Gholām-Hossein Sā'edi MD

Doctor of Medicine

Doctor of Medicine is a doctoral degree for physicians. The degree is granted by medical schools...

  (January 4, 1936 – November 23, 1985) was an Iranian writer

Writer

A writer is a person who produces literature, such as novels, short stories, plays, screenplays, poetry, or other literary art. Skilled writers are able to use language to portray ideas and images....

. He has published over forty books, representing his talents in the fiction

Fiction

Fiction is the form of any narrative or informative work that deals, in part or in whole, with information or events that are not factual, but rather, imaginary—that is, invented by the author. Although fiction describes a major branch of literary work, it may also refer to theatrical,...

 genres of drama

Drama

Drama is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance. The term comes from a Greek word meaning "action" , which is derived from "to do","to act" . The enactment of drama in theatre, performed by actors on a stage before an audience, presupposes collaborative modes of production and a...

 (under the pen name

Pen name

A pen name, nom de plume, or literary double, is a pseudonym adopted by an author. A pen name may be used to make the author's name more distinctive, to disguise his or her gender, to distance an author from some or all of his or her works, to protect the author from retribution for his or her...

 Gohar Morad [or Gowhar Murad according to Library of Congress transliteration]), the novel

Novel

A novel is a book of long narrative in literary prose. The genre has historical roots both in the fields of the medieval and early modern romance and in the tradition of the novella. The latter supplied the present generic term in the late 18th century....

, the screenplay

Screenplay

A screenplay or script is a written work that is made especially for a film or television program. Screenplays can be original works or adaptations from existing pieces of writing. In them, the movement, actions, expression, and dialogues of the characters are also narrated...

, and the short story

Short story

A short story is a work of fiction that is usually written in prose, often in narrative format. This format tends to be more pointed than longer works of fiction, such as novellas and novels. Short story definitions based on length differ somewhat, even among professional writers, in part because...

 in addition to the non-fiction

Non-fiction

Non-fiction is the form of any narrative, account, or other communicative work whose assertions and descriptions are understood to be fact...

 genres of cultural criticism, travel literature

Travel literature

Travel literature is travel writing of literary value. Travel literature typically records the experiences of an author touring a place for the pleasure of travel. An individual work is sometimes called a travelogue or itinerary. Travel literature may be cross-cultural or transnational in focus, or...

 and ethnography

Ethnography

Ethnography is a qualitative method aimed to learn and understand cultural phenomena which reflect the knowledge and system of meanings guiding the life of a cultural group...

. Many consider the screenplay for Gav

Gav

GAV may stand for:* Gross annual value, a municipal value of the actual rent or fair rental value* Gross asset value, a value of consolidated properties a company owns* Global as View, a term used in theory of data integration...

("The Cow"), Dariush Mehrjui's 1969 film

Film

A film, also called a movie or motion picture, is a series of still or moving images. It is produced by recording photographic images with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or visual effects...

, to be Sa'edi's magnum opus

Magnum opus

Magnum opus , from the Latin meaning "great work", refers to the largest, and perhaps the best, greatest, most popular, or most renowned achievement of a writer, artist, or composer.-Related terms:Sometimes the term magnum opus is used to refer to simply "a great work" rather than "the...

 as it ushered in the New Wave Iranian cinema. After the 1979 revolution and his subsequent exile, he maintained an important figure in the scene of Persian literature despite the Iranian diaspora of which he unwillingly became an part. Till his death in Paris, due to depression and related alcoholism, he remained one of the most prominent and prolific of Iranian writers and intellectuals internationally.

Biography

Sa’edi was born in Tabriz

Tabriz

Tabriz is the fourth largest city and one of the historical capitals of Iran and the capital of East Azerbaijan Province. Situated at an altitude of 1,350 meters at the junction of the Quri River and Aji River, it was the second largest city in Iran until the late 1960s, one of its former...

, Iran

Iran

Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran , is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran" has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia...

