to 16th centuries (see Ostsiedlung
), mostly after the region returned to Polish sphere of influence in 1340, when Casimir III of Poland
took the Czerwień
towns.
Marcin Bielski
states that Bolesław I Chrobry had settled some Germans in the region to defend the borders against Hungary and Kievan Rus', who later turned to farming. Maciej Stryjkowski
mentions Germans peasants near Przeworsk
, Przemyśl
, Sanok, and Jarosław, describing them as good farmers. The region also traditionally inhabited by the Lemkos, Boykos and Dolinians (Dale Dwellers).
As early at the 17th century, an important trade route
went across Sanok connecting the interior of Hungary with Poland through the Łupków Pass.
18 February 1846 - beginning of the Galician peasant revolt
.
During World War I, the Russians came to the town in May 1915 and stayed there until July, leaving the town significantly damaged.
During the Second Polish Republic
(1919–1939), Sanok was a known centre of Ukrainian
nationalism
in Galicia, but also of cultural heritage
of the Lemkos
and other Rusyns
. In 1943 the foundation of the Waffen-SS Division Galizien took place in heavily Ukrainian-populated Sanok, with many locals volunteering in the ethnic Ukrainian Waffen-SS
. Because of fear of Ukrainian separatism
by both Soviet
and Polish
authorities, the Ukrainian and Lemko population of Sanok and its region was mostly deported to the former eastern territories of Germany attached to Poland after World War II (the so-called Recovered Territories
) during Operation Vistula (1946–1947). Some the Lemkos expelled returned to Sanok after 1989.
Sanok contains an open air museum
in the Biała Góra district, where examples of architecture from all of the region's main ethnic group
s have been moved and carefully reassembled in a skansen
evoking everyday rural life in the 1800s. Nearby stands Holy Ghost
Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
(1786–1947) presently, the tserkva of the Orthodox cathedral
of the Holy Trinity
.
"Autosan
" (established in 1832), a producer of high capacity buses, cabins for the Polish Army
and bodies for rail-vehicles. Stomil and Autosan is a 20 minute walk from the train station in Sanok, while the city centre is a 15 minute walk in the other direction.
and some other sport clubs
(volleyball, swimming, handball, ice hockey
). The Castle
near the centre of the town houses a museum displaying over 300 fine icons.
, County is more well known for its sheep farming, and thus lamb is the meat traditionally associated with Polish cooking.
es (pierogi ruskie), which the recourse to the ruthenian
culinary traditions of the former Polish eastern territories.
. The Centre includes: artificial speed skating ice-rink, a complex of indoor and outdoor swimming pools, a hotel, a tourist hostel, a camp-site, a sports stadium with technical facilities, etc. There is also another artificial ice-rink in the centre of the town, designed for hockey and managed by the hockey club HC Sanok. there are two more sports facilities at Stróżowska street: a stadium of sports club STAL, and a gymnasium of the Technical Schools Complex. In the summertime, one can enjoy sun- and waterbathing at the banks of the San river. In the wintertime, a ski-lift is operating in the nearby Karlików
, 30 % Jewish of various ethnicities (Polish and/or other), and others. The town had a high percentage of Jews before World War II.
Population
In 1589 - 1700, 1883 - 5.181, 1939 - 15.600, 2000 - 41 401 inhabitants.
Ethnic Groups
Time zone
:
UTC+1
/SummerUTC+2
Sanok County
Sanok County is a unit of territorial administration and local government in Subcarpathian Voivodeship, south-eastern Poland, on the Slovak border. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and largest town is...
in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship
Subcarpathian Voivodeship
Podkarpackie Voivodeship , or Subcarpathian Voivodeship, is a voivodeship, or province, in extreme-southeastern Poland. Its administrative capital and largest city is Rzeszów...
. Previously, it was in the Krosno Voivodeship
Krosno Voivodeship
Krosno Voivodeship was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland in years 1975–1998, superseded by Subcarpathian Voivodeship . Its capital city was Krosno....
(1975–1998) and in the Ruthenian Voivodeship
Ruthenian Voivodeship
Ruthenia Voivodeship was an administrative division of the Kingdom of Poland . Together with Bełz Voivodeship, it formed Lesser Poland Province with its capital city in Kraków. Part of Lesser Poland region...
(1340 - 1772), which was part of the Lesser Poland
Lesser Poland
Lesser Poland is one of the historical regions of Poland, with its capital in the city of Kraków. It forms the southeastern corner of the country, and should not be confused with the modern Lesser Poland Voivodeship, which covers only a small, southern part of Lesser Poland...
province
Prowincja
A prowincja , or Region, was the largest territorial subdivision in medieval and Renaissance-era Poland, and later in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth...
. Historically it was part of the Land of Sanok
Sanok Land
Sanok Land was a historical administrative division unit of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the 14th-18th centuries. It consisted of land that now belongs to the powiats of: Sanok, Brzozów, Lesko and partially Krosno and Rzeszów.Ziemia Sanocka was a part of the Ruthenian Voivodeship ...
and the Ruthenian Voivodeship
Ruthenian Voivodeship
Ruthenia Voivodeship was an administrative division of the Kingdom of Poland . Together with Bełz Voivodeship, it formed Lesser Poland Province with its capital city in Kraków. Part of Lesser Poland region...
.
