The Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav
Encyclopedia
The Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav is a Norwegian
Norway
Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and Bouvet Island. Norway has a total area of and a population of about 4.9 million...

 order of chivalry
Order (decoration)
An order or order of merit is a visible honour, awarded by a government, dynastic house or international organization to an individual, usually in recognition of distinguished service to a nation or to humanity. The distinction between orders and decorations is somewhat vague, except that most...

 that was instituted by King Oscar I
Oscar I of Sweden
Oscar I was King of Sweden and Norway from 1844 to his death. When, in August 1810, his father Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte was elected Crown Prince of Sweden, Oscar and his mother moved from Paris to Stockholm . Oscar's father was the first ruler of the current House of Bernadotte...

 of Norway and Sweden
Sweden
Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund....

 on August 21, 1847, as a distinctly Norwegian order. It is named after King Olav II
Olaf II of Norway
Olaf II Haraldsson was King of Norway from 1015 to 1028. He was posthumously given the title Rex Perpetuus Norvegiae and canonised in Nidaros by Bishop Grimkell, one year after his death in the Battle of Stiklestad on 29 July 1030. Enshrined in Nidaros Cathedral...

, known for posterity as St. Olav. Nobility was abolished in Norway in 1821. Just before the union with Sweden was dissolved in 1905, the Order of the Norwegian Lion
Order of the Norwegian Lion
The Order of the Norwegian Lion was a Norwegian order of knighthood established by King Oscar II of Norway on 21 January 1904, "in memory of the glorious events associated with Norway’s venerable Coat of Arms"....

 was instituted in 1904 by King Oscar II
Oscar II of Sweden
Oscar II , baptised Oscar Fredrik was King of Sweden from 1872 until his death and King of Norway from 1872 until 1905. The third son of King Oscar I of Sweden and Josephine of Leuchtenberg, he was a descendant of Gustav I of Sweden through his mother.-Early life:At his birth in Stockholm, Oscar...

, but it was not awarded by his successor Haakon VII
Haakon VII
Haakon VII may refer to:People* Haakon VII of Norway , King of Norway Ships* HNoMS King Haakon VII, a Royal Norwegian Navy escort ship in commission from 1942 to 1951...

. The Order of St. Olav thus became the kingdom's only order of chivalry for the next 80 years. The Grand Master of the order is the reigning monarch of Norway. It is awarded to individuals as a reward for remarkable accomplishments on behalf of the country and humanity. Since 1985, the order has only been conferred upon Norwegian citizens, though foreign heads of state and royals are awarded the order as a matter of courtesy.

The King awards the order upon the recommendation of a six-member commission, consisting of a chancellor, vice chancellor, the court treasurer, and one representative from the southern, central, and northern parts of Norway. The prime minister nominates the members of the commission, and the monarch approves them. Nominations for the award are directed at the commission through the county
Counties of Norway
Norway is divided into 19 administrative regions, called counties . The counties form the primary first-level subdivisions of Norway and are further divided into 430 municipalities...

 mayor.

The order is divided into five classes and may be awarded for either civilian or military contributions, the Collar is awarded as a separate distinction of the Grand Cross to those recipients deemed exceptionally worthy, in descending order of distinction:
  • Grand Cross
    Grand Cross
    The phrase Grand Cross is used to denote the highest grade in many orders of knighthood. Sometimes the holders of the highest grade are referred to "knights grand cross" or just "grand crosses"; in other cases the actual insignia itself is called "the grand cross".Alternatively, in some other...

     of St. Olav (Storkors) - awarded to heads of state as a courtesy and in rare cases to individuals for merit; wears the badge on a collar
    Livery collar
    A livery collar or chain of office is a collar or heavy chain, usually of gold, worn as insignia of office or a mark of fealty or other association in Europe from the Middle Ages onwards....

     (chain), plus the star on the left chest. If the collar is not worn the badge may be worn on a sash on the right shoulder;
  • Commander with Star (Kommandør med stjerne) - wears the badge on a necklet, plus the star on the left chest;
  • Commander (Kommandør) - wears the badge on a necklet;
  • Knight, First Class (Ridder av 1. klasse) - wears the badge on a ribbon on the left chest;
  • Knight (Ridder) - wears the badge on a ribbon on the left chest.


The insignia are expected to be returned either upon the receiver's advancement to a higher level of the order or upon his or her death. Since it was instituted, the order has been awarded approximately 5,000 times. The insignia are produced in Norway by craftsmen.