, the cultural and economic center of the northwestern Iranian region of Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan , officially the Republic of Azerbaijan is the largest country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia to the west, and Iran to...

, to Tayyebe and Ali Asghar Sa’edi. His father, who belonged to the Sa’ed ol-Mamalek clan, worked as a government administrator. The family lived in relative poverty. His older sister died when she was eleven months old, but he grew up with a younger brother and sister. In 1941, after the Soviet Union

Soviet Union

The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....

 invaded Tabriz, he and his family fled to a village. There, Sa’edi became fascinated with the culture of rural Iran. As a boy he was an avid reader fascinated particularly by writings of Anton Chekhov

Anton Chekhov

Anton Pavlovich Chekhov was a Russian physician, dramatist and author who is considered to be among the greatest writers of short stories in history. His career as a dramatist produced four classics and his best short stories are held in high esteem by writers and critics...

. It was in those days, he wrote many years later, that his “eyes suddenly opened.”

In 1945, his native province became an autonomous socialist republic. Although the separatist state lasted only a year, it temporarily instated Azerbaijani

Azerbaijani language

Azerbaijani or Azeri or Torki is a language belonging to the Turkic language family, spoken in southwestern Asia by the Azerbaijani people, primarily in Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran...

 as the official language

Official language

An official language is a language that is given a special legal status in a particular country, state, or other jurisdiction. Typically a nation's official language will be the one used in that nation's courts, parliament and administration. However, official status can also be used to give a...

 in addition to inspiring the young Sa’edi. In 1949, he joined the youth organization of the outlawed separatist party, the Democratic Party of Azerbaijan. In addition to instigating villagers against large land owners, he helped edit three magazines: Faryad, So’ud, and Javanan-e Azarbayjan. In 1953, after Operation Ajax

Operation Ajax

The 1953 Iranian coup d'état was the overthrow of the democratically elected government of Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh on 19 August 1953, orchestrated by the intelligence agencies of the United Kingdom and the United States under the name TPAJAX Project...

, the CIA coup d’état against the democratically elected Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddeq, he and his younger brother were arrested and imprisoned at Shahrbani Prison in Tabriz. Though he renounced his allegiances to the communist Tudeh Party of Iran

Tudeh Party of Iran

The Tudeh Party of Iran is an Iranian communist party. Formed in 1941, with Soleiman Mohsen Eskandari as its head, it had considerable influence in its early years and played an important role during Mohammad Mosaddeq's campaign to nationalize the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company and his term as prime...

, he continued his socio-politically critical literary career.

Although Sa'edi started writing in his boyhood, he started publishing his first short stories in the early 1950s. He published more stories through the course of the decade and his first play, Leylaj'ha, in 1957, albeit under the female pen name, Gohar Morad (also spelled Gowhar Murad). After moving to Tehran

Tehran

Tehran , sometimes spelled Teheran, is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province. With an estimated population of 8,429,807; it is also Iran's largest urban area and city, one of the largest cities in Western Asia, and is the world's 19th largest city.In the 20th century, Tehran was subject to...

 in the early 1960s, where he and his brother, Akbar, founded a medical clinic in impoverished south of the city, he became acquainted with the literary intelligentsia of Iran. In addition to living with Ahmad Shamlou, a renowned lyric poet, he befriended Jalal Al-e Ahmad, author of Gharbzadegi

Gharbzadegi

Gharbzadegi is a pejorative Persian term variously translated as "Westoxification," "West-struck-ness" "Westitis", "Euromania", or "Occidentosis"...

("Weststruckness"), Simin Daneshvar

Simin Daneshvar

Simin Dāneshvar is an Iranian academic, novelist, fiction writer and translator of literary works from English, German, Italian and Russian into Persian. Daneshvar has a number of firsts to her credit. In 1948, her collection of Persian short stories was the first by an Iranian woman to be...

