Papyrus 45 - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

Papyrus 45 is an early New Testament

New Testament

The New Testament is the second major division of the Christian biblical canon, the first such division being the much longer Old Testament....

manuscript which is a part of the Chester Beatty Papyri

Chester Beatty Papyri

The Chester Beatty Biblical Papyri or simply the Chester Beatty Papyri are a group of early papyrus manuscripts of biblical texts. The manuscripts are in Greek and are of Christian origin. There are eleven manuscripts in the group, seven consisting of portions of Old Testament books, three...

. It was probably created around 250 in Egypt

Egypt

Egypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: , is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world...

. It contains the texts of Matthew

Gospel of Matthew

The Gospel According to Matthew is one of the four canonical gospels, one of the three synoptic gospels, and the first book of the New Testament. It tells of the life, ministry, death, and resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth...

20-21 and 25-26; Mark

Gospel of Mark

The Gospel According to Mark , commonly shortened to the Gospel of Mark or simply Mark, is the second book of the New Testament. This canonical account of the life of Jesus of Nazareth is one of the three synoptic gospels. It was thought to be an epitome, which accounts for its place as the second...

4-9 and 11-12; Luke

Gospel of Luke

The Gospel According to Luke , commonly shortened to the Gospel of Luke or simply Luke, is the third and longest of the four canonical Gospels. This synoptic gospel is an account of the life and ministry of Jesus of Nazareth. It details his story from the events of his birth to his Ascension.The...

6-7 and 9-14; John

Gospel of John

The Gospel According to John , commonly referred to as the Gospel of John or simply John, and often referred to in New Testament scholarship as the Fourth Gospel, is an account of the public ministry of Jesus...

4-5 and 10-11; and Acts

Acts of the Apostles

The Acts of the Apostles , usually referred to simply as Acts, is the fifth book of the New Testament; Acts outlines the history of the Apostolic Age...

4-17. The manuscript is currently housed at the Chester Beatty Library

Chester Beatty Library

The Chester Beatty Library was established in Dublin, Ireland in 1950, to house the collections of mining magnate, Sir Alfred Chester Beatty. The present library, on the grounds of Dublin Castle, opened on February 7, 2000, the 125th anniversary of Sir Alfred's birth and was named European Museum...

, Dublin, Ireland

Republic of Ireland

Ireland , described as the Republic of Ireland , is a sovereign state in Europe occupying approximately five-sixths of the island of the same name. Its capital is Dublin. Ireland, which had a population of 4.58 million in 2011, is a constitutional republic governed as a parliamentary democracy,...

, except for one leaf containing Matt. 25:41-26:39 which is at the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek

Austrian National Library

The Austrian National Library , is the largest library in Austria, with 7.4 million items in its collections. It is located in the Hofburg Palace in Vienna; since 2005 some of the collections are located in the baroque Palais Mollard-Clary...

, Vienna

Vienna

Vienna is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.723 million , and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre...

(Pap. Vindob. G. 31974).

Condition of the manuscript

The manuscript is heavily damaged and fragmented. The papyrus was bound in a codex

Codex

A codex is a book in the format used for modern books, with multiple quires or gatherings typically bound together and given a cover.Developed by the Romans from wooden writing tablets, its gradual replacement...

, which may have consisted of 220 pages, however only 30 survive (two of Matthew, six of Mark, seven of Luke, two of John, and 13 of Acts). All of the pages have lacunae

Lacuna (manuscripts)

A lacunaPlural lacunae. From Latin lacūna , diminutive form of lacus . is a gap in a manuscript, inscription, text, painting, or a musical work...

, with very few lines complete. The leaves of Matthew and John are the smallest. The original pages were roughly 10 inches by 8 inches. Unlike many of the other surviving manuscripts from the 3rd century which usually contained just the Gospels, or just the Catholic letters, or just the Pauline epistles, this manuscript possibly contained more than one grouping of New Testament texts. This hypothesis is attributed to the use of gatherings of two leaves, a single-quire that most other codices had.