This historic city is situated on the San River
San River
The San is a river in southeastern Poland and western Ukraine, a tributary of the Vistula River, with a length of 433 km and a basin area of 16,861 km2...
at the foot of Castle Hill
Sanok Castle
The Sanok Royal Castle was built in the late 14th century in Sanok, Poland. The castle is situated on the San River at hill 317 m above sea level on a steep slope. Today it is the seat of the Sanok Historical Museum.-History:...
in the Lesser Poland
Lesser Poland
Lesser Poland is one of the historical regions of Poland, with its capital in the city of Kraków. It forms the southeastern corner of the country, and should not be confused with the modern Lesser Poland Voivodeship, which covers only a small, southern part of Lesser Poland...
(Małopolska) region. It lies in a wooded, hilly area near the national road number 28, which goes along southern Poland, from Ustrzyki Dolne
Ustrzyki Dolne
Ustrzyki Dolne is a town in south-eastern Poland, close to the border with Ukraine, with 9,383 inhabitants .Situated in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship , it is the capital of Bieszczady County....
to Wadowice
Wadowice
Wadowice is a town in southern Poland, 50 km from Kraków with 19,200 inhabitants , situated on the Skawa river, confluence of Vistula, in the eastern part of Silesian Plateau...
(340 km (211 mi) away). It is located in the heartland of the Pogórze Bukowskie
Pogórze Bukowskie
The Pogórze Bukowskie is one of the Beskids mountain ranges of the Outer Eastern Carpathians in southeastern Poland, part of the Central Beskidian Piedmont...
part of Doły (Pits), and its average altitude is 300 m (984 ft) above sea level
Above mean sea level
The term above mean sea level refers to the elevation or altitude of any object, relative to the average sea level datum. AMSL is used extensively in radio by engineers to determine the coverage area a station will be able to reach...
, although there are some hills located within the confines of the city.
Geography
Sanok is located on the shore of the river San. The area surrounding mountain range stretching between the Wisłok, Osława and San RiverSan River
The San is a river in southeastern Poland and western Ukraine, a tributary of the Vistula River, with a length of 433 km and a basin area of 16,861 km2...
s in the Salt Mountains (Central Beskidian Piedmont
Central Beskidian Piedmont
The Central Beskidian Piedmont is a set of mountain ranges of the Outer Eastern Carpathians, in far southeastern Poland.The Central Beskidian Piedmont consists of:* Rożnów Piedmont...
), in the inland with temperateness climate. The landscape is typical of medium-height-mountain terrain, with ridges reaching 500 m and sometimes 1,300 m. Only small parts of southern Low Beskids
Low Beskids
The ', ', Low Beskids or Lower Beskids is one of the Beskids mountain ranges in the Outer Eastern Carpathians in southeastern Poland and northeastern Slovakia...
and the northern San river
San River
The San is a river in southeastern Poland and western Ukraine, a tributary of the Vistula River, with a length of 433 km and a basin area of 16,861 km2...
region have a low-mountain landscape. A series of mountain passes along the Torysa River and Poprad River
Poprad River
thumb|The Poprad by Spišská Belá in Kežmarok districtthumb|The Poprad forming the Polish-Slovakian borderThe Poprad is a river in northern Slovakia and southern Poland, and a tributary of the Dunajec River...
—Tylicz Pass (688 m), Dukla Pass
Dukla Pass
The Dukla Pass is a strategically significant mountain pass in the Laborec Highlands of the Outer Eastern Carpathians, on the border between Poland and Slovakia, and close to the western border of Ukraine....
(502 m), and Łupków Pass (657 m). The hills of the Bieszczady
Bieszczady Mountains
Bieszczady is the Polish name for a mountain range in the extreme south-east of Poland, extending into Ukraine and Slovakia...
mountain range
Mountain range
A mountain range is a single, large mass consisting of a succession of mountains or narrowly spaced mountain ridges, with or without peaks, closely related in position, direction, formation, and age; a component part of a mountain system or of a mountain chain...
are typical for this countryside. Sanok County is bordered by Krosno County
Krosno County
Krosno County is a unit of territorial administration and local government in Subcarpathian Voivodeship, south-eastern Poland, on the Slovak border. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998...
to the west, Brzozów County
Brzozów County
Brzozów County is a unit of territorial administration and local government in Subcarpathian Voivodeship, south-eastern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and only town is Brzozów, which lies ...
to the north, Przemyśl County
Przemysl County
Przemyśl County is a unit of territorial administration and local government in Subcarpathian Voivodeship, south-eastern Poland, on the border with Ukraine. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998...
to the north-east and Lesko County
Lesko County
Lesko County is a unit of territorial administration and local government in Subcarpathian Voivodeship, south-eastern Poland, on the Slovak border. It was created in 2002 out of five gminas which previously made up the western part of Bieszczady County...
to the east. It also borders Slovakia
Slovakia
The Slovak Republic is a landlocked state in Central Europe. It has a population of over five million and an area of about . Slovakia is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south...
to the south.
During 1772 - 1918 it belonged to Austrian empire, later Austrian-Hungarian empire when double monarchy was introduced in Austria
Austria
Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country of roughly 8.4 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the...
. This part of Poland was controlled by Austria
Austria
Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country of roughly 8.4 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the...
for almost 120 years. At that time the area (including west and east of Subcarpathian Voivodship) was known as Galicia.