, Parviz Natel-Khanlari

Parviz Natel-Khanlari

Parviz Natel Khanlari Mazandarni , Iranian literary scholar, linguist, author, researcher and professor at Tehran University.-Biography:...

, Jamal Mirsadeghi

Jamal Mirsadeghi

Jamal Mirsadeghi is an Iranian writer.He was born in Tehran, and graduated in Persian Literature from the Literature and Human science Faculty of Tehran University. He held various jobs as an aide, teacher, library staff, and examination designer for governmental employers and staff in the...

, Mina Assadi

Mina Assadi

-Biography:Mina Assadi is a famous poet, author, journalist and songwriter who lives in exile in Stockholm, Sweden. She is known for writing about controversial and provocative subjects, especially when she describes the fight against the Iranian regime. In 2007 she wrote the poem called "Pimps"...

 and others. He also traveled to southern Iran, specifically areas of the Persian Gulf

Persian Gulf

The Persian Gulf, in Southwest Asia, is an extension of the Indian Ocean located between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula.The Persian Gulf was the focus of the 1980–1988 Iran-Iraq War, in which each side attacked the other's oil tankers...

 coast, and wrote ethnographic travel literature.

In the 1960s freedom of expression diminished greatly in Iran. Sa'edi and other intellectuals protested the Ministry of Culture and Art policy of 1966 forcing all publishers to seek state permission to print literature. In 1968, after their protests failed, Sa'edi and other writers formed the Kanun-e Nevisandegan-e Iran ("Association of Iran Writers"). Although censorship

Censorship

thumb|[[Book burning]] following the [[1973 Chilean coup d'état|1973 coup]] that installed the [[Military government of Chile |Pinochet regime]] in Chile...

 of some of his works continued, Sa'edi continued to publish. In addition to dramas, stories, novels, and screenplays, Sa'edi participated in the publication of literary magazines, scientific journals and also published fifteen translations

Translations

Translations is a three-act play by Irish playwright Brian Friel written in 1980. It is set in Baile Beag , a small village at the heart of 19th century agricultural Ireland...

 of European psychological and medical literature

Medical literature

Medical literature refers to articles in journals and texts in books devoted to the field of medicine.Contemporary and historic views regarding diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of medical conditions have been documented for thousands of years. The Edwin Smith papyrus is the first known medical...

. In 1973, Amir Kabir Publishers made Sa'edi editor of Alefba

Alefba

Alefba is a Persian-language literary magazine with two periods of publication, one in Iran before the 1979 revolution and another thereafter in France. Gholamhoseyn Sa’edi was the editor of both versions...

, a quarterly literary magazine. However, in 1974 the Pahlavi

Pahlavi dynasty

The Pahlavi dynasty consisted of two Iranian/Persian monarchs, father and son Reza Shah Pahlavi and Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi The Pahlavi dynasty consisted of two Iranian/Persian monarchs, father and son Reza Shah Pahlavi (reg. 1925–1941) and Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi The Pahlavi dynasty ...

 government banned the journal and SAVAK

SAVAK

SAVAK was the secret police, domestic security and intelligence service established by Iran's Mohammad Reza Shah on the recommendation of the British Government and with the help of the United States' Central Intelligence Agency SAVAK (Persian: ساواک, short for سازمان اطلاعات و امنیت کشور...

, its secret police

Secret police

Secret police are a police agency which operates in secrecy and beyond the law to protect the political power of an individual dictator or an authoritarian political regime....

, arrested and tortured Sa'edi. Already having a history of suicidal thoughts, Sa'edi's depression loomed after his release from Tehran's infamous Evin Prison

Evin Prison

Evin House of Detention is a prison in Iran, located in Evin, northwestern Tehran. It is noted for its political prisoners' wing, where prisoners have been held both before and after the 1979 Iranian Revolution...

 nearly a year later.

