List of words censored by search engines in Mainland China
Encyclopedia
The government of the People's Republic of China
has set up a system of internet censorship
, intending to block internet users within Mainland China
from accessing material deemed undesirable, such as foreign news sites, sites with dissident political content, many Hong Kong and Taiwanese websites, and pornography.
One part of the block is to remove some websites from search results on search engines. These search engines include both the local version of international search engines (e.g. Google
.cn) as well as domestic ones (e.g. Baidu
, Sohu
). In general, regardless of whether a term is sensitive or not, many well known websites are removed from the search result, such as western news and government websites like BBC
and Voice of America
, and sites in Hong Kong
and Taiwan
. In addition, access to a handful of US-based universities are blocked, as these websites often contain discussions regarding issues deemed politically sensitive by the Communist Party of China
.
Some words are sensitive. Attempting to search for such a term may result in the turning on of the "safe search" feature, and limiting the result pages in China. However, the general internet traffic filter may interrupt a HTTP connection between the browser and the server if it detects intensive sensitive words in plaintext
, as it does with other protocols, such as the Post Office Protocol
, and any sequence connection to the server is also denied. This filter affects self-censored search engines, since their censorship is filtering websites, not keywords. This system is described in greater detail at Internet censorship in mainland China.
Any sequence containing the term is also blocked. For example, since (falun, or "dharma
chakra
") is blocked, so are 法轮功 (Falun Gong
) and ("Turning dharma chakra"). Also, only the Chinese terms are blocked, while the English terms are freely searchable (unless specified otherwise).
This list is not intended to be exhaustive. Most were verified for Simplified Chinese searches for the Baidu
search engine. It is known that trying from different locations inside and outside China, on different search engines, and at different times can yield different results.
Because Google has decided to re-direct its Google.cn domain to Google.hk, censorship by Google is far less relevant.
People's Republic of China
China , officially the People's Republic of China , is the most populous country in the world, with over 1.3 billion citizens. Located in East Asia, the country covers approximately 9.6 million square kilometres...
has set up a system of internet censorship
Internet censorship
Internet censorship is the control or suppression of the publishing of, or access to information on the Internet. It may be carried out by governments or by private organizations either at the behest of government or on their own initiative...
, intending to block internet users within Mainland China
Mainland China
Mainland China, the Chinese mainland or simply the mainland, is a geopolitical term that refers to the area under the jurisdiction of the People's Republic of China . According to the Taipei-based Mainland Affairs Council, the term excludes the PRC Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and...
from accessing material deemed undesirable, such as foreign news sites, sites with dissident political content, many Hong Kong and Taiwanese websites, and pornography.
One part of the block is to remove some websites from search results on search engines. These search engines include both the local version of international search engines (e.g. Google
Google search
Google or Google Web Search is a web search engine owned by Google Inc. Google Search is the most-used search engine on the World Wide Web, receiving several hundred million queries each day through its various services....
.cn) as well as domestic ones (e.g. Baidu
Baidu
Baidu, Inc. , simply known as Baidu and incorporated on January 18, 2000, is a Chinese web services company headquartered in the Baidu Campus in Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of China....
, Sohu
Sohu
Sohu.com, Inc. is a search engine company headquartered in the Sohu.com Internet Plaza in Haidian District, Beijing, People’s Republic of China. This company and its subsidiaries offer advertising, a search engine, on-line multiplayer gaming and other services. For the fiscal year ended December...
). In general, regardless of whether a term is sensitive or not, many well known websites are removed from the search result, such as western news and government websites like BBC
BBC
The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. Its headquarters is at Broadcasting House in the City of Westminster, London. It is the largest broadcaster in the world, with about 23,000 staff...
and Voice of America
Voice of America
Voice of America is the official external broadcast institution of the United States federal government. It is one of five civilian U.S. international broadcasters working under the umbrella of the Broadcasting Board of Governors . VOA provides a wide range of programming for broadcast on radio...
, and sites in Hong Kong
Hong Kong
Hong Kong is one of two Special Administrative Regions of the People's Republic of China , the other being Macau. A city-state situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour...
and Taiwan
Republic of China
The Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan , is a unitary sovereign state located in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China currently governs the island of Taiwan , which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor...
. In addition, access to a handful of US-based universities are blocked, as these websites often contain discussions regarding issues deemed politically sensitive by the Communist Party of China
Communist Party of China
The Communist Party of China , also known as the Chinese Communist Party , is the founding and ruling political party of the People's Republic of China...
.
Some words are sensitive. Attempting to search for such a term may result in the turning on of the "safe search" feature, and limiting the result pages in China. However, the general internet traffic filter may interrupt a HTTP connection between the browser and the server if it detects intensive sensitive words in plaintext
Plaintext
In cryptography, plaintext is information a sender wishes to transmit to a receiver. Cleartext is often used as a synonym. Before the computer era, plaintext most commonly meant message text in the language of the communicating parties....
, as it does with other protocols, such as the Post Office Protocol
Post Office Protocol
In computing, the Post Office Protocol is an application-layer Internet standard protocol used by local e-mail clients to retrieve e-mail from a remote server over a TCP/IP connection. POP and IMAP are the two most prevalent Internet standard protocols for e-mail retrieval. Virtually all modern...