The line of the river Dunajec and that of the San, both in West Galicia, marked the two successive stages in the break-through battle which initiated the Austro-German offensive of 1915 on the eastern front. An attempt to stand on the line of the Wisłok river and the Łupków Pass failed before renewed Austro-German attacks on 8 May 1915. Wisłok Valley was one of the strategically important Carpathian rivers bitterly contested in battles on the Eastern Front
Eastern Front (World War I)
The Eastern Front was a theatre of war during World War I in Central and, primarily, Eastern Europe. The term is in contrast to the Western Front. Despite the geographical separation, the events in the two theatres strongly influenced each other...
of World War I during the winter of 1914/1915.
Before World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
, the Oslawa and San rivers line, was designated as the wild frontier between Poles and Lemkos.
City is a member of Carpathian Euroregion
Carpathian Euroregion
The Carpathian Euroregion is an international association formed on February 14, 1993 by the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Poland, Ukraine, and Hungary in the city of Debrecen....
. The Carpathian Euroregion is designed to bring together the people who inhabit the region of the Carpathian Mountains
Carpathian Mountains
The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians are a range of mountains forming an arc roughly long across Central and Eastern Europe, making them the second-longest mountain range in Europe...
and to facilitate their cooperation in the fields of science, culture, education, trade, tourism and economy.
Sights
- Skansen in SanokMuzeum Budownictwa Ludowego w SanokuMuzeum Budownictwa Ludowego w Sanoku, ', Sanok Open air museum is one of the biggest open air museums in Poland. It was established in 1958 by Aleksander Rybicki and contains 200 buildings which have been relocated from different areas of Sanok Land...
- detailed houses, churches, cerkiews (Orthodox/Uniate churches) of LemkosLemkosLemkos , one of several quantitatively and territorially small ethnic groups who also call themselves Rusyns , are one of the ethnic groups inhabiting the Carpathian Mountains...
, Boykos etc.) - Sanok castleSanok CastleThe Sanok Royal Castle was built in the late 14th century in Sanok, Poland. The castle is situated on the San River at hill 317 m above sea level on a steep slope. Today it is the seat of the Sanok Historical Museum.-History:...
and Icon collection - one of the largest collections of this in Eastern Europe. - Town square/Rynek
- Parish Church dating to the 19th century
- Franciscan Church dating to the 14th century.
Archaeology
Settled in prehistoric timesPrehistory
Prehistory is the span of time before recorded history. Prehistory can refer to the period of human existence before the availability of those written records with which recorded history begins. More broadly, it refers to all the time preceding human existence and the invention of writing...
, the south-eastern Poland region that is now Subcarpathia
Subcarpathian Voivodeship
Podkarpackie Voivodeship , or Subcarpathian Voivodeship, is a voivodeship, or province, in extreme-southeastern Poland. Its administrative capital and largest city is Rzeszów...
was overrun in pre-Roman times by various tribes, including the Celts (Anarti
Anarti
The Anartes a.k.a. Anarti, Anartii or Anartoi were Celtic tribes, or, in the case of those sub-groups of Anartes which penetrated the ancient region of Dacia , Celts culturally assimilated by the Dacians....
), Goths
Goths
The Goths were an East Germanic tribe of Scandinavian origin whose two branches, the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, played an important role in the fall of the Roman Empire and the emergence of Medieval Europe....
and Vandals
Vandals
The Vandals were an East Germanic tribe that entered the late Roman Empire during the 5th century. The Vandals under king Genseric entered Africa in 429 and by 439 established a kingdom which included the Roman Africa province, besides the islands of Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia and the Balearics....
(Przeworsk culture
Przeworsk culture
The Przeworsk culture is part of an Iron Age archaeological complex that dates from the 2nd century BC to the 5th century AD. It was located in what is now central and southern Poland, later spreading to parts of eastern Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia ranging between the Oder and the middle and...
and Púchov culture
Púchov culture
The Púchov culture was an archaeological culture named after site of Púchov-Skalka in Slovakia. Its probable bearer was the Celt Cotini tribe. It existed in northern and central Slovakia between the 2nd century BCE and the 1st century CE...
). After the fall of the Roman Empire
Roman Empire
The Roman Empire was the post-Republican period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean....
, of which most of south-eastern Poland was part (all parts below the San
San River
The San is a river in southeastern Poland and western Ukraine, a tributary of the Vistula River, with a length of 433 km and a basin area of 16,861 km2...
), the area was invaded by Hungarians and Slavs
Slavic peoples
The Slavic people are an Indo-European panethnicity living in Eastern Europe, Southeast Europe, North Asia and Central Asia. The term Slavic represents a broad ethno-linguistic group of people, who speak languages belonging to the Slavic language family and share, to varying degrees, certain...
.
Great Moravia
Great Moravia was a Slavic state that existed in Central Europe and lasted for nearly seventy years in the 9th century whose creators were the ancestors of the Czechs and Slovaks. It was a vassal state of the Germanic Frankish kingdom and paid an annual tribute to it. There is some controversy as...
n state. Upon the invasion of the Hungarian tribes into the heart of the Great Moravian Empire around 899, the Lendians
Lendians
The Lendians were a Lechitic eastern Wends tribe recorded to have inhabited the ill-defined area in East Lesser Poland and Cherven Towns between the 7th and 11th centuries....
of the area declared their allegiance to Hungarian Empire
Kingdom of Hungary
The Kingdom of Hungary comprised present-day Hungary, Slovakia and Croatia , Transylvania , Carpatho Ruthenia , Vojvodina , Burgenland , and other smaller territories surrounding present-day Hungary's borders...
