Petro Konashevych
Encyclopedia
Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachnyi, ' onMouseout='HidePop("88373")' href="/topics/Sambir_Raion">Kulchyntsi
– March 20, 1622 in Kiev
), was a Hetman of
Registered Cossacks
and the Kosh Otaman (leader) of Zaporozhian Host
from 1601–1618, a brilliant military leader both on land and sea. While being a Cossack Hetman, he transformed the Cossack Host into a regular military formation and imparted a statist character to the whole Cossack movement. He also demonstrated ability as a politician and a civic leader by uniting civilian Ukrainians, the cossacks and the Orthodox clergy into a nation. His troops played a significant role in the battle of Khotyn against the Turks
in 1621. He also defeated the forces of the Moscovy Saviour of Motherland Dmitry Pozharsky
in 1618 and together with Chodkiewicz
stormed the Arbat Gates of the old Moscow
.
Petro Konashevych was born in the village of Kulchyntsi (Przemysl
land) three miles away from Sambir
in the Ruthenian Voivodeship
into a Ukrainian
Eastern Orthodox szlachta
family. His fathers surname was Kononovych. He started school at the Ostroh Academy
in Volhynia
with Meletiy Smotrytskyi, author of the Hramatyka book, by which many generations of Ukrainians, Russians, and Belarusians
learned the Slavic language. From an early age he learnt the skillful use of weapons and horsemanship. He joined the Zaporozhian Host and took part in campaigns in Moldavia in 1600 and Livonia in 1601. His skills in military strategy, courage and ability to show leadership under great adversity and hardship were acquired from Kosh Otaman Samiylo Kishka. With the years, Sahaidachny moved to Lviv
, and later Kiev
, where he was a tutor
. Also while in Kiev, Sahaidachny worked for the Kievan judge I. Aksak.
, where in 1605, he was named the Kosh Otaman of the Zaporozhian Host
. Under his control, the host participated in campaigns against the Crimean Tatars
and the Turks. The Zaporozhian Host captured a Turkish
fortress, Varnu, burned and destroyed a 10,000 strong Turkish navy
. He is famous for his sea raids on Crimea and Turkey and in 1616 captured Caffa (Theodosia
) on the Crimean peninsula, the largest centre for the human slave trade where many Christian men, women and children were freed from a life of slavery.
In 1618, Sahaidachny joined the Anti-Turkish Holy League. While he was battling the Turks, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
requested his assistance in war
with Moscovy; they wanted him to provide Władysław IV Vasa
, the King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, with 20,000 Cossacks near Moscow
. Sahaidachny did, and seized the forts in the cities of Putivl, Kursk
, Livny
, Yelets
and many others. Near Serpukhov
Sahaidachny forced the army of Dmitri Pozharski to flee. The Muscovite forces of the voivode H.Volkonsky made the Otaman take a detour, but were unable to stop him. In September of 1618 he destroyed the army of another Muscovite nobleman Vasilii Buturlin. Later uniting with Jan Karol Chodkiewicz
he laid a siege to Moscow
and was ready to storm
the Arbat Gates. Luckily for the Muscovite
s the assault was unsuccessful. The whole campaign finally culminated in December of 1618 when there was signed the Truce of Deulino
.
Sahaidachny returned to Zaporizhia, and did not only become a Kosh Otaman, but was also the Hetman of Ukraine
for 8 years. In order to avoid conflict with the Poles, Sahaidachny agreed to lower the Cossack register to 3,000 men, the remainder were regarded as the Zaporozhian Host. He also forbade unauthorized sea raids on Turkey and accepted the Polish king's right to confirm Sahaidachny's choice for Cossack officers.
. In 1620, he registered himself and his entire Zaporozhian Host as students into the Kiev Epiphany Brotherhood School, that preceded the current Kyiv Mohyla Academy. It was done in order to protect the school from conversion from an Orthodox school into a Roman Catholic
Jesuit Collegium
. He also contributed to the establishment of a cultural center in Kiev
and sought to unite the Cossack military with the Ukrainian clergy and nobility.
