Church of the Immaculate Conception (Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, Indiana)
Encyclopedia
The Church of the Immaculate Conception, (Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, Indiana) is on the motherhouse grounds of the Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods
. The large cathedral-like structure is the current place of worship for the Congregation and houses the shrine of Saint Mother Theodore Guerin
, foundress of the Sisters of Providence.
arrived in Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, Indiana in 1840, there was no church on the grounds. A primitive log cabin doubled as a chapel
and a residence for the priest. About this first chapel Saint Mother Theodore Guerin, the foundress of the order, wrote to friends in France, "The Church! Yes, dear friends, that is the dwelling of the God of the Universe, in comparison with which the stables wherein you shelter your cattle are palaces!"
Construction for the current church began under the leadership of general superior Mother Euphrasie Hinkle
with the laying of the cornerstone in 1886. The building, constructed of Indiana limestone
, was completed by architects D.A. Bohlen and Son of Indianapolis, Indiana
, in 1891.
It took 16 more years before the interior was complete. By June 1892, plastering had been done and the installation of a temporary wooden floor, seats and altars permitted the sisters to worship in the edifice. Ten years later the church became the home of an organ
purchased from William Schuelke Church Organ Builder
of Milwaukee. (This particular organ is no longer extant.)
By 1902, the General Council, under the leadership of General Superior
Mother Mary Cleophas Foley
, focused its attention on the interior decoration of the church. Mother Mary Cleophas and General Councilor Sister Mary Alma O'Donald visited numerous churches in Europe to gather ideas, including the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
in Ravenna
, Italy
, and the Cathedral Church of the Holy Trinity, Paris. Inspired by their travels, the two sisters returned home and soon artisan
s and craftsmen were employed to implement these changes.
The church was consecrated on October 23, 1907, in a celebration attended by religious dignitaries such as Bishop Francis Silas Chatard
.
Under the leadership of General Superiors Sister Anne Doherty
and Sister Nancy Nolan
, the church was renovated in 1986 to conform with the liturgical norms of the Second Vatican Council
and to strengthen the floor joists.
style of Indiana limestone
. Architect D.A. Bohlen called it "Italian Renaissance style with a French sentiment."
Following the general trends of Cathedral architecture of Western Europe
, it has a basic cruciform groundplan with a nave
crossed by a transept
. Though slightly varying from absolute coordinates, the church is positioned with a generally east/west axis. At the west front is a tall bell tower as vertical emphasis.
Internally, there is a high nave
flanked by two lower aisles. Tall columns with the composite order
line the nave
. At the east end is the sanctuary
, with red Numidia
n marble walls and a semi-dome above. Council of Independent Colleges The floor is pink Georgian marble. The many types of marble
in the church come from Italy
, Africa, Skyros
, Greece
and the United States.
Beneath the church is a crypt
, officially known as Our Lady of Sorrows Chapel.
made by the Bavarian Art Institute of Munich
, Germany. They portray events of Christ
and his mother Mary
as well as scenes from the Old Testament
. The windows in the upper balcony display scenes of angels.
were some of the first items installed in the church. They were made of alabaster
by Mayer and Company of Munich
and London at a cost of $1,800.
(Thaddeus von Zukotynski) painted three murals in addition to the sanctuary dome. "The Ascension" at the crossing of the nave
and transept
ceiling shows Christ
ascending into heaven. On the east walls of the north and south transepts are the "Return from Calvary" and the "Flight into Egypt." These paintings were done on canvas in Żukotyński's studio in Chicago.
The semi-dome above the sanctuary is a fresco
that took Żukotyński three months to complete. It represents the Immaculate Conception
of the Blessed Virgin Mary. She stands on a globe supported by clouds with Saint Michael and Saint Gabriel on either side. In the arcade beneath the dome the Four Evangelists
are depicted in frescoes with gold background.
George Hepfinger of Chicago did all of the decorating and painting of the rest of the church.
