Codex Laudianus
Encyclopedia
Codex Laudianus, designated by Ea or 08 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), α 1001 (von Soden), called Laudianus after the former owner, Archbishop William Laud
. It is a diglot Latin — Greek
uncial
manuscript
of the New Testament
, palaeographically
assigned to the 6th century. It contains the Acts of the Apostles
.
contains 227 parchment leaves (size ), with almost complete text of the Book of Acts (lacuna
in 26:29-28:26). It is the earliest known manuscript which contain text of Acts 8:37.
The text is written in two columns per page, 24 and more lines per page. It is arranged in very short lines of only one to three words each. The text is written colometrically
. It is the earliest known manuscript that contains Acts 8:37.
, but there are many Western
and some Alexandrian
readings. According to Kurt Aland
it agrees with the Byzantine text-type 36 times, and 21 times with the Byzantine when it has the same reading as the original text. It agrees 22 times with the original text against the Byzantine. It has 22 independent or distinctive readings. Aland
placed it in Category II.
It contains Acts 8:37, as do the manuscripts 323
, 453
, 945, 1739
, 1891, 2818
, and several others.
In Acts 12:25 the Latin text of the codex reads from Jerusalem to Antioch – 429
, 945, 1739
, p, syrp, copsa geo; majority reads εις Ιερουσαλημ (to Jerusalem);
In Acts 16:10 it reads θεος along with P74, Sinaiticus, Alexandrinus, Vaticanus, Ephraemi, 044, 33
, 81
, 181
, 326
, 630
, 945, 1739, ar, e, l, vg, copbo, geo; other reading κυριος, is supported by D, P, 049
, 056
, 0142
, 88
, 104
, 330
, 436
, 451
, 614
, 629
, 1241, 1505, 1877, 2127, 2412, 2492, 2495, Byz, c, d, gig
, syrp,h, copsa.
In Acts 18:26 it reads την οδον του κυριου along with manuscripts 1505, 2495, and lectionary 598.
In Acts 20:28 it reads του κυριου (of the Lord) along with the manuscripts: Papyrus 74, C*, D
, Ψ, 33
, 36
, 453
, 945, 1739
, and 1891.For the another variants of this verse see: Textual variants in the Acts of the Apostles.
, during the Byzantine occupation, and therefore after 534 (terminus a quo). It was written before 716 (terminus ad quem), as it was used by Beda Venerabilis in his Expositio Actuum Apostolorum Retractata.
"It was brought to England probably by Theodore of Tarsus
, Archbishop of Canterbury, in 668, or by Ceolfrid
, Abbot of Wearmouth and Jarrow
, in the early part of the eight century. It was probably deposited in one of the great monasteries in the north of England."
It eventually came into the possession of William Laud
, who donated to the Bodleian Library
in Oxford
in 1636, where it is located now (Cat. number: Laud. Gr. 35 1397, I,8).
Thomas Hearne published its text in 1715, but not very exactly, then Hansell in 1864, and Constantin von Tischendorf
in 1870.
The manuscript was examined by Johann Jakob Griesbach
, Ropes, Motzo, Poole, Clark, Lagrange, and Walther.
William Laud
William Laud was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1633 to 1645. One of the High Church Caroline divines, he opposed radical forms of Puritanism...
. It is a diglot Latin — Greek
Greek language
Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages. Native to the southern Balkans, it has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning 34 centuries of written records. Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the majority of its history;...
uncial
Uncial
Uncial is a majuscule script commonly used from the 3rd to 8th centuries AD by Latin and Greek scribes. Uncial letters are written in either Greek, Latin, or Gothic.-Development:...
manuscript
Manuscript
A manuscript or handwrite is written information that has been manually created by someone or some people, such as a hand-written letter, as opposed to being printed or reproduced some other way...
of the New Testament
New Testament
The New Testament is the second major division of the Christian biblical canon, the first such division being the much longer Old Testament....
, palaeographically
Palaeography
Palaeography, also spelt paleography is the study of ancient writing. Included in the discipline is the practice of deciphering, reading, and dating historical manuscripts, and the cultural context of writing, including the methods with which writing and books were produced, and the history of...
assigned to the 6th century. It contains the Acts of the Apostles
Acts of the Apostles
The Acts of the Apostles , usually referred to simply as Acts, is the fifth book of the New Testament; Acts outlines the history of the Apostolic Age...
.
Description
It is diglot manuscript with Greek and Latin in parallel columns on the same page, but Latin is in the left-hand column. The codexCodex
A codex is a book in the format used for modern books, with multiple quires or gatherings typically bound together and given a cover.Developed by the Romans from wooden writing tablets, its gradual replacement...
contains 227 parchment leaves (size ), with almost complete text of the Book of Acts (lacuna
Lacuna (manuscripts)
A lacunaPlural lacunae. From Latin lacūna , diminutive form of lacus . is a gap in a manuscript, inscription, text, painting, or a musical work...
in 26:29-28:26). It is the earliest known manuscript which contain text of Acts 8:37.
The text is written in two columns per page, 24 and more lines per page. It is arranged in very short lines of only one to three words each. The text is written colometrically
Colon (rhetoric)
A colon is a rhetorical figure consisting of a clause which is grammatically, but not logically, complete. In Latin, it is called a membrum or membrum orationis....