In 1620, Sahaidachny convinced the Patriarch
Teophanes III of Jerusalem, who recently returned from Moscow, to reconstruct the Orthodox hierarchy, that was almost destroyed by the creation of the Greek-Catholic Church
. The patriarch appointed Iov Boretsky as a Kievan Metropolitan bishop and five other bishops at the same time. Because the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth had threatened to arrest Teophanes III as a spy, Sahaidachny was guaranteed his protection by the patriarch. After the new metropoliten and bishops were installed, Sahaidachny escorted the patriarch to the Ottoman
border with a 3,000 men Cossack army.
.jpg)
The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth accepted the appointment, because it wanted to keep close contacts with Sahaidachny after the Turks defeated the Polish army at the Battle of Ţuţora
.
Because of Sahaidachny's moderate policies towards Poland, he provoked dissatisfaction among the Cossacks, and in 1620, they briefly elected Yatsko Borodavka as hetman. In 1621, the famous Battle of Khotyn
had occurred, where Sahaidachny's 30,000-40,000 men Cossack army, together with hetman
Jan Karol Chodkiewicz
Commonwealth army of similar size, held Turkish sultan, Osman II
, at bay for a whole month, until the first snow of Autumn compelled Osman to withdraw his weakened forces. Sahaidachny and his army played a significant role in the battle, forcing the Turks to sign an unfavorable peace treaty.
During the battle, Sahaidachny was seriously wounded. After the battle, the Polish king rewarded Sahaidachny and his army for the service at the Polish cause.
On March 20, 1622, Sahaidachny died in Kiev
due to the wounds he suffered at the Battle of Khotyn. He was later buried in the Bratsky Monastery of Kiev. He left his assets to the brotherhood schools in Kiev and Lviv for church causes. His legacy was so great, that most of the population of Kiev attended his funeral en masse. Sahaidachny's work, "About Unia", was highly regarded by the Lithuanian Kanclerz
Lew Sapieha
. In 1646, John III Sobieski
, a monarch of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, had said the following about Sahaidachny:
.jpg)
Sambir Raion
Sambir Raion is a raion in Lviv Oblast in western Ukraine. Its administrative center is Sambir. It has a population of 74 598.It was established in 1965.-See also:* Subdivisions of Ukraine* Lviv Oblast...
– March 20, 1622 in Kiev
Kiev
Kiev or Kyiv is the capital and the largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper River. The population as of the 2001 census was 2,611,300. However, higher numbers have been cited in the press....
), was a Hetman of
Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks
Hetman of Ukrainian Cossacks as a title was not officially recognized internationally until the creation of the Ukrainian Hetmanate. With the creation of Registered Cossacks units their leaders were unofficially referred to as hetmans, however officially the title was known as the "Senior of His...
Registered Cossacks
Registered Cossacks
Registered Cossacks is the term used for Cossacks formations of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth armies.-Establishing:The registered cossacks were created on the King's edict of Sigismund II Augustus on June 5, 1572 confirming the orders of the Crown Hetman Jerzy Jazłowiecki. The first senior ...
and the Kosh Otaman (leader) of Zaporozhian Host
Zaporozhian Host
The Zaporozhian Cossacks or simply Zaporozhians were Ukrainian Cossacks who lived beyond the rapids of the Dnieper river, the land also known as the Great Meadow in Central Ukraine...
from 1601–1618, a brilliant military leader both on land and sea. While being a Cossack Hetman, he transformed the Cossack Host into a regular military formation and imparted a statist character to the whole Cossack movement. He also demonstrated ability as a politician and a civic leader by uniting civilian Ukrainians, the cossacks and the Orthodox clergy into a nation. His troops played a significant role in the battle of Khotyn against the Turks
Turkey
Turkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe...