(high altar) in the sanctuary
. The Carrara marble was then used to create an altar
, a lectern
, and a presider's chair.
also opened up a space in the center wall of the sanctuary
. Harry Breen of Champaign, Illinois
, sculpted a triumphant Christ figure that appears to rise from the Crucifix
.
Company of Canada
and installed in 1953. With approximately 1,700 pipes, it is the third organ that has been used in the church. For its dedication on December 8, 1953, the sisters held a short organ recital featuring congregation organist and composer Sister Cecilia Clare Bocard
playing her "Te Deum Laudamus".
at the west front is a set of chimes
. Made by the McShane Bell Foundry
of Maryland
, the eleven bells were placed in the tower in 1910. They have a combined weight of 13,150 pounds.
Originally, the bells were rung by hand to wake the Sisters of Providence
, to call them to prayer and to tell them when to retire. In addition, hymns were played on the set on Sundays, holidays and feast days. The bells still are rung on the hour in addition to tolls for deceased sisters. The Sisters of Providence
also ring the bells each time someone is executed by capital punishment
in the United States.
In November 2004, Schulmerich Carillons installed a Generation 4 Novabell DSP cast bell controller which activates the bells. The bells, chimes and tolls are either programmed into the system or they may be controlled manually.
Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods
The Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods are an apostolic congregation of Catholic women founded by Saint Theodora Guerin at Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, Indiana, in 1840...
. The large cathedral-like structure is the current place of worship for the Congregation and houses the shrine of Saint Mother Theodore Guerin
Theodore Guerin
Saint Mother Théodore Guérin , designated by the Vatican as Saint Theodora, is the foundress of the Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, Indiana, a congregation of Catholic nuns...
, foundress of the Sisters of Providence.
History
When the Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-WoodsSisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods
The Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods are an apostolic congregation of Catholic women founded by Saint Theodora Guerin at Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, Indiana, in 1840...
arrived in Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, Indiana in 1840, there was no church on the grounds. A primitive log cabin doubled as a chapel
Chapel
A chapel is a building used by Christians as a place of fellowship and worship. It may be part of a larger structure or complex, such as a church, college, hospital, palace, prison or funeral home, located on board a military or commercial ship, or it may be an entirely free-standing building,...
and a residence for the priest. About this first chapel Saint Mother Theodore Guerin, the foundress of the order, wrote to friends in France, "The Church! Yes, dear friends, that is the dwelling of the God of the Universe, in comparison with which the stables wherein you shelter your cattle are palaces!"
Construction for the current church began under the leadership of general superior Mother Euphrasie Hinkle
Euphrasie Hinkle
Mother Euphrasie Hinkle, S.P. was the Superior General of the Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, Indiana, from 1883-1889. She was a convert from Methodism. During her term, she established missions of the Sisters of Providence in Chicago, Illinois and Chelsea, Massachusetts...
with the laying of the cornerstone in 1886. The building, constructed of Indiana limestone
Indiana Limestone
Indiana Limestone, also known as Bedford Limestone is a common regional term for Salem limestone, a geological formation primarily quarried in south central Indiana between Bloomington and Bedford....
, was completed by architects D.A. Bohlen and Son of Indianapolis, Indiana
Indianapolis, Indiana
Indianapolis is the capital of the U.S. state of Indiana, and the county seat of Marion County, Indiana. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city's population is 839,489. It is by far Indiana's largest city and, as of the 2010 U.S...
, in 1891.
It took 16 more years before the interior was complete. By June 1892, plastering had been done and the installation of a temporary wooden floor, seats and altars permitted the sisters to worship in the edifice. Ten years later the church became the home of an organ
Organ (music)
The organ , is a keyboard instrument of one or more divisions, each played with its own keyboard operated either with the hands or with the feet. The organ is a relatively old musical instrument in the Western musical tradition, dating from the time of Ctesibius of Alexandria who is credited with...
purchased from William Schuelke Church Organ Builder
Schuelke Organ Company
The Schuelke Organ Company was a Milwaukee, Wisconsin-based pipe organ builder. Schuelke Organs operated in the later 19th and early 20th centuries....
of Milwaukee. (This particular organ is no longer extant.)