, and any sequence connection to the server is also denied. This filter affects self-censored search engines, since their censorship is filtering websites, not keywords. This system is described in greater detail at Internet censorship in mainland China.
Any sequence containing the term is also blocked. For example, since (falun, or "dharma
Dharma
Dharma means Law or Natural Law and is a concept of central importance in Indian philosophy and religion. In the context of Hinduism, it refers to one's personal obligations, calling and duties, and a Hindu's dharma is affected by the person's age, caste, class, occupation, and gender...
chakra
Chakra
Chakra is a concept originating in Hindu texts, featured in tantric and yogic traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism. Its name derives from the Sanskrit word for "wheel" or "turning" .Chakra is a concept referring to wheel-like vortices...
") is blocked, so are 法轮功 (Falun Gong
Falun Gong
Falun Gong is a spiritual discipline first introduced in China in 1992 by its founder, Li Hongzhi, through public lectures. It combines the practice of meditation and slow-moving qigong exercises with the moral philosophy...
) and ("Turning dharma chakra"). Also, only the Chinese terms are blocked, while the English terms are freely searchable (unless specified otherwise).
This list is not intended to be exhaustive. Most were verified for Simplified Chinese searches for the Baidu
Baidu
Baidu, Inc. , simply known as Baidu and incorporated on January 18, 2000, is a Chinese web services company headquartered in the Baidu Campus in Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of China....
search engine. It is known that trying from different locations inside and outside China, on different search engines, and at different times can yield different results.
Because Google has decided to re-direct its Google.cn domain to Google.hk, censorship by Google is far less relevant.
General Concepts
Chinese phrases are given as traditional / simplified where they differ.- 民主 (democracyDemocracyDemocracy is generally defined as a form of government in which all adult citizens have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. Ideally, this includes equal participation in the proposal, development and passage of legislation into law...
)- (not blocked by BaiduBaiduBaidu, Inc. , simply known as Baidu and incorporated on January 18, 2000, is a Chinese web services company headquartered in the Baidu Campus in Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of China....
http://www.baidu.com/s?wd=%C3%F1%D6%F7&cl=3) - (not blocked by SohuSohuSohu.com, Inc. is a search engine company headquartered in the Sohu.com Internet Plaza in Haidian District, Beijing, People’s Republic of China. This company and its subsidiaries offer advertising, a search engine, on-line multiplayer gaming and other services. For the fiscal year ended December...
http://www.sogou.com/sohu?query=%C3%F1%D6%F7&p=01040100&md=&name=&rturl=&dtype=&ds=&po=&key=)
- (not blocked by Baidu
- 人權 / 人权 (human rightsHuman rightsHuman rights are "commonly understood as inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherently entitled simply because she or he is a human being." Human rights are thus conceived as universal and egalitarian . These rights may exist as natural rights or as legal rights, in both national...
)- (not blocked by BaiduBaiduBaidu, Inc. , simply known as Baidu and incorporated on January 18, 2000, is a Chinese web services company headquartered in the Baidu Campus in Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of China....
http://www.baidu.com/s?ie=gb2312&bs=%C3%F1%D6%F7&sr=&z=&cl=3&f=8&wd=%C8%CB%C8%A8&ct=0) - (not blocked by SohuSohuSohu.com, Inc. is a search engine company headquartered in the Sohu.com Internet Plaza in Haidian District, Beijing, People’s Republic of China. This company and its subsidiaries offer advertising, a search engine, on-line multiplayer gaming and other services. For the fiscal year ended December...
http://www.sogou.com/sohu?query=%C8%CB%C8%A8&p=01040100&md=&name=&rturl=&dtype=&ds=&po=&key=) - not blocked: 自由 (freedomFreedom (political)Political freedom is a central philosophy in Western history and political thought, and one of the most important features of democratic societies...
), 改革 (reformReformReform means to put or change into an improved form or condition; to amend or improve by change of color or removal of faults or abuses, beneficial change, more specifically, reversion to a pure original state, to repair, restore or to correct....
), 選舉 / 选举 (electionElectionAn election is a formal decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold public office. Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative democracy operates since the 17th century. Elections may fill offices in the legislature, sometimes in the...
s), 多黨 / 多党 (multi-party), and 平反 (rehabilitatePolitical rehabilitationPolitical rehabilitation is the process by which a member of a political organization or government who has fallen into disgrace, is restored to public life. It is usually applied to leaders or other prominent individuals who regain their prominence after a period in which they have no influence or...
)
- (not blocked by Baidu
- 獨裁 / 独裁 (dictatorshipDictatorshipA dictatorship is defined as an autocratic form of government in which the government is ruled by an individual, the dictator. It has three possible meanings:...
