List of concentration camps of Nazi Germany
Encyclopedia
This article presents a partial list of more prominent Nazi concentration camps set up across Europe during World War II
and the Holocaust. A more complete list drawn up in 1967 by the German Ministry of Justice names about 1,200 camps and subcamps in countries occupied by Nazi Germany
, while the Jewish Virtual Library
writes: "It is estimated that the Nazis established 15,000 camps in the occupied countries." Most of these camps were destroyed.
The Nazi concentration camps
built by the Third Reich mostly between 1939 and 1942 were intended to hold large groups of prisoners without trial or judicial process, including Jews, gypsies, Slavs, prisoners of war and many others, seen as undesirable by the occupation administration. In modern historiography, the term refers to a place of mistreatment
, starvation
, forced labour
, and murder
. Some of the data presented in this table originates from The War Against the Jews
by Lucy Dawidowicz
.
are marked with light blue, Labor camps are marked with Gray, while Transit camps and Collective points remain unmarked. Nazi ghettos are generally not included (see: List of Nazi-era ghettos instead). According to data presented in the table below, an estimated 4,251,500 people lost their lives in the camps.
For a discussion of how the number of victims is determined, see Holocaust victims and death toll.
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
and the Holocaust. A more complete list drawn up in 1967 by the German Ministry of Justice names about 1,200 camps and subcamps in countries occupied by Nazi Germany
German–occupied Europe
German–occupied Europe or Nazi Empire refers to the countries of Europe which were occupied by the military forces of Nazi Germany at various times between 1938 and 1945....
, while the Jewish Virtual Library
Jewish Virtual Library
Jewish Virtual Library is an online encyclopedia published by the American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise . Established in 1993, it is a comprehensive website covering Israel, the Jewish people, and Jewish culture.-History:...
writes: "It is estimated that the Nazis established 15,000 camps in the occupied countries." Most of these camps were destroyed.
The Nazi concentration camps
Nazi concentration camps
Nazi Germany maintained concentration camps throughout the territories it controlled. The first Nazi concentration camps set up in Germany were greatly expanded after the Reichstag fire of 1933, and were intended to hold political prisoners and opponents of the regime...
built by the Third Reich mostly between 1939 and 1942 were intended to hold large groups of prisoners without trial or judicial process, including Jews, gypsies, Slavs, prisoners of war and many others, seen as undesirable by the occupation administration. In modern historiography, the term refers to a place of mistreatment
Physical abuse
Physical abuse is abuse involving contact intended to cause feelings of intimidation, injury, or other physical suffering or bodily harm.-Forms of physical abuse:*Striking*Punching*Belting*Pushing, pulling*Slapping*Whipping*Striking with an object...
, starvation
Starvation
Starvation is a severe deficiency in caloric energy, nutrient and vitamin intake. It is the most extreme form of malnutrition. In humans, prolonged starvation can cause permanent organ damage and eventually, death...
, forced labour
Unfree labour
Unfree labour includes all forms of slavery as well as all other related institutions .-Payment for unfree labour:If payment occurs, it may be in one or more of the following forms:...
, and murder
Murder
Murder is the unlawful killing, with malice aforethought, of another human being, and generally this state of mind distinguishes murder from other forms of unlawful homicide...
. Some of the data presented in this table originates from The War Against the Jews
The War Against the Jews
The War Against the Jews is a 1975 book authored by Lucy Dawidowicz. The book researches the Holocaust of the European Jewry during World War II....
by Lucy Dawidowicz
Lucy Dawidowicz
Lucy Schildkret Dawidowicz was an American historian and an author of books on modern Jewish history, in particular books on the Holocaust.-Life:...
.
Table of selected Nazi concentration camps
In the table below, Extermination camps are marked with light red, Concentration campsInternment
Internment is the imprisonment or confinement of people, commonly in large groups, without trial. The Oxford English Dictionary gives the meaning as: "The action of 'interning'; confinement within the limits of a country or place." Most modern usage is about individuals, and there is a distinction...
are marked with light blue, Labor camps are marked with Gray, while Transit camps and Collective points remain unmarked. Nazi ghettos are generally not included (see: List of Nazi-era ghettos instead). According to data presented in the table below, an estimated 4,251,500 people lost their lives in the camps.