in 1621. He also defeated the forces of the Moscovy Saviour of Motherland Dmitry Pozharsky
Dmitry Pozharsky
For the ship of the same name, see Sverdlov class cruiserDmitry Mikhaylovich Pozharsky was a Rurikid prince, who led Russia's struggle for independence against Polish-Lithuanian invasion known as the Time of Troubles...
in 1618 and together with Chodkiewicz
Jan Karol Chodkiewicz
Jan Karol Chodkiewicz was a famous Lithuanian military commander and one of the most prominent noblemen of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.-Biography:...
stormed the Arbat Gates of the old Moscow
Bely Gorod
Bely Gorod is the central core area of Moscow, Russia. The name comes from the color of its defensive wall, which was erected in 1585-1593 at the behest of tsar Feodor I and Boris Godunov by architect Fyodor Kon...
.
Early life
Przemysl
Przemyśl is a city in south-eastern Poland with 66,756 inhabitants, as of June 2009. In 1999, it became part of the Podkarpackie Voivodeship; it was previously the capital of Przemyśl Voivodeship....
land) three miles away from Sambir
Sambir
Sambir is a city in the Lviv Oblast, Ukraine. Serving as the administrative center of the Sambir Raion , the city itself is also designated as a separate raion within the oblast. It is located at around , close to the border with Poland.-History:...
in the Ruthenian Voivodeship
Ruthenian Voivodeship
Ruthenia Voivodeship was an administrative division of the Kingdom of Poland . Together with Bełz Voivodeship, it formed Lesser Poland Province with its capital city in Kraków. Part of Lesser Poland region...
into a Ukrainian
Ukrainians
Ukrainians are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Ukraine, which is the sixth-largest nation in Europe. The Constitution of Ukraine applies the term 'Ukrainians' to all its citizens...
Eastern Orthodox szlachta
Szlachta
The szlachta was a legally privileged noble class with origins in the Kingdom of Poland. It gained considerable institutional privileges during the 1333-1370 reign of Casimir the Great. In 1413, following a series of tentative personal unions between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of...
family. His fathers surname was Kononovych. He started school at the Ostroh Academy
Ostroh Academy
National University "Ostroh Academy" is a Ukrainian self-governed research university that was re-opened in 1994 by the Presidential Decree of April 12, 1994...
in Volhynia
Volhynia
Volhynia, Volynia, or Volyn is a historic region in western Ukraine located between the rivers Prypiat and Southern Bug River, to the north of Galicia and Podolia; the region is named for the former city of Volyn or Velyn, said to have been located on the Southern Bug River, whose name may come...
with Meletiy Smotrytskyi, author of the Hramatyka book, by which many generations of Ukrainians, Russians, and Belarusians
Belarusians
Belarusians ; are an East Slavic ethnic group who populate the majority of the Republic of Belarus. Introduced to the world as a new state in the early 1990s, the Republic of Belarus brought with it the notion of a re-emerging Belarusian ethnicity, drawn upon the lines of the Old Belarusian...
learned the Slavic language. From an early age he learnt the skillful use of weapons and horsemanship. He joined the Zaporozhian Host and took part in campaigns in Moldavia in 1600 and Livonia in 1601. His skills in military strategy, courage and ability to show leadership under great adversity and hardship were acquired from Kosh Otaman Samiylo Kishka. With the years, Sahaidachny moved to Lviv
Lviv
Lviv is a city in western Ukraine. The city is regarded as one of the main cultural centres of today's Ukraine and historically has also been a major Polish and Jewish cultural center, as Poles and Jews were the two main ethnicities of the city until the outbreak of World War II and the following...
, and later Kiev
Kiev
Kiev or Kyiv is the capital and the largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper River. The population as of the 2001 census was 2,611,300. However, higher numbers have been cited in the press....
, where he was a tutor
Tutor
A tutor is a person employed in the education of others, either individually or in groups. To tutor is to perform the functions of a tutor.-Teaching assistance:...