The late 1970s and early 1980s saw Sa'edi's last attempts to promote democracy in Iran. In 1977 he partook in the event Dah Shab-e Sher ("Ten Nights of Poetry") in Tehran organized by the Association of Iranian Writers in cooperation with the Goethe-Institut

Goethe-Institut

The Goethe-Institut is a non-profit German cultural institution operational worldwide, promoting the study of the German language abroad and encouraging international cultural exchange and relations. The Goethe-Institut also fosters knowledge about Germany by providing information on German...

. The International Freedom to Publish Committee of the Association of American Publishers

Association of American Publishers

The Association of American Publishers is the national trade association of the American book publishing industry. AAP has more than 300 members, including most of the major commercial publishers in the United States, as well as smaller and non-profit publishers, university presses and scholarly...

 invited Sa'edi to New York City

New York City

New York is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. New York exerts a significant impact upon global commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and...

 where he spoke and met American

United States

The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...

 playwright

Playwright

A playwright, also called a dramatist, is a person who writes plays.The term is not a variant spelling of "playwrite", but something quite distinct: the word wright is an archaic English term for a craftsman or builder...

 Arthur Miller

Arthur Miller

Arthur Asher Miller was an American playwright and essayist. He was a prominent figure in American theatre, writing dramas that include plays such as All My Sons , Death of a Salesman , The Crucible , and A View from the Bridge .Miller was often in the public eye,...

. After the revolution he joined the National Democratic Front

National Democratic Front (Iran)

The National Democratic Front of Iran was a liberal-left political party founded during the Iranian Revolution of 1979 that overthrew shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, and banned within a short time by the Islamic government...

, a leftist coalition founded (in honor of Mosaddeq) in opposition to the Islamist right wing led by Ayatollah Khomeini. After the foundation of the theocratic Islamic republic

Islamic republic

Islamic republic is the name given to several states in the Muslim world including the Islamic Republics of Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan, and Mauritania. Pakistan adopted the title under the constitution of 1956. Mauritania adopted it on 28 November 1958. Iran adopted it after the 1979 Iranian...

 and the execution his friend, the playwright Sayid Soltanpour, Sa'edi fled to France

France

The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...

 via Pakistan

Pakistan

Pakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a sovereign state in South Asia. It has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and China in the far northeast. In the north, Tajikistan...

. In 1982 in Paris, he founded the Association of Iranian Writers in Exile and reestablished the journal Alefba

Alefba

Alefba is a Persian-language literary magazine with two periods of publication, one in Iran before the 1979 revolution and another thereafter in France. Gholamhoseyn Sa’edi was the editor of both versions...

. Additionally, he co-founded the exilic Anjoman-e Te'atr-e Iran ("Iranian Theater Society") and wrote two more plays, in addition to several essays.

Although it did not halt his literary activities, the torment of exile exasperated Sa'edi depression and alcoholism. In 1985, after years of heavy drinking, Sa'edi was diagnosed with cirrhosis

Cirrhosis

Cirrhosis is a consequence of chronic liver disease characterized by replacement of liver tissue by fibrosis, scar tissue and regenerative nodules , leading to loss of liver function...

. He continued to drink until admitted to St. Antoine's hospital in Paris on November 2, 1985. On November 23, he died with his wife and father by his side. Days later he was buried, with a memorial organized by the Association of Iranian Writers in Exile, at Père Lachaise Cemetery

Père Lachaise Cemetery

Père Lachaise Cemetery is the largest cemetery in the city of Paris, France , though there are larger cemeteries in the city's suburbs.Père Lachaise is in the 20th arrondissement, and is reputed to be the world's most-visited cemetery, attracting hundreds of thousands of visitors annually to the...

 near Sadeq Hedayat's grave.

Education

In 1942, Sa’edi’s started attending elementary school at Badr School. He started intermediate school in 1948 at Mansur School but later transferred to Hekmat School. In 1954 he graduated from high school and later that year entered medical school at Tabriz University (today the medical school is the independent Tabriz University of Medical Sciences

Tabriz University of Medical Sciences

Tabriz University of Medical Sciences is public medical sciences university located in Tabriz, East Azarbaijan Province, Iran. It is ranked as one of Iran's top medical schools, with more than 5000 students....

