Princes Risborough
Encyclopedia
Princes Risborough is a small town in Buckinghamshire
, England
, about 9 miles south of Aylesbury
and 8 miles north west of High Wycombe
. Bledlow lies to the west and Monks Risborough
to the east. It lies at the foot of the Chiltern Hills
, at the north end of a gap or pass through the Chilterns, the south end of which is at West Wycombe
. The A4010 road
follows this route from West Wycombe through the town and then on to Aylesbury.
Historically it was both a Manor and an ecclesiastical parish, of the same extent as the Manor, which comprised the present eccledsiatical parish of Princes Risborough (excluding Ilmer) and also the present ecclesiastical parish of Lacey Green
, which became a separate parish in the 19th century. It was long and narrow (a "strip parish"), taking in land below the Chiltern scarp, the slope of the scarp itself and also land above the scarp extending into the Chiltern hills. The manor and the parish extended from Longwick in the north through Alscot, the town of Princes Risborough, Loosley Row and Lacey Green to Speen and Walters Ash in the south.
Since 1934 the civil parish of Princes Risborough (formerly the same as the ecclesiastical parish) has included the town of Princes Risborough, the village of Monks Risborough (but not the outlying parts) and part of Horsenden but has excluded Longwick. It is within the Wycombe district of Buckinghamshire and operates as a town council
within Wycombe district.
The town is overlooked by the Whiteleaf Cross, carved in the chalk of the hillside, though the cross itself is in Monks Risborough
.
In the 13th century it is found as Magna Risberge (Great Risborough), distinguished from Parva (Little) Risberge which was Monks Risborough, and later as Earls Risborough and, finally, when the manor came to be held by Edward Prince of Wales
(son of Edward III
and later to be known as the Black Prince), as Princes Risborough.
It was assessed at 30 hides both before and after the conquest, of which 20 hides related to the demesne. The manor had land for 24 ploughs, four of them in the lord's demesne. There were 30 villagers and they together with 12 bordars (cottagers or small holders) had 20 ploughs. There were 3 slaves. There were 2 mills, worth 14s 8d a year, meadow for 7 ploughteams (generally taken as needing 8 oxen each) and woodland sufficient for 1,000 pigs. In total it paid £47 a year in white silver, less 16d. Before 1066 it only paid £10 at face value (i.e. without weighing the coins). Furthermore a burgess of Oxford paid 2s and a saltboiler of Droitwich an amount left blank. A freeman held 3 virgates and had the right to sell his land, though it was said that he served the sheriff.
The persons mentioned would have been only the heads of families, and so the total population of the manor (on the usual reckoning of 4.5 persons per family) would have been in the region of 200 people.
In the 12th century it was held by Walter Giffard, the 2nd Earl of Buckingham, but reverted to the Crown on his death in 1164. It was then granted to the Constable of Normandy, Robert de Humeto, who obtained a charter from King Henry II
, and remained in his family until about 1242. King Henry III
then granted the Manor to Richard, Earl of Cornwall (2nd son of King John
), succeeded by his son, Edward, who died in 1300, when it escheated to the Crown.
King Edward I in 1302/05 granted it to Queen Margaret for her life, subject to the rights of Margaret, Countess of Cornwall, in one third part for life as part of her dower. King Edward II gave the reversion (subject to these life interests) to his unpopular favourite, Piers Gaveston
, and his wife, but this grant was surrendered in the same year. Queen Margaret died in 1316. In 1327, when Edward III succeeded to the throne at the age of fifteen, he granted the Manor for life to his mother, Queen Isabella
for her services during his father’s reign. The King’s brother, John, Earl of Cornwall, also had an interest for a time. After the death of the Queen-mother it was held by Henry de Ferrers until his death in 1344.
The King then granted the Manor to his eldest son, Edward Prince of Wales, known later (though not during his lifetime) as the Black Prince. He was 14 years of age in 1344 and he held the Manor for 32 years until his death in 1376. Edward III did not die until 1377 and the Prince never became King. It was during this period that the Manor became known as Princes Risborough.
On the death of the Black Prince the Manor passed to his son, Richard of Bordeaux, who became King Richard II
in the following year. He granted it to Lewis de Clifford who held it for his life, when it reverted to King Henry IV
, who then in turn granted it to his son Henry, Prince of Wales, who became King Henry V
in 1413. It then passed to Henry VI
and was part of the dower of his Queen, Margaret of Anjou
. Later it was held by his son, Edward, and then appears to have remained vested in the Crown until Edward VI granted it to his half-sister, the Princess (later Queen) Elizabeth for her life.
Subsequently James I
held it and it formed part of the dower of his Queen, Anne of Denmark. Later again it was held by Prince Charles, later King Charles I
, who in 1628 sold it to the City of London in part satisfaction of the large debts of the Crown. Thus, after more than 600 years, the Manor’s long connection with the Crown of England finally came to an end.
Subsequently the manor was bought and sold in the market and changed hands from time to time but its later manorial history is only a record of commercial transactions.
and hall on the West side of the church (where there is now a car park), which old books describe as his 'palace'. This is misleading. It was the manor house (see below) and he as lord of the manor would have stayed there when he came to Risborough, but it was hardly palatial and might be better described as a hunting lodge. The Prince seems never to have spent an extended period of time there. The nearest place where he lived for any length of time was Berkhamsted Castle, where he stayed after his marriage to Joan Countess of Kent from November 1361 to January 1362 and occasionally at other times.
At Risborough there was already a stud for breeding horses and a park which was used for the horses and probably also for hunting. The main purpose of his visits to Risborough is likely to have been to visit the stud and inspect and/or select horses.
Much of his adult life was spent on campaign in France, where he won the great victory of Poitiers in 1356. In July 1362 his father (Edward III) made him Prince of Aquitaine and he remained in that province until he returned to England in 1371, probably already a sick man.
In 1346, when the Prince (aged 16) was about to leave with his father for his first campaign in France, which culminated in the battle of Crecy, a Council was set up to manage on his behalf his various manors and lordships throughout the country. The transactions of this Council were recorded and have been printed and published by the Public Record Office. Many decisions affecting Risborough were made by this Council rather than by the Prince himself. They give us some insight into life at Risborough in the 14th century.
The Manor was in the charge of a Steward (not always resident there), but its day to day management was in the hands of the Reeve
, and there was a Parker, responsible for the management of the Park, and a Keeper of the Stud.
In November 1346 John de Alveton was appointed to be Steward of the Prince's manors of Watlington and Risborough. In 1347 the Keeper of the Stud was Richard de Bekenesfield and he was ordered to render tithes due to the Abbot of Notley if there were sufficient foals of the year for the purpose. In the same year the Reeve had been ordered to pay money out of the profits of Risborough to make a new kitchen at the Prince's manor of Byfleet.
In 1354 (in which year the Prince was at Berkhamsted) a piece of land in the Park was enclosed by the Prince and the Reeve (William Onyot) paid 18 shillings for it. The Prince may well have been there in person that year for the Treasurer of his household was ordered "by command of the Prince himself" to make payment for various things taken for the Prince's use and expended in the Prince's household at Risborough "after verifying that the same are really due". These included a total of 186 gallons of ale and "to John Dayly of Risborough 17 pence for underwood and fuel for the fire".
In 1359 Sir Peter de Lacey the Prince's clerk and receiver-general was ordered to provide hay, oats, shoes and litter until further order for two destriers (warhorses) which Sir Baldwin Bottecourt had lent to the Prince to be stallions at Risborough and Cippenham and to pay 3d a day to a groom that keeps them.
There seems to have been a great storm in 1362, when the Reeve was to allow the Parker to sell all the wood which had fallen in the Park except the great ash, if its value did not exceed £4.
In April 1364 the Reeve had to make provision for a grey courser which was sent to cover the mares at Risborough and in July to pay £10.10s for a black stallion for the same purpose. Also in 1364 the Reeve was to cause the garret over the gate of the Prince's Park to be demolished and pulled down, as it was reported very weak and ruinous, and to use the timber and other materials to build a lodge near the gate. He was also to flush out the ditches round the manor and to sell as dearly as possible all the large fish caught there, keeping the small fish as stock.
The Prince died at Westminster on 8 June 1376 aged 65.