The Norwegian king also awards the St. Olav's Medal (St. Olavsmedaljen) in gold and silver for "activities for the benefit of society," but these do not confer upon the recipient membership in an order.

Insignia

The collar of the Order is in gold, with five enamelled and crowned monograms "O" (for "Oscar", the royal cipher of Oscar I, the Order's founder), five enamelled and crowned coat-of-arms of Norway, and 10 gold crosses bottony
Bottony
In heraldry, bottony refers to a symbol having a bud or button, or a kind of trefoil, at the end; furnished with knobs or buttons. Hence, a cross bottony is a cross having each arm terminating in three rounded lobes, forming a sort of trefoil...

each flanked by two battle axes with silver blades and golden shafts (The latter element is also featured in the coat of arms of the Church of Norway
Church of Norway
The Church of Norway is the state church of Norway, established after the Lutheran reformation in Denmark-Norway in 1536-1537 broke the ties to the Holy See. The church confesses the Lutheran Christian faith...

).

The badge of the Order is a white enamelled Maltese Cross
Maltese cross
The Maltese cross, also known as the Amalfi cross, is identified as the symbol of an order of Christian warriors known as the Knights Hospitaller or Knights of Malta and through them came to be identified with the Mediterranean island of Malta and is one of the National symbols of Malta...

, in silver for the knight class and in gilt
Gilding
The term gilding covers a number of decorative techniques for applying fine gold leaf or powder to solid surfaces such as wood, stone, or metal to give a thin coating of gold. A gilded object is described as "gilt"...

 of the higher classes; crowned monograms "O" (for "Oscar") appear between the arms of the cross. The obverse central disc is red with the golden Norwegian lion rampart bearing a battle axe; the reverse disc bears the King Olav's motto «Ret og Sandhed» - "Justice and Truth" in Norwegian; both discs are surrounded by a white-blue-white ring. The cross is topped by a crown; military awards have crossed swords between the crown and the cross.

The star of the Order for the Grand Cross is an eight-pointed silver star with faceted rays, bearing the obverse of the badge of the Order (minus the crown on the top).

The star for Commander with Star is a silver faceted Maltese Cross, with gilt crowned monograms "O" (for "Oscar") between the arms of the cross. The central disc is red with the golden Norwegian lion rampart bearing a battle axe, surrounded by a white-blue-white ring.

The ribbon of the Order is red with white-blue-white edge stripes.

In very exceptional circumstances the Order may awarded 'with diamonds', in which case a ring of diamonds replace the white-blue-white enamel ring surrounding the central disc on the front of the badge.

Ranking

In the Order of precedence
Norwegian order of precedence
The Norwegian order of precedence is the hierarchy of officials in the Government of Norway used to direct seating and ranking on formal occasions, decided by the King, which came into effect from 1 July 1993.I....

 used at the royal court of Norway, bearers of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav with collar are ranked 15 in the Order of precedence directly after The Lady Chamberlain and generals and directly before recipients of the War Cross with sword
War Cross with sword
The War Cross with Sword is the highest ranking Norwegian gallantry decoration. It is awarded for extraordinary brave actions or extraordinary leadership during combat. A recipient deemed worthy of additional citations will receive up to an additional two swords on the medal ribbon in addition to...

. Bearers of the Grand Cross of the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav are ranked 16.

The medal is ranked third in the general ranking of Norwegian orders and medals
Norwegian orders and medals
This is a list of Norwegian orders and medals, in order of precedence. This list contains all medals approved for wearing on a Norwegian military uniform in ranked order.- Awarded by or approved by H.M. the King of Norway :# War Cross with sword...

 for use when wearing more than one medal.

Current holders of the Grand Cross

This list contains 93 holders of the Grand Cross, 21 of which have also been awarded the Collar and gives the year of their appointment. The list is collated
Collation
Collation is the assembly of written information into a standard order. One common type of collation is called alphabetization, though collation is not limited to ordering letters of the alphabet...

 alphabetically by last name, those recipients not possessing a last name, such as royalty and most Icelanders are collated by first name. 6 of the listed are not heads of states or royals, these are marked by names in bold. Before the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit was created in 1985, the Order of St Olav was awarded to members of a foreign delegation during state visits. Many holders of the grand cross who are not Heads of state are not listed here.