By 1902, the General Council, under the leadership of General Superior
Superior general
A Superior General, or General Superior, is the Superior at the head of a whole religious order or congregation.The term is mainly used as a generic term, while many orders and congregations use other specific titles, notably:* Abbot general...
Mother Mary Cleophas Foley
Mary Cleophas Foley
Mother Mary Cleophas Foley, S.P., was the Superior General of the Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, Indiana from 1890-1926...
, focused its attention on the interior decoration of the church. Mother Mary Cleophas and General Councilor Sister Mary Alma O'Donald visited numerous churches in Europe to gather ideas, including the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
The Basilica of Sant' Apollinare Nuovo is a basilica church in Ravenna, Emilia-Romagna . It was erected by the Ostrogoth King Theodoric as his palace chapel, during the first quarter of the 6th century...
in Ravenna
Ravenna
Ravenna is the capital city of the Province of Ravenna in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy and the second largest comune in Italy by land area, although, at , it is little more than half the size of the largest comune, Rome...
, Italy
Italy
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
, and the Cathedral Church of the Holy Trinity, Paris. Inspired by their travels, the two sisters returned home and soon artisan
Artisan
An artisan is a skilled manual worker who makes items that may be functional or strictly decorative, including furniture, clothing, jewellery, household items, and tools...
s and craftsmen were employed to implement these changes.
The church was consecrated on October 23, 1907, in a celebration attended by religious dignitaries such as Bishop Francis Silas Chatard
Silas Chatard
Silas Francis Marean Chatard was a Roman Catholic Bishop of Indianapolis in the United States.He was born Francis Chatard in Baltimore, Maryland on December 13, 1834...
.
Under the leadership of General Superiors Sister Anne Doherty
Anne Doherty
Sister Anne Doherty, S.P., was the Superior General of the Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, Indiana from 1981-1986. During her term, the Constitutions of the Sisters of Providence gained papal approbation...
and Sister Nancy Nolan
Nancy Nolan
Sister Nancy Nolan, S.P. was the Superior General of the Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, Indiana, from 1986-1996. During her term, she completed renovation of the Church of the Immaculate Conception...
, the church was renovated in 1986 to conform with the liturgical norms of the Second Vatican Council
Second Vatican Council
The Second Vatican Council addressed relations between the Roman Catholic Church and the modern world. It was the twenty-first Ecumenical Council of the Catholic Church and the second to be held at St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican. It opened under Pope John XXIII on 11 October 1962 and closed...
and to strengthen the floor joists.
Architecture
The Church of the Immaculate Conception is built in the Italian RenaissanceItalian Renaissance
The Italian Renaissance began the opening phase of the Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement in Europe that spanned the period from the end of the 13th century to about 1600, marking the transition between Medieval and Early Modern Europe...
style of Indiana limestone
Indiana Limestone
Indiana Limestone, also known as Bedford Limestone is a common regional term for Salem limestone, a geological formation primarily quarried in south central Indiana between Bloomington and Bedford....
. Architect D.A. Bohlen called it "Italian Renaissance style with a French sentiment."
Following the general trends of Cathedral architecture of Western Europe
Cathedral architecture of Western Europe
The architecture of cathedrals, basilicas and abbey churches is the architecture of those church buildings which are usually of large size, including most cathedrals, and follow one of several branching traditions of form, function and style that stem initially from Early Christian traditions of...
, it has a basic cruciform groundplan with a nave
Nave
In Romanesque and Gothic Christian abbey, cathedral basilica and church architecture, the nave is the central approach to the high altar, the main body of the church. "Nave" was probably suggested by the keel shape of its vaulting...
crossed by a transept
Transept
For the periodical go to The Transept.A transept is a transverse section, of any building, which lies across the main body of the building. In Christian churches, a transept is an area set crosswise to the nave in a cruciform building in Romanesque and Gothic Christian church architecture...