| Camp Name | Country (today) | Camp Type | Dates of use | Est. prisoners | Est. deaths | Sub-camps | Webpage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alderney Alderney concentration camps The Alderney concentration camps were prison camps built and operated by Nazi Germany during its World War II occupation of the Channel Islands. The Channel Islands were the only British Commonwealth soil to be occupied by the Nazis.... |
Channel Islands Channel Islands The Channel Islands are an archipelago of British Crown Dependencies in the English Channel, off the French coast of Normandy. They include two separate bailiwicks: the Bailiwick of Guernsey and the Bailiwick of Jersey... |
Labor camps | Jan 1942 – Jun 1944 | 6,000 | 700 | Lager Borkum Lager Borkum Lager Borkum was a Nazi concentration camp on Alderney, in the Channel Islands, named after the East Frisian Island of Borkum.The Germans built four concentration camps on the island, subcamps of the Neuengamme concentration camp... , Lager Helgoland Lager Helgoland Lager Helgoland was a Nazi concentration camp on Alderney in the Channel Islands, named after the Frisian Island of Heligoland , formerly a Danish and then British possession located off the German North Sea coastline and belonging to Germany since 1890.The Germans built four concentration camps... , Lager Norderney Lager Norderney Lager Norderney was a Nazi concentration camp on Alderney, in the Channel Islands, named after the East Frisian island of Norderney.The Germans built four concentration camps on the island, subcamps of the Neuengamme concentration camp... , Lager Sylt Lager Sylt Lager Sylt was a Nazi concentration camp on Alderney in the British Crown Dependency, the Channel Islands, in operation between March 1943 and June 1944. The Germans built one concentration camp and three Labour camps on the island, subcamps of the Neuengamme concentration camp... |
http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sb-sites/sites/a/alderney/lager_sylt/index.shtml |
| Amersfoort | Netherlands Netherlands The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders... |
Transit camp and prison | Aug 1941 – Apr 1945 | 35,000 | 1,000 | http://www.kampamersfoort.nl/ | |
| Arbeitsdorf Arbeitsdorf Arbeitsdorf was a concentration camp established by the Nazis in 1942.-History and the purpose of the camp:In 1936, a German car engineer by the name of Ferdinand Porsche designed a prototype of a car that would be affordable enough for all Germans to buy. He then showed his idea to the then... |
Germany Germany Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate... |
Labor camp | 8 Apr 1942 – 11 Oct 1942 | 600 min. | none | ||
| Auschwitz-Birkenau Auschwitz concentration camp Concentration camp Auschwitz was a network of Nazi concentration and extermination camps built and operated by the Third Reich in Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany during World War II... |
Poland Poland Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north... |
Extermination and labor camp | Apr 1940 – Jan 1945 | 135,000 min. in August 1944 | list of 48 sub-camps with description at the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum The Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum is a memorial and museum in Oświęcim, Poland , which includes the German concentration camps Auschwitz I and Auschwitz II-Birkenau. It is devoted to the memory of the murders in both camps during World War II... |
||
| Banjica Banjica concentration camp Banjica concentration camp was a quisling and Nazi German concentration camp in occupied Serbia from June 1941 to September 1944 in World War II, located in the eponymous suburb of Belgrade. It started as a center for holding hostages, but later included Jews, Serbs, Roma, captured partisans, and... |
Serbia Serbia Serbia , officially the Republic of Serbia , is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, covering the southern part of the Carpathian basin and the central part of the Balkans... |
Concentration camp | Jun 1941 – Sep 1944 | 23,637 min. | |||
| Bardufoss Bardufoss concentration camp The Bardufoss concentration camp is located in Northern Norway in the municipality of Målselv. During the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, the Nazi authorities established a "concentration camp in the town of Bardufoss," as an annex to the Grini concentration camp. It opened in March 1944 to... |
Norway Norway Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and Bouvet Island. Norway has a total area of and a population of about 4.9 million... |
Concentration camp | Mar 1944 – ???? | 800 | 250 | ||
| Bełżec Belzec extermination camp Belzec, Polish spelling Bełżec , was the first of the Nazi German extermination camps created for implementing Operation Reinhard during the Holocaust... |
Poland Poland Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north... |
Extermination camp | Oct 1941 – Jun 1943 | 434,508 min. | http://www.belzec.org.pl/ | ||
| Berga an der Elster (Berga, Thuringia Berga, Thuringia Berga/Elster is a town in the district of Greiz, in Thuringia, Germany. It is situated on the river Weiße Elster, 14 km southeast of Gera.... ) |