Nave & Chancel
The church was enlarged by the addition of the nave arcades and aisles in the early or mid 13th century The arches at the western end of each arcade were added in the late 13th or early 14th century, those on the south being later. The columns are octagonal with plain chamfered bases and moulded capitals. There were originally deep solid responds at the eastern end of each arcade (altered to make a narrower additional arch in the 19th century). There are now seven arches on each side.
The chancel was rebuilt about 1290 and the two-light window in the north wall is of that date (much restored) with a modern quatrefoil above. The two windows in the south wall of the chancel are probably of about 1340. The east window is modern.
In the south aisle the window at the east end is of about 1300. The easternmost window in the south wall is "a fine triplet of lancets", "a very remarkable window" and has attached and detached shafts of Purbeck marble making an open arcade of three bays. This is dated to the early 13th century. The other window in this aisle (on the western side of the door) is of about 1340.
Below the windows in the south aisle are four 14th century recesses with ogee heads which once probably held tombs.
At the end of the south wall of the south aisle, next to the altar, are a piscina
(a shelf on which the sacred vessels were washed after mass) and a sedile
(a stone seat for the priest), both in the decorated gothic style of the 14th century but badly damaged . These were always found on the right side of an altar and show that there was an altar at the end of this aisle in the Middle Ages. This piscina has no drain but there is a stone shelf above it.
In the north aisle are four modern windows from the 19th century rebuilding of this wall, using some old materials. The 14th century door on the north side was formerly blocked but now serves as the entrance to the new parish rooms which were built at the start of the 21st century on the north side of the church.
Tower and spire
The church originally had a tower with a spire above it, probably built in the 15th century, but this spire fell down in 1803, damaging the church and destroying a peal of bells. A new stone spire was built, octagonal in shape, and described in 1862 as covered with galvanised iron. In 1907/08 a new tower and spire were built from the foundations, designed by John Oldrid Scott
.
Image:Princes Risborough Church interior towards chancel.jpg|The interior of the church looking east
Image:Princes Risborough Church window 3 lancets marble columns.jpg|Three lancet window in the south aisle
Image:Princes Risborough Church piscina & sedile.jpg|Piscina & sedile in south aisle
Image:Princes Risborough church Piscina in chancel.jpg|Piscina in south wall of chancel
Image:Princes Risborough Church Interior north side.jpg|North Aisle
Image:Princes Risborough church from NW and parish rooms.jpg|The church from the north west, showing parish rooms
Image:Princes Risborough Church from Manor House.jpg|The church seen from the east
In 1765 the Earl of Buckingham gave the rectory of Princes Risborough to the manor at Nutley Abbey in Long Crendon
, to which it is still attached today.
Inside the church there are two painted ceramic statues, St Teresa of Lisieux and St Joseph, by Richard Guino
. The altar relief is also by him. The Stations of the Cross are timber reliefs (1990/1) by Stephen Foster
, which Pevsner & Williamson considered of high quality. An altar rail (1957) by Rosamund Fletcher now serves as a screen to St Teresa's chapel.
The history of the Baptists in Princes Risborough began about 1701, when some members of the General Baptist church at Ford (later moved to Cuddington) seceded for doctrinal reasons and established a Particular Baptist meeting there. A meeting house was erected in 1707. (The Particular or Peculiar Baptists were closer to Calvinism than the General Baptists) After the present building had been erected in 1804/5, it was extended and re-arranged in 1814. The galleries were enlarged in 1833 and a vestry was added in 1871.
In the mid-20th century two sides were rendered with pebble-dash and a new entrance and porch added in the front. Extensive additions with additional rooms have been made later, adjoining the original building.
In medieval times from the 13th to the 15th century the Manor House was a building on the south western side of the Church surrounded by an earthen rampart and a moat, most of the site being now occupied by the Mount car park (the area was formerly known as the Mount). Only the base of some of the walls remained from the old building and these were partially excavated in 1955 before the car park was constructed The remains of the building lie under the far side of the car park (farthest from the church)extending from north west to south east, parallel with the fence at the end. The whole building was about 150 feet long with a minimum width of 15 feet. Most of the remains had been pillaged for building material over the centuries and there was only time for a partial excavation in 1955, with the result that the excavator could only reach provisional conclusions about the nature of the building and the uses of the rooms.
Most of the remaining walls were 1 foot high or less and of dry-set flint and chalk. They were only 1 foot to 1 foot 6 inches in width (with offsets) in shallow foundation trenches. The excavator thought that the upper part of the walls were probably made of witchert, a local building material still existing in some buildings particularly at Haddenham and consisting of chalk mud mixed with straw which would set very solid. The roofs may have been partly thatched but part must have been tiled, because a fair number of roofing tiles were found spread over the site. Looking at the building from the church side, the excavator thought that on the left was probably a two storey building whch would have been the accommodation reserved for the lord of the manor. The room on the first floor would have been the 'Great Chamber' serving as bedroom and sitting room. The great hall probably extended in front of this part of the building towards the church, but this was not found or excavated. On the right of this room was probably the kitchen and beyond that more living accommodation, perhaps for the steward, with a smaller hall extending in front of it. This was roughly in the centre of the building. The excavator considered whether this might be the Great Hall but thought it probably too small. Beyond it to the right was a range of single storey rooms.
The remainder of the area could not be excavated, but trial holes indicated that most of it may have been paved with cobbles.
The only positive evidence of date was a somewhat worn penny of Edward I, struck at the Bristol mint in 1280/1, which might have been lost at any time up to about 1300. The majority of the pottery found was datable to the 14th century.
The indications were that the buildings were first erected in the 13th century, perhaps in the reign of Henry III (1207–72), that they were in use throughout the 14th century (Edward II, the Prince of Wales during the reign of Edward III and Richard II) but went out of use at the end of that century or in the early 15th century.
Another building may have been erected on some part of the site at a later date, because there are documentary references to such a building in the reign of Elizabeth I and its remains are said to have been demolished around 1800, but there is no certain information about this.
2 Modern
(Redirected from Princes Risborough Manor House)
The house now known as the Manor House stands opposite the east end of the church. It was formerly known as Brook or Brooke House and the name was only changed in the late 19th century
The house is first mentioned (as Broke House) in the reign of Elizabeth I in a grant dated 1589, but this was an earlier building, though some parts of it are incorporated in the present house. Arthur Oswald thought that the interior wall parallel to the front outside wall and fireplaces in two of the bedrooms may come from the Elizabthan house. The house was substantially enlarged and rebuilt in the mid-17th century.
Inigo Jones
had brought the classical renaissance style to England in the early 17th century. His followers took the new classical style into the country, characterised by its symmetry and proportion and such classical elements as pilasters, while wide eaves took the place of a cornice. Often a bricklayer would also be the principal contractor, controlling the other trades, and he could avoid the necessity to employ a mason for stonework if he could produce the classical elements in brick. So in this house we have brick pilasters, one above the other, with capitals and bases shaped in brickwork. The rebuilding seems to have been carried out in two stages, though without a long gap between them. There is a straight joint in the brickwork to the left of the second pilaster on the north side. In front of this the bricks are laid in English bond, but Flemish bond is used towards the back, indicating that this part was built a little later.
The house is built of red brick with two storeys and an attic. The frontage has five windows, widely spaced and separated by brick pilasters in two orders corresponding to the ground and first floors. Originally there was a large central attic window of 'Dutch' type (as can be seen in the woodcut from Lipscomb's History of the County of Buckingham (1847)). This was replaced by three dormer windows in the late 19th century.
Inside the house the staircase and some of the panelling and fireplaces in the hall and drawing room date from the 17th century re-building. The oak staircase opens at the back of the hall through a 17th century arch and ascends two storeys round a square well. Arthur Oswald describes it as of Jacobean type but likely to have been made by a country joiner at the time of the Commonwealth or Charles II. Pevsner & Williamson, who call it "spectacular", describe it as made in the mid-17th century but in the strapwork
tradition.
Arthur Oswald though that the entrance doorway and sash windows were probably 18th century alterations made in Georgian times, but Pevsner and Williamson think they might be part of Lord Rothschild's alterations in 1886.