Textual character

Because of the extent of the damage, determining the text's type has been difficult for scholars. The manuscript was obtained by Alfred Chester Beatty

Alfred Chester Beatty

Sir Alfred Chester Beatty Seanad 1985: "Chester Beatty died at the Princess Grace Clinic, Monte Carlo, on 19 January 1968, [...]" . was a mining magnate and millionaire, often called the "King of Copper". U.S.-born, he was naturalised British in 1933, and made an honorary citizen of Ireland in 1957...

in the first half of the 20th century, and published in The Chester Beatty Biblical Papyri, Descriptions and Texts of Twelve Manuscripts on Papyrus of the Greek Bible by Frederic G. Kenyon

Frederic G. Kenyon

Sir Frederic George Kenyon GBE KCB TD FBA FSA was a British paleographer and biblical and classical scholar. He occupied from 1889 to 1931 a series of posts at the British Museum...

in 1933. In this work, Kenyon identified the text of the Gospel of Mark in P45 as Caesarean

Caesarean text-type

Caesarean text-type is the term proposed by certain scholars to denote a consistent pattern of variant readings that is claimed to be apparent in certain Greek manuscripts of the four Gospels, but which is not found in any of the other commonly recognized New Testament text-types; the Byzantine...

, following the definition of Burnett Hillman Streeter

Burnett Hillman Streeter

Burnett Hillman Streeter was a British biblical scholar and textual critic.-Life:He was educated at Queen's College, Oxford. Streeter was ordained in 1899 and was a member of the Archbishop’s Commission on Doctrine in the Church of England...

. Hollis Huston criticized Kenyon's transcription of various partially surviving words, and concluded that chapters 6 and 11 of Mark in

⁴⁵ could not neatly fit into one text-type, especially not Caesarean, because the manuscript predates the distinctive texts for each type from the 4th and 5th centuries.

It has a great number of singular readings.

Text-type

⁴⁵ has a relatively close statistical relationship with Codex Washingtonianus

Codex Washingtonianus

The Codex Washingtonianus or Codex Washingtonensis, designated by W or 032 , ε 014 , also called the Washington Manuscript of the Gospels, and The Freer Gospel, contains the four biblical gospels and was written in Greek on vellum in the fourth or fifth century...

in Mark, however, and to a lesser extent Family 13

Family 13

Family 13, also known Ferrar Group , is a group of Greek Gospel manuscripts, varying in date from the 11th to the 15th century, which display a distinctive pattern of variant readings — especially in placing the story of Jesus and the woman taken in adultery in the Gospel of Luke, rather than in...

. Citing Larry Hurtado's study, Text-Critical Methodology and the Pre-Caesarean Text: Codex W in the Gospel of Mark, Eldon Jay Epp has agreed that there is no connection to a Caesarean or pre-Caesarean text in Mark. There is also not a strong connection to the Neutral text

Alexandrian text-type

The Alexandrian text-type , associated with Alexandria, is one of several text-types used in New Testament textual criticism to describe and group the textual character of biblical manuscripts...

of Codex Vaticanus, the Western text

Western text-type

The Western text-type is one of several text-types used in textual criticism to describe and group the textual character of Greek New Testament manuscripts...

of Codex Bezae

Codex Bezae

The Codex Bezae Cantabrigensis, designated by siglum Dea or 05 , δ 5 , is a codex of the New Testament dating from the 5th century written in an uncial hand on vellum. It contains, in both Greek and Latin, most of the four Gospels and Acts, with a small fragment of the 3 John...

, and the Byzantine text

Byzantine text-type

The Byzantine text-type is one of several text-types used in textual criticism to describe the textual character of Greek New Testament manuscripts. It is the form found in the largest number of surviving manuscripts, though not in the oldest...

of the textus receptus

Textus Receptus

Textus Receptus is the name subsequently given to the succession of printed Greek texts of the New Testament which constituted the translation base for the original German Luther Bible, the translation of the New Testament into English by William Tyndale, the King James Version, and for most other...

. Another hypothesis is that "

⁴⁵ comes from the Alexandrian tradition, but has many readings intended to "improve" the text stylistically, and a number of harmonizations. While still difficult to place historically in a category of texts, most scholars today agree that the text is not Caesarean, contrary to Kenyon.
The textual character of the manuscript varies between each book included. In Mark, the closest relationship is with Codex W, whereas in Acts it is closest to the Alexandrian text. In the other books (Matthew, John, Luke) the text of the papyrus is difficult to place.

It is calculated that the codex omitted the Pericope Adulterae (John 7:53-8:11).

Notable readings

Mark 6:40 omits text κατὰ ἑκατὸν καὶ κατὰ πεντήκοντα (by fifties and by hundreds)

Mark 6:44 omits text τοὺς ἄρτους (those loaves) with א

Codex Sinaiticus

Codex Sinaiticus is one of the four great uncial codices, an ancient, handwritten copy of the Greek Bible. It is an Alexandrian text-type manuscript written in the 4th century in uncial letters on parchment. Current scholarship considers the Codex Sinaiticus to be one of the best Greek texts of...