Germany Germany Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate... |
Labor camp; Buchenwald subcamp | |||||
| Bergen-Belsen Bergen-Belsen concentration camp Bergen-Belsen was a Nazi concentration camp in Lower Saxony in northwestern Germany, southwest of the town of Bergen near Celle... |
Germany Germany Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate... |
Collection point | Apr 1943 – Apr 1945 | 70,000 | 2 | http://www.bergenbelsen.de/ | |
| Berlin-Marzahn Berlin-Marzahn concentration camp Berlin-Marzahn Rastplatz was a camp set up for Romani people in the Berlin suburb of Marzahn by Nazi authorities.At 4 a.m. on 16 July 1936, prior to the opening of the 1936 Berlin Olympics, police began arresting all Romani people in Greater Berlin and forcibly relocated them to Marzahn, an open... |
Germany Germany Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate... |
Early a "rest place" then labor camp for Roma | July 1936 – | none | http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005482 | ||
| Bernburg Bernburg Bernburg is a town in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, capital of the district of Salzlandkreis. It is situated on the river Saale, approx. 30 km downstream from Halle. The town is dominated by its huge Renaissance castle featuring a museum as well as a popular, recently updated bear pit in its... |
Germany Germany Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate... |
Collection point | Apr 1942 – Apr 1945 | 100,000 | 2 | ||
| Bogdanovka Bogdanovka Bogdanovka was a concentration camp for Jews that was established by the Romanian authorities during World War II as part of the Holocaust.- Location :... |
Moldova Moldova Moldova , officially the Republic of Moldova is a landlocked state in Eastern Europe, located between Romania to the West and Ukraine to the North, East and South. It declared itself an independent state with the same boundaries as the preceding Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1991, as part... |
Concentration camp | 1941 | 54,000 | 40,000 | ||
| Bolzano Bolzano Transit Camp The Bolzano transit camp was a Nazi concentration camp active in Bolzano between 1944 and the end of the Second World War. It was one of the largest Nazi Lager on Italian soil, along with those of Fossoli, Borgo San Dalmazzo and Trieste.-History:... |
Italy Italy Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and... |
Transit | Jul 1944 – Apr 1945 | 11,116 | |||
| Bredtvet | Norway Norway Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and Bouvet Island. Norway has a total area of and a population of about 4.9 million... |
Concentration camp | Fall, 1941 – May, 1945 | 1,000 min. | ???? | none | |
| Breendonk Fort Breendonk Fort Breendonk is a fortification built in 1906 as part of the second ring of defences around the city of Antwerp . Originally one in a chain of fortresses constructed to defend Belgium against a German attack, Breendonk was near the town of the same name, about 12 miles southwest of Antwerp... |
Belgium Belgium Belgium , officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO.Belgium is also a member of, or affiliated to, many... |
Prison and labor camp | 20 Sep 1940 – Sep 1944 | 3532 min. | 391 min. | none | http://www.breendonk.be/ |
| Breitenau Breitenau concentration camp Breitenau was a Nazi education and labor camp established in June 1933 in Germany. It was located in Guxhagen, ca. 15 km south of Kassel and was built around the Breitenau monastery.-Breitenau as an education and welfare camp:... |
Germany Germany Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate... |
"Early wild camp", then labor camp | Jun 1933 – Mar 1934, 1940–1945 |
470 – 8500 | http://www.gedenkstaette-breitenau.de/ | ||
| Buchenwald Buchenwald concentration camp Buchenwald concentration camp was a German Nazi concentration camp established on the Ettersberg near Weimar, Germany, in July 1937, one of the first and the largest of the concentration camps on German soil.Camp prisoners from all over Europe and Russia—Jews, non-Jewish Poles and Slovenes,... |
Germany Germany Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate... |
Labor camp | Jul 1937 – Apr 1945 | 250,000 | 56,000 Number of deaths in Buchenwald The Buchenwald concentration camp was established in 1937, 10 kilometers from Weimar. The prisoners of the camp were Jews, political prisoners, religious prisoners and prisoners of war. They came from Russia, Poland, France, Germany, Austria and other countries.... |
list | http://www.buchenwald.de/ |
| Chełmno Chelmno extermination camp Chełmno extermination camp, also known as the Kulmhof concentration camp, was a Nazi German extermination camp that was situated 50 kilometres from Łódź, near a small village called Chełmno nad Nerem . After annexation by Germany Kulmhof was included into Reichsgau Wartheland in 1939... (Kulmhof) |
Poland Poland Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north... |
Extermination camp | Dec 1941 – Apr 1943, Apr 1944 – Jan 1945 |
152,000 min. | http://www1.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/microsoft%20word%20-%202494.pdf | ||