). After graduating in 1961 with his dissertation titled Alal-e Ejtema'yi-ye Psiku-nuruz'ha dar Azarbayjan ("Societal Causes of Psychoneurosis in Azerbaijan"), he served his mandatory military service as a doctor at the Saltanatabad Garrison in Tehran

Tehran

Tehran , sometimes spelled Teheran, is the capital of Iran and Tehran Province. With an estimated population of 8,429,807; it is also Iran's largest urban area and city, one of the largest cities in Western Asia, and is the world's 19th largest city.In the 20th century, Tehran was subject to...

. In 1962 he enrolled at the University of Tehran

University of Tehran

The University of Tehran , also known as Tehran University and UT, is Iran's oldest university. Located in Tehran, the university is among the most prestigious in the country, and is consistently selected as the first choice of many applicants in the annual nationwide entrance exam for top Iranian...

 (today its medical school is the independent Tehran University of Medical Sciences

Tehran University of Medical Sciences

- General and History :Tehran University of Medical Sciences is the largest and "most distinguished", and most highly ranked medical school of Iran. In September 2008, the health minister of Iran - General and History :Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) is the largest and "most...

) to complete his medical specialization in psychiatry

Psychiatry

Psychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the study and treatment of mental disorders. These mental disorders include various affective, behavioural, cognitive and perceptual abnormalities...

, while completing his medical residency at Ruzbeh Hospital.

Works

Drama

• Leylaj'ha (1957)
• Qased'ha (1957)
• Shaban Faribak (1957)
• Karbafak'ha dar Sangar (1960)
• Bamha va Zir-e Bamha (1961)
• Kalat-e Gol (1961)
• Arusi (1962)
• Shahadat (1962)
• Faqir (1963)
• Ziyafat, Faqir (1963)
• Az Pa Niyoftadeha (1963)
• Dah Lal-bazi (1963)
• Entezar (1964)
• Khaneha-ra Kharab Konid (1964)
• Behtarin Baba-ye Donya (1965)
• Chub be-dast'ha-ye Varazil (1965)
• Panj Nemayeshnameh az Enqelab-e Mashrutiyat (1966)
• A-ye bi Kolah, A-ye ba Kolah (1967)
• Khane-ye Roshani (1967)
• Dikte va Zaviye (1968)
• Parvar Bandan (1969)
• Ma Nemishenavim (1970)
• Vay bar Maghlub (1970)
• Janeshin (1970)
• Chesm dar barabar-e Chesm (1971)
• Aqebat-e Qalam-Farsayi (1975)
• Ruh-e Chah (1978)
• Mah-e Asal (1978)
• Ghambad (1983)
• Do Nemayeshnameh (1986)
• Khayyat-e Afsun Shodeh (1988)
• Mar dar Mabad (1993)
• Lal-baziha (?)

Stories and Novels

• Aftab Mahtab (1955)
• Morgh-e Anjir (1956)
• Khaneha-ye Shahr-e Rey (1957)
• Khane-ye Barf (1959)
• Shabneshini ba Shokuh (1960)
• Geda (1962)
• Qodrat-e Taze (1962)
• Do Baradar (1962)
• Raz (1963)
• Azadaran-e Bayal (1964)
• Dandil (1966)
• Shafa-ye Ajel (1966)
• Vahemeha-ye bi Nam va Neshan (1967)
• Gomshode-ye lab-e Darya (1967)
• Mahdi-ye Digar (1967)
• Tars va Larz (1968)
• Tup (1969)
• Maqtal (1970)
• Gur va Gahvareh (1973)
• Bazi Tamam Shod (1974)
• Madkhali bar yek Dastan-e Boland (1977)
• Vagon-e Siyah (1979)
• Dar Aghaz-e Sofreh (1980)
• Ey-vay To Ham? (1981)
• Ashoftehal-e Bidarbakht (1981)
• Jarukesh-e Saqf-e Aseman (1981)
• Sejane (1982)
• Dar Sarache-ye Dabbaghan (1983)
• Kelas-e Dars (1983)
• Agar Mara Bezanand (1983)
• Mir-e Mohanna (1986)
• Shanbe Shoru Shod (1986)
• Dastan-e Esma'il (1986)
• Mehmani (1988)
• Sandvich (1989)
• Sedakhune (1990)
• Padgan-e Khakestari (1990)
• Gharibe dar Shahr (1990)
• Maqtal (1993)
• Tatar-e Khandan (1994)
• Ashghalduni (?)