. Also while in Kiev, Sahaidachny worked for the Kievan judge I. Aksak.
Major campaigns
By the end of the 16th century, Sahaidachny traveled to ZaporizhiaZaporizhia (region)
Zaporizhia , Russian: Запоро́жье, Zaporozhye) is a historical region which is situated about the Dnieper River, below the Dnieper rapids , , hence the name, translated as "territory beyond the rapids"...
, where in 1605, he was named the Kosh Otaman of the Zaporozhian Host
Zaporozhian Host
The Zaporozhian Cossacks or simply Zaporozhians were Ukrainian Cossacks who lived beyond the rapids of the Dnieper river, the land also known as the Great Meadow in Central Ukraine...
. Under his control, the host participated in campaigns against the Crimean Tatars
Crimean Tatars
Crimean Tatars or Crimeans are a Turkic ethnic group that originally resided in Crimea. They speak the Crimean Tatar language...
and the Turks. The Zaporozhian Host captured a Turkish
Turkey
Turkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe...
fortress, Varnu, burned and destroyed a 10,000 strong Turkish navy
Turkish Navy
The Turkish Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the Turkish Armed Forces.- Ottoman fleet after Mudros :Following the demise of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I, on November 3, 1918, the fleet commander of the Ottoman Navy, Liva Amiral Arif Pasha, ordered all flags to be...
. He is famous for his sea raids on Crimea and Turkey and in 1616 captured Caffa (Theodosia
Theodosia
Feodosiya is a port and resort city in Crimea, Ukraine, on the Black Sea coast. During much of its history the town was known as Caffa or Kaffa .- History :...
) on the Crimean peninsula, the largest centre for the human slave trade where many Christian men, women and children were freed from a life of slavery.
In 1618, Sahaidachny joined the Anti-Turkish Holy League. While he was battling the Turks, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was a dualistic state of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch. It was the largest and one of the most populous countries of 16th- and 17th‑century Europe with some and a multi-ethnic population of 11 million at its peak in the early 17th century...
requested his assistance in war
Time of Troubles
The Time of Troubles was a period of Russian history comprising the years of interregnum between the death of the last Russian Tsar of the Rurik Dynasty, Feodor Ivanovich, in 1598, and the establishment of the Romanov Dynasty in 1613. In 1601-1603, Russia suffered a famine that killed one-third...
with Moscovy; they wanted him to provide Władysław IV Vasa
Władysław IV Vasa
Władysław IV Vasa was a Polish and Swedish prince from the House of Vasa. He reigned as King of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 8 November 1632 to his death in 1648....
, the King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, with 20,000 Cossacks near Moscow
Moscow
Moscow is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, scientific, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the continent...
. Sahaidachny did, and seized the forts in the cities of Putivl, Kursk
Kursk
Kursk is a city and the administrative center of Kursk Oblast, Russia, located at the confluence of the Kur, Tuskar, and Seym Rivers. The area around Kursk was site of a turning point in the Russian-German struggle during World War II and the site of the largest tank battle in history...
, Livny
Livny
Livny is a town in Oryol Oblast, Russia. Population: The town apparently originated in 1586 as Ust-Livny, a wooden fort on the bank of the Livenka River, although some believe that a town had existed on the spot previous to the Mongol invasion of Rus...
, Yelets
Yelets
Yelets is a city in Lipetsk Oblast, Russia, situated on the Sosna River, which is a tributary of the Don. Population: -History:Yelets is the oldest center of the Central Black Earth Region. It is mentioned in historical documents as far back as 1146, when it belonged to the Princes of Ryazan...
and many others. Near Serpukhov
Serpukhov
Serpukhov is a city in Moscow Oblast, Russia, which is situated at the confluence of the Oka and the Nara Rivers. It is located south from Moscow on the Moscow—Simferopol highway. The Moscow—Tula railway passes through the town. Population: -History:...