| Crveni krst Crveni krst concentration camp Crveni Krst concentration camp , also known as logor Crveni Krst or Lager Niš , was a concentration camp located in Crveni Krst, in the industrial zone of the Serbian city of Niš, and operated by the Nazis during the Second World War.It is estimated that around 30,000 persons went through this... |
Serbia Serbia Serbia , officially the Republic of Serbia , is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, covering the southern part of the Carpathian basin and the central part of the Balkans... |
Concentration camp | 1941–1945 | 30,000 | 12,300 | ||
| Dachau | Germany Germany Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate... |
Labor camp | Mar 1933 – Apr 1945 | 200,000 | 31,591 | list | http://www.holocaust-history.org/dachau-gas-chambers/ |
| Drancy Drancy internment camp The Drancy internment camp of Paris, France, was used to hold Jews who were later deported to the extermination camps. 65,000 Jews were deported from Drancy, of whom 63,000 were murdered including 6,000 children... |
France France The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France... |
Internment camp, transit | 20 Aug 1941 – 17 Aug 1944 | 70,000 | Three of five Paris annexes: Austerlitz, Lévitan and Bassano camps | http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005215 | |
| Falstad Falstad concentration camp Falstad concentration camp was a prison camp in the village of Ekne in what was the municipality of Skogn in Nord-Trøndelag county, Norway... |
Norway Norway Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and Bouvet Island. Norway has a total area of and a population of about 4.9 million... |
Prison camp | Dec 1941 – May 1945 | 200 min. | none | http://www.falstadsenteret.no/ | |
| Flößberg (Frohburg Frohburg Frohburg is a town in the Leipzig district, in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It is situated 11 km northeast of Altenburg, and 34 km southeast of Leipzig. It includes the village of Flößberg.- History :... ) |
Germany Germany Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate... |
Labor camp; Buchenwald subcamp | November 1944 – Apr 1945 | 1904 | 235 min. | http://www.floessberg-gedenkt.de/ | |
| Flossenbürg Flossenbürg concentration camp Konzentrationslager Flossenbürg was a Nazi concentration camp built in May 1938 by the Schutzstaffel Economic-Administrative Main Office at Flossenbürg, in the Oberpfalz region of Bavaria, Germany, near the border with Czechoslovakia. Until its liberation in April 1945, more than 96,000 prisoners... |
Germany Germany Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate... |
Labor camp | May 1938 – Apr 1945 | 100,000 min. | 30,000 | list | http://www.gedenkstaette-flossenbuerg.de/ |
| Fort de Romainville Fort de Romainville Fort de Romainville, was built in France in the 1830s and was used as a Nazi concentration camp in World War II.- Use in WWII :... |
France France The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France... |
Prison and transit camp | 1940 – Aug 1944 | 8,100 min. | 200 min. | none | http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/imt/tgmwc/tgmwc-05/tgmwc-05-42-05.shtml |
| Fort VII Fort VII Fort VII, officially Konzentrationslager Posen , was a Nazi concentration camp set up in Poznań in occupied Poland during World War II, located in one of the 19th-century forts which ringed the city... (Poznań) |
Poland Poland Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north... |
Concentration, detention, transit | Oct 1939 – Apr 1944 | 18,000 min. | 4,500 min. | http://www.muzeumniepodleglosci.poznan.pl/index.php?module=htmlpages&func=display&pid=2 | |
| Fossoli | Italy Italy Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and... |
Prison and transit camp | 5 Dec 1943 – Nov 1944 | none | |||
| Grini | Norway Norway Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and Bouvet Island. Norway has a total area of and a population of about 4.9 million... |
Prison camp | 2 May 1941 – May 1945 | 19,788 | 8 | Fannrem Fannrem concentration camp Fannrem concentration camp was a concentration camp in the municipality of Orkdal in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. It was established as an annex to the Grini concentration camp by the Nazi authorities in Norway in October 1944 and lasted until the end of the war.The camp consisted of military... Bardufoss Bardufoss concentration camp The Bardufoss concentration camp is located in Northern Norway in the municipality of Målselv. During the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, the Nazi authorities established a "concentration camp in the town of Bardufoss," as an annex to the Grini concentration camp. It opened in March 1944 to... Kvænangen Kvænangen concentration camp Kvænangen concentration camp was established in the municipality of Kvænangen in Northern Norway by the Nazi administration of occupied Norway in August 1942, as annex to Grini. It consisted of two subcamps, Veidal and Badderen, which was also known as Veiskaret... |
|
| Gross-Rosen Gross-Rosen concentration camp KL Gross-Rosen was a German concentration camp, located in Gross-Rosen, Lower Silesia . It was located directly on the rail line between Jauer and Striegau .-The camp:... |