. The region then became a site of contention between Poland, Kievan Rus'
Kievan Rus'
Kievan Rus was a medieval polity in Eastern Europe, from the late 9th to the mid 13th century, when it disintegrated under the pressure of the Mongol invasion of 1237–1240....
and Hungary starting in at least the 9th century.
The first traces of settlement in the area of modern Sanok date back to at least the 9th century. The following century a Slavic fortified town (gord) was created there and initially served as a center of pagan worship. The etymology of the name is unclear, though most scholars derive it from the Celtic river-name San
San River
The San is a river in southeastern Poland and western Ukraine, a tributary of the Vistula River, with a length of 433 km and a basin area of 16,861 km2...
. Certain archaeological excavations
Archaeology
Archaeology, or archeology , is the study of human society, primarily through the recovery and analysis of the material culture and environmental data that they have left behind, which includes artifacts, architecture, biofacts and cultural landscapes...
performed on the castle hill and on Fajka hill near Sanok-Trepcza
Trepcza
Trepcza is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Sanok, within Sanok County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately north of Sanok and south of the regional capital Rzeszów.The village has a population of 800....
, not only confirm the written resources, but date the Sanok stronghold origin to as early as the 9th century. On Fajka hill, where probably the first settlement of Sanok was situated, some remains of an ancient sanctuary and a cemetery were found, as well as numerous decorations and encolpions in Kievan type. Also found were two seals of the Great Kievan Prince Rurik Rostislavich
Rurik Rostislavich
Ruryk Rostislavich , Prince of Novgorod , Belgorod Kievsky, presently Bilohorodka , Grand Prince of Kiev , Prince of Chernigov...
from the second half of the 12th century.
History
In 981 the gord, then inhabited by the Slavic tribe of LendiansLendians
The Lendians were a Lechitic eastern Wends tribe recorded to have inhabited the ill-defined area in East Lesser Poland and Cherven Towns between the 7th and 11th centuries....
, was made a part of Land of Czerwień
Red Ruthenia
Red Ruthenia is the name used since medieval times to refer to the area known as Eastern Galicia prior to World War I; first mentioned in Polish historic chronicles in the 1321, as Ruthenia Rubra or Ruthenian Voivodeship .Ethnographers explain that the term was applied from the...
. This area was mentioned for the first time in 981, when Vladimir I
Vladimir I of Kiev
Vladimir Sviatoslavich the Great Old East Slavic: Володимѣръ Свѧтославичь Old Norse as Valdamarr Sveinaldsson, , Vladimir, , Volodymyr, was a grand prince of Kiev, ruler of Kievan Rus' in .Vladimir's father was the prince Sviatoslav of the Rurik dynasty...
of Kiev
Kievan Rus'
Kievan Rus was a medieval polity in Eastern Europe, from the late 9th to the mid 13th century, when it disintegrated under the pressure of the Mongol invasion of 1237–1240....
took the area over on the way into Poland. In 1018 it returned to Poland, 1031 back to Rus', in 1340 Casimir III of Poland recovered it. The gord of Sanok in mentioned for the first time in Hypatian Codex
Hypatian Codex
The Hypatian Codex is a compendium of three chronicles: the Primary Chronicle, Kiev Chronicle, and Galician-Volhynian Chronicle. It is the most important source of historical data for southern Rus'...
in 1150. It was given the Magdeburg law
Magdeburg rights
Magdeburg Rights or Magdeburg Law were a set of German town laws regulating the degree of internal autonomy within cities and villages granted by a local ruler. Modelled and named after the laws of the German city of Magdeburg and developed during many centuries of the Holy Roman Empire, it was...
by Boleslaw-Yuri II of Galicia in 1339.
It can be found in a Ruthenian chronicle, the Hypatian Codex
Hypatian Codex
The Hypatian Codex is a compendium of three chronicles: the Primary Chronicle, Kiev Chronicle, and Galician-Volhynian Chronicle. It is the most important source of historical data for southern Rus'...
, where at the date of 1150 one can read: The Hungarian King Géza II of Hungary
Géza II of Hungary
Géza II , , King of Hungary, King of Croatia, Dalmatia and Rama . He ascended the throne as a child and during his minority the kingdom was governed by his mother and uncle...
crossed the mountains and seized the stronghold of Sanok with its governor as well as many villages in Przemyśl
Przemysl
Przemyśl is a city in south-eastern Poland with 66,756 inhabitants, as of June 2009. In 1999, it became part of the Podkarpackie Voivodeship; it was previously the capital of Przemyśl Voivodeship....
area. The same chronicle refers to Sanok two more times, informing, that in 1205 it was the meeting place of a Ruthenian princess Anna with a Hungarian king and that in 1231 a Ruthenian prince made an expedition to "Sanok - Hungarian Gate".
After 1339 Galicia–Volhynia was seized by King Casimir III of Poland, who reconfirmed the municipal privilege of Sanok on 25 April 1366. At that time Sanok became the centre of a new administration district called Sanok Land
Sanok Land
Sanok Land was a historical administrative division unit of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from the 14th-18th centuries. It consisted of land that now belongs to the powiats of: Sanok, Brzozów, Lesko and partially Krosno and Rzeszów.Ziemia Sanocka was a part of the Ruthenian Voivodeship ...
which was a part of the Ruthenian Voivodeship
Ruthenian Voivodeship
Ruthenia Voivodeship was an administrative division of the Kingdom of Poland . Together with Bełz Voivodeship, it formed Lesser Poland Province with its capital city in Kraków. Part of Lesser Poland region...