Screenplays

• Fasl-e Gostakhi (1969)
• Gav (1969)
• Afiyatgah (1988)

Children's Books

• Kaleybar (1970)
• Marand (1970)
• Kalat-e Nan (1976)
• Kalat-e Kar (1978)
• Yeki Yekdane (1983)

See also

• Iranian Azerbaijanis
  Iranian Azerbaijanis
  Iranian Azerbaijanis also known as Iranian Azeris, Iranian Turks, Azeri Turks or Persian Azerbaijanis, are Iranians of Azerbaijani ethnicity. Iranian Azeris are mainly found in the northwest provinces of East Azerbaijan, Ardabil, Zanjan, parts of West Azerbaijan, and in smaller numbers, in other...
  
  
• Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh
  Mohammad Ali Jamalzadeh
  Mohammad-Ali Jamālzādeh Esfahani , was one of the most prominent writers of Iran in the 20th century, best known for his unique style of humour...
  
  

Dandil:Stories from Iranian Life by Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi, translated by Hasan Javadi,Robert Campbell and Julie Maisami with an introduction by H.Javadi, Random House 1981.
Hasan Javadi, Satire in Persian Literature, Fairleigh Dickinson University Publications, 1985.

Further reading

• Five transcripts (by Shahin Basseri) of interviews with Gholām-Hossein Sā'edi, by Zia Sadeghi in Paris
  Paris
  Paris is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region...
  
  , France
  France
  The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
  
  , between 5 April and 7 June 1984, Iranian Oral History Collection, Harvard University
  Harvard University
  Harvard University is a private Ivy League university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation chartered in the country...
  
  .

Gholām-Hossein Sā'edi, Harvard Iranian Oral History Project, Tape 1:

Subjects: (1) (Prince) Abdorreza Pahlavi, (2) Jalal Ale-Ahmad

Jalal Al-e-Ahmad

Jalal Al-e-Ahmad was a prominent Iranian writer, thinker, and social and political critic.-Personal life:...

, (3) Azarbaijan Crisis of 1946

Azerbaijan People's Government

The Azerbaijan People's Government was a short-lived, Soviet-backed client state in northern Iran. Established in Iranian Azerbaijan, the APG's capital was the city of Tabriz...

, (4) Samad Behrangi

Samad Behrangi

Samad Behrangi was an Iranian teacher, social critic, folklorist, translator, and short story writer of Azeri extraction. He is famous for his children's book, The Little Black Fish.-Life:He was born in Tabriz to a lower-class Azerbaijani family...

, (5) Cabinet of Mohammad Mossadegh, (6) Coup d'état of August 1953 (25-28th Mordad

Iranian calendar

The Iranian calendars or sometimes called Persian calendars are a succession of calendars invented or used for over two millennia in Greater Iran...

 1332), (7) Ashraf Dehghani

Ashraf Dehghani

Ashraf Dehghani is amongst the best known Iranian female communist revolutionaries, and is a member of the Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas....

, (8), Behrouz Dehghani, (8) Democratic Party of Azarbaijan

Azerbaijani Democratic Party

The Azerbaijan Democratic Party was a democratic party supported by the Soviet Union and founded by Jafar Pishevari in Tabriz, Iran, in September 1945. It was founded as an opposition party against the Pahlavi dynasty. The ADP ruled the Soviet-backed Azerbaijan People's Government from 1945 until...