)- (not blocked by SohuSohuSohu.com, Inc. is a search engine company headquartered in the Sohu.com Internet Plaza in Haidian District, Beijing, People’s Republic of China. This company and its subsidiaries offer advertising, a search engine, on-line multiplayer gaming and other services. For the fiscal year ended December...
http://www.sogou.com/sohu?query=%D7%D4%D3%C9&p=01040100&md=&name=&rturl=&dtype=&ds=&po=&key=) - (not blocked by BaiduBaiduBaidu, Inc. , simply known as Baidu and incorporated on January 18, 2000, is a Chinese web services company headquartered in the Baidu Campus in Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of China....
http://www.baidu.com/s?wd=%B6%C0%B2%C3&cl=3, http://www.sogou.com/sohu?query=%B8%C4%B8%EF&num=10&p=01040100&dp=1&w=01020101, http://www.sogou.com/sohu?query=%D1%A1%BE%D9&num=10&p=01040100&dp=1&w=01020101, http://www.sogou.com/sohu?query=%C6%BD%B7%B4&num=10&p=01040100&dp=1&w=01020101) - not blocked: 法西斯 (fascismFascismFascism is a radical authoritarian nationalist political ideology. Fascists seek to rejuvenate their nation based on commitment to the national community as an organic entity, in which individuals are bound together in national identity by suprapersonal connections of ancestry, culture, and blood...
)
- (not blocked by Sohu
- 專政 / 专政 (dictatorship)
- 專制 / 专制 (despotismDespotismDespotism is a form of government in which a single entity rules with absolute power. That entity may be an individual, as in an autocracy, or it may be a group, as in an oligarchy...
) - 反共 (anti-communistCommunismCommunism is a social, political and economic ideology that aims at the establishment of a classless, moneyless, revolutionary and stateless socialist society structured upon common ownership of the means of production...
)- not blocked: 反黨 / 反党 (anti-party), 反革命 (counterrevolutionaryCounterrevolutionaryA counter-revolutionary is anyone who opposes a revolution, particularly those who act after a revolution to try to overturn or reverse it, in full or in part...
), and 反動 / 反动 (reactionaryReactionaryThe term reactionary refers to viewpoints that seek to return to a previous state in a society. The term is meant to describe one end of a political spectrum whose opposite pole is "radical". While it has not been generally considered a term of praise it has been adopted as a self-description by...
)
- not blocked: 反黨 / 反党 (anti-party), 反革命 (counterrevolutionary
- 共匪 (communistCommunismCommunism is a social, political and economic ideology that aims at the establishment of a classless, moneyless, revolutionary and stateless socialist society structured upon common ownership of the means of production...
bandits) — this was the term used by the KuomintangKuomintangThe Kuomintang of China , sometimes romanized as Guomindang via the Pinyin transcription system or GMD for short, and translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party is a founding and ruling political party of the Republic of China . Its guiding ideology is the Three Principles of the People, espoused...
to refer to the communists during Chinese Civil WarChinese Civil WarThe Chinese Civil War was a civil war fought between the Kuomintang , the governing party of the Republic of China, and the Communist Party of China , for the control of China which eventually led to China's division into two Chinas, Republic of China and People's Republic of... - 共惨党 (tragic communist partyCommunist partyA political party described as a Communist party includes those that advocate the application of the social principles of communism through a communist form of government...
), similar pronunciation of 共产党(communist partyCommunist partyA political party described as a Communist party includes those that advocate the application of the social principles of communism through a communist form of government...
) - 群體滅絕 / 群体灭绝 (genocideGenocideGenocide is defined as "the deliberate and systematic destruction, in whole or in part, of an ethnic, racial, religious, or national group", though what constitutes enough of a "part" to qualify as genocide has been subject to much debate by legal scholars...
) - 鎮壓 / 镇压 (oppressionOppressionOppression is the exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner. It can also be defined as an act or instance of oppressing, the state of being oppressed, and the feeling of being heavily burdened, mentally or physically, by troubles, adverse conditions, and...
)- not blocked: 推翻 (overthrowOverthrowOverthrow may refer to:* Overthrow, a change in government, often achieved by force or through a coup.**The 5th October Overthrow, or Bulldozer Revolution, the events of 2000 that led to the downfall of Slobodan Milošević in the former Yugoslavia....
), 政變 / 政变 (coup), 打倒 ("down with") and 維權 / 维权 (Protect rights)
- not blocked: 推翻 (overthrow
- 封鎖 / 封锁 (Blocking)
- 勞教 / 劳教 (Reeducation through laborReeducation through laborRe-education through labor , abbreviated is a system of administrative detentions in the People's Republic of China which is generally used to detain persons for minor crimes such as petty theft, prostitution, and trafficking illegal drugs, as well as religious or political dissidents such as...
) - 紅色恐佈 / 红色恐怖 (Red TerrorRed TerrorThe Red Terror in Soviet Russia was the campaign of mass arrests and executions conducted by the Bolshevik government. In Soviet historiography, the Red Terror is described as having been officially announced on September 2, 1918 by Yakov Sverdlov and ended about October 1918...
) - 邪惡 / 邪恶 (evilEvilEvil is the violation of, or intent to violate, some moral code. Evil is usually seen as the dualistic opposite of good. Definitions of evil vary along with analysis of its root motive causes, however general actions commonly considered evil include: conscious and deliberate wrongdoing,...
) - 流亡 (exile)
Events
- 中俄邊界 / 中俄边界 (Sino-Russian border) - refers to the Sino-Russian Border TreatySino-Soviet border conflictThe Sino–Soviet border conflict was a seven-month military conflict between the Soviet Union and China at the height of the Sino–Soviet split in 1969. The most serious of these border clashes occurred in March 1969 in the vicinity of Zhenbao Island on the Ussuri River, also known as Damanskii...