Poland Poland Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north... |
Labor camp; Nacht und Nebel camp | Aug 1940 – Feb 1945 | 125,000 | 40,000 | list | http://www.gross-rosen.pl/ |
| Herzogenbusch (Vught) |
Netherlands Netherlands The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders... |
Concentration camp | 1943 – Summer 1944 | 31,000 | 750 | list | http://www.nmkampvught.nl/ |
| Hinzert Hinzert concentration camp Hinzert was a Nazi concentration camp located in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, 30 km from the Luxembourg border.... |
Germany Germany Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate... |
Collection point and subcamp | Jul 1940 – Mar 1945 | 14,000 | 302 min. | http://www.hinzert.de/ | |
| Janowska Janowska concentration camp Janowska was a Nazi German labor, transit and concentration camp established September 1941 in occupied Poland on the outskirts of Lwów... (Lwów) |
Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after Russia... |
Ghetto; transit, labor, & extermination camp | Sep 1941 – Nov 1943 | 40,000 min. | none | http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en (see "A-Z") |
|
| Jasenovac concentration camp Jasenovac concentration camp Jasenovac concentration camp was the largest extermination camp in the Independent State of Croatia and occupied Yugoslavia during World War II... |
Croatia Croatia Croatia , officially the Republic of Croatia , is a unitary democratic parliamentary republic in Europe at the crossroads of the Mitteleuropa, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. The country is divided into 20 counties and the city of Zagreb. Croatia covers ... |
Extermination camp for Jews Jews The Jews , also known as the Jewish people, are a nation and ethnoreligious group originating in the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East. The Jewish ethnicity, nationality, and religion are strongly interrelated, as Judaism is the traditional faith of the Jewish nation... , Serbs Serbs The Serbs are a South Slavic ethnic group of the Balkans and southern Central Europe. Serbs are located mainly in Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and form a sizable minority in Croatia, the Republic of Macedonia and Slovenia. Likewise, Serbs are an officially recognized minority in... and Roma |
1941–1944 | 100,000 min. | 100,000 min. | Stara Gradiška concentration camp Stara Gradiška concentration camp Stara Gradiška was the most notorious concentration and extermination camp in Croatia during World War II, mainly due to the crimes which were committed against women and children. The camp was specially constructed for women and children of Serb, Jew, and Romani ethnicity... , Sisak children's concentration camp Sisak children's concentration camp Sisak children's concentration camp was a concentration camp during World War II, set up by the Croatian pro-nazi Ustaše government for Serbian, Jewish and Roma children. The camp was located in Sisak, Croatia... , Donja Gradina, Jasenovac main |
http://books.google.com/books?id=R8d2409V9tEC&pg=PA34&lpg=PA34&dq=tomislav+dulic+ndh&source=bl&ots=O1bws0hBZN&sig=Wm0_ewM1kWh7g8lgybfZJlDB4m4&hl=en&ei=qIIzS6HRL4uInQPF5p3PBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CBMQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=tomislav%20dulic%20ndh&f=false |
| Kaiserwald (Mežaparks) |
Latvia Latvia Latvia , officially the Republic of Latvia , is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Estonia , to the south by Lithuania , to the east by the Russian Federation , to the southeast by Belarus and shares maritime borders to the west with Sweden... |
Labor camp | 1942 – 6 Aug 1944 | 20,000? | 16, incl. Eleja-Meitenes |
http://motlc.wiesenthal.com/text/x12/xr1201.html | |
| Kaufering Kaufering concentration camp Kaufering concentration camps were a network of subsidiary camps of the Dachau concentration camp.With the intensification of the Allied air war against German industrial and military enterprises after 1943, the German Armaments Ministry and the Schutzstaffel agreed to accelerate construction of... /Landsberg |
Germany Germany Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate... |
Labor camp | Jun 1943 – Apr 1945 | 30,000 | 14,500 min. | http://www.buergervereinigung-landsberg.de/ | |
| Kauen Kaunas Ghetto The Kovno ghetto was a ghetto established by Nazi Germany to hold the Lithuanian Jews of Kaunas during the Holocaust. At its peak, the Ghetto held 40,000 people, most of whom were later sent to concentration and extermination camps, or were shot at the Ninth Fort... (Kaunas) |
Lithuania Lithuania Lithuania , officially the Republic of Lithuania is a country in Northern Europe, the biggest of the three Baltic states. It is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, whereby to the west lie Sweden and Denmark... |
Ghetto and internment camp | ???? | Prawienischken | http://www.ushmm.org/kovno/intro/intro.htm | ||
| Klooga Klooga concentration camp Klooga was a Nazi labor subcamp of the Vaivara concentration camp complex established in September 1943 in Harju County, during World War II, in German-occupied Estonia near the northern Estonian village Klooga... |