This list was last updated on 16 May 2011.
Country Name Title, Position Grand Cross
with Collar
Grand Cross Year of appointment
Heinz Fischer
Heinz Fischer
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President 2007
Albert II
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King 1964
Mathilde
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Paola
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Queen 1997
Philippe Crown Prince 2003
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
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President 2003
Georgi Parvanov
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President 2006
Andrew
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Prince 1988
Charles
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Prince Charles, Prince of Wales is the heir apparent and eldest son of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. Since 1958 his major title has been His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales. In Scotland he is additionally known as The Duke of Rothesay...

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Edward
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Prince 1988
Commonwealth realm
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A Commonwealth realm is a sovereign state within the Commonwealth of Nations that has Elizabeth II as its monarch and head of state. The sixteen current realms have a combined land area of 18.8 million km² , and a population of 134 million, of which all, except about two million, live in the six...

s
Elizabeth II
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Elizabeth II is the constitutional monarch of 16 sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize,...

Queen 1955
Commonwealth realm
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A Commonwealth realm is a sovereign state within the Commonwealth of Nations that has Elizabeth II as its monarch and head of state. The sixteen current realms have a combined land area of 18.8 million km² , and a population of 134 million, of which all, except about two million, live in the six...

s
Philip
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
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Prince Consort 1952
Richard
Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester
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Prince 1973
Ivo Josipović
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President 2011
Benedikte
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Frederik
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Henrik
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Joachim
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Prince 1991
Margrethe II
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Mary
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Crown Princess 2005
Arnold Rüütel
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3rd President 2002
Martti Ahtisaari
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Mauno Koivisto
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Tarja Halonen
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Jacques Chirac
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former President 2000
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
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former President (when Minister of Finance) 1962
Roman Herzog
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former President 1998
Horst Köhler
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former President 2007
Marianne von Weizsäcker
Marianne von Weizsäcker
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former first lady 1986
Richard von Weizsäcker
Richard von Weizsäcker
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former President 1986
Greece
Greece
Greece , officially the Hellenic Republic , and historically Hellas or the Republic of Greece in English, is a country in southeastern Europe....

 
Constantine II
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|align=right|Constantine II was King of Greece from 1964 until the abolition of the monarchy in 1973, the sixth and last monarch of the Greek Royal Family....

former King 1964, 1962
Constantinos Stephanopoulos 6th President 2004
Árpád Göncz
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Ferenc Mádl
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Farah Pahlavi
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Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson
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President 1998
Vigdís Finnbogadóttir
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Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
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Akihito
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Emperor 2001, 1953
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Crown Princess 2001
Michiko
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Empress 2001
Naruhito
Naruhito, Crown Prince of Japan
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Crown Prince 2001
Tomohito of Mikasa
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Princess 2001
Abdullah II
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King 2000
Hassan Prince (former Crown Prince) ?
Rania Queen 2000
Guntis Ulmanis
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former President 1998
Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga
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former President 2000
Valdas Adamkus
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former President 1998
Dalia Grybauskaitė
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Dalia Grybauskaitė is the current President of Lithuania, inaugurated on 12 July 2009. She had previously been Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs, Finance Minister, and European Commissioner for Financial Programming and the Budget...

President 2011
Henri
Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg
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Grand Duke 2011
Jean
Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg
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Grand Duke 1964
Maria Teresa
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Grand Duchess 1996
Beatrix
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Queen 1964
Margriet
Princess Margriet of the Netherlands
Princess Margriet Francisca of the Netherlands is the third daughter of Queen Juliana and Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands...

Princess 1964
Willem-Alexander
Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange
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Crown Prince 1996
Astrid
Princess Astrid of Norway
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Princess 1956
Kjell Magne Bondevik
Kjell Magne Bondevik
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former Prime Minister 2004
Lars Petter Forberg Master of the Royal Household 2004
Haakon
Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway
Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway is the heir apparent to the throne of Norway. On birth he was named Prince Haakon Magnus but it was stressed in the announcement that he would go by the name Haakon. He became Crown Prince Haakon when his father ascended to the crown as Harald V in 1991...

Crown Prince 1991
Magne Hagen
Magne Hagen
Magne Hagen is a retired Norwegian royal servant.Hagen started with a military career, and held the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. He was first hired in the Royal Court in 1974, as an aide-de-camp of King Olav V. He became private secretary in 1979. When Olav V died in 1991 and was replaced with...

former secretary to the King 2000
Harald V
Harald V of Norway
Harald V is the king of Norway. He succeeded to the throne of Norway upon the death of his father Olav V on 17 January 1991...