, which has been attacked by nationalists and dissident groups as a betrayal of Chinese sovereignty and dignity- not blocked: 黑瞎子島 / 黑瞎子岛 (Heixiazi Island) and 銀龍島 / 银龙岛 (Yinlong Island)
- 六四 (June 4), 天安門事件 / 天安门事件 (Tiananmen Square massacre), 民運 / 民運 (Chinese democracy movementChinese democracy movementThe Chinese democracy movement refers to a series of loosely organized political movements in the People's Republic of China against the continued one-party rule by the Communist Party. One such movement began during the Beijing Spring in 1978 and was taken up again in the Tiananmen Square...
) - "June 4" is the usual Chinese name for the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989Tiananmen Square protests of 1989The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, also known as the June Fourth Incident in Chinese , were a series of demonstrations in and near Tiananmen Square in Beijing in the People's Republic of China beginning on 15 April 1989...
. In contrast, "Tiananmen" refers to a geographical place and does not usually have the same connotations.
-
- not blocked: 文革 (Cultural RevolutionCultural RevolutionThe Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, commonly known as the Cultural Revolution , was a socio-political movement that took place in the People's Republic of China from 1966 through 1976...
), 大躍進 / 大跃进 (Great Leap ForwardGreat Leap ForwardThe Great Leap Forward of the People's Republic of China was an economic and social campaign of the Communist Party of China , reflected in planning decisions from 1958 to 1961, which aimed to use China's vast population to rapidly transform the country from an agrarian economy into a modern...
) and 三年自然災害 / 三年自然灾害 (Three Years of Natural DisastersThree Years of Natural DisastersThe Great Chinese Famine , officially referred to as the Three Years of Natural Disasters by the People's Republic of China, was the period in the People's Republic of China between 1958 and 1961 characterized by widespread famine...
)
- not blocked: 文革 (Cultural Revolution
- 一塌糊塗 / 一塌糊涂 (YTHTYTHTYi Ta Hu Tu Bulletin Board System, or YTHT BBS, began on September 17, 1999, and was built by students in Peking University, Beijing, China.In Chinese, Yi Ta Hu Tu means 'extremely messy' literally...
BBS)- not blocked: "YTHT"
- 汕尾 (ShanweiShanweiShanwei is a prefecture-level city in Guangdong province of Southern China, People's Republic of China. It borders Jieyang to the east, Meizhou and Heyuan to the north, Huizhou to the west, and looks out to the South China Sea to the south...
) - refers to the Dongzhou protests of 2005.- not blocked: 太石村 (Taishi Village), 蘇家屯 / 苏家屯 (SujiatunSujiatunSujiatun District is a district of Shenyang, the capital of Liaoning province, People's Republic of China. The current population of Sujiatun is 430,000 and is located 15 km away from central Shenyang...
)
- not blocked: 太石村 (Taishi Village), 蘇家屯 / 苏家屯 (Sujiatun
- 蟻力神 / 蚁力神 (yilishen)
Xinjiang & Tibet
- 疆獨 / 疆独 (XinjiangXinjiangXinjiang is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. It is the largest Chinese administrative division and spans over 1.6 million km2...
independence) - 藏獨 / 藏独 (TibetTibetTibet is a plateau region in Asia, north-east of the Himalayas. It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people as well as some other ethnic groups such as Monpas, Qiang, and Lhobas, and is now also inhabited by considerable numbers of Han and Hui people...
an independence) - 達賴 / 达赖 (dalai, as in Dalai LamaDalai LamaThe Dalai Lama is a high lama in the Gelug or "Yellow Hat" branch of Tibetan Buddhism. The name is a combination of the Mongolian word далай meaning "Ocean" and the Tibetan word bla-ma meaning "teacher"...
) - tibetalk - 西藏論壇 / 西藏论坛 , Tibet Talk, http://www.tibetalk.com/
Dissident groups
- Since 民主 (democracy) is blocked, any political group with that name is also blocked. This includes both dissident groups like 中國民主正義黨 / 中国民主正义党 (Chinese Democracy Justice Party) http://www.cdjp.org/, 民主中國 / 民主中国 (China Democracy) http://www.chinamz.org/ and government-sanctioned groups like 中國民主同盟 / 中国民主同盟 (China Democratic LeagueChina Democratic LeagueThe China Democratic League is one of the eight legally recognised political parties in the People's Republic of China.The party was established in 1939 and took its present name in 1944. At its formation, it was a coalition of three pro-democracy parties and three pressure groups...
) - 天安門母親 / 天安门母亲 (Tiananmen MothersTiananmen MothersThe Tiananmen Mothers is a group of Chinese democracy activists promoting a change in the government's position over the suppression of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989...
)
Dissidents
- 魏京生 (Wei JingshengWei JingshengWei Jingsheng is a Chinese activist known for his involvement in the Chinese democracy movement, most prominent for authoring the document Fifth Modernization on the "Democracy Wall" in Beijing in 1978. He is generally known for getting arrested and spending 15 years in prison due to the document...
) - 王丹 (Wang DanWang DanWang Dan , a leader of the Chinese democracy movement, was one of the most visible of the student leaders in the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. Wang holds a Ph.D. in history from Harvard University. From August 2009 to February 2010, Wang taught cross-strait history at Taiwan's National...