Sahaidachny forced the army of Dmitri Pozharski to flee. The Muscovite forces of the voivode H.Volkonsky made the Otaman take a detour, but were unable to stop him. In September of 1618 he destroyed the army of another Muscovite nobleman Vasilii Buturlin. Later uniting with Jan Karol Chodkiewicz
Jan Karol Chodkiewicz
Jan Karol Chodkiewicz was a famous Lithuanian military commander and one of the most prominent noblemen of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.-Biography:...
he laid a siege to Moscow
Moscow
Moscow is the capital, the most populous city, and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural, scientific, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the continent...
and was ready to storm
Storm
A storm is any disturbed state of an astronomical body's atmosphere, especially affecting its surface, and strongly implying severe weather...
the Arbat Gates. Luckily for the Muscovite
Muscovite
Muscovite is a phyllosilicate mineral of aluminium and potassium with formula KAl22, or 236. It has a highly-perfect basal cleavage yielding remarkably-thin laminæ which are often highly elastic...
s the assault was unsuccessful. The whole campaign finally culminated in December of 1618 when there was signed the Truce of Deulino
Truce of Deulino
Truce of Deulino was signed on 11 December 1618 and took effect on 4 January 1619. It concluded the Polish–Muscovite War between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia....
.
Sahaidachny returned to Zaporizhia, and did not only become a Kosh Otaman, but was also the Hetman of Ukraine
Hetman of Ukraine
Hetman of Ukraine may refer to:* Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks* Pavlo Skoropadskyi...
for 8 years. In order to avoid conflict with the Poles, Sahaidachny agreed to lower the Cossack register to 3,000 men, the remainder were regarded as the Zaporozhian Host. He also forbade unauthorized sea raids on Turkey and accepted the Polish king's right to confirm Sahaidachny's choice for Cossack officers.
Kievan Brotherhood
Not only did Sahaidachny fight for control, he also fought for the religious and cultural rights of the Ukrainian peopleUkrainians
Ukrainians are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Ukraine, which is the sixth-largest nation in Europe. The Constitution of Ukraine applies the term 'Ukrainians' to all its citizens...
. In 1620, he registered himself and his entire Zaporozhian Host as students into the Kiev Epiphany Brotherhood School, that preceded the current Kyiv Mohyla Academy. It was done in order to protect the school from conversion from an Orthodox school into a Roman Catholic
Roman Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the world's largest Christian church, with over a billion members. Led by the Pope, it defines its mission as spreading the gospel of Jesus Christ, administering the sacraments and exercising charity...
Jesuit Collegium
Society of Jesus
The Society of Jesus is a Catholic male religious order that follows the teachings of the Catholic Church. The members are called Jesuits, and are also known colloquially as "God's Army" and as "The Company," these being references to founder Ignatius of Loyola's military background and a...
. He also contributed to the establishment of a cultural center in Kiev
Kiev
Kiev or Kyiv is the capital and the largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper River. The population as of the 2001 census was 2,611,300. However, higher numbers have been cited in the press....
and sought to unite the Cossack military with the Ukrainian clergy and nobility.
In 1620, Sahaidachny convinced the Patriarch
Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem
The Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem is the head bishop of the Orthodox Church of Jerusalem, ranking fourth of nine Patriarchs in the Eastern Orthodox Church. Since 2005, the Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem has been Theophilos III...
Teophanes III of Jerusalem, who recently returned from Moscow, to reconstruct the Orthodox hierarchy, that was almost destroyed by the creation of the Greek-Catholic Church
Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church , Ukrainska Hreko-Katolytska Tserkva), is the largest Eastern Rite Catholic sui juris particular church in full communion with the Holy See, and is directly subject to the Pope...