Codex Bezae

Codex Washingtonianus

Codex Koridethi

The Codex Koridethi, also named Codex Coridethianus, designated by Θ, 038, or Theta , ε 050 , is a 9th century manuscript of the four Gospels. It is written in Greek with uncial script in two columns per page, in 25 lines per page...

f¹

Family 1

Family 1 is a group of Greek Gospel manuscripts, varying in date from the 12th to the 15th century. The group takes its name from the minuscule codex 1, now in the Basel University Library. "Family 1" is also known as "the Lake Group", symbolized as f1. Hermann von Soden calls the group Ih...

f¹³

Family 13

Minuscule 28

Minuscule 28 , ε 168 , formerly known as Colbertinus 4705, is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, written on vellum. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 11th century. It has marginalia. It is lacunose.- Description :The codex contains the text of the four Gospels on 292...

565

Minuscule 565

Minuscule 565 , ε 93 , also known as the Empress Theodora's Codex. It is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on purple parchment, dated palaeographically to the 9th century...

700

Minuscule 700

Minuscule 700 , ε 133 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the Gospels. Formerly it was labelled as 604 in all catalogues , Gregory gave it the number 700....

2542 lat cop^sa

Mark 6:45 omits text εἰς τὸ πέραν (to the other side) with W f¹ 118

Minuscule 118

Minuscule 118 , ε 346 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 13th century...

it^q syr^s

Mark 8:12 omits text λέγω ὑμῖν (I will tell you) with W

Mark 8:15 reads των Ηρωδιανων (the Herodians) with W Θ f^1,13 28

Minuscule 28

565 1365 2542 it^{iCodex Vindobonensis Lat. 1235
The Codex Vindobonensis Lat. 1235, designated by i or 17 , is a 6th century Latin Gospel Book. The manuscript contains 142 folios . The text, written on purple dyed vellum in silver ink , is a version of the old Latin. The Gospels follow in the Western order.It has numerous lacunae...

.kCodex Bobiensis
Codex Bobiensis is a fragmentary Latin manuscript of the bible. Specifically, it is an example of a Vetus Latina bible, which were used from the 2nd century until Jerome's Latin translation, the Vulgate, was written in the 5th century. The text contains parts of the Gospel of Mark and Gospel of...} cop^{sa^mss} arm geo

Mark 8:35 reads ἕνεκεν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου (for the sake of the Gospel) omitting ἐμοῦ καὶ (of me and) as in D 28 700 it^{a.b.d.i.k.n.r¹} syr^s arm Origen

Origen

Origen , or Origen Adamantius, 184/5–253/4, was an early Christian Alexandrian scholar and theologian, and one of the most distinguished writers of the early Church. As early as the fourth century, his orthodoxy was suspect, in part because he believed in the pre-existence of souls...

Mark 9:27 omits text καὶ ἀνέστη (and he arose) with W it^k.l syr^p

Luke 6:48

διὰ τὸ καλῶς οἰκοδομῆσθαι αὐτήν (because it had been well built) —

^{75^vid} א B L W Ξ

Codex Zacynthius

Codex Zacynthius, designated by siglum Ξ or 040 , A1 , is a Greek New Testament codex, dated paleographically to the 6th century. Formerly it was dated to the 8th century . It is a palimpsest, a former text had been washed off its vellum pages...

33 157 579

Minuscule 579

Minuscule 579 , ε 376 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 13th century. Formerly it was labelled as 80e...

892 1241 1342 2542 syr^{h^mg} cop^sa cop^{bo^pt}

τεθεμελίωτο γὰρ ἐπὶ τὴν πέτραν (for it had been founded upon that rock) — A C D Θ Ψ f^1,13 700^c Byz latt syr^p.h cop^{bo^pt} arm, geo, goth

omitted —

^{45^vid} 700* syr^s

Luke 11:33 omits text οὐδὲ ὑπὸ τὸν μόδιον (nor under a basket) with

⁷⁵ L

Codex Regius (New Testament)

Codex Regius designated by siglum Le or 019 , ε 56 , is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated paleographically to the 8th century. The manuscript is lacunose. It has marginalia....

Codex Tischendorfianus IV

Codex Tischendorfianus IV – designated by Γ or 036 , ε 70 – is a Greek uncial manuscript of the Gospels, dated palaeographically to the 10th century...

Ξ 070

Uncial 070

Uncial 070 , ε 6 , is a Greek-Coptic diglot uncial manuscript of the New Testament. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 6th century....

f¹ 22

Minuscule 22

Minuscule 22 , ε 288 , known also as Codex Colbertinus 2467. It is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, written on vellum. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century. Formerly it was assigned to the 11th century...