. Several courts of justice operated in the town, including the municipal and rural courts of lower instance and also the higher instance court for the entire Sanok land, based on the German town law
German town law
German town law or German municipal concerns concerns town privileges used by many cities, towns, and villages throughout Central and Eastern Europe during the Middle Ages.- Town law in Germany :...
.
Germans settled in the territory of the Kingdom of Poland
Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)
The Kingdom of Poland of the Jagiellons was the Polish state created by the accession of Jogaila , Grand Duke of Lithuania, to the Polish throne in 1386. The Union of Krewo or Krėva Act, united Poland and Lithuania under the rule of a single monarch...
(territory of present day Subcarpathian Voivodeship
Subcarpathian Voivodeship
Podkarpackie Voivodeship , or Subcarpathian Voivodeship, is a voivodeship, or province, in extreme-southeastern Poland. Its administrative capital and largest city is Rzeszów...
) from the 14th to 16th centuries (see Ostsiedlung
History of German settlement in Eastern Europe
The presence of German-speaking populations in Central and Eastern Europe is rooted in centuries of history, with the settling in northeastern Europe of Germanic peoples predating even the founding of the Roman Empire...
), mostly after the region returned to Polish sphere of influence in 1340, when Casimir III of Poland
Casimir III of Poland
Casimir III the Great , last King of Poland from the Piast dynasty , was the son of King Władysław I the Elbow-high and Hedwig of Kalisz.-Biography:...
took the Czerwień
Red Ruthenia
Red Ruthenia is the name used since medieval times to refer to the area known as Eastern Galicia prior to World War I; first mentioned in Polish historic chronicles in the 1321, as Ruthenia Rubra or Ruthenian Voivodeship .Ethnographers explain that the term was applied from the...
towns.
Marcin Bielski
Marcin Bielski
Marcin Bielski was a Polish chronicler and satirical poet. He was born of noble parentage on the patrimonial estate of Biała, Pajęczno County , in the Polish province of Sieradz. The name Wolski is derived from his estate at Wola...
states that Bolesław I Chrobry had settled some Germans in the region to defend the borders against Hungary and Kievan Rus', who later turned to farming. Maciej Stryjkowski
Maciej Stryjkowski
Maciej Stryjkowski was a Polish-Lithuanian historian, writer and a poet, notable as the author of Chronicle of Poland, Lithuania, Samogitia and all of Ruthenia , amongst other aspects of this work considered the first printed book on the history of Lithuania.-Biography:Maciej Stryjkowski was...
mentions Germans peasants near Przeworsk
Przeworsk
Przeworsk Ukrainian: Переворськ, is a town in south-eastern Poland with 15,675 inhabitants, as of 2 June 2009. Since 1999 it has been in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship, and is the capital of Przeworsk County....
, Przemyśl
Przemysl
Przemyśl is a city in south-eastern Poland with 66,756 inhabitants, as of June 2009. In 1999, it became part of the Podkarpackie Voivodeship; it was previously the capital of Przemyśl Voivodeship....
, Sanok, and Jarosław, describing them as good farmers. The region also traditionally inhabited by the Lemkos, Boykos and Dolinians (Dale Dwellers).
As early at the 17th century, an important trade route
Trade route
A trade route is a logistical network identified as a series of pathways and stoppages used for the commercial transport of cargo. Allowing goods to reach distant markets, a single trade route contains long distance arteries which may further be connected to several smaller networks of commercial...
went across Sanok connecting the interior of Hungary with Poland through the Łupków Pass.
18 February 1846 - beginning of the Galician peasant revolt
Galician slaughter
"The Galician Slaughter" also "The Peasant Uprising of 1846" or Szela uprising was a two month uprising of Polish peasants resulting inter alia in suppression of other - szlachta uprising and massacre of szlachta in Galicia in the Austrian partition in early 1846. The peasant uprising lasted from...
.
During World War I, the Russians came to the town in May 1915 and stayed there until July, leaving the town significantly damaged.
During the Second Polish Republic
Second Polish Republic
The Second Polish Republic, Second Commonwealth of Poland or interwar Poland refers to Poland between the two world wars; a period in Polish history in which Poland was restored as an independent state. Officially known as the Republic of Poland or the Commonwealth of Poland , the Polish state was...
(1919–1939), Sanok was a known centre of Ukrainian
Ukrainians
Ukrainians are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Ukraine, which is the sixth-largest nation in Europe. The Constitution of Ukraine applies the term 'Ukrainians' to all its citizens...
nationalism
Ukrainian nationalism
Ukrainian nationalism refers to the Ukrainian version of nationalism.Although the current Ukrainian state emerged fairly recently, some historians, such as Mykhailo Hrushevskyi, Orest Subtelny and Paul Magosci have cited the medieval state of Kievan Rus' as an early precedents of specifically...
in Galicia, but also of cultural heritage
Cultural heritage
Cultural heritage is the legacy of physical artifacts and intangible attributes of a group or society that are inherited from past generations, maintained in the present and bestowed for the benefit of future generations...
of the Lemkos
Lemkos
Lemkos , one of several quantitatively and territorially small ethnic groups who also call themselves Rusyns , are one of the ethnic groups inhabiting the Carpathian Mountains...
and other Rusyns
Rusyns
Carpatho-Rusyns are a primarily diasporic ethnic group who speak an Eastern Slavic language, or Ukrainian dialect, known as Rusyn. Carpatho-Rusyns descend from a minority of Ruthenians who did not adopt the use of the ethnonym "Ukrainian" in the early twentieth century...