By the mid-19th century the house was very dilapidated and part was being used for storing grain. Lord Rothschild bought it in the 1880s and arranged for it to be renovated and put into repair. This work started in 1886, but there is no record of exactly what was done. It was probably after the completion of this work that the name was changed to the Manor House. In 1926 later members of the Rothschild family gave the house to the National Trust and it was then further modernised under the direction of the Society for the Preservation of Ancient Buildings. It is usually let to a tenant and some rooms can be seen by prior appointment.
Did Sir Peter Lely live in Brook House?
Several books say that he did and that he bought the house in 1671. This is not likely to be true. Lely was a wealthy and fashionable London painter (Court painter from 1661), very busy, with a house at Covent Garden,where he had an impressive collection of pictures. Samuel Pepys, after visiting him in 1667, wrote that he was a "mighty proud man.....and full of state." It is highly improbable that such a man would have chosen or indeed would have been able to live in a small village in the Chilterns, 40 miles from London. He had more work in London than he could easily manage. His wife died in childbirth in 1674 and was buried at St Pauls, Covent Garden, where Lely himself was buried after his death in 1680. His estate comprised his house in Covent Garden and investment properties in Surrey and Lincolnshire. No biography of the painter mentions a house at Princes Risborough.
Where did this story come from? It was a misunderstanding of a transaction in 1671, when he was recorded as purchasing a "fee farm rent" issuing out of the Manor of Princes Risborough. This was a perpetual rentcharge or ground rent secured on the rents and profits of the manor (not the manor house, which was then Brook House). In other words it was like a financial instrument securing an annual income. He wouild have bought it as an investment and would have received the income at stated intervals. It is very unlikely that he ever went near Princes Risborough himself.
, Askett
, Cadsden
, Flowers Bottom, Loosley Row
Lower North Dean, Monks Risborough
, North Dean, Redland End, Speen
, Upper North Dean and Whiteleaf
.
Princes Risborough has been featured several times in films and television series (e.g. Jonathan Creek
, Inspector Morse
, Midsomer Murders
and Double First).
It is popular with commuters as it has excellent rail links to London
and Birmingham
. Notable residents include Jay Kay from Jamiroquai
and Lee McQueen, winner of The Apprentice series 4
.
Since the reintroduction of the Red Kite
to the Chiltern Hills, Princes Risborough has become an ideal place to view this bird of prey
. They are often sighted above the town and surrounding areas.
The town is home to Princes Risborough School
, which is a co-educational secondary school.
Football Risborough Rangers F.C.
has its headquarters at Windsor Playing Fields. Currently the side play in the Spartan South Midlands League (Div 2). They are managed by local man Bob Rayner. They also have a number of teams playing at various venues within the town
Golf There is a nine-hole Golf course at Saunderton Lee (Princes Risborough Golf Club). Nearby is Whiteleaf Golf Club at Monks Risborough (9 holes) and the 18 hole course at Ellesborough on land formerly part of the Chequers
estate (Ellesborough Golf Club) is not far away.
Gym There is a fully equipped, air conditioned, Health and Fitness Studio at Risborough Springs, off Stratton Road.
Lawn Tennis and Bowls: Princes Risborough Bowls Club and Princes Risborough Lawn Tennis Club have their own grounds off New Road, and Horsenden Tennis Club has courts at the Windsor Playing Fields, Horsenden.
Rugby In 2008 Risborough rugby football club was founded by local residents. The Whiteleaf PH in the market square is used as a clubhouse for meetings and after training. The Red Lion in Whiteleaf is frequented after away games.
They currently play in Berks/Bucks & Oxon Premiership Division. After a successful campaign in Berks/Bucks & Oxon 2 North and more recently BBO North 1, they were promoted in both seasons. More details can be found on the Risborough RFC Website http://www.risborough-rfc.com
Swimming There is a covered pool at Risborough Springs off Statton Road.
Princes Risborough has a recreation ground on the left of the Aylesbury Road, known as King George's Field as a memorial to King George V
.
At the start of the Railway Age the nearest station was Maidenhead on the main Great Western line. The service from Paddington to Maidenhead started in 1838 and reached Bristol in 1841. In 1846 the Wycombe Railway Company was incorporated and built a single track broad gauge line to connect Maidenhead to High Wycombe via Cookham and Bourne End. This opened on 1 August 1854 and the line was then continued north to Princes Risborough and Thame en route for Oxford.
From 1862 it became possible to travel from to London in a train which started at Thame
(later , when the line was completed) and went on to London Paddington
through Princes Risborough, , and . Although the line was built by the Wycombe Railway Company, the service was operated by the Great Western Railway
. At that date the journey to London from Risborough took about 2 hours 40 minutes.
Another branch line from Princes Risborough to , which the Wycombe Railway Company had started to build in 1861, opened for traffic on 1 October 1863. Thereafter passengers from either Oxford
or Aylesbury
could reach Paddington via Princes Risborough, Wycombe and Maidenhead, but the majority of the through trains ran between Paddington and Oxford.
In 1867 the Great Western Railway took over the Wycombe Railway Company. All lines were converted to standard gauge
between 1868 and 1870.
In 1872 a new line, built by the Watlington and Princes Risborough Railway Company, opened between Princes Risborough and Watlington. There were three trains in each direction daily. This line was taken over by the Great Western in 1883.
The Metropolitan Railway
opened a main line
from Baker Street to Aylesbury in 1892, providing an alternative route between London and Princes Risborough via Aylesbury.
In 1899 the Great Central Railway
arranged to join with the Great Western to construct a new route to London and built Marylebone station
as its terminus. A new line, built by the Great Western Railway, ran from Paddington via and to High Wycombe and thence to Princes Risborough. The single track line between High Wycombe and Princes Risborough was upgraded to a double track. Because of the gradient the new Up line followed a different route (with a short tunnel at Saunderton
) from the existing single track, which became the Down line (with a few changes because of the gradient or for other reasons). The Great Central built a new line from Marylebone to join this railway at South Ruislip
(then called Northolt Junction).
These direct routes between Princes Risborough and London were working from 2 April 1906, though at first the trains still ran on to Oxford beyond Risborough. The line to Bicester
followed later in 1910. The journey time to London was reduced to between an hour and an hour and a half.
For the next 40 years and more Princes Risborough was a busy junction with two large signal boxes and trains coming in from London Marylebone, London Paddington via Beaconsfield, London Paddington via Maidenhead (a few trains still used this route until 1970), Bicester and the North, Aylesbury, Oxford and Watlington
. 29 men were employed at the station in the 1930s.
The railways were nationalised in 1948 and in the 1950s these lines started to close. The Watlington line closed to passengers in June 1957; the line to Thame and Oxford ran its last passenger train in 1963; the line through Bourne End to Maidenhead closed in 1970.
Diesel trains replaced steam locomotives on the main line in 1961.
The Down platform at Princes Risborough and the passenger bridge were demolished and there was only a single track through the station from 1968 until 1998.
At the same time Marylebone Station was being threatened with closure and for several years almost all trains ran to and from Paddington.
On de-nationalisation in 1996 the line through Risborough was taken over by Chiltern Railways
, who have much improved the service. In 1998 they re-built the Down platform and constructed a new footbridge at their own expense, restoring full working with a much more frequent service
On the 5th September 2011 the Chiltern Mainline project went live. This was a £250 million investment and the largest privately-led investment in passenger railway infrastructure since before the second world war. This has reduced the time taken by trains between London and Risborough down to as little as 32 minutes.
Buckinghamshire
Buckinghamshire is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan home county in South East England. The county town is Aylesbury, the largest town in the ceremonial county is Milton Keynes and largest town in the non-metropolitan county is High Wycombe....
, England
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
, about 9 miles south of Aylesbury
Aylesbury
Aylesbury is the county town of Buckinghamshire in South East England. However the town also falls into a geographical region known as the South Midlands an area that ecompasses the north of the South East, and the southern extremities of the East Midlands...
and 8 miles north west of High Wycombe
High Wycombe
High Wycombe , commonly known as Wycombe and formally called Chepping Wycombe or Chipping Wycombe until 1946,is a large town in Buckinghamshire, England. It is west-north-west of Charing Cross in London; this figure is engraved on the Corn Market building in the centre of the town...