. It is the earliest known manuscript that contains Acts 8:37.
Text
The Greek text of this codex exhibits a mixture of text-types, usually the ByzantineByzantine text-type
The Byzantine text-type is one of several text-types used in textual criticism to describe the textual character of Greek New Testament manuscripts. It is the form found in the largest number of surviving manuscripts, though not in the oldest...
, but there are many Western
Western text-type
The Western text-type is one of several text-types used in textual criticism to describe and group the textual character of Greek New Testament manuscripts...
and some Alexandrian
Alexandrian text-type
The Alexandrian text-type , associated with Alexandria, is one of several text-types used in New Testament textual criticism to describe and group the textual character of biblical manuscripts...
readings. According to Kurt Aland
Kurt Aland
Kurt Aland was a German Theologian and Professor of New Testament Research and Church History. He founded the Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung in Münster and served as its first director for many years...
it agrees with the Byzantine text-type 36 times, and 21 times with the Byzantine when it has the same reading as the original text. It agrees 22 times with the original text against the Byzantine. It has 22 independent or distinctive readings. Aland
Kurt Aland
Kurt Aland was a German Theologian and Professor of New Testament Research and Church History. He founded the Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung in Münster and served as its first director for many years...
placed it in Category II.
It contains Acts 8:37, as do the manuscripts 323
Minuscule 323
Minuscule 323 , α 157 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century.Formerly it was designated by 29a and 35p.- Description :...
, 453
Minuscule 453
Minuscule 453 , A πρ40 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on a parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 14th century.Formerly it was labelled by 81a.- Description :...
, 945, 1739
Minuscule 1739
Minuscule 1739 ; α 78 per is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on 102 parchment leaves . It is dated paleographically to the 10th century.- Description :...
, 1891, 2818
Minuscule 2818
Minuscule 2818 , Aπρ20 . Formerly it was labelled as 36aK in all catalogues, but it was renumbered by Aland, because two manuscripts had number 36...
, and several others.
In Acts 12:25 the Latin text of the codex reads from Jerusalem to Antioch – 429
Minuscule 429
Minuscule 429 , α 398 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on cotton paper. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 14th century .- Description :...
, 945, 1739
Minuscule 1739
Minuscule 1739 ; α 78 per is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on 102 parchment leaves . It is dated paleographically to the 10th century.- Description :...
, p, syrp, copsa geo; majority reads εις Ιερουσαλημ (to Jerusalem);
In Acts 16:10 it reads θεος along with P74, Sinaiticus, Alexandrinus, Vaticanus, Ephraemi, 044, 33
Minuscule 33
Minuscule 33 , δ 48 , formerly it was called Codex Colbertinus 2844, is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on parchment, dated palaeographically to the 9th century. The manuscript is lacunose. It has marginalia...
, 81
Minuscule 81
Minuscule 81 , or α162 is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on a parchment. It is dated by a colophon to the year 1044. Formerly it was labelled by 61a and 61p . The manuscript is lacunose...
, 181
Minuscule 181
Minuscule 181 , α 101 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 11th century.Formerly it was labelled by 40a, 46p, and 12r.It has marginalia....
, 326
Minuscule 326
Minuscule 326 , α 257 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 10th century.Formerly it was labelled by 33a and 39p ....
, 630
Minuscule 630
Minuscule 630 , α 461 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on paper. It is known as Codex Ottobonianus. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th or 13th century. The manuscript is lacunose...
, 945, 1739, ar, e, l, vg, copbo, geo; other reading κυριος, is supported by D, P, 049
Uncial 049
Uncial 049 , α 2 . It is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 9th century.- Description :...
, 056
Uncial 056
Uncial 056 , O7 , is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated paleographically to the 10th century.- Description :...
, 0142
Uncial 0142
Uncial 0142 , O6 , is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated paleographically to the 10th century...
, 88
Minuscule 88
Codex Regis , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century...
, 104
Minuscule 104
Minuscule 104 , α 103 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century.Formerly it was labelled by 25a, 31p, and 7r....
, 330
Minuscule 330
Minuscule 330 , δ 259 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century.It has marginalia.- Description :...
, 436
Minuscule 436
Minuscule 436 , α 172 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment...
, 451
Minuscule 451
Minuscule 451 , α 178 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment...
, 614
Minuscule 614
Minuscule 614 , α 364 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 13th century. The manuscript is lacunose...
, 629
Minuscule 629
Minuscule 629 , α 460 , is a Latin–Greek diglot minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. It is known as Codex Ottobonianus. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 14th century. The manuscript is lacunose. It is known for the Comma Johanneum.Formerly it was labeled by 162a and...
, 1241, 1505, 1877, 2127, 2412, 2492, 2495, Byz, c, d, gig
Codex Gigas
The Codex Gigas is the largest extant medieval manuscript in the world. It is also known as the Devil's Bible because of a large illustration of the devil on the inside and the legend surrounding its creation. It is thought to have been created in the early 13th century in the Benedictine...
, syrp,h, copsa.