) - 吾爾開希 / 吾尔开希 (Wu'er Kaixi)
- 柴玲 (Chai LingChai LingChai Ling was one of the student leaders in the Tian'anmen Square protests of 1989. Today she is Founder of All Girls Allowed, a humanitarian organization working to restore value to girls in China.-Education and protest:Chai Ling's parents were members of the Communist Party...
) - 封從德 / 封从德 (Feng CongdeFeng CongdeFeng Congde is a Chinese dissident. He was a student leader in the 1989 Tiananmen Square Protests. He was on the Chinese Government's list of the 21 most wanted leaders of the protests....
) - 丁子霖 (Ding ZilinDing ZilinProfessor Ding Zilin is currently the leader of the political pressure group Tiananmen Mothers.-Biography:...
) - 王若望 (Wang RuowangWang RuowangWang Ruowang , born as Shouhua but more popularly known from his pen name Ruowang, was a Chinese author and dissident who was imprisoned various times for political reasons by both the Kuomintang and the Communist government of China...
) - 劉賓雁 / 刘宾雁(Liu BinyanLiu BinyanLiu Binyan was a Chinese author and journalist, as well as a political dissident.Many of the events in Liu's life are recounted in his memoir, A Higher Kind of Loyalty.-Early life:...
) - 吳弘達 / 吴弘达 (Harry WuHarry WuHarry Wu is an activist for human rights in the People's Republic of China. Now a resident and citizen of the United States, Wu spent 19 years in Chinese labor camps. In 1992, he founded the Laogai Research Foundation. In 1996 the Columbia Human Rights Law Review awarded Wu its second Award for...
) - 司徒華 / 司徒华 (Szeto WahSzeto WahSzeto Wah was a politician of the pan-democracy camp of Hong Kong. He was formerly the chairman of The Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China and a member of the Legislative Council from 1985 to 1997 and 1998 to 2004.Although the Hong Kong government prior to as...
) - 張戎 / 张戎 (Jung ChangJung ChangJung Chang is a Chinese-born British writer now living in London, best known for her family autobiography Wild Swans, selling over 10 million copies worldwide but banned in the People's Republic of China....
, author of Mao: The Unknown StoryMao: The Unknown StoryMao: The Unknown Story is a 2005 biography of Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong written by the husband and wife team of writer Jung Chang and historian Jon Halliday, and depicts Mao as being responsible for more deaths in peacetime than Adolf Hitler or Joseph Stalin.In conducting their research...
) - "
Tank Man" [in English] leads only to a terse warning about the questionable legality of the material one may be seeking in Google.cn. However, a search for "王维林," ostensibly Tank Man's real name, in the same search engine shows the Chinese-language Wikipedia's article on Tank Man as the first result.Tank ManTank Man, or the Unknown Rebel, is the nickname of an anonymous man who stood in front of a column of Chinese Type 59 tanks the morning after the Chinese military forcibly removed protestors from in and around Beijing's Tiananmen Square on June 5, 1989. The man achieved widespread international...- not blocked: 王若水 (Wang RuoshuiWang RuoshuiWang Ruoshui , was a Chinese journalist and philosopher, major exponent of Marxist humanism in China and of Chinese liberalism.Wang studied philosophy in the late 1940s, converting to Marxism and joining the Communist Party prior to the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949...
) and 孫文廣 / 孙文广 (Sun Wenguang)
- not blocked: 王若水 (Wang Ruoshui
- 刘晓波 (Liu XiaoboLiu XiaoboLiu Xiaobo is a Chinese literary critic, writer, professor, and human rights activist who called for political reforms and the end of communist single-party rule in China...
)
Politicians
- 江澤民 / 江泽民 (Jiang ZeminJiang ZeminJiang Zemin is a former Chinese politician, who served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of China from 1989 to 2002, as President of the People's Republic of China from 1993 to 2003, and as Chairman of the Central Military Commission from 1989 to 2005...
)- Search engines like Baidu, Google, and Yahoo don't block this name.
- 江賊 / 江贼, 賊民 / 贼民, 江賊民, 江流氓 (all four describe Jiang Zemin as a bandit)
- 江羅 / 江罗 (Jiang Luo, refers to Jiang Zemin and Luo GanLuo GanLuo Gan is a former member of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China and former Political and Legislative Affairs Committee secretary of the People's Republic of China.-Biography:...
)- not blocked: 羅干 / 罗干 (Luo GanLuo GanLuo Gan is a former member of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China and former Political and Legislative Affairs Committee secretary of the People's Republic of China.-Biography:...
)
- not blocked: 羅干 / 罗干 (Luo Gan
- 趙紫陽 / 赵紫阳 (Zhao ZiyangZhao ZiyangZhao Ziyang was a high-ranking politician in the People's Republic of China . He was the third Premier of the People's Republic of China from 1980 to 1987, and General Secretary of the Communist Party of China from 1987 to 1989....
) - 鮑彤 / 鲍彤 (Bao TongBao TongBao Tong was former Director of the Office of Political Reform of the CPC Central Committee and the Policy Secretary of Zhao Ziyang, Premier of the State Council, from 1980 to 1985. He was also Director of the Drafting Committee for the CCP 13th Party Congresses, known for its strong support for...
) - 黃菊 / 黄菊 (Huang JuHuang JuHuang Ju was the Executive Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China. He joined the Communist Party of China in March 1966. He was ranked 6th out of 9, and was one of the least popular and most partisan members of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Party...