Minuscule 69

Minuscule 69 , δ 505 , known as Codex Leicester, or Codex Leicestrensis, is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on paper and parchment leaves. The manuscript palaeographically has been assigned to the 15th century. Some leaves of the codex were lost. The text-type is eclectic...

700* 788 1241 2542 syr^s cop^sa arm, geo

Luke 11:44 omits text γραμματεις και Φαρισαιοι υποκριται (scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites) with

⁷⁵ א B C L f¹ 33 1241 2542 it^{a.aur.c.e.ff².l} vg

Vulgate

The Vulgate is a late 4th-century Latin translation of the Bible. It was largely the work of St. Jerome, who was commissioned by Pope Damasus I in 382 to make a revision of the old Latin translations...

syr^s,c cop^sa cop^{bo^pt} arm geo

Luke 11:54 omits text ινα κατηγορησωσιν αυτου (in order that they might accuse him) with

⁷⁵ א B L 579 892* 1241 2542 syr^s,c co

Luke 12:9 omitted, as in it^e syr^{s cop^{bo^ms}

Luke 12:47 omits text μὴ ἑτοιμάσας ἢ (not preparing or)

John 11:7 omits text τοῖς μαθηταῖς (the disciples) with ^66* it^e.l

John 11:25 omits text καὶ ἡ ζωή (and the life) with it^l syr^s DiatessaronDiatessaron
The Diatessaron is the most prominent Gospel harmony created by Tatian, an early Christian apologist and ascetic. The term "diatessaron" is from Middle English by way of Latin, diatessarōn , and ultimately Greek, διὰ τεσσάρων The Diatessaron (c 160 - 175) is the most prominent Gospel harmony...

^syr CyprianCyprian
Cyprian was bishop of Carthage and an important Early Christian writer, many of whose Latin works are extant. He was born around the beginning of the 3rd century in North Africa, perhaps at Carthage, where he received a classical education...

John 11:51 omits text τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ ἐκείνου (of that year) with it^e.l syr^s

Acts 5:37 omits text πάντες (all) with D it

Acts 8:18 adds text το αγιον (the holy) with ⁷⁴ A* C D E Ψ 33 1739Minuscule 1739
Minuscule 1739 ; α 78 per is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on 102 parchment leaves . It is dated paleographically to the 10th century.- Description :...

ByzByzantine text-type
The Byzantine text-type is one of several text-types used in textual criticism to describe the textual character of Greek New Testament manuscripts. It is the form found in the largest number of surviving manuscripts, though not in the oldest...

latt syr cop^bo

Acts 9:17

Ἰησοῦς (Jesus) — ⁴⁵ ⁷⁴ א A B C ECodex Laudianus
Codex Laudianus, designated by Ea or 08 , α 1001 , called Laudianus after the former owner, Archbishop William Laud. It is a diglot Latin — Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, palaeographically assigned to the 6th century...

Ψ 33 81Minuscule 81
Minuscule 81 , or α162 is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on a parchment. It is dated by a colophon to the year 1044. Formerly it was labelled by 61a and 61p . The manuscript is lacunose...

323Minuscule 323
Minuscule 323 , α 157 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century.Formerly it was designated by 29a and 35p.- Description :...

614Minuscule 614
Minuscule 614 , α 364 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 13th century. The manuscript is lacunose...

945 1175 1739
omitted — Byz

Acts 9:21 omits text οἱ ἀκούοντες (those hearing) with ⁷⁴ Ψ*

Acts 9:38

δύο ἄνδρας (two men) — ⁴⁵ ⁷⁴ א A B C E Ψ 36Minuscule 36
Minuscule 36 , A20 . It is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, written on vellum. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 12th century. It has complex contents and full marginalia.- Description :...

81 323 614 945 1175 1739 latt syr co
omitted — Byz

Acts 10:10

ἐγένετο (became) — ^{74^vid} א A B C 36 81 323 453Minuscule 453
Minuscule 453 , A πρ40 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on a parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 14th century.Formerly it was labelled by 81a.- Description :...

945 1175 1739 Origen
επεπεσεν (fell into) — E Ψ 33 Byz latt syr
ηλθεν (entered) — ⁴⁵

Acts 10:13 omits text Πέτρε (Peter) with gigCodex Gigas
The Codex Gigas is the largest extant medieval manuscript in the world. It is also known as the Devil's Bible because of a large illustration of the devil on the inside and the legend surrounding its creation. It is thought to have been created in the early 13th century in the Benedictine...