. Bledlow lies to the west and Monks Risborough
Monks Risborough
Monks Risborough is a village and ecclesiastical parish in Buckinghamshire, England, lying between Princes Risborough and Great Kimble. The village lies at the foot of the northern scarp of the Chiltern Hills...
to the east. It lies at the foot of the Chiltern Hills
Chiltern Hills
The Chiltern Hills form a chalk escarpment in South East England. They are known locally as "the Chilterns". A large portion of the hills was designated officially as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty in 1965.-Location:...
, at the north end of a gap or pass through the Chilterns, the south end of which is at West Wycombe
West Wycombe
West Wycombe is a small village situated along the A40 road, due three miles west of High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, England.The historic village is largely a National Trust property and receives a large annual influx of tourists - being the site of West Wycombe Park, West Wycombe Caves and the...
. The A4010 road
A4010 road
The A4010 is an important primary north-south road in Buckinghamshire, Southern England. It runs from High Wycombe at Junction 4 of the M40 motorway to Stoke Mandeville, near Aylesbury on the A413.-High Wycombe:...
follows this route from West Wycombe through the town and then on to Aylesbury.
Historically it was both a Manor and an ecclesiastical parish, of the same extent as the Manor, which comprised the present eccledsiatical parish of Princes Risborough (excluding Ilmer) and also the present ecclesiastical parish of Lacey Green
Lacey Green
Lacey Green is a village and civil parish in Wycombe district near Princes Risborough, in Buckinghamshire, England. It is in the Chiltern Hills above the town....
, which became a separate parish in the 19th century. It was long and narrow (a "strip parish"), taking in land below the Chiltern scarp, the slope of the scarp itself and also land above the scarp extending into the Chiltern hills. The manor and the parish extended from Longwick in the north through Alscot, the town of Princes Risborough, Loosley Row and Lacey Green to Speen and Walters Ash in the south.
Since 1934 the civil parish of Princes Risborough (formerly the same as the ecclesiastical parish) has included the town of Princes Risborough, the village of Monks Risborough (but not the outlying parts) and part of Horsenden but has excluded Longwick. It is within the Wycombe district of Buckinghamshire and operates as a town council
Town council
A town council is a democratically elected form of government for small municipalities or civil parishes. A council may serve as both the representative and executive branch....
within Wycombe district.
The town is overlooked by the Whiteleaf Cross, carved in the chalk of the hillside, though the cross itself is in Monks Risborough
Monks Risborough
Monks Risborough is a village and ecclesiastical parish in Buckinghamshire, England, lying between Princes Risborough and Great Kimble. The village lies at the foot of the northern scarp of the Chiltern Hills...
.
The name
The name 'Risborough' meant 'brushwood-covered hills' and comes from two Old English words: hrisen, which was an adjective meaning brushwood-covered derived from hris meaning brushwood or scrub, and beorg which meant hill. The plural forms are hrisenan beorgas. The spelling in the various documents where the name is found is, as usual, very variable.In the 13th century it is found as Magna Risberge (Great Risborough), distinguished from Parva (Little) Risberge which was Monks Risborough, and later as Earls Risborough and, finally, when the manor came to be held by Edward Prince of Wales
Edward, the Black Prince
Edward of Woodstock, Prince of Wales, Duke of Cornwall, Prince of Aquitaine, KG was the eldest son of King Edward III of England and his wife Philippa of Hainault as well as father to King Richard II of England....
(son of Edward III
Edward III of England
Edward III was King of England from 1327 until his death and is noted for his military success. Restoring royal authority after the disastrous reign of his father, Edward II, Edward III went on to transform the Kingdom of England into one of the most formidable military powers in Europe...
and later to be known as the Black Prince), as Princes Risborough.
Risborough in 1086
At the time of the Domesday survey in 1086 this was a royal manor held by the king, having been a village of King Harold before the conquest. It was part of the Hundred of Risborough, which also comprised Bledlow, Horsenden and (Monks) Risborough.It was assessed at 30 hides both before and after the conquest, of which 20 hides related to the demesne. The manor had land for 24 ploughs, four of them in the lord's demesne. There were 30 villagers and they together with 12 bordars (cottagers or small holders) had 20 ploughs. There were 3 slaves. There were 2 mills, worth 14s 8d a year, meadow for 7 ploughteams (generally taken as needing 8 oxen each) and woodland sufficient for 1,000 pigs. In total it paid £47 a year in white silver, less 16d. Before 1066 it only paid £10 at face value (i.e. without weighing the coins). Furthermore a burgess of Oxford paid 2s and a saltboiler of Droitwich an amount left blank. A freeman held 3 virgates and had the right to sell his land, though it was said that he served the sheriff.
The persons mentioned would have been only the heads of families, and so the total population of the manor (on the usual reckoning of 4.5 persons per family) would have been in the region of 200 people.
Risborough as a Royal Manor
Before the Norman Conquest Risborough had been held by King Harold and afterwards it formed part of the lands of the new King, William the Conqueror. As a royal manor it could be used by the King to make financial provision for members of the royal family or others whom he might wish to reward.In the 12th century it was held by Walter Giffard, the 2nd Earl of Buckingham, but reverted to the Crown on his death in 1164. It was then granted to the Constable of Normandy, Robert de Humeto, who obtained a charter from King Henry II
Henry II of England
Henry II ruled as King of England , Count of Anjou, Count of Maine, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of Gascony, Count of Nantes, Lord of Ireland and, at various times, controlled parts of Wales, Scotland and western France. Henry, the great-grandson of William the Conqueror, was the...
, and remained in his family until about 1242. King Henry III
Henry III of England
Henry III was the son and successor of John as King of England, reigning for 56 years from 1216 until his death. His contemporaries knew him as Henry of Winchester. He was the first child king in England since the reign of Æthelred the Unready...
then granted the Manor to Richard, Earl of Cornwall (2nd son of King John
John of England
John , also known as John Lackland , was King of England from 6 April 1199 until his death...
), succeeded by his son, Edward, who died in 1300, when it escheated to the Crown.
King Edward I in 1302/05 granted it to Queen Margaret for her life, subject to the rights of Margaret, Countess of Cornwall, in one third part for life as part of her dower. King Edward II gave the reversion (subject to these life interests) to his unpopular favourite, Piers Gaveston
Piers Gaveston
Piers Gaveston, 1st Earl of Cornwall was an English nobleman of Gascon origin, and the favourite of King Edward II of England. At a young age he made a good impression on King Edward I of England, and was assigned to the household of the King's son, Edward of Carnarvon...
, and his wife, but this grant was surrendered in the same year. Queen Margaret died in 1316. In 1327, when Edward III succeeded to the throne at the age of fifteen, he granted the Manor for life to his mother, Queen Isabella
Isabella of France
Isabella of France , sometimes described as the She-wolf of France, was Queen consort of England as the wife of Edward II of England. She was the youngest surviving child and only surviving daughter of Philip IV of France and Joan I of Navarre...
for her services during his father’s reign. The King’s brother, John, Earl of Cornwall, also had an interest for a time. After the death of the Queen-mother it was held by Henry de Ferrers until his death in 1344.
The King then granted the Manor to his eldest son, Edward Prince of Wales, known later (though not during his lifetime) as the Black Prince. He was 14 years of age in 1344 and he held the Manor for 32 years until his death in 1376. Edward III did not die until 1377 and the Prince never became King. It was during this period that the Manor became known as Princes Risborough.
On the death of the Black Prince the Manor passed to his son, Richard of Bordeaux, who became King Richard II
Richard II of England
Richard II was King of England, a member of the House of Plantagenet and the last of its main-line kings. He ruled from 1377 until he was deposed in 1399. Richard was a son of Edward, the Black Prince, and was born during the reign of his grandfather, Edward III...
in the following year. He granted it to Lewis de Clifford who held it for his life, when it reverted to King Henry IV
Henry IV of England
Henry IV was King of England and Lord of Ireland . He was the ninth King of England of the House of Plantagenet and also asserted his grandfather's claim to the title King of France. He was born at Bolingbroke Castle in Lincolnshire, hence his other name, Henry Bolingbroke...