)- No other blocks on the names of politicians have been discovered. The following are not blocked:
- 胡耀邦 (Hu YaobangHu YaobangHu Yaobang was a leader of the People's Republic of China who served as both Chairman and Party General Secretary. Hu joined the Chinese Communist Party in the 1930s, and rose to prominence as a comrade of Deng Xiaoping...
), 華國鋒 / 华国锋 (Hua GuofengHua GuofengSu Zhu, better known by the nom de guerre Hua Guofeng , was Mao Zedong's designated successor as the Paramount Leader of the Communist Party of China and the People's Republic of China. Upon Zhou Enlai's death in 1976, he succeeded Zhou as the second Premier of the People's Republic of China...
), 鄧小平 / 邓小平 (Deng XiaopingDeng XiaopingDeng Xiaoping was a Chinese politician, statesman, and diplomat. As leader of the Communist Party of China, Deng was a reformer who led China towards a market economy...
), 毛澤東 / 毛泽东 (Mao ZedongMao ZedongMao Zedong, also transliterated as Mao Tse-tung , and commonly referred to as Chairman Mao , was a Chinese Communist revolutionary, guerrilla warfare strategist, Marxist political philosopher, and leader of the Chinese Revolution...
), 周恩來 / 周恩来 (Zhou EnlaiZhou EnlaiZhou Enlai was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China, serving from October 1949 until his death in January 1976...
), 劉少奇 / 刘少奇 (Liu ShaoqiLiu ShaoqiLiu Shaoqi was a Chinese revolutionary, statesman, and theorist. He was Chairman of the People's Republic of China, China's head of state, from 27 April 1959 to 31 October 1968, during which he implemented policies of economic reconstruction in China...
), 林彪 / 林彪 (Lin BiaoLin BiaoLin Biao was a major Chinese Communist military leader who was pivotal in the communist victory in the Chinese Civil War, especially in Northeastern China...
), 宋慶齩 / 宋庆龄 (Soong Ching-lingSoong Ching-lingSoong Ching-ling , also known as Madame Sun Yat-sen, was one of the three Soong sisters—who, along with their husbands, were amongst China's most significant political figures of the early 20th century. She was the Vice Chairman of the People's Republic of China...
), 孫中山 / 孙中山 (Sun Yat-senSun Yat-senSun Yat-sen was a Chinese doctor, revolutionary and political leader. As the foremost pioneer of Nationalist China, Sun is frequently referred to as the "Father of the Nation" , a view agreed upon by both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China...
), 彭德懷 / 彭德怀 (Peng DehuaiPeng DehuaiPeng Dehuai was a prominent military leader of the Communist Party of China, and China's Defence Minister from 1954 to 1959. Peng was an important commander during the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Chinese civil war and was also the commander-in-chief of People's Volunteer Army in the Korean War...
), 朱德 (Zhu DeZhu DeZhu De was a Chinese militarist, politician, revolutionary, and one of the pioneers of the Chinese Communist Party. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, in 1955 Zhu became one of the Ten Marshals of the People's Liberation Army, of which he is regarded as the founder.-Early...
), 董必武 (Dong BiwuDong BiwuDong Biwu was a Chinese communist political leader during the regime of Mao Zedong.-Biography:Dong Biwu was born in Huanggang, Hubei. He was the President of China from 1948 to 1949 and Acting President from 1968 until 17 January 1975 when Zhu De became the succeeding Chairman of the Standing...
), 萬里 / 万里 (Wan LiWan LiWan Li was during a long administrative career in the People's Republic of China Vice Premier, National People's Congress Chairman, and a member of the Communist Party of China Central Committee, its Secretariat and its Politburo...
), 喬石 / 乔石 (Qiao ShiQiao ShiQiao Shi is a politician in the People's Republic of China. He was born as Jiang Zhitong , to parents of Dinghai, Zhejiang province ancestry. He is said to be distantly related to Chiang Kai-shek's family and this was the cause for the persecution he suffered during the Cultural Revolution...
), 李鵬 / 李鹏 (Li PengLi PengLi Peng served as the fourth Premier of the People's Republic of China, between 1987 and 1998, and the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, China's top legislative body, from 1998 to 2003. For much of the 1990s Li was ranked second in the Communist Party of China ...
), 朱鎔基 / 朱镕基 (Zhu RongjiZhu RongjiZhū Róngjī is a prominent Chinese politician who served as the Mayor and Party chief in Shanghai between 1987 and 1991, before serving as Vice-Premier and then the fifth Premier of the People's Republic of China from March 1998 to March 2003.A tough administrator, his time in office saw the...
), 李瑞環 / 李瑞环 (Li RuihuanLi RuihuanLi Ruihuan was a politician active late 20th century and early 21st century in the People's Republic of China. Li was a member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of 15th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China until November 2002...
), 曾慶紅 / 曾庆红 (Zeng QinghongZeng QinghongZeng Qinghong was the Vice-President of the People's Republic of China from 2003 to 2008. He became a member of the Politburo Standing Committee and member of the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee during the 2002 16th Party Congress. Although he was formally ranked fifth in the nine PSC...
), 李先念 (Li XiannianLi XianniànLi Xiannian was President of the People's Republic of China between 1983 and 1988 and then chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference until his death. He was an influential political figure throughout the PRC, having been a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of...