. In 1943 the foundation of the Waffen-SS Division Galizien took place in heavily Ukrainian-populated Sanok, with many locals volunteering in the ethnic Ukrainian Waffen-SS
Waffen-SS
The Waffen-SS was a multi-ethnic and multi-national military force of the Third Reich. It constituted the armed wing of the Schutzstaffel or SS, an organ of the Nazi Party. The Waffen-SS saw action throughout World War II and grew from three regiments to over 38 divisions, and served alongside...
. Because of fear of Ukrainian separatism
Separatism
Separatism is the advocacy of a state of cultural, ethnic, tribal, religious, racial, governmental or gender separation from the larger group. While it often refers to full political secession, separatist groups may seek nothing more than greater autonomy...
by both Soviet
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....
and Polish
People's Republic of Poland
The People's Republic of Poland was the official name of Poland from 1952 to 1990. Although the Soviet Union took control of the country immediately after the liberation from Nazi Germany in 1944, the name of the state was not changed until eight years later...
authorities, the Ukrainian and Lemko population of Sanok and its region was mostly deported to the former eastern territories of Germany attached to Poland after World War II (the so-called Recovered Territories
Recovered Territories
Recovered or Regained Territories was an official term used by the People's Republic of Poland to describe those parts of pre-war Germany that became part of Poland after World War II...
) during Operation Vistula (1946–1947). Some the Lemkos expelled returned to Sanok after 1989.
Sanok contains an open air museum
Muzeum Budownictwa Ludowego w Sanoku
Muzeum Budownictwa Ludowego w Sanoku, ', Sanok Open air museum is one of the biggest open air museums in Poland. It was established in 1958 by Aleksander Rybicki and contains 200 buildings which have been relocated from different areas of Sanok Land...
in the Biała Góra district, where examples of architecture from all of the region's main ethnic group
Ethnic group
An ethnic group is a group of people whose members identify with each other, through a common heritage, often consisting of a common language, a common culture and/or an ideology that stresses common ancestry or endogamy...
s have been moved and carefully reassembled in a skansen
Skansen
Skansen is the first open air museum and zoo in Sweden and is located on the island Djurgården in Stockholm, Sweden. It was founded in 1891 by Artur Hazelius to show the way of life in the different parts of Sweden before the industrial era....
evoking everyday rural life in the 1800s. Nearby stands Holy Ghost
Holy Spirit
Holy Spirit is a term introduced in English translations of the Hebrew Bible, but understood differently in the main Abrahamic religions.While the general concept of a "Spirit" that permeates the cosmos has been used in various religions Holy Spirit is a term introduced in English translations of...
Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church , Ukrainska Hreko-Katolytska Tserkva), is the largest Eastern Rite Catholic sui juris particular church in full communion with the Holy See, and is directly subject to the Pope...
(1786–1947) presently, the tserkva of the Orthodox cathedral
Polish Orthodox Church
The Polish Autocephalous Orthodox Church, commonly known as the Polish Orthodox Church, , is one of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Churches in full communion...
of the Holy Trinity
Trinity
The Christian doctrine of the Trinity defines God as three divine persons : the Father, the Son , and the Holy Spirit. The three persons are distinct yet coexist in unity, and are co-equal, co-eternal and consubstantial . Put another way, the three persons of the Trinity are of one being...
.
Economy
Sanok has a strong industry base - home to Stomil Sanok (established in 1932) and Pass Gummiwerke plants, producers of various rubber and metal-rubber seals, strings and laggings for automotive sector, construction industries and electrical household goods sector, PGNiG and Sanok Bus Car FactoryAutomotive industry
The automotive industry designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and sells motor vehicles, and is one of the world's most important economic sectors by revenue....
"Autosan
Autosan
Autosan S.A. is a Polish bus and coach manufacturer. The company is located in Sanok, Poland.Its sales network includes European , African and Asian countries.Currently it produces approximately 300 buses a year.-History:...
" (established in 1832), a producer of high capacity buses, cabins for the Polish Army
Polish Armed Forces
Siły Zbrojne Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej are the national defense forces of Poland...
and bodies for rail-vehicles. Stomil and Autosan is a 20 minute walk from the train station in Sanok, while the city centre is a 15 minute walk in the other direction.
Culture and education
The town has several schools and a branch of the Polish High School of Technology. The town also has a football club Stal SanokStal Sanok
Stal Sanok is a Polish football club based in Sanok. They compete in Polish Fourth League . In the season 2008/2009 they have reached the 1/4 of final in the Polish Cup.They once won a game with Legia Warsaw...
and some other sport clubs
Sports club
A sports club or sport club, sometimes athletics club or sports association is a club for the purpose of playing one or more sports...
(volleyball, swimming, handball, ice hockey
Ice hockey
Ice hockey, often referred to as hockey, is a team sport played on ice, in which skaters use wooden or composite sticks to shoot a hard rubber puck into their opponent's net. The game is played between two teams of six players each. Five members of each team skate up and down the ice trying to take...
). The Castle
Sanok Castle
The Sanok Royal Castle was built in the late 14th century in Sanok, Poland. The castle is situated on the San River at hill 317 m above sea level on a steep slope. Today it is the seat of the Sanok Historical Museum.-History:...
near the centre of the town houses a museum displaying over 300 fine icons.