King
Grand Master
1955, 1991
Kaare Langlete
Kaare Langlete
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former Master of the Royal Household 1993
Jørgen Hårek Kosmo former President of the Norwegian Parliament 2005
Märtha Louise
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Princess 1989
Mette-Marit
Mette-Marit, Crown Princess of Norway
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Crown Princess 2001
Ragnhild
Princess Ragnhild of Norway
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Princess 1982
Carsten Smith
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former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Norway 2003
Sonja
Queen Sonja of Norway
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Queen 1972
Aleksander Kwaśniewski
Aleksander Kwasniewski
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former President 1996
Lech Wałęsa
Lech Wałęsa
Lech Wałęsa is a Polish politician, trade-union organizer, and human-rights activist. A charismatic leader, he co-founded Solidarity , the Soviet bloc's first independent trade union, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and served as President of Poland between 1990 and 95.Wałęsa was an electrician...

former President 1995
António Ramalho Eanes
António Ramalho Eanes
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17th President 1978
Jorge Sampaio former president 2004
Aníbal Cavaco Silva
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current president 2008
Emil Constantinescu
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former President 1999
Ivan Gašparovič
Ivan Gašparovic
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President 2010
Danilo Türk
Danilo Türk
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President 2011
Nelson Mandela
Nelson Mandela
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former President 1998
Cristina Princess 1995
Elena Princess 1995
Felipe
Felipe, Prince of Asturias
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Crown Prince 1995
Juan Carlos I
Juan Carlos I of Spain
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King 1982
Sofía
Queen Sofía of Spain
Queen Sofía of Spain is the wife of King Juan Carlos I of Spain.-Early life and family:Princess Sophia of Greece and Denmark was born in Psychiko, Athens, Greece on 2 November 1938, the eldest child of the King Paul of Greece and his wife, Queen Frederika , a former princess of Hanover...

Queen 1982
Carl XVI Gustaf
Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden
Carl XVI Gustaf is the reigning King of Sweden since 15 September 1973, succeeding his grandfather King Gustaf VI Adolf because his father had predeceased him...

King 1974
Carl Philip
Prince Carl Philip, Duke of Värmland
Prince Carl Philip, Duke of Värmland , is the second child of three children and only son of King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia of Sweden. Born Crown Prince of Sweden, he retained his title and first place in succession for seven months until 1 January 1980...

Prince 2005
Christina
Princess Christina, Mrs. Magnuson
Princess Christina, Mrs. Magnuson, is the sister of Carl XVI Gustaf, the current King of Sweden. She was born at Haga Palace outside Stockholm. She is the fourth child of Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten, and Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, and granddaughter of King Gustaf VI...

Princess 1992
Désirée
Princess Désirée, Baroness Silfverschiöld
Princess Désirée, Baroness Silfverschiöld , was born at Haga Palace outside Stockholm. She is the third child of Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten, and Princess Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, and granddaughter of King Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden...

Princess 1992
Lilian
Princess Lilian, Duchess of Halland
Princess Lilian, Duchess of Halland is a Welsh former fashion model who has been a member of the Swedish Royal Family since marrying Prince Bertil , an uncle of King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden, in 1976.-Early life:Born in Swansea, Wales, the daughter of William John Davies and wife Gladys Mary...

Princess 1992
Madeleine
Princess Madeleine, Duchess of Hälsingland and Gästrikland
Princess Madeleine of Sweden, Duchess of Hälsingland and Gästrikland is the youngest child and second daughter of King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia of Sweden...

Princess 2005
Silvia
Queen Silvia of Sweden
|align=right|Queen Silvia of Sweden is the Queen consort of King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden. Styled Her Majesty The Queen, Silvia is the mother of the heir apparent to the throne, Crown Princess Victoria.-Childhood:Queen Silvia was born in Heidelberg, Germany, on 23 December 1943...

Queen 1982
Victoria
Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden
Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden, Duchess of Västergötland is the heiress-apparent to the Swedish throne. If she ascends to the throne as expected, she will be Sweden's fourth queen regnant .-Early life:...

Crown Princess 1995
Bhumibol Adulyadej
Bhumibol Adulyadej
Bhumibol Adulyadej is the current King of Thailand. He is known as Rama IX...

King 1960
Sirikit
Sirikit
Somdet Phra Nang Chao Sirikit Phra Borommarachininat , is the queen consort of Bhumibol Adulyadej, King of Thailand. She is the second Queen Regent of Thailand...

Queen 1965

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