), 陳獨秀 / 陈独秀 (Chen DuxiuChen DuxiuChen Duxiu played many different roles in Chinese history. He was a leading figure in the anti-imperial Xinhai Revolution and the May Fourth Movement for Science and Democracy. Along with Li Dazhao, Chen was a co-founder of the Chinese Communist Party in 1921. He was its first General Secretary....
), 瞿秋白 (Qu QiubaiQu QiubaiQu Qiubai was born in Changzhou, Jiangsu, China. He was a leader of the Communist Party of China in the late 1920s.-Early life:...
), 向忠發 / 向忠发 (Xiang ZhongfaXiang ZhongfaXiang Zhongfa was one of the early senior leaders of the Communist Party of China .-Early life:Xiang was born in 1880 to a poor family living in Shanghai. He dropped out of elementary school to move with his parents to their ancestral home in Hubei...
), 楊尚昆 / 杨尚昆 (Yang ShangkunYang ShangkunYang Shangkun was President of the People's Republic of China from 1988 to 1993, and was permanent Vice-chair of the Central Military Commission...
), 蔣介石 / 蒋介石 (Chiang Kai-shekChiang Kai-shekChiang Kai-shek was a political and military leader of 20th century China. He is known as Jiǎng Jièshí or Jiǎng Zhōngzhèng in Mandarin....
)
- 胡耀邦 (Hu Yaobang
- No other blocks on the names of politicians have been discovered. The following are not blocked:
Dissident news
- 大參考 / 大参考 (Dacankao) http://www.bignews.org/
- 博訊 / 博讯 (Boxun) http://www.boxun.com/
- 華夏文摘 / 华夏文摘 (China News Digest) http://www.cnd.org/
- 多維 / 多维 (Chinese News Net) http://www.chinesenewsnet.com/
- 紀元 / 纪元 (Epoch), the second and third characters of 大纪元 (Epoch Times) http://www.dajiyuan.com/
- 自由亞洲 / 自由亚洲 , first four characters of (Radio Free AsiaRadio Free AsiaRadio Free Asia is a private, nonprofit corporation that operates a radio station and Internet news service. RFA was founded by an act of the US Congress and is operated by the Broadcasting Board of Governors . The RFA is supported in part by grants from the federal government of the United States...
) http://www.rfa.org/ - 人民報 / 人民报 (Renminbao), http://www.renminbao.com/
- peacehall — same as Boxun
- 美國之音 / 美国之音 (Voice of AmericaVoice of AmericaVoice of America is the official external broadcast institution of the United States federal government. It is one of five civilian U.S. international broadcasters working under the umbrella of the Broadcasting Board of Governors . VOA provides a wide range of programming for broadcast on radio...
)
Falun Gong
- 法輪 / 法轮 (falun, or "dharmaDharmaDharma means Law or Natural Law and is a concept of central importance in Indian philosophy and religion. In the context of Hinduism, it refers to one's personal obligations, calling and duties, and a Hindu's dharma is affected by the person's age, caste, class, occupation, and gender...
chakraChakraChakra is a concept originating in Hindu texts, featured in tantric and yogic traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism. Its name derives from the Sanskrit word for "wheel" or "turning" .Chakra is a concept referring to wheel-like vortices...
") - 法倫 / 法伦 (falun)
- 輪功 / 轮功 (lun gong, the second and third characters of Falun GongFalun GongFalun Gong is a spiritual discipline first introduced in China in 1992 by its founder, Li Hongzhi, through public lectures. It combines the practice of meditation and slow-moving qigong exercises with the moral philosophy...
) - 輪大 / 轮大 (lun da, the second and third characters of Falun Dafa)
- 大法 (dafa, or "Great Law")
- 洪志 (hongzhi, given name of Falun Gong founder Li HongzhiLi HongzhiLi Hongzhi is the founder and spiritual master of Falun Gong , a "system of mind-body cultivation" in the qigong tradition. Li Hongzhi introduced Falun Gong on 13 May 1992 in Changchun, and subsequently gave lectures and taught Falun Gong exercises across China...
) - 弟子 (disciple)
- 真善忍 (Truthfulness, Compassion, Forbearance) — the principles of the Falun Gong practice
- 明慧 (Minghui, official website of Falun GongFalun GongFalun Gong is a spiritual discipline first introduced in China in 1992 by its founder, Li Hongzhi, through public lectures. It combines the practice of meditation and slow-moving qigong exercises with the moral philosophy...
) http://www.minghui.org/ - བོད་ཀྱི་དུས་བབ། www.tibettimes.net, the official website of Bod-Kyi-Dus-Bab Tibet TimesTibet TimesTibet Times is a Tibetan-language newspaper founded in 1996 and published every ten days from Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh, India, the seat of the 14th Dalai Lama....
- falun
- hongzhi
- minghui
- not blocked: 王文怡 (Wenyi WangWenyi WangWang Wenyi is a pathologist who once worked as a journalist for The Epoch Times. She is known for having confronted President Jiang Zemin in 2001, and for heckling President Hu Jintao on 20 April 2006...
)
- not blocked: 王文怡 (Wenyi Wang
Taiwan
- 民進黨 / 民进党 (Democratic Progressive PartyDemocratic Progressive PartyThe Democratic Progressive Party is a political party in Taiwan, and the dominant party in the Pan-Green Coalition. Founded in 1986, DPP is the first meaningful opposition party in Taiwan. It has traditionally been associated with strong advocacy of human rights and a distinct Taiwanese identity,...