Estonia Estonia Estonia , officially the Republic of Estonia , is a state in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia , and to the east by Lake Peipsi and the Russian Federation . Across the Baltic Sea lies... |
Labor camp | Summer 1943 – 28 Sep 1944 | 2,400 | |||
| Koldichevo Koldichevo Koldichevo was the site of a Nazi concentration camp near Baranovichi, Belarus. About 22,000 people, mostly Jews, were killed in the camp between 1942 and 1944.- History :... |
Belarus Belarus Belarus , officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered clockwise by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Its capital is Minsk; other major cities include Brest, Grodno , Gomel ,... |
Labor camp | Summer 1942 – Jun 1944 | 22,000 | |||
| Langenstein-Zwieberge | Germany Germany Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate... |
Buchenwald subcamp | Apr 1944 – Apr 1945 | 5,000 | 2,000 | ||
| Le Vernet Camp Vernet Le Vernet Internment Camp, or Camp Vernet, was a concentration camp in Le Vernet, Ariège, near Pamiers, in the French Pyrenees. It was originally built in June 1918 to house French colonial troops serving in World War I but when hostilities ceased it was used to hold German and Austrian prisoners... |
France France The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France... |
Internment camp | 1939–1944 | ||||
| Majdanek Majdanek Majdanek was a German Nazi concentration camp on the outskirts of Lublin, Poland, established during the German Nazi occupation of Poland. The camp operated from October 1, 1941 until July 22, 1944, when it was captured nearly intact by the advancing Soviet Red Army... (KZ Lublin) |
Poland Poland Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north... |
Extermination camp | Jul 1941 – Jul 1944 | 78,000 | http://www1.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/microsoft%20word%20-%206622.pdf | ||
| Malchow Malchow concentration camp Malchow concentration camp was one of the numerous sub-camps of Nazi concentration camp: Ravensbrück, located in Germany, which is believed to be first opened in the winter of 1943... |
Germany Germany Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate... |
Labor and Transit camp | Winter 1943 – 8 May 1945 | 5,000 | |||
| Maly Trostenets Maly Trostenets extermination camp Maly Trastsianiets extermination camp , located near a small village on the outskirts of Minsk, Belarus, was the site of a Nazi extermination camp.- History :... |
Belarus Belarus Belarus , officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered clockwise by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Its capital is Minsk; other major cities include Brest, Grodno , Gomel ,... |
Extermination camp | Jul 1941 – Jun 1944 | 65,000 | http://www1.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/microsoft%20word%20-%206636.pdf | ||
| Mauthausen-Gusen Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp Mauthausen Concentration Camp grew to become a large group of Nazi concentration camps that was built around the villages of Mauthausen and Gusen in Upper Austria, roughly east of the city of Linz.Initially a single camp at Mauthausen, it expanded over time and by the summer of 1940, the... |
Austria Austria Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country of roughly 8.4 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the... |
Labor camp | Aug 1938 – May 1945 | 195,000 | 95,000 min. | list | http://www.mauthausen-memorial.at/ |
| Mechelen Mechelen transit camp The Mechelen transit camp, or officially SS-Sammellager Mecheln in German, was a detention and deportation camp established in the Dossin, the oldest casern at Mechelen, by the Nazi German occupier of Belgium... |
Belgium Belgium Belgium , officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO.Belgium is also a member of, or affiliated to, many... |
Transit camp | July 1942 – Sep 1944 | 25267 min. | 300 min. | none | http://www.breendonk.be/ |
| Mittelbau-Dora Mittelbau-Dora Mittelbau-Dora was a Nazi Germany labour camp that provided workers for the Mittelwerk V-2 rocket factory in the Kohnstein, situated near Nordhausen, Germany.... |
Germany Germany Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate... |
Labor camp | Sep 1943 – Apr 1945 | 60,000 | 20,000 min. | list | http://www.dora.de/ |
| Natzweiler-Struthof Natzweiler-Struthof Natzweiler-Struthof was a German concentration camp located in the Vosges Mountains close to the Alsatian village of Natzwiller in France, and the town of Schirmeck, about 50 km south west from the city of Strasbourg.... (Struthof) |
France France The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France... |
Labor camp; Nacht und Nebel Nacht und Nebel Nacht und Nebel was a directive of Adolf Hitler on 7 December 1941 signed and implemented by Armed Forces High Command Chief Wilhelm Keitel, resulting in the kidnapping and forced disappearance of many political activists and resistance 'helpers' throughout Nazi Germany's occupied... camp; extermination camp |
May 1941 – Sep 1944 | 40,000 | 25,000 | list | http://crdp.ac-reims.fr/memoire/enseigner/Natzweiler_Struthof/menu.htm |
| Neuengamme | Germany Germany Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate... |