, who then in turn granted it to his son Henry, Prince of Wales, who became King Henry V
Henry V of England
Henry V was King of England from 1413 until his death at the age of 35 in 1422. He was the second monarch belonging to the House of Lancaster....
in 1413. It then passed to Henry VI
Henry VI of England
Henry VI was King of England from 1422 to 1461 and again from 1470 to 1471, and disputed King of France from 1422 to 1453. Until 1437, his realm was governed by regents. Contemporaneous accounts described him as peaceful and pious, not suited for the violent dynastic civil wars, known as the Wars...
and was part of the dower of his Queen, Margaret of Anjou
Margaret of Anjou
Margaret of Anjou was the wife of King Henry VI of England. As such, she was Queen consort of England from 1445 to 1461 and again from 1470 to 1471; and Queen consort of France from 1445 to 1453...
. Later it was held by his son, Edward, and then appears to have remained vested in the Crown until Edward VI granted it to his half-sister, the Princess (later Queen) Elizabeth for her life.
Subsequently James I
James I of England
James VI and I was King of Scots as James VI from 24 July 1567 and King of England and Ireland as James I from the union of the English and Scottish crowns on 24 March 1603...
held it and it formed part of the dower of his Queen, Anne of Denmark. Later again it was held by Prince Charles, later King Charles I
Charles I of England
Charles I was King of England, King of Scotland, and King of Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. Charles engaged in a struggle for power with the Parliament of England, attempting to obtain royal revenue whilst Parliament sought to curb his Royal prerogative which Charles...
, who in 1628 sold it to the City of London in part satisfaction of the large debts of the Crown. Thus, after more than 600 years, the Manor’s long connection with the Crown of England finally came to an end.
Subsequently the manor was bought and sold in the market and changed hands from time to time but its later manorial history is only a record of commercial transactions.
Risborough under the Black Prince
At the time when the Prince became Lord of the Manor of Risborough there was a manor houseManor house
A manor house is a country house that historically formed the administrative centre of a manor, the lowest unit of territorial organisation in the feudal system in Europe. The term is applied to country houses that belonged to the gentry and other grand stately homes...
and hall on the West side of the church (where there is now a car park), which old books describe as his 'palace'. This is misleading. It was the manor house (see below) and he as lord of the manor would have stayed there when he came to Risborough, but it was hardly palatial and might be better described as a hunting lodge. The Prince seems never to have spent an extended period of time there. The nearest place where he lived for any length of time was Berkhamsted Castle, where he stayed after his marriage to Joan Countess of Kent from November 1361 to January 1362 and occasionally at other times.
At Risborough there was already a stud for breeding horses and a park which was used for the horses and probably also for hunting. The main purpose of his visits to Risborough is likely to have been to visit the stud and inspect and/or select horses.
Much of his adult life was spent on campaign in France, where he won the great victory of Poitiers in 1356. In July 1362 his father (Edward III) made him Prince of Aquitaine and he remained in that province until he returned to England in 1371, probably already a sick man.
In 1346, when the Prince (aged 16) was about to leave with his father for his first campaign in France, which culminated in the battle of Crecy, a Council was set up to manage on his behalf his various manors and lordships throughout the country. The transactions of this Council were recorded and have been printed and published by the Public Record Office. Many decisions affecting Risborough were made by this Council rather than by the Prince himself. They give us some insight into life at Risborough in the 14th century.
The Manor was in the charge of a Steward (not always resident there), but its day to day management was in the hands of the Reeve
Reeve (England)
Originally in Anglo-Saxon England the reeve was a senior official with local responsibilities under the Crown e.g. as the chief magistrate of a town or district...
, and there was a Parker, responsible for the management of the Park, and a Keeper of the Stud.
In November 1346 John de Alveton was appointed to be Steward of the Prince's manors of Watlington and Risborough. In 1347 the Keeper of the Stud was Richard de Bekenesfield and he was ordered to render tithes due to the Abbot of Notley if there were sufficient foals of the year for the purpose. In the same year the Reeve had been ordered to pay money out of the profits of Risborough to make a new kitchen at the Prince's manor of Byfleet.
In 1354 (in which year the Prince was at Berkhamsted) a piece of land in the Park was enclosed by the Prince and the Reeve (William Onyot) paid 18 shillings for it. The Prince may well have been there in person that year for the Treasurer of his household was ordered "by command of the Prince himself" to make payment for various things taken for the Prince's use and expended in the Prince's household at Risborough "after verifying that the same are really due". These included a total of 186 gallons of ale and "to John Dayly of Risborough 17 pence for underwood and fuel for the fire".
In 1359 Sir Peter de Lacey the Prince's clerk and receiver-general was ordered to provide hay, oats, shoes and litter until further order for two destriers (warhorses) which Sir Baldwin Bottecourt had lent to the Prince to be stallions at Risborough and Cippenham and to pay 3d a day to a groom that keeps them.
There seems to have been a great storm in 1362, when the Reeve was to allow the Parker to sell all the wood which had fallen in the Park except the great ash, if its value did not exceed £4.
In April 1364 the Reeve had to make provision for a grey courser which was sent to cover the mares at Risborough and in July to pay £10.10s for a black stallion for the same purpose. Also in 1364 the Reeve was to cause the garret over the gate of the Prince's Park to be demolished and pulled down, as it was reported very weak and ruinous, and to use the timber and other materials to build a lodge near the gate. He was also to flush out the ditches round the manor and to sell as dearly as possible all the large fish caught there, keeping the small fish as stock.
The Prince died at Westminster on 8 June 1376 aged 65.
St Mary's Church
The church in its present general form dates from the 13th century. There was an earlier small church, probably just a small chancel and a nave without aisles, which would have been in roughly the same position as the present nave. The church was enlarged and improved from the 13th to the 15th century as described below. By the 19th century it was in bad condition and was extensively restored and partly rebuilt in 1867/68. The tower and spire was rebuilt in 1907/08 and parish rooms added in the 21st century.Nave & Chancel
The church was enlarged by the addition of the nave arcades and aisles in the early or mid 13th century The arches at the western end of each arcade were added in the late 13th or early 14th century, those on the south being later. The columns are octagonal with plain chamfered bases and moulded capitals. There were originally deep solid responds at the eastern end of each arcade (altered to make a narrower additional arch in the 19th century). There are now seven arches on each side.
The chancel was rebuilt about 1290 and the two-light window in the north wall is of that date (much restored) with a modern quatrefoil above. The two windows in the south wall of the chancel are probably of about 1340. The east window is modern.
In the south aisle the window at the east end is of about 1300. The easternmost window in the south wall is "a fine triplet of lancets", "a very remarkable window" and has attached and detached shafts of Purbeck marble making an open arcade of three bays. This is dated to the early 13th century. The other window in this aisle (on the western side of the door) is of about 1340.
Below the windows in the south aisle are four 14th century recesses with ogee heads which once probably held tombs.
At the end of the south wall of the south aisle, next to the altar, are a piscina
Piscina
A piscina is a shallow basin placed near the altar of a church, used for washing the communion vessels. The sacrarium is the drain itself. Anglicans usually refer to the basin, calling it a piscina. Roman Catholics usually refer to the drain, and by extension, the basin, as the sacrarium...
(a shelf on which the sacred vessels were washed after mass) and a sedile
Sedilia
Sedilia , in ecclesiastical architecture, is the term used to describe stone seats, usually to be found on the south side of an altar, often in the chancel, for the use of the officiating priests...
(a stone seat for the priest), both in the decorated gothic style of the 14th century but badly damaged . These were always found on the right side of an altar and show that there was an altar at the end of this aisle in the Middle Ages. This piscina has no drain but there is a stone shelf above it.
In the north aisle are four modern windows from the 19th century rebuilding of this wall, using some old materials. The 14th century door on the north side was formerly blocked but now serves as the entrance to the new parish rooms which were built at the start of the 21st century on the north side of the church.
Tower and spire
The church originally had a tower with a spire above it, probably built in the 15th century, but this spire fell down in 1803, damaging the church and destroying a peal of bells. A new stone spire was built, octagonal in shape, and described in 1862 as covered with galvanised iron. In 1907/08 a new tower and spire were built from the foundations, designed by John Oldrid Scott
John Oldrid Scott
John Oldrid Scott was an English architect.He was the son of Sir George Gilbert Scott and Caroline née Oldrid. His brother George Gilbert Scott Junior and nephew Sir Giles Gilbert Scott, were also prominent architects. He married Mary Ann Stevens in 1868, eldest daughter of the Reverend Thomas...