. Though slightly varying from absolute coordinates, the church is positioned with a generally east/west axis. At the west front is a tall bell tower as vertical emphasis.
Internally, there is a high nave
Nave
In Romanesque and Gothic Christian abbey, cathedral basilica and church architecture, the nave is the central approach to the high altar, the main body of the church. "Nave" was probably suggested by the keel shape of its vaulting...
flanked by two lower aisles. Tall columns with the composite order
Composite order
The composite order is a mixed order, combining the volutes of the Ionic order capital with the acanthus leaves of the Corinthian order. The composite order volutes are larger, however, and the composite order also has echinus molding with egg-and-dart ornamentation between the volutes...
line the nave
Nave
In Romanesque and Gothic Christian abbey, cathedral basilica and church architecture, the nave is the central approach to the high altar, the main body of the church. "Nave" was probably suggested by the keel shape of its vaulting...
. At the east end is the sanctuary
Sanctuary
A sanctuary is any place of safety. They may be categorized into human and non-human .- Religious sanctuary :A religious sanctuary can be a sacred place , or a consecrated area of a church or temple around its tabernacle or altar.- Sanctuary as a sacred place :#Sanctuary as a sacred place:#:In...
, with red Numidia
Numidia
Numidia was an ancient Berber kingdom in part of present-day Eastern Algeria and Western Tunisia in North Africa. It is known today as the Chawi-land, the land of the Chawi people , the direct descendants of the historical Numidians or the Massyles The kingdom began as a sovereign state and later...
n marble walls and a semi-dome above. Council of Independent Colleges The floor is pink Georgian marble. The many types of marble
Marble
Marble is a metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals, most commonly calcite or dolomite.Geologists use the term "marble" to refer to metamorphosed limestone; however stonemasons use the term more broadly to encompass unmetamorphosed limestone.Marble is commonly used for...
in the church come from Italy
Italy
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
, Africa, Skyros
Skyros
Skyros is an island in Greece, the southernmost of the Sporades, an archipelago in the Aegean Sea. Around the 2nd millennium BC and slightly later, the island was known as The Island of the Magnetes where the Magnetes used to live and later Pelasgia and Dolopia and later Skyros...
, Greece
Greece
Greece , officially the Hellenic Republic , and historically Hellas or the Republic of Greece in English, is a country in southeastern Europe....
and the United States.
Beneath the church is a crypt
Crypt
In architecture, a crypt is a stone chamber or vault beneath the floor of a burial vault possibly containing sarcophagi, coffins or relics....
, officially known as Our Lady of Sorrows Chapel.
Stained glass windows
On each side of the church are stained glass windowsStained Glass Windows
Stained Glass Windows was an early broadcast television program, broadcast on early Sunday evenings on the ABC network. The program was a religious broadcast, hosted by the Reverend Everett Parker....
made by the Bavarian Art Institute of Munich
Munich
Munich The city's motto is "" . Before 2006, it was "Weltstadt mit Herz" . Its native name, , is derived from the Old High German Munichen, meaning "by the monks' place". The city's name derives from the monks of the Benedictine order who founded the city; hence the monk depicted on the city's coat...
, Germany. They portray events of Christ
Christ
Christ is the English term for the Greek meaning "the anointed one". It is a translation of the Hebrew , usually transliterated into English as Messiah or Mashiach...
and his mother Mary
Mary (mother of Jesus)
Mary , commonly referred to as "Saint Mary", "Mother Mary", the "Virgin Mary", the "Blessed Virgin Mary", or "Mary, Mother of God", was a Jewish woman of Nazareth in Galilee...
as well as scenes from the Old Testament
Old Testament
The Old Testament, of which Christians hold different views, is a Christian term for the religious writings of ancient Israel held sacred and inspired by Christians which overlaps with the 24-book canon of the Masoretic Text of Judaism...
. The windows in the upper balcony display scenes of angels.