, (9) General Abbas Gharabaghi

Abbas Gharabaghi

General Abbas Gharabaghi was the last Chief of the Supreme Commander's Staff of the Iranian armed forces during the rule of the Pahlavi dynasty. Appointed on 7 January 1979, his role was to support the Shah until the Shah fled, and then to support the civilian government the Shah left behind during...

, (10) Parviz Natel-Khanlari

Parviz Natel-Khanlari

Parviz Natel Khanlari Mazandarni , Iranian literary scholar, linguist, author, researcher and professor at Tehran University.-Biography:...

, (11) Jafar Pishevari

Jafar Pishevari

Sayyed Ja'far Pishevari was the founder and chairman of separatist and communist Azerbaijan People's Government , created and supported by Soviet occupational forces in north-western Iran.-Life:...

, (12) SAVAK

SAVAK

SAVAK was the secret police, domestic security and intelligence service established by Iran's Mohammad Reza Shah on the recommendation of the British Government and with the help of the United States' Central Intelligence Agency SAVAK (Persian: ساواک, short for سازمان اطلاعات و امنیت کشور...

, (13) Tudeh Party

Tudeh Party of Iran

The Tudeh Party of Iran is an Iranian communist party. Formed in 1941, with Soleiman Mohsen Eskandari as its head, it had considerable influence in its early years and played an important role during Mohammad Mosaddeq's campaign to nationalize the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company and his term as prime...

, (14) White Revolution

White Revolution

The White Revolution was a far-reaching series of reforms in Iran launched in 1963 by the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Mohammad Reza Shah’s reform program was built especially to strengthen those classes that supported the traditional system...

.

Gholām-Hossein Sā'edi, Harvard Iranian Oral History Project, Tape 2:

Subjects: (1) Iraj Afshar

Iraj Afshar

Iraj Afshar was a bibliographer, historian, and an iconic figure in the field of Persian studies . He was a consulting editor of Encyclopædia Iranica at Columbia University and a full professor emeritus of University of Tehran.Iraj Afshar recorded the monuments of Yazd in his three-volume...

, (2) Jalal Ale-Ahmad

Jalal Al-e-Ahmad

Jalal Al-e-Ahmad was a prominent Iranian writer, thinker, and social and political critic.-Personal life:...

, (3) Mohammad-Javad Bahonar, (4) Sazman Cherik-ha-ye Fadaii-e Khalgh-e Iran

Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas

The Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas is an Iranian opposition organization. It has a Marxist-Leninist ideology. The group was formed in 1979, when Ashraf Dehghani broke away from the Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas...

, (5) Simin Daneshvar

Simin Daneshvar

Simin Dāneshvar is an Iranian academic, novelist, fiction writer and translator of literary works from English, German, Italian and Russian into Persian. Daneshvar has a number of firsts to her credit. In 1948, her collection of Persian short stories was the first by an Iranian woman to be...

, (6) Amir-Abbas Hoveida, as Prime Minister, (7) Bijan Jazani

Bijan Jazani

Bijan Jazani , Tehran, 1938 – April 19, 1975) is a major figure among modern Iranian Socialist intellectuals.-Personal and Political Life:Bijan Jazani was born to Hossien Jazani and Alamtaj Kalantari Nazari...

, (8) Sazman Mojahedin-e Khalgh

People's Mujahedin of Iran

The People's Mujahedin of Iran is a terrorist militant organization that advocates the overthrow of the Islamic Republic of Iran....

, (9) Ehsan Naraghi

Ehsan Naraghi

Ehsān Narāghi, PhD is an Iranian sociologist and writer.-Biography:During his high school he went to Dar ol-Fonoon in Tehran. Then he studied sociology in the University of Geneva and received his Ph.D at Sorbonne University in Paris....