.
Image:Princes Risborough Church interior towards chancel.jpg|The interior of the church looking east
Image:Princes Risborough Church window 3 lancets marble columns.jpg|Three lancet window in the south aisle
Image:Princes Risborough Church piscina & sedile.jpg|Piscina & sedile in south aisle
Image:Princes Risborough church Piscina in chancel.jpg|Piscina in south wall of chancel
Image:Princes Risborough Church Interior north side.jpg|North Aisle
Image:Princes Risborough church from NW and parish rooms.jpg|The church from the north west, showing parish rooms
Image:Princes Risborough Church from Manor House.jpg|The church seen from the east
In 1765 the Earl of Buckingham gave the rectory of Princes Risborough to the manor at Nutley Abbey in Long Crendon
Long Crendon
Long Crendon is a village and civil parish within Aylesbury Vale district in Buckinghamshire, England, about west of Haddenham and north-west of Thame in neighbouring Oxfordshire.The village has been called Long Crendon only since the English Civil War...
, to which it is still attached today.
St Teresa's Church
This domed church, on the corner of the Aylesbury Road and New Road, was designed by Giuseppe Rinvolucri and built in 1937/38. Pevsner & Williamson explain that in plan it is a triangle interpenetrating a hexagon with an apse in the middle of each side of the triangle.Inside the church there are two painted ceramic statues, St Teresa of Lisieux and St Joseph, by Richard Guino
Richard Guino
Richard Guino is a French sculptor of Catalan origin.His work is an ode to femineity which revives the Mediterranean ideal of beauty...
. The altar relief is also by him. The Stations of the Cross are timber reliefs (1990/1) by Stephen Foster
Stephen Foster
Stephen Collins Foster , known as the "father of American music", was the pre-eminent songwriter in the United States of the 19th century...
, which Pevsner & Williamson considered of high quality. An altar rail (1957) by Rosamund Fletcher now serves as a screen to St Teresa's chapel.
Baptist Church
The Baptist church, off Bell Street, with its own burial ground, dates from 1804/5. It is built of flint with brick dressings with arched windows and has a hipped slated roof. The interior has galleries on three sides with the original baptistery under one of them.The history of the Baptists in Princes Risborough began about 1701, when some members of the General Baptist church at Ford (later moved to Cuddington) seceded for doctrinal reasons and established a Particular Baptist meeting there. A meeting house was erected in 1707. (The Particular or Peculiar Baptists were closer to Calvinism than the General Baptists) After the present building had been erected in 1804/5, it was extended and re-arranged in 1814. The galleries were enlarged in 1833 and a vestry was added in 1871.
In the mid-20th century two sides were rendered with pebble-dash and a new entrance and porch added in the front. Extensive additions with additional rooms have been made later, adjoining the original building.
Manor House
1 MedievalIn medieval times from the 13th to the 15th century the Manor House was a building on the south western side of the Church surrounded by an earthen rampart and a moat, most of the site being now occupied by the Mount car park (the area was formerly known as the Mount). Only the base of some of the walls remained from the old building and these were partially excavated in 1955 before the car park was constructed The remains of the building lie under the far side of the car park (farthest from the church)extending from north west to south east, parallel with the fence at the end. The whole building was about 150 feet long with a minimum width of 15 feet. Most of the remains had been pillaged for building material over the centuries and there was only time for a partial excavation in 1955, with the result that the excavator could only reach provisional conclusions about the nature of the building and the uses of the rooms.
Most of the remaining walls were 1 foot high or less and of dry-set flint and chalk. They were only 1 foot to 1 foot 6 inches in width (with offsets) in shallow foundation trenches. The excavator thought that the upper part of the walls were probably made of witchert, a local building material still existing in some buildings particularly at Haddenham and consisting of chalk mud mixed with straw which would set very solid. The roofs may have been partly thatched but part must have been tiled, because a fair number of roofing tiles were found spread over the site. Looking at the building from the church side, the excavator thought that on the left was probably a two storey building whch would have been the accommodation reserved for the lord of the manor. The room on the first floor would have been the 'Great Chamber' serving as bedroom and sitting room. The great hall probably extended in front of this part of the building towards the church, but this was not found or excavated. On the right of this room was probably the kitchen and beyond that more living accommodation, perhaps for the steward, with a smaller hall extending in front of it. This was roughly in the centre of the building. The excavator considered whether this might be the Great Hall but thought it probably too small. Beyond it to the right was a range of single storey rooms.
The remainder of the area could not be excavated, but trial holes indicated that most of it may have been paved with cobbles.
The only positive evidence of date was a somewhat worn penny of Edward I, struck at the Bristol mint in 1280/1, which might have been lost at any time up to about 1300. The majority of the pottery found was datable to the 14th century.
The indications were that the buildings were first erected in the 13th century, perhaps in the reign of Henry III (1207–72), that they were in use throughout the 14th century (Edward II, the Prince of Wales during the reign of Edward III and Richard II) but went out of use at the end of that century or in the early 15th century.
Another building may have been erected on some part of the site at a later date, because there are documentary references to such a building in the reign of Elizabeth I and its remains are said to have been demolished around 1800, but there is no certain information about this.
2 Modern
(Redirected from Princes Risborough Manor House)
The house now known as the Manor House stands opposite the east end of the church. It was formerly known as Brook or Brooke House and the name was only changed in the late 19th century
The house is first mentioned (as Broke House) in the reign of Elizabeth I in a grant dated 1589, but this was an earlier building, though some parts of it are incorporated in the present house. Arthur Oswald thought that the interior wall parallel to the front outside wall and fireplaces in two of the bedrooms may come from the Elizabthan house. The house was substantially enlarged and rebuilt in the mid-17th century.
Inigo Jones
Inigo Jones
Inigo Jones is the first significant British architect of the modern period, and the first to bring Italianate Renaissance architecture to England...
had brought the classical renaissance style to England in the early 17th century. His followers took the new classical style into the country, characterised by its symmetry and proportion and such classical elements as pilasters, while wide eaves took the place of a cornice. Often a bricklayer would also be the principal contractor, controlling the other trades, and he could avoid the necessity to employ a mason for stonework if he could produce the classical elements in brick. So in this house we have brick pilasters, one above the other, with capitals and bases shaped in brickwork. The rebuilding seems to have been carried out in two stages, though without a long gap between them. There is a straight joint in the brickwork to the left of the second pilaster on the north side. In front of this the bricks are laid in English bond, but Flemish bond is used towards the back, indicating that this part was built a little later.
The house is built of red brick with two storeys and an attic. The frontage has five windows, widely spaced and separated by brick pilasters in two orders corresponding to the ground and first floors. Originally there was a large central attic window of 'Dutch' type (as can be seen in the woodcut from Lipscomb's History of the County of Buckingham (1847)). This was replaced by three dormer windows in the late 19th century.
Inside the house the staircase and some of the panelling and fireplaces in the hall and drawing room date from the 17th century re-building. The oak staircase opens at the back of the hall through a 17th century arch and ascends two storeys round a square well. Arthur Oswald describes it as of Jacobean type but likely to have been made by a country joiner at the time of the Commonwealth or Charles II. Pevsner & Williamson, who call it "spectacular", describe it as made in the mid-17th century but in the strapwork
Strapwork
In the history of art and design, the term strapwork refers to a stylised representation in ornament of strips or bands of curling leather, parchment or metal cut into elaborate shapes, with piercings and often interwoven...
tradition.
Arthur Oswald though that the entrance doorway and sash windows were probably 18th century alterations made in Georgian times, but Pevsner and Williamson think they might be part of Lord Rothschild's alterations in 1886.
By the mid-19th century the house was very dilapidated and part was being used for storing grain. Lord Rothschild bought it in the 1880s and arranged for it to be renovated and put into repair. This work started in 1886, but there is no record of exactly what was done. It was probably after the completion of this work that the name was changed to the Manor House. In 1926 later members of the Rothschild family gave the house to the National Trust and it was then further modernised under the direction of the Society for the Preservation of Ancient Buildings. It is usually let to a tenant and some rooms can be seen by prior appointment.
Did Sir Peter Lely live in Brook House?