. The patriarch appointed Iov Boretsky as a Kievan Metropolitan bishop and five other bishops at the same time. Because the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth had threatened to arrest Teophanes III as a spy, Sahaidachny was guaranteed his protection by the patriarch. After the new metropoliten and bishops were installed, Sahaidachny escorted the patriarch to the Ottoman
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman EmpireIt was usually referred to as the "Ottoman Empire", the "Turkish Empire", the "Ottoman Caliphate" or more commonly "Turkey" by its contemporaries...
border with a 3,000 men Cossack army.
Later life and death
Battle of Tutora (1620)
The Battle of Ţuţora was a battle between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Ottoman forces , fought from 17 September to 7 October 1620 in Moldavia, near the Prut River.- Prelude :Because of the failure of Commonwealth diplomatic mission to Constantinople, and violations of the Treaty of...
.
Because of Sahaidachny's moderate policies towards Poland, he provoked dissatisfaction among the Cossacks, and in 1620, they briefly elected Yatsko Borodavka as hetman. In 1621, the famous Battle of Khotyn
Battle of Khotyn (1621)
The Battle of Khotyn was a battle fought between a Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth army and an invading Ottoman Imperial army. Here, for a whole month , the Commonwealth forces halted the Ottoman advance...
had occurred, where Sahaidachny's 30,000-40,000 men Cossack army, together with hetman
Hetman
Hetman was the title of the second-highest military commander in 15th- to 18th-century Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which together, from 1569 to 1795, comprised the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, or Rzeczpospolita....
Jan Karol Chodkiewicz
Jan Karol Chodkiewicz
Jan Karol Chodkiewicz was a famous Lithuanian military commander and one of the most prominent noblemen of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.-Biography:...
Commonwealth army of similar size, held Turkish sultan, Osman II
Osman II
Sultan Osman II or Othman II was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1618 until his death on 20 May 1622...
, at bay for a whole month, until the first snow of Autumn compelled Osman to withdraw his weakened forces. Sahaidachny and his army played a significant role in the battle, forcing the Turks to sign an unfavorable peace treaty.
During the battle, Sahaidachny was seriously wounded. After the battle, the Polish king rewarded Sahaidachny and his army for the service at the Polish cause.
On March 20, 1622, Sahaidachny died in Kiev
Kiev
Kiev or Kyiv is the capital and the largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper River. The population as of the 2001 census was 2,611,300. However, higher numbers have been cited in the press....
due to the wounds he suffered at the Battle of Khotyn. He was later buried in the Bratsky Monastery of Kiev. He left his assets to the brotherhood schools in Kiev and Lviv for church causes. His legacy was so great, that most of the population of Kiev attended his funeral en masse. Sahaidachny's work, "About Unia", was highly regarded by the Lithuanian Kanclerz
Kanclerz
Kanclerz was one of the highest officials in the historic Poland. This office functioned from the early Polish kingdom of the 12th century until the end of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795. A respective office also existed in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania since the 16th...
Lew Sapieha
Lew Sapieha
Lew Sapieha . He was born in Astrouna , near Vitsebsk, Belarus. He became Great Secretary of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1580, Great Clerk of the Grand Duchy in 1581, Court Chancellor of the GDL in 1585, Grand Chancellor of the GDL from 1589 until 1623, Voivode of Vilnius in 1621, Great...
. In 1646, John III Sobieski
John III Sobieski
John III Sobieski was one of the most notable monarchs of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, from 1674 until his death King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. Sobieski's 22-year-reign was marked by a period of the Commonwealth's stabilization, much needed after the turmoil of the Deluge and...
, a monarch of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, had said the following about Sahaidachny:
Legacy
- Frigate "Hetman Sahaidachny" - a flagshipFlagshipA flagship is a vessel used by the commanding officer of a group of naval ships, reflecting the custom of its commander, characteristically a flag officer, flying a distinguishing flag...
of the Ukrainian NavyUkrainian NavyThe Ukrainian Naval Forces is the navy of Ukraine and part of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. It was established in 1992. It consists of 5 branches: surface forces, submarine forces, Navy aviation, coast rocket-artillery and marines...
for over 20 years.