Labor camp | 13 Dec 1938 – 4 May 1945 | 106,000 | 42,900+ | list | http://www.kz-gedenkstaette-neuengamme.de/ |
| Niederhagen Niederhagen concentration camp The Niederhagen concentration camp was a German concentration camp on the outskirts of Büren-Wewelsburg which existed from September 1941.-The camp:... |
Germany Germany Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate... |
Prison and labor camp | Sep 1941 – early 1943 | 3,900 | 1,285 | none | http://www.wewelsburg.de/pages/startseite/willkommen.shtml |
| Oberer Kuhberg | Germany Germany Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate... |
Concentration camp | Nov 1933 – 1935 | 0 | Former infantry base Gleißelstetten (Fortress of Ulm Fortress of Ulm The fortress of Ulm was one of five federal fortresses of the German Confederation around the cities of Ulm and Neu-Ulm... ) |
http://dzokulm.telebus.de/index1.html | |
| Ohrdruf | Germany Germany Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate... |
Labor and concentration camp; Buchenwald subcamp | Nov 1944 – Apr 1945 | 11,700 | http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10006131 | ||
| Oranienburg Oranienburg concentration camp Oranienburg concentration camp was one of the first detention facilities established by the Nazis when they gained power in 1933. It held the Nazis' political opponents from the Berlin region, mostly members of the Communist Party of Germany and social-democrats, as well as a number of homosexual... |
Germany Germany Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate... |
Collective point | Mar 1933 – Jul 1934 | 3,000 | 16 min. | http://www.gedenkstaette-sachsenhausen.de/ | |
| Osthofen Osthofen Osthofen is a Verband-free town – one belonging to no Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the middle of the Wonnegau in the Alzey-Worms district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany... |
Germany Germany Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate... |
Collective point | Mar 1933 – Jul 1934 | ||||
| Płaszów | Poland Poland Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north... |
Labor camp | Dec 1942 – Jan 1945 | 150,000 min. | 9,000 min. | list | http://www.scrapbookpages.com/Poland/Plaszow/Plaszow01.html |
| Ravensbrück Ravensbrück concentration camp Ravensbrück was a notorious women's concentration camp during World War II, located in northern Germany, 90 km north of Berlin at a site near the village of Ravensbrück .... |
Germany Germany Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate... |
Labor camp for women | May 1939 – Apr 1945 | 150,000 | 90,000 min. | list | http://www.ravensbrueck.de/http://www.ravensbruck.nl/ |
| Risiera di San Sabba Risiera di San Sabba Risiera di San Sabba was a Nazi concentration camp for the detention and killing of political prisoners during World War II, located in Trieste, northern Italy. SS members Odilo Globocnik and Karl Frenzel, and Ivan Marchenko are all said to have participated in the killings at this camp. Erwin... (Trieste Trieste Trieste is a city and seaport in northeastern Italy. It is situated towards the end of a narrow strip of land lying between the Adriatic Sea and Italy's border with Slovenia, which lies almost immediately south and east of the city... ) |
Italy Italy Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and... |
Police detainment camp | Sep 1943 – 29 Apr 1945 | 25,000 | 5,000 | http://www.risierasansabba.it/ | |
| Sachsenhausen Sachsenhausen concentration camp Sachsenhausen or Sachsenhausen-Oranienburg was a Nazi concentration camp in Oranienburg, Germany, used primarily for political prisoners from 1936 to the end of the Third Reich in May, 1945. After World War II, when Oranienburg was in the Soviet Occupation Zone, the structure was used as an NKVD... |
Germany Germany Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate... |
Labor camp | Jul 1936 – Apr 1945 | 200,000 min. | 100,000 | list | http://www.gedenkstaette-sachsenhausen.de/ |
| Sajmiste Sajmište concentration camp Sajmište concentration camp was a German run Nazi concentration camp located on the outskirts of Belgrade whilst part of NDH . It was established in December 1941 and shut down in September 1944... |
Serbia Serbia Serbia , officially the Republic of Serbia , is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, covering the southern part of the Carpathian basin and the central part of the Balkans... |
Extermination camp | Dec 1941 – Sep 1944 | 100,000 | |||
| Salaspils Salaspils Salaspils is a town in Latvia, the administrative centre of Salaspils municipality. The town is situated on the northern bank of the Daugava River 18 kilometers to the south-east of the city of Riga.-History:... |
Latvia Latvia Latvia , officially the Republic of Latvia , is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Estonia , to the south by Lithuania , to the east by the Russian Federation , to the southeast by Belarus and shares maritime borders to the west with Sweden... |
Labor camp | Oct 1941 – Summer 1944 | 2,000 | http://vip.latnet.lv/LPRA/salaspils.htm | ||