, (10) Parviz Nikkhah, (11) Amir-Parviz Pouyan, (12) Censorship of the Press, (13) Rastakhiz Party

Rastakhiz

Rastakhiz Party was founded on March 2, 1975 by Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran. The party was intended as Iran's new single party, holding a monopoly on political activity in Iran, and to which all Iranians were required to belong...

, (14) Causes of the Revolution of 1979, (15) Events preceding the Revolution of 1979, (16) Revolution of 1979

Iranian Revolution

The Iranian Revolution refers to events involving the overthrow of Iran's monarchy under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and its replacement with an Islamic republic under Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the leader of the...

, (17) SAVAK, (18) Torture by the SAVAK, (19) Shab-e Sher, (20) Shiraz Art Festival, (21) Mostafā Shoaeyan, (22) Siyah-kal

Siahkal County

Siahkal County is a county in Gilan Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Siahkal. At the 2006 census, the county's population was 46,991, in 13,196 families. The county is subdivided into two districts: the Central District and Deylaman District...

, (23) Twenty-Fifth Century Celebrations

2,500 year celebration of Iran's monarchy

The 2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire consisted of an elaborate set of festivities that took place October 12–16, 1971, on the occasion of the 2,500th anniversary of the founding of the Iranian monarchy by Cyrus the Great...

, (24) Writers' Council, (25) Gholam-Hossein Saedi.

External links

• Gholam-Hosayn Sa'edi, Encyclopaedia Iranica.
• Gholamhossein Sā'edi, Persian Language & Literature, Iran Chamber Society.
• Dr Gholamhossein Sā'edi, a Biography, in Persian, Persian Cultures.
• Dr Mostafā Osku'i, Azā'dāry-e Gohar Morād barāy-e Ahāliy-e Bayal (Mourning of Gohar Morād [Gholām-Hossein Sā'edi] for the Inhabitants of Bayal), in Persian, Gholām-Hossein Sā'edi, Beh'namā.
• Gholām-Hossein Sā'edi-ology: Revisiting Gholām-Hossein Sā'edi, his life, works and times, in Persian, http://khersmm.blogfa.com/.
• Lādan Pārsi, Twenty years have passed since Gholām-Hossein Sā'edi died, 23 Nowember 2005, BBC Persian.
• Jamshid Barzegar, interview with Javad Mojabi
  Javad Mojabi
  - Profile :He has a BS in Law and a Ph.D. in Economics from Tehran University. He has written hundreds of critical works and essays on art and culture in journals and magazines. He began writing poetry in the 1960s, along with short story writing and research on modern painting in Iran.A well-known...
  
   (poet, writer and literary critic): BBC Persian (listen).
• Amir-Hasan Chehel'tan (writer), The tragedy of being Sā'edi, a writer who did not appreciate his genius, 23 November 2005, in Persian, BBC Persian.
• Behruz Sheydā, Looking at the stories by Gholām-Hossein Sā'edi, in Persian, Māni-hā.
• Khosro Sādeghi Brugeny, Āzar 2, the twenty-second anniversary of Gholām-Hossein Sā'edi's death, in Persian, 23 November 2007, Āftāb.
• Gholām-Hossein Sā'edi, a Biography (containing a chronological table), in Persian, Roshd.
• Ahmad Shamlou's observation of Gholām-Hossein Sā'edi, in Persian, 28 December 2006, The Literary Society of Shafighi.
• Mohammad Jalāli Chimeh, aka M. Sahar, talks about Gholām-Hossein Sā'edi, 59 min, Google (watch).
• Nasim Khāksār, talks about Gholām-Hossein Sā'edi, SOAS, 22 January 2006, 28 min, Google (watch).
• Shādāb Vajdi, talks about Gholām-Hossein Sā'edi, SOAS, 22 January 2006, 10 min, Google (watch).
• Gedā (Beggar), by Gholām-Hossein Sā'edi, in Persian, Sokhan.