Food
About 60% of the land surface of County is given over to agricultural use. However, very little of this is arable land; the vast majority consists of permanent grass pasture or rough grazing for herd animals such as sheep and cows. Although both beef and dairy cattle are raised widely, especially in OdrzechowaOdrzechowa
Odrzechowa is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Zarszyn, within Sanok County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately south-west of Zarszyn, west of Sanok, and south of the regional capital Rzeszów....
, County is more well known for its sheep farming, and thus lamb is the meat traditionally associated with Polish cooking.
Regional dishes
Most enduring of Polish culinary traditions are the pierogiPierogi
Pierogi are dumplings of unleavened dough - first boiled, then they are baked or fried usually in butter with onions - traditionally stuffed with potato filling, sauerkraut, ground meat, cheese, or fruit...
es (pierogi ruskie), which the recourse to the ruthenian
Ruthenian
Ruthenian may refer to:*Ruthenia, a name applied to various parts of Eastern Europe*Ruthenians, a historic ethnic group*Ruthenian Catholic Church, the sui iuris particular church united to the Bishop of Rome and the Roman Catholic Church...
culinary traditions of the former Polish eastern territories.
Sport
A variety of choices of active pastime is offered in Sanok, both for the inhabitants and for visitors. Many facilities for different kinds of sports are provided. The greatest complex of those facilities is The Civic Sports and Recreation Centre, situated near the San RiverSan River
The San is a river in southeastern Poland and western Ukraine, a tributary of the Vistula River, with a length of 433 km and a basin area of 16,861 km2...
. The Centre includes: artificial speed skating ice-rink, a complex of indoor and outdoor swimming pools, a hotel, a tourist hostel, a camp-site, a sports stadium with technical facilities, etc. There is also another artificial ice-rink in the centre of the town, designed for hockey and managed by the hockey club HC Sanok. there are two more sports facilities at Stróżowska street: a stadium of sports club STAL, and a gymnasium of the Technical Schools Complex. In the summertime, one can enjoy sun- and waterbathing at the banks of the San river. In the wintertime, a ski-lift is operating in the nearby Karlików
Karlików
Karlików is a village situated since 1999 in the Subcarpathian Voivodship of south-eastern Poland; previously in Krosno Voivodship and Sanok district, . Karlików is about from Sanok...
- KH Sanok hockeyclub
Notable people
- Adam FastnachtAdam FastnachtAdam Fastnacht doctor hab., historian, editor . He was a distinguished a Polish historian, researcher of the history of the town and the district of Sanok Land, one of the most renowned Polish historians of his time. Adam Fastnacht was born 1913, in Sanok to a German family who setteled in the east...
, - Andrzej BobolaAndrew BobolaAndrew Bobola was a Polish missionary and martyr of the Society of Jesus, known as the apostle of Lithuania and the "hunter of souls".-Biography:...
, - Jacob AvigdorJacob AvigdorYaakov Avigdor was a Polish rabbi, author and Holocaust survivor, who served as Chief Rabbi of the Ashkenazi Jewish community in Mexico.-Life:...
, - Jan GrodekJan GrodekJan Grodek or Jan Grodek of Sanok , son of mayor of Sanok, was a nine-time rector of the Academy in Kraków, Poland between 1540 and 1552.-References:...
, - Jerzy MniszechJerzy MniszechJerzy Mniszech was a nobleman in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Member of the Mniszchowie family. Krajczy koronny in 1574, castellan of Radom in 1583, voivode of Sandomierz Voivodship in 1590, żupnik ruski, starost of Lwów in 1593, starost of Sambor, Sokal, Sanock, Rohatyn.Father of Marina...
, - Josef HerzigJosef HerzigJosef Herzig was an Austrian chemist.Herzig was born in Sanok, Galicia, which at that time was part of Austria-Hungary. Herzig went to school in Breslau until 1874, started studying chemistry at the University of Vienna but joined August Wilhelm von Hofmann at the University of Berlin in the...
, - Kazimierz ŚwitalskiKazimierz SwitalskiCol. Kazimierz Stanisław Świtalski was a Polish officer, politician, and a Prime Minister of Poland.-Biographical note:Before the World War I he joined the Związek Walki Czynnej, an underground organisation formed by Józef Piłsudski. In 1914 Świtalski joined the Polish Legions and in 1918 the...
, - Katarzyna Bachleda-CuruśKatarzyna Bachleda-CuruśKatarzyna Bachleda-Curuś is a Polish speed skater, who was born in Sanok and resides in Zakopane. Her maiden name was Katarzyna Wójcicka....
- Marian PankowskiMarian PankowskiMarian Pankowski was a Polish writer, poet, literary critic and translator.Pankowski was born in Sanok. He was a member of the Polish resistance during World War II, and a prisoner in the Nazi concentration camps...
, - Meir ShapiroMeir ShapiroYehuda Meir Shapiro , , was a prominent Hasidic rabbi and rosh yeshiva, also known as the Lubliner Rav...
,
- Mikołaj Kamieniecki,
- Ryszard Pacławski,
- Shlomo Halberstam, first Bobover RebbeRebbeRebbe , which means master, teacher, or mentor, is a Yiddish word derived from the Hebrew word Rabbi. It often refers to the leader of a Hasidic Jewish movement...