| Skrochowitz (Skrochovice Brumovice (Opava District) Brumovice is a village in the Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic. It has around 1,400 inhabitants and lies 16 km from Opava. The village was first mentioned in a written document in 1377.-External links:*... ) |
Czech Republic Czech Republic The Czech Republic is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Poland to the northeast, Slovakia to the east, Austria to the south, and Germany to the west and northwest.... |
||||||
| Sobibor Sobibór extermination camp Sobibor was a Nazi German extermination camp located on the outskirts of the town of Sobibór, Lublin Voivodeship of occupied Poland as part of Operation Reinhard; the official German name was SS-Sonderkommando Sobibor... |
Poland Poland Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north... |
Extermination camp | May 1942 – Oct 1943 | 200,000 max. | http://www1.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/microsoft%20word%20-%206030.pdf | ||
| Soldau Soldau concentration camp The Soldau concentration camp was a concentration camp established by Nazi Germany during World War II in Działdowo , which after the occupation of Poland was part of East Prussia.... |
Poland Poland Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north... |
Labor; Transit camp | Winter 1939/40 – Jan 1945 | 30,000 | 13,000 | ||
| Stutthof Stutthof concentration camp Stutthof was the first Nazi concentration camp built outside of 1937 German borders.Completed on September 2, 1939, it was located in a secluded, wet, and wooded area west of the small town of Sztutowo . The town is located in the former territory of the Free City of Danzig, 34 km east of... |
Poland Poland Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north... |
Labor camp | Sep 1939 – May 1945 | 110,000 | 65,000 | list | http://www.stutthof.pl/ |
| Theresienstadt Theresienstadt concentration camp Theresienstadt concentration camp was a Nazi German ghetto during World War II. It was established by the Gestapo in the fortress and garrison city of Terezín , located in what is now the Czech Republic.-History:The fortress of Terezín was constructed between the years 1780 and 1790 by the orders... (Terezín) |
Czech Republic Czech Republic The Czech Republic is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Poland to the northeast, Slovakia to the east, Austria to the south, and Germany to the west and northwest.... |
Transit camp and Ghetto | Nov 1941 – May 1945 | 140,000 | 35,000 min. | http://www.pamatnik-terezin.cz/ | |
| Treblinka Treblinka extermination camp Treblinka was a Nazi extermination camp in occupied Poland during World War II near the village of Treblinka in the modern-day Masovian Voivodeship of Poland. The camp, which was constructed as part of Operation Reinhard, operated between and ,. During this time, approximately 850,000 men, women... |
Poland Poland Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north... |
Extermination camp | Jul 1942 – Nov 1943 | 870,000 | http://www1.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/microsoft%20word%20-%205886.pdf | ||
| Vaivara | Estonia Estonia Estonia , officially the Republic of Estonia , is a state in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia , and to the east by Lake Peipsi and the Russian Federation . Across the Baltic Sea lies... |
Concentration and transit camp | 15 Sep 1943 – 29 Feb 1944 | 20,000 | 950 | 22 | http://motlc.wiesenthal.com/text/x33/xm3355.html http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/Vaivara.html |
| Warsaw Warsaw concentration camp The Warsaw concentration camp was an associated group of the German Nazi concentration camps, possibly including an extermination camp, located in German-occupied Warsaw, capital city of Poland... |
Poland Poland Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north... |
Labor and extermination camp | 1942–1944 | 400,000 max. | 200,000 max. | ||
| Westerbork | Netherlands Netherlands The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders... |
Transit camp | May 1940 – Apr 1945 | 102,000 | http://www.kampwesterbork.nl/ |
See also
- Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and EugenicsKaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and EugenicsThe Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics was founded in 1927. The Rockefeller Foundation supported both the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Psychiatry and the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics...
- Research Materials: Max Planck Society ArchiveResearch Materials: Max Planck Society ArchiveAt the end of World War II, the Kaiser Wilhelm Society was renamed the Max Planck Society, and the institutes associated with the Kaiser Wilhelm Society were renamed "Max Planck" institutes. The records that were archived under the former Kaiser Wilhelm Society and its institutes were placed in the...
For a discussion of how the number of victims is determined, see Holocaust victims and death toll.
External links
- List of Nazi Concentration Camps During the Holocaust, Holocaust Center of Northern CaliforniaHolocaust Center of Northern CaliforniaThe Holocaust Center of Northern California is a non-profit organization formed to ensure that the lessons of the Holocaust never be forgotten...