)- not blocked: 臺灣團結聯盟 / 台湾团结联盟 (Taiwan Solidarity UnionTaiwan Solidarity UnionThe Taiwan Solidarity Union is a political party in the Republic of China which advocates Taiwan independence. It was officially founded on July 24, 2001 and is considered part of the Pan-Green Coalition. Unlike the Democratic Progressive Party, its larger companion party in the Pan-Green...
), 泛綠 / 泛绿 (Pan-Green), 中華民國 / 中华民国 (Republic of ChinaRepublic of ChinaThe Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan , is a unitary sovereign state located in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China currently governs the island of Taiwan , which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor...
), and 臺獨 / 台独 (Taiwan independenceTaiwan independenceTaiwan independence is a political movement whose goals are primarily to formally establish the Republic of Taiwan by renaming or replacing the Republic of China , form a Taiwanese national identity, reject unification and One country, two systems with the People's Republic of China and a Chinese...
) - not blocked: 國民黨 / 国民党 (KuomintangKuomintangThe Kuomintang of China , sometimes romanized as Guomindang via the Pinyin transcription system or GMD for short, and translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party is a founding and ruling political party of the Republic of China . Its guiding ideology is the Three Principles of the People, espoused...
) and 泛藍 / 泛蓝 (Pan-Blue) - not blocked: 陳水扁 / 陈水扁 (Chen Shui-bianChen Shui-bianChen Shui-bian is a former Taiwanese politician who was the 10th and 11th-term President of the Republic of China from 2000 to 2008. Chen, whose Democratic Progressive Party has traditionally been supportive of Taiwan independence, ended more than fifty years of Kuomintang rule in Taiwan...
), 呂秀蓮 / 吕秀莲 (Annette LuAnnette LuAnnette Lu Hsiu-lien , was the Vice President of the Republic of China from 2000 to 2008, under Chen Shui-bian. She announced her intentions to run for President of Taiwan on March 6, 2007, but withdrew in order to support DPP presidential nominee, Frank Hsieh...
) and 李登輝 / 李登辉 (Lee Teng-huiLee Teng-huiLee Teng-hui is a politician of the Republic of China . He was the 7th, 8th, and 9th-term President of the Republic of China and Chairman of the Kuomintang from 1988 to 2000. He presided over major advancements in democratic reforms including his own re-election which marked the first direct...
) - not blocked: 宋美齡 / 宋美龄 (Soong May-lingSoong May-lingSoong May-ling or Soong Mei-ling, also known as Madame Chiang Kai-shek or Madame Chiang was a First Lady of the Republic of China , the wife of Generalissimo and President Chiang Kai-shek. She was a politician and painter...
), 蔣經國 / 蒋经国 (Chiang Ching-kuoChiang Ching-kuoChiang Ching-kuo , Kuomintang politician and leader, was the son of President Chiang Kai-shek and held numerous posts in the government of the Republic of China...
), 蔣方良 / 蒋方良 (Chiang Fang-liangChiang Fang-liangFaina Chiang Fang-liang was the wife of President Chiang Ching-kuo and served as First Lady of the Republic of China on Taiwan from 1978 to 1988.-Biography:...
), and 馬英九 / 马英九 (Ma Ying-jeouMa Ying-jeouMa Ying-jeou is the 12th term and current President of the Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan, and the Chairman of the Kuomintang Party, also known as the Chinese Nationalist Party. He formerly served as Justice Minister from 1993 to 1996, Mayor of Taipei from 1998 to 2006, and Chairman...
)
- not blocked: 臺灣團結聯盟 / 台湾团结联盟 (Taiwan Solidarity Union
Others
- google.blogspot.com results in a 5-minute IP block from Baidu as well as Yahoo! China.
- 東方紅時空 / 东方红时空
- 九評共產黨 / 九评共产党 (The Nine Commentaries on the Communist Party)
- 不為人知的故事 / 不为人知的故事 (The Unknown Story) - refers to the book "Mao: The Unknown StoryMao: The Unknown StoryMao: The Unknown Story is a 2005 biography of Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong written by the husband and wife team of writer Jung Chang and historian Jon Halliday, and depicts Mao as being responsible for more deaths in peacetime than Adolf Hitler or Joseph Stalin.In conducting their research...
" - 李志綏 / 李志绥 (Li ZhisuiLi ZhisuiLi Zhisui was Mao Zedong's personal physician and confidante. After immigrating to the United States, he wrote a biography of his experiences with Mao entitled The Private Life of Chairman Mao .Weeks after he announced on a TV interview that he was going to write another memoir, Li died of a...
, author of the controversial book "The Private Life of Chairman MaoThe Private Life of Chairman MaoThe Private Life of Chairman Mao: The Memoirs of Mao's Personal Physician is a memoir by Li Zhisui, one of the physicians to the former Chinese leader Mao Zedong, which was first published in 1994. Li had emigrated to the United States in the years after Mao's death...
") - 支那 (Shina (word)Shina (word)are Romanized Japanese transliterations for the Chinese character compound "支那" which is viewed by most Chinese people as an offensive term for China...
)