ClementClement of Alexandria
Titus Flavius Clemens , known as Clement of Alexandria , was a Christian theologian and the head of the noted Catechetical School of Alexandria. Clement is best remembered as the teacher of Origen...

AmbroseAmbrose
Aurelius Ambrosius, better known in English as Saint Ambrose , was a bishop of Milan who became one of the most influential ecclesiastical figures of the 4th century. He was one of the four original doctors of the Church.-Political career:Ambrose was born into a Roman Christian family between about...

Acts 10:16 omits text εὐθὺς (immediately) with 36 453 1175 it^d syr^p cop^{sa^mss}

Acts 10:33

κυρίου (the Lord) — ^{45^vid} א A B C E Ψ 81* 323 614 945 1175 1739 lat syr^h cop^bo
θεου (God) — ⁷⁴ D Byz syr^p cop^sa mae

Acts 11:12 omits text μηδὲν διακρίναντα (without deliberating) with D it^l.p* syr^h

Acts 13:48

κυρίου (the Lord) — ⁴⁵ ⁷⁴ א A C Ψ 33 1739 Byz gig vg cop^{sa^mss} mae
θεου (God) — B D E 049Uncial 049
Uncial 049 , α 2 . It is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 9th century.- Description :...

323 453 cop^bo
θεον (God) — 614 syr

Acts 13:49 omits text τοῦ κυρίου (the Lord)

Acts 15:20 omits text καὶ τῆς πορνείας (and sexual immorality)

Acts 15:40

τοῦ κυρίου (the Lord) — ⁷⁴ א A B D 33 81 it^d vg^st cop^sa
τοῦ θεου (God) — ⁴⁵ C E Ψ 1739 Byz gig it^w vg^cl syr cop^bo

Acts 16:32

τοῦ κυρίου (the Lord) — ⁴⁵ ⁷⁴ א‎² A C (D) E Ψ 33 1739 Byz lat syr cop
τοῦ θεου (God) — א‎* B

Acts 17:13 omits text καὶ ταράσσοντες (and agitated) with E Byz

Further reading

Frederic G. KenyonFrederic G. Kenyon
Sir Frederic George Kenyon GBE KCB TD FBA FSA was a British paleographer and biblical and classical scholar. He occupied from 1889 to 1931 a series of posts at the British Museum...

, Chester Beatty Biblical Papyri II/1: The Gospels and Acts, Text, London 1933.
Epp, Eldon Jay. "The Twentieth Century Interlude in New Testament Textual Criticism". Journal of Biblical Literature. vol. 93, No. 3 (Sep., 1974), pp. 386-414
Hurtado, Larry W. Text-Critical Methodology and the Pre-Caesarean Text: Codex W in the Gospel of Mark. Studies and Documents 43. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1981.
Hurtado, Larry W., “P45 and the Textual History of the Gospel of Mark,” in The Earliest Gospels: The Origins and Transmission of the Earliest Christian Gospels--The Contribution of the Chester Beatty Gospel Codex P45, ed. Charles Horton (London: T&T Clark International, 2004) pp. 132-48.
Huston, Hollis W. "Mark 6 and 11 in ⁴⁵ and in the Caesarean Text." Journal of Biblical Literature. vol. 64, No. 4 (Dec., 1955) pp. 262-271
Metzger, Bruce M.Bruce Metzger
Bruce Manning Metzger was a professor at Princeton Theological Seminary and Bible editor who served on the board of the American Bible Society. He was a scholar of Greek, New Testament and Old Testament, and wrote prolifically on these subjects.- Biography :Metzger was born in Middletown,...

, The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration, Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 54.
Ayuso, El texto cesariense del papiro de Chester Beatty en ela Evangelio de San Marcos, EB. IV (1934), 268-281.
T. C. Skeat, A Codicological Analysis of the Chester Beatty Papyrus Codex of Gospels and Acts (P 45), in: T. C. Skeat and J. K. Elliott, The collected biblical writings of T. C. Skeat, Brill 2004.

External links

Robert B. Waltz. 'NT Manuscripts: Papyri, Papyri ⁴⁵.' The Encyclopedia of New Testament Textual Criticism. Retrieved June 18, 2007
http://www.cbl.ie/getdoc/71d8acd7-5e05-4a98-aede-9c716e193bf1/3.aspx, an image and description of Acts 8.34 - 9.6.
http://www.cbl.ie/getdoc/475c6ad2-273f-4f43-aedc-abf98130cf30/4.aspx, an image and description of Acts 17.9-17.

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