Several books say that he did and that he bought the house in 1671. This is not likely to be true. Lely was a wealthy and fashionable London painter (Court painter from 1661), very busy, with a house at Covent Garden,where he had an impressive collection of pictures. Samuel Pepys, after visiting him in 1667, wrote that he was a "mighty proud man.....and full of state." It is highly improbable that such a man would have chosen or indeed would have been able to live in a small village in the Chilterns, 40 miles from London. He had more work in London than he could easily manage. His wife died in childbirth in 1674 and was buried at St Pauls, Covent Garden, where Lely himself was buried after his death in 1680. His estate comprised his house in Covent Garden and investment properties in Surrey and Lincolnshire. No biography of the painter mentions a house at Princes Risborough.
Where did this story come from? It was a misunderstanding of a transaction in 1671, when he was recorded as purchasing a "fee farm rent" issuing out of the Manor of Princes Risborough. This was a perpetual rentcharge or ground rent secured on the rents and profits of the manor (not the manor house, which was then Brook House). In other words it was like a financial instrument securing an annual income. He wouild have bought it as an investment and would have received the income at stated intervals. It is very unlikely that he ever went near Princes Risborough himself.
Market and Fairs
The right to hold a weekly market and two yearly fairs was granted by King Henry VIII in 1523. The market was to be held on Wednesdays and the fairs on the eve, day and morrow of the Feast of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin (8 September) and on the eve, day and morrow of St George's day (23 April). The days were changed from time to time, the market to Saturday before 1792 and to Thursday in 1888. In 1792 there was only one fair (6 May) but the second was revived and by 1908 was held on 21 October.Modern times
The civil parish of Princes Risborough today has approximately the same extent as the former manor and includes various hamlets scattered over the nearby Chiltern Hills. These include AlscotAlscot
Alscot is a village in Buckinghamshire, England....
, Askett
Askett
Askett is a hamlet in the parish of Princes Risborough, in Buckinghamshire, England. It is situated near the Chiltern Hills. Three miles from the market town of Princes Risborough, the village is served with a pub, The Three Crowns, as well as a nursery/garden centre and an Indian restaurant. A...
, Cadsden
Cadsden
Cadsden is a hamlet in South Buckinghamshire situated in the between Princes Risborough and Great Missenden; once split between Upper Cadsden, and Lower Cadsden, it is now known as just Cadsden...
, Flowers Bottom, Loosley Row
Loosley Row
Loosley Row is a hamlet in the parish of Princes Risborough, Buckinghamshire. It is located in the Chiltern Hills to the east of the main town of Princes Risborough.The hamlet name derives from the Old English hlose-leah, and means 'pigstye-clearing'...
Lower North Dean, Monks Risborough
Monks Risborough
Monks Risborough is a village and ecclesiastical parish in Buckinghamshire, England, lying between Princes Risborough and Great Kimble. The village lies at the foot of the northern scarp of the Chiltern Hills...
, North Dean, Redland End, Speen
Speen, Buckinghamshire
Speen is a village in the parish of Princes Risborough, in Buckinghamshire, England. It is located in the Chiltern Hills, about three miles south east of the main town.The village name is Anglo Saxon in origin, and means 'wood chips'...
, Upper North Dean and Whiteleaf
Whiteleaf, Buckinghamshire
Whiteleaf is a hamlet in the civil parish of Princes Risborough and the ecclesiastical parish of Monks Risborough in Buckinghamshire, England. It is located 7 miles south of the county town of Aylesbury and 8 miles north of High Wycombe...
.
Princes Risborough has been featured several times in films and television series (e.g. Jonathan Creek
Jonathan Creek
Jonathan Creek is a British mystery series produced by the BBC and written by David Renwick. Primarily a crime drama, the show is also peppered with broadly comic touches...
, Inspector Morse
Inspector Morse (TV series)
Inspector Morse is a detective drama based on Colin Dexter's series of Chief Inspector Morse novels. The series starred John Thaw as Chief Inspector Morse and Kevin Whately as Sergeant Lewis. Dexter makes a cameo appearance in all but three of the episodes....
, Midsomer Murders
Midsomer Murders
Midsomer Murders is a British television detective drama that has aired on ITV since 1997. The show is based on the books by Caroline Graham, as originally adapted by Anthony Horowitz. The lead character is DCI Tom Barnaby who works for Causton CID. When Nettles left the show in 2011 he was...
and Double First).
It is popular with commuters as it has excellent rail links to London
London
London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...
and Birmingham
Birmingham
Birmingham is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands of England. It is the most populous British city outside the capital London, with a population of 1,036,900 , and lies at the heart of the West Midlands conurbation, the second most populous urban area in the United Kingdom with a...
. Notable residents include Jay Kay from Jamiroquai
Jamiroquai
Jamiroquai is a British jazz funk and acid jazz band formed in 1992. Jamiroquai were initially the most prominent component in the early-1990s London-based acid jazz movement, alongside groups such as Incognito, the James Taylor Quartet, and the Brand New Heavies. Other Acid Jazz artists such as...
and Lee McQueen, winner of The Apprentice series 4
The Apprentice (UK Series Four)
Series Four of The Apprentice was a British reality television series, which was won by Lee McQueen. The series began on BBC One on 26 March 2008, and ran for twelve weekly episodes. Auditions and interviews are reported to have taken place during the first two weeks of July 2007 in London,...
.
Since the reintroduction of the Red Kite
Red Kite
The Red Kite is a medium-large bird of prey in the family Accipitridae, which also includes many other diurnal raptors such as eagles, buzzards, and harriers. The species is currently endemic to the Western Palearctic region in Europe and northwest Africa, though formerly also occurred just...
to the Chiltern Hills, Princes Risborough has become an ideal place to view this bird of prey
Bird of prey
Birds of prey are birds that hunt for food primarily on the wing, using their keen senses, especially vision. They are defined as birds that primarily hunt vertebrates, including other birds. Their talons and beaks tend to be relatively large, powerful and adapted for tearing and/or piercing flesh....
. They are often sighted above the town and surrounding areas.
The town is home to Princes Risborough School
Princes Risborough School
Princes Risborough School is a co-educational secondary school in Princes Risborough, Buckinghamshire. In September 2011 the school became an Academy.. It takes children from the age of 11 through to the age of 18 and has approximately 925 pupils...
, which is a co-educational secondary school.
Sports and recreation
Cricket Princes Risborough Cricket Club meets at the Windsor Playing Fields, Horsenden, Nearby the Monks Risborough Cricket Club has a pitch at Whiteleaf, next to the Golf Club.Football Risborough Rangers F.C.
Risborough Rangers F.C.
Risborough Rangers F.C. are a football club based in Princes Risborough, Buckinghamshire, England. They joined the South Midlands League Division One in 1989. For the 2011–12 season, they are members of the Spartan South Midlands League Division Two...
has its headquarters at Windsor Playing Fields. Currently the side play in the Spartan South Midlands League (Div 2). They are managed by local man Bob Rayner. They also have a number of teams playing at various venues within the town
Golf There is a nine-hole Golf course at Saunderton Lee (Princes Risborough Golf Club). Nearby is Whiteleaf Golf Club at Monks Risborough (9 holes) and the 18 hole course at Ellesborough on land formerly part of the Chequers
Chequers
Chequers, or Chequers Court, is a country house near Ellesborough, to the south of Aylesbury in Buckinghamshire, England, at the foot of the Chiltern Hills...
estate (Ellesborough Golf Club) is not far away.
Gym There is a fully equipped, air conditioned, Health and Fitness Studio at Risborough Springs, off Stratton Road.
Lawn Tennis and Bowls: Princes Risborough Bowls Club and Princes Risborough Lawn Tennis Club have their own grounds off New Road, and Horsenden Tennis Club has courts at the Windsor Playing Fields, Horsenden.
Rugby In 2008 Risborough rugby football club was founded by local residents. The Whiteleaf PH in the market square is used as a clubhouse for meetings and after training. The Red Lion in Whiteleaf is frequented after away games.
They currently play in Berks/Bucks & Oxon Premiership Division. After a successful campaign in Berks/Bucks & Oxon 2 North and more recently BBO North 1, they were promoted in both seasons. More details can be found on the Risborough RFC Website http://www.risborough-rfc.com
Swimming There is a covered pool at Risborough Springs off Statton Road.