Stations of the Cross
The stations of the crossStations of the Cross
Stations of the Cross refers to the depiction of the final hours of Jesus, and the devotion commemorating the Passion. The tradition as chapel devotion began with St...
were some of the first items installed in the church. They were made of alabaster
Alabaster
Alabaster is a name applied to varieties of two distinct minerals, when used as a material: gypsum and calcite . The former is the alabaster of the present day; generally, the latter is the alabaster of the ancients...
by Mayer and Company of Munich
Munich
Munich The city's motto is "" . Before 2006, it was "Weltstadt mit Herz" . Its native name, , is derived from the Old High German Munichen, meaning "by the monks' place". The city's name derives from the monks of the Benedictine order who founded the city; hence the monk depicted on the city's coat...
and London at a cost of $1,800.
Paintings
Tadeusz ŻukotyńskiTadeusz Zukotynski
Polish count, professor, and painter Tadeusz Żukotyński was born in what is today the region of Podolia in Ukraine. One of Europe's foremost painters in religious subjects...
(Thaddeus von Zukotynski) painted three murals in addition to the sanctuary dome. "The Ascension" at the crossing of the nave
Nave
In Romanesque and Gothic Christian abbey, cathedral basilica and church architecture, the nave is the central approach to the high altar, the main body of the church. "Nave" was probably suggested by the keel shape of its vaulting...
and transept
Transept
For the periodical go to The Transept.A transept is a transverse section, of any building, which lies across the main body of the building. In Christian churches, a transept is an area set crosswise to the nave in a cruciform building in Romanesque and Gothic Christian church architecture...
ceiling shows Christ
Christ
Christ is the English term for the Greek meaning "the anointed one". It is a translation of the Hebrew , usually transliterated into English as Messiah or Mashiach...
ascending into heaven. On the east walls of the north and south transepts are the "Return from Calvary" and the "Flight into Egypt." These paintings were done on canvas in Żukotyński's studio in Chicago.
The semi-dome above the sanctuary is a fresco
Fresco
Fresco is any of several related mural painting types, executed on plaster on walls or ceilings. The word fresco comes from the Greek word affresca which derives from the Latin word for "fresh". Frescoes first developed in the ancient world and continued to be popular through the Renaissance...
that took Żukotyński three months to complete. It represents the Immaculate Conception
Immaculate Conception
The Immaculate Conception of Mary is a dogma of the Roman Catholic Church, according to which the Virgin Mary was conceived without any stain of original sin. It is one of the four dogmata in Roman Catholic Mariology...
of the Blessed Virgin Mary. She stands on a globe supported by clouds with Saint Michael and Saint Gabriel on either side. In the arcade beneath the dome the Four Evangelists
Four Evangelists
In Christian tradition the Four Evangelists are Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, the authors attributed with the creation of the four Gospel accounts in the New Testament that bear the following titles:*Gospel according to Matthew*Gospel according to Mark...
are depicted in frescoes with gold background.
George Hepfinger of Chicago did all of the decorating and painting of the rest of the church.
Altar furniture
The church renovation in 1986 included removal of a reredosReredos
thumb|300px|right|An altar and reredos from [[St. Josaphat's Roman Catholic Church|St. Josaphat Catholic Church]] in [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]]. This would be called a [[retable]] in many other languages and countries....
(high altar) in the sanctuary
Sanctuary
A sanctuary is any place of safety. They may be categorized into human and non-human .- Religious sanctuary :A religious sanctuary can be a sacred place , or a consecrated area of a church or temple around its tabernacle or altar.- Sanctuary as a sacred place :#Sanctuary as a sacred place:#:In...
. The Carrara marble was then used to create an altar
Altar
An altar is any structure upon which offerings such as sacrifices are made for religious purposes. Altars are usually found at shrines, and they can be located in temples, churches and other places of worship...
, a lectern
Lectern
A lectern is a reading desk with a slanted top, usually placed on a stand or affixed to some other form of support, on which documents or books are placed as support for reading aloud, as in a scripture reading, lecture, or sermon...
, and a presider's chair.