In Acts 18:26 it reads την οδον του κυριου along with manuscripts 1505, 2495, and lectionary 598.
In Acts 20:28 it reads του κυριου (of the Lord) along with the manuscripts: Papyrus 74, C*, D
Codex Bezae
The Codex Bezae Cantabrigensis, designated by siglum Dea or 05 , δ 5 , is a codex of the New Testament dating from the 5th century written in an uncial hand on vellum. It contains, in both Greek and Latin, most of the four Gospels and Acts, with a small fragment of the 3 John...
, Ψ, 33
Minuscule 33
Minuscule 33 , δ 48 , formerly it was called Codex Colbertinus 2844, is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on parchment, dated palaeographically to the 9th century. The manuscript is lacunose. It has marginalia...
, 36
Minuscule 36
Minuscule 36 , A20 . It is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, written on vellum. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 12th century. It has complex contents and full marginalia.- Description :...
, 453
Minuscule 453
Minuscule 453 , A πρ40 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on a parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 14th century.Formerly it was labelled by 81a.- Description :...
, 945, 1739
Minuscule 1739
Minuscule 1739 ; α 78 per is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on 102 parchment leaves . It is dated paleographically to the 10th century.- Description :...
, and 1891.For the another variants of this verse see: Textual variants in the Acts of the Apostles.
History
It was probably written in SardiniaSardinia
Sardinia is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea . It is an autonomous region of Italy, and the nearest land masses are the French island of Corsica, the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Tunisia and the Spanish Balearic Islands.The name Sardinia is from the pre-Roman noun *sard[],...
, during the Byzantine occupation, and therefore after 534 (terminus a quo). It was written before 716 (terminus ad quem), as it was used by Beda Venerabilis in his Expositio Actuum Apostolorum Retractata.
"It was brought to England probably by Theodore of Tarsus
Theodore of Tarsus
Theodore was the eighth Archbishop of Canterbury, best known for his reform of the English Church and establishment of a school in Canterbury....
, Archbishop of Canterbury, in 668, or by Ceolfrid
Ceolfrid
Saint Ceolfrid was an Anglo-Saxon Christian abbot and saint. He is best known as the warden of Bede from the age of seven until his death in 716. He was the Abbot of Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey, and a major contributor to the project Codex Amiatinus...
, Abbot of Wearmouth and Jarrow
Jarrow
Jarrow is a town in Tyne and Wear, England, located on the River Tyne, with a population of 27,526. From the middle of the 19th century until 1935, Jarrow was a centre for shipbuilding, and was the starting point of the Jarrow March against unemployment in 1936.-Foundation:The Angles re-occupied...
, in the early part of the eight century. It was probably deposited in one of the great monasteries in the north of England."
It eventually came into the possession of William Laud
William Laud
William Laud was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1633 to 1645. One of the High Church Caroline divines, he opposed radical forms of Puritanism...
, who donated to the Bodleian Library
Bodleian Library
The Bodleian Library , the main research library of the University of Oxford, is one of the oldest libraries in Europe, and in Britain is second in size only to the British Library...
in Oxford
Oxford
The city of Oxford is the county town of Oxfordshire, England. The city, made prominent by its medieval university, has a population of just under 165,000, with 153,900 living within the district boundary. It lies about 50 miles north-west of London. The rivers Cherwell and Thames run through...
in 1636, where it is located now (Cat. number: Laud. Gr. 35 1397, I,8).
Thomas Hearne published its text in 1715, but not very exactly, then Hansell in 1864, and Constantin von Tischendorf
Constantin von Tischendorf
Lobegott Friedrich Constantin Tischendorf was a noted German Biblical scholar. He deciphered the Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus, a 5th century Greek manuscript of the New Testament, in the 1840s, and rediscovered the Codex Sinaiticus, a 4th century New Testament manuscript, in 1859.Tischendorf...
in 1870.
The manuscript was examined by Johann Jakob Griesbach
Johann Jakob Griesbach
Johann Jakob Griesbach , German biblical textual critic, was born at Butzbach, a small town in the state of Hesse, where his father, Konrad Kaspar , was pastor...
, Ropes, Motzo, Poole, Clark, Lagrange, and Walther.
See also
- List of New Testament uncials
- List of New Testament Latin manuscripts
- Textual criticismTextual criticismTextual criticism is a branch of literary criticism that is concerned with the identification and removal of transcription errors in the texts of manuscripts...
Further reading
- C. v. Tischendorf, Monumenta sacra IX, (Leipzig, 1870).
- J. H. Ropes, The Greek Text of Codex Laudianus, Harvard Theological ReviewHarvard Theological ReviewHarvard Theological Review is a journal of theology, published by Harvard Divinity School. It was founded in 1908.-External links:* * * * at the Internet Archive...
XVI (Cambridge, Mass., 1923), pp. 175-186. - Samuel Berger, Un ancien texte latin des Actes des Apôtres retrouvé dans un manuscrit provenant de Perpignan (Paris 1895), pp. 11-12.
External links
- Manuscripts given by Archbishop William Laud (1573-1645)
- Codex Laudianus E (08): at the Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism
- Image from Codex Laudianus
- Image