Princes Risborough has a recreation ground on the left of the Aylesbury Road, known as King George's Field as a memorial to King George V
George V of the United Kingdom
George V was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 through the First World War until his death in 1936....
.
Railways
The history of the railways at Princes Risborough is both complicated and interesting.At the start of the Railway Age the nearest station was Maidenhead on the main Great Western line. The service from Paddington to Maidenhead started in 1838 and reached Bristol in 1841. In 1846 the Wycombe Railway Company was incorporated and built a single track broad gauge line to connect Maidenhead to High Wycombe via Cookham and Bourne End. This opened on 1 August 1854 and the line was then continued north to Princes Risborough and Thame en route for Oxford.
From 1862 it became possible to travel from to London in a train which started at Thame
Thame
Thame is a town and civil parish in Oxfordshire, about southwest of the Buckinghamshire town of Aylesbury. It derives its toponym from the River Thame which flows past the north side of the town....
(later , when the line was completed) and went on to London Paddington
Paddington station
Paddington railway station, also known as London Paddington, is a central London railway terminus and London Underground complex.The site is a historic one, having served as the London terminus of the Great Western Railway and its successors since 1838. Much of the current mainline station dates...
through Princes Risborough, , and . Although the line was built by the Wycombe Railway Company, the service was operated by the Great Western Railway
Great Western Railway
The Great Western Railway was a British railway company that linked London with the south-west and west of England and most of Wales. It was founded in 1833, received its enabling Act of Parliament in 1835 and ran its first trains in 1838...
. At that date the journey to London from Risborough took about 2 hours 40 minutes.
Another branch line from Princes Risborough to , which the Wycombe Railway Company had started to build in 1861, opened for traffic on 1 October 1863. Thereafter passengers from either Oxford
Oxford
The city of Oxford is the county town of Oxfordshire, England. The city, made prominent by its medieval university, has a population of just under 165,000, with 153,900 living within the district boundary. It lies about 50 miles north-west of London. The rivers Cherwell and Thames run through...
or Aylesbury
Aylesbury
Aylesbury is the county town of Buckinghamshire in South East England. However the town also falls into a geographical region known as the South Midlands an area that ecompasses the north of the South East, and the southern extremities of the East Midlands...
could reach Paddington via Princes Risborough, Wycombe and Maidenhead, but the majority of the through trains ran between Paddington and Oxford.
In 1867 the Great Western Railway took over the Wycombe Railway Company. All lines were converted to standard gauge
Standard gauge
The standard gauge is a widely-used track gauge . Approximately 60% of the world's existing railway lines are built to this gauge...
between 1868 and 1870.
In 1872 a new line, built by the Watlington and Princes Risborough Railway Company, opened between Princes Risborough and Watlington. There were three trains in each direction daily. This line was taken over by the Great Western in 1883.
The Metropolitan Railway
Metropolitan railway
Metropolitan Railway can refer to:* Metropolitan line, part of the London Underground* Metropolitan Railway, the first underground railway to be built in London...
opened a main line
London to Aylesbury Line
The London to Aylesbury Line is the main railway line between London and Aylesbury, going via the Chiltern Hills; it is operated by Chiltern Railways. The line includes the only route where National Rail trains use track that is utilized by London Underground services...
from Baker Street to Aylesbury in 1892, providing an alternative route between London and Princes Risborough via Aylesbury.
In 1899 the Great Central Railway
Great Central Railway
The Great Central Railway was a railway company in England which came into being when the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway changed its name in 1897 in anticipation of the opening in 1899 of its London Extension . On 1 January 1923, it was grouped into the London and North Eastern...
arranged to join with the Great Western to construct a new route to London and built Marylebone station
Marylebone station
Marylebone station , also known as London Marylebone, is a central London railway terminus and London Underground complex. It stands midway between the mainline stations at Euston and Paddington, about 1 mile from each...
as its terminus. A new line, built by the Great Western Railway, ran from Paddington via and to High Wycombe and thence to Princes Risborough. The single track line between High Wycombe and Princes Risborough was upgraded to a double track. Because of the gradient the new Up line followed a different route (with a short tunnel at Saunderton
Saunderton
Saunderton is a village in Buckinghamshire, England. It is located in a valley of the Chiltern Hills, about three and a half miles north west of High Wycombe, four miles south of Princes Risborough. It lies on the main A4010 road, and has a station on the Chiltern Main Line between the two...
) from the existing single track, which became the Down line (with a few changes because of the gradient or for other reasons). The Great Central built a new line from Marylebone to join this railway at South Ruislip
South Ruislip station
South Ruislip is a station served by London Underground and Chiltern Railways in South Ruislip in west London. The station is owned, managed and staffed by London Underground. The station is in Travelcard Zone 5.-History:...
(then called Northolt Junction).
These direct routes between Princes Risborough and London were working from 2 April 1906, though at first the trains still ran on to Oxford beyond Risborough. The line to Bicester
Bicester
Bicester is a town and civil parish in the Cherwell district of northeastern Oxfordshire in England.This historic market centre is one of the fastest growing towns in Oxfordshire Development has been favoured by its proximity to junction 9 of the M40 motorway linking it to London, Birmingham and...
followed later in 1910. The journey time to London was reduced to between an hour and an hour and a half.
For the next 40 years and more Princes Risborough was a busy junction with two large signal boxes and trains coming in from London Marylebone, London Paddington via Beaconsfield, London Paddington via Maidenhead (a few trains still used this route until 1970), Bicester and the North, Aylesbury, Oxford and Watlington
Watlington, Oxfordshire
Watlington is a market town and civil parish about south of Thame in Oxfordshire. The parish includes the hamlets of Christmas Common and Greenfield, both of which are in the Chiltern Hills. The M40 motorway is from Watlington.-History:...
. 29 men were employed at the station in the 1930s.
The railways were nationalised in 1948 and in the 1950s these lines started to close. The Watlington line closed to passengers in June 1957; the line to Thame and Oxford ran its last passenger train in 1963; the line through Bourne End to Maidenhead closed in 1970.
Diesel trains replaced steam locomotives on the main line in 1961.
The Down platform at Princes Risborough and the passenger bridge were demolished and there was only a single track through the station from 1968 until 1998.
At the same time Marylebone Station was being threatened with closure and for several years almost all trains ran to and from Paddington.
On de-nationalisation in 1996 the line through Risborough was taken over by Chiltern Railways
Chiltern Railways
Chiltern Railways is a British train operating company. It was set up at the privatisation of British Rail in 1996, and operates local passenger trains from Marylebone station in London to Aylesbury and main-line trains on the Chiltern Main Line to Birmingham Snow Hill with its associated branches...
, who have much improved the service. In 1998 they re-built the Down platform and constructed a new footbridge at their own expense, restoring full working with a much more frequent service
On the 5th September 2011 the Chiltern Mainline project went live. This was a £250 million investment and the largest privately-led investment in passenger railway infrastructure since before the second world war. This has reduced the time taken by trains between London and Risborough down to as little as 32 minutes.
Bus
Princes Risborough is served primarily by the 300 Arriva Shires and Essex service which alternates between High Wycombe and Aylesbury on a half-hourly basis (Mondays to Saturdays) and hourly on Sundays and Bank Holidays.Books mentioned in the notes
- Barber, Richard: Edward Prince of Wales and Aquitaine 'A biography of the Black Prince' (London 1978)
- Domesday Book (text & translation edited by John Morris) Vol 13 Buckinghamshire (Phillimore, Chichester 1978)
- Lipscomb, George: The History and Antiquities of the County of Buckingham (London. 1847)
- Mawer, A. and Stenton, F.M: The Place Names of Buckinghamshire (Cambridge, 1925)
- Register of Edward the Black Prince, preserved in the Public Record Office '4 volumes' (H.M.S.O. 1930-33)
- VHCB = Victoria History of the County of Buckingham, ed: William Page, Volume 2 (1908), pages 260-267
- Pevsner, Nikolaus & Elizabeth Williamson: Buckinghamshire (The Buildings of England - Penguin Books. 2nd edition. 1994)
- RCHMB = Royal Commission on Historical Monuments (England): An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in Buckinghamshire, Volume 1 (1912)