Crucifix
Removing the reredosReredos
thumb|300px|right|An altar and reredos from [[St. Josaphat's Roman Catholic Church|St. Josaphat Catholic Church]] in [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]]. This would be called a [[retable]] in many other languages and countries....
also opened up a space in the center wall of the sanctuary
Sanctuary
A sanctuary is any place of safety. They may be categorized into human and non-human .- Religious sanctuary :A religious sanctuary can be a sacred place , or a consecrated area of a church or temple around its tabernacle or altar.- Sanctuary as a sacred place :#Sanctuary as a sacred place:#:In...
. Harry Breen of Champaign, Illinois
Champaign, Illinois
Champaign is a city in Champaign County, Illinois, in the United States. The city is located south of Chicago, west of Indianapolis, Indiana, and 178 miles northeast of St. Louis, Missouri. Though surrounded by farm communities, Champaign is notable for sharing the campus of the University of...
, sculpted a triumphant Christ figure that appears to rise from the Crucifix
Crucifix
A crucifix is an independent image of Jesus on the cross with a representation of Jesus' body, referred to in English as the corpus , as distinct from a cross with no body....
.
Pipe organ
In the upper balcony at the west front of the church is a rare pipe organ made by the Casavant FrèresCasavant Frères
Casavant Frères is a prominent Canadian company in Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, which has been building fine pipe organs since 1879. As of 2008, they have produced over 3800 organs.- Company history :...
Company of Canada
Canada
Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean...
and installed in 1953. With approximately 1,700 pipes, it is the third organ that has been used in the church. For its dedication on December 8, 1953, the sisters held a short organ recital featuring congregation organist and composer Sister Cecilia Clare Bocard
Cecilia Clare Bocard
Sister Cecilia Clare Bocard was an American musician and composer of works for organ, piano, and chorus.Born Frances Ada Bocard in New Albany, Indiana, she began studying piano in first grade and organ in third grade. Bocard began as her parish's organist at the early age of nine...
playing her "Te Deum Laudamus".
Bells
In the bell towerBell tower
A bell tower is a tower which contains one or more bells, or which is designed to hold bells, even if it has none. In the European tradition, such a tower most commonly serves as part of a church and contains church bells. When attached to a city hall or other civic building, especially in...
at the west front is a set of chimes
Chime (bell instrument)
A carillon-like instrument with fewer than 23 bells is called a chime.American chimes usually have one to one and a half diatonic octaves. Many chimes play an automated piece of music. Prior to 1900, chime bells typically lacked dynamic variation and the inner tuning required to permit the use of...
. Made by the McShane Bell Foundry
McShane Bell Foundry
The McShane Bell Foundry, located in Glen Burnie, Maryland, is a maker of church bells. Since its founding in 1856 by Henry McShane, it has produced over 300,000 bells; at one time, the foundry also produced pipes and plumbing fixtures...
of Maryland
Maryland
Maryland is a U.S. state located in the Mid Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware to its east...
, the eleven bells were placed in the tower in 1910. They have a combined weight of 13,150 pounds.
Originally, the bells were rung by hand to wake the Sisters of Providence
Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods
The Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods are an apostolic congregation of Catholic women founded by Saint Theodora Guerin at Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, Indiana, in 1840...
, to call them to prayer and to tell them when to retire. In addition, hymns were played on the set on Sundays, holidays and feast days. The bells still are rung on the hour in addition to tolls for deceased sisters. The Sisters of Providence
Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods
The Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods are an apostolic congregation of Catholic women founded by Saint Theodora Guerin at Saint Mary-of-the-Woods, Indiana, in 1840...
also ring the bells each time someone is executed by capital punishment
Capital punishment
Capital punishment, the death penalty, or execution is the sentence of death upon a person by the state as a punishment for an offence. Crimes that can result in a death penalty are known as capital crimes or capital offences. The term capital originates from the Latin capitalis, literally...
in the United States.
In November 2004, Schulmerich Carillons installed a Generation 4 Novabell DSP cast bell controller which activates the bells. The bells, chimes and tolls are either programmed into the system or they may be controlled manually.