- Stepan PopelStepan PopelStepan Popel was a multiple chess champion of Lviv, Paris and eventually, of the Ukrainians in North America .-Biography:Stepan Popel was the nephew of an early master, Ignatz von Popiel , and took...
, - Szymon Pawłowski,
- Tadeusz VetulaniTadeusz VetulaniDr. Tadeusz Bolesław Vetulani was a Polish agriculturalist and biologist, associate professor of Adam Mickiewicz University in animal husbandry...
, - Tomasz BeksińskiTomasz BeksinskiTomasz Beksiński was a popular Polish radio presenter, music journalist and movie translator. He was the son of painter Zdzisław Beksiński. On 24 December 1999 he committed suicide.- Biography :...
, - Zdzisław Beksiński,
- Zdzisław Peszkowski,
- Zygmunt Łempicki
Demographics
In 1900 the town had 6123 inhabitants, 57% PolishPoles
thumb|right|180px|The state flag of [[Poland]] as used by Polish government and diplomatic authoritiesThe Polish people, or Poles , are a nation indigenous to Poland. They are united by the Polish language, which belongs to the historical Lechitic subgroup of West Slavic languages of Central Europe...
, 30 % Jewish of various ethnicities (Polish and/or other), and others. The town had a high percentage of Jews before World War II.
Population
In 1589 - 1700, 1883 - 5.181, 1939 - 15.600, 2000 - 41 401 inhabitants.
Ethnic Groups
- PolesPolesthumb|right|180px|The state flag of [[Poland]] as used by Polish government and diplomatic authoritiesThe Polish people, or Poles , are a nation indigenous to Poland. They are united by the Polish language, which belongs to the historical Lechitic subgroup of West Slavic languages of Central Europe...
See also
- The Petroleum Trail International Tourist TrailThe Petroleum Trail International Tourist Trail' runs from Poland to Ukraine.-Sanok County:* Zarszyn - glycol and methanol storage for natural gas mining* Strachocina - underground gas storage, structure of the old mine...
- Sanok Open Air Museum
- Folk Dance Ensemble SanokFolk Dance Ensemble SanokFolk Dance Ensemble Sanok - is one of the regional Polish folk ensembles. It is based in Sanok.The group was formed in 1993 as a part of then Folk Dance Ensemble Autosan Folk Dance Ensemble Sanok (in Polish: Zespół Tańca Ludowego "Sanok") - is one of the regional Polish folk ensembles. It is based...
- List of towns with German town law
- LendiansLendiansThe Lendians were a Lechitic eastern Wends tribe recorded to have inhabited the ill-defined area in East Lesser Poland and Cherven Towns between the 7th and 11th centuries....
- Great MoraviaGreat MoraviaGreat Moravia was a Slavic state that existed in Central Europe and lasted for nearly seventy years in the 9th century whose creators were the ancestors of the Czechs and Slovaks. It was a vassal state of the Germanic Frankish kingdom and paid an annual tribute to it. There is some controversy as...
- OstsiedlungOstsiedlungOstsiedlung , also called German eastward expansion, was the medieval eastward migration and settlement of Germans from modern day western and central Germany into less-populated regions and countries of eastern Central Europe and Eastern Europe. The affected area roughly stretched from Slovenia...
- WalddeutscheWalddeutscheWalddeutsche Germans , sometimes simply called Polish Germans, the name for a group of people, mostly of German origin, who settled during the 14th-17th century on the territory of present-day Sanockie Pits, Poland, a region which was previously only sparsely inhabited because the land was...
- Kingdom of Galicia and LodomeriaKingdom of Galicia and LodomeriaThe Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria was a crownland of the Habsburg Monarchy, the Austrian Empire, and Austria–Hungary from 1772 to 1918 .This historical region in eastern Central Europe is currently divided between Poland and Ukraine...
- Ruthenian VoivodeshipRuthenian VoivodeshipRuthenia Voivodeship was an administrative division of the Kingdom of Poland . Together with Bełz Voivodeship, it formed Lesser Poland Province with its capital city in Kraków. Part of Lesser Poland region...
- Lwów VoivodeshipLwów VoivodeshipLwów Voivodeship was an administrative unit of interwar Poland . According to Nazis and Soviets it ceased to exist in September 1939, following German and Soviet aggression on Poland . The Polish underground administration existed till August 1944.-Population:Its capital, biggest and most...
- PogórzaniePogórzaniePogórzanie , also known as Western Pogorzans and Eastern Pogorzans, are a distinctive subethnic group of Poles that mostly live in the Central Beskidian Range of the Podkarpacie highlands....
External links
- Królewskie Wolne Miasto Sanok, official website
- Webcam
- Sanok - A Shtetl in Poland
- Wikitravel Sanok
- Szpital Specjalistyczny w Sanoku
Time zone
Time zone
A time zone is a region on Earth that has a uniform standard time for legal, commercial, and social purposes. In order for the same clock time to always correspond to the same portion of the day as the Earth rotates , different places on the Earth need to have different clock times...
:
UTC+1
UTC+1
UTC+01:00 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of +01:00. In ISO 8601 the associated time would be written as .This time is used in:*Central European Time*West Africa Time*Western European Summer Time**British Summer Time**Irish Standard Time...
/SummerUTC+2
UTC+2
UTC+02 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of +02. In ISO 8601 the associated time would be written as . This time is used in:-Central Africa Time:*Botswana*Burundi*Democratic Republic of the Congo...