Opium Law
Encyclopedia
The Opium Law is the section of the Dutch law
which covers nearly all psychotropic drugs. All non-psychotropic, but prescription-only drugs are covered by the Medicine Act.
, where agreements were made about the trade in opium
; this initiated the introduction of the Opium Law, which took place 7 years later. In 1919, the first Opium Law (later known as List I of the Opium Law) was introduced, and on 12 May 1928 the second Opium Law (later known as List II of the Opium Law) was introduced. The first Opium Law was created to regulate drugs with a high addiction or abuse factor, or that are physically harmful. As the name indicates the main reason for introduction was to regulate the Opium trade and later to control various other addictive drugs like morphine
, cocaine
, heroin, barbiturates, amphetamines and several decades later, benzodiazepines, which were used both medically and recreationally.
Except for the addition of new drugs to List I and II of the Opium Law, the Opium Law remained unchanged until 1976. After the rise of a new youth culture which revolved much around the use of drugs like cannabis
and LSD
, and with hashish
being openly used, a change of law was needed by the government, to properly control all drugs, but with a clear definition between drugs with an unacceptable degree of addictiveness or physical harm (known as hard drugs), and drugs with an acceptable degree of addictiveness or physical harm (known as soft drugs). In 1976 these changes officially took effect, and the Opium Law was edited to include the new changes of law. In the same year, a decision was also made by the Dutch government not to prosecute cannabis and hashish dealers, under the condition that they didn't sell hard drugs, didn't advertise and they were only allowed to carry a certain amount of cannabis or hashish.
In 1980, the decision to not prosecute cannabis and hashish dealers, under certain conditions, was publicly announced by the Dutch government. Many people thereby concluded that this decision would also allow the sale in coffeeshop
s, and coffeeshops began selling cannabis and hashish. This led to an enormous rise in the number of coffeeshops in the 80's and 90's, and because of this, new regulations were demanded by the government to regulate the sale of cannabis products by coffeeshops. In 1996 the laws were changed again to include new regulations for coffeeshops. The terms coffeeshops had to follow were:
Since 1996, no new changes have been made to the Opium Law. New guidelines for coffeeshops have been made, but they are not covered by the Opium Law.
But in October 2011 the Dutch government proposed a change of the Opium law to the Dutch parliament. From spring 2012 will the change put cannabis with 15% THC
or more onto List II; sale will be prohibited also in coffeshops.
The esters and derivatives of ecgonine, which can be turned into ecgonine and cocaine;
The mono- and di-alkylamine-
, the pyrollidine- and morpholinederivates of lysergic acid
, and the thereby introduction of methyl-, acetyl- or halogengroups obtained substances;
Fiveworthy nitrogen-substituted morphinederivates, of which morphine-N-oxide-derivatives, like codeine-N-oxide;
The isomeres and stereoisomeres of tetrahydrocannabinol;
The ethers, esters and enantiomeres of the above mentioned substances, with exception of dextromethorphan (INN) as enantiomere of levomethorphan and racemethorphan, and with exception of dextrorphanol (INN) as enantiomere of levorphanol and racemorphan;
Formulations which contain one or more of the above mentioned substances.
The Opium Law (or Opiumwet in Dutch
) is the section of the Dutch law
which covers nearly all psychotropic drugs. All non-psychotropic, but prescription-only drugs are covered by the Medicine Act.
, where agreements were made about the trade in opium
; this initiated the introduction of the Opium Law, which took place 7 years later. In 1919, the first Opium Law (later known as List I of the Opium Law) was introduced, and on 12 May 1928 the second Opium Law (later known as List II of the Opium Law) was introduced. The first Opium Law was created to regulate drugs with a high addiction or abuse factor, or that are physically harmful. As the name indicates the main reason for introduction was to regulate the Opium trade and later to control various other addictive drugs like morphine
, cocaine
, heroin, barbiturates, amphetamines and several decades later, benzodiazepines, which were used both medically and recreationally.
Except for the addition of new drugs to List I and II of the Opium Law, the Opium Law remained unchanged until 1976. After the rise of a new youth culture which revolved much around the use of drugs like cannabis
and LSD
, and with hashish
being openly used, a change of law was needed by the government, to properly control all drugs, but with a clear definition between drugs with an unacceptable degree of addictiveness or physical harm (known as hard drugs), and drugs with an acceptable degree of addictiveness or physical harm (known as soft drugs). In 1976 these changes officially took effect, and the Opium Law was edited to include the new changes of law. In the same year, a decision was also made by the Dutch government not to prosecute cannabis and hashish dealers, under the condition that they didn't sell hard drugs, didn't advertise and they were only allowed to carry a certain amount of cannabis or hashish.
In 1980, the decision to not prosecute cannabis and hashish dealers, under certain conditions, was publicly announced by the Dutch government. Many people thereby concluded that this decision would also allow the sale in coffeeshop
s, and coffeeshops began selling cannabis and hashish. This led to an enormous rise in the number of coffeeshops in the 80's and 90's, and because of this, new regulations were demanded by the government to regulate the sale of cannabis products by coffeeshops. In 1996 the laws were changed again to include new regulations for coffeeshops. The terms coffeeshops had to follow were:
Since 1996, no new changes have been made to the Opium Law. New guidelines for coffeeshops have been made, but they are not covered by the Opium Law.
But in October 2011 the Dutch government proposed a change of the Opium law to the Dutch parliament. From spring 2012 will the change put cannabis with 15% THC
or more onto List II; sale will be prohibited also in coffeshops.
The esters and derivatives of ecgonine, which can be turned into ecgonine and cocaine;
The mono- and di-alkylamine-
, the pyrollidine- and morpholinederivates of lysergic acid
, and the thereby introduction of methyl-, acetyl- or halogengroups obtained substances;
Fiveworthy nitrogen-substituted morphinederivates, of which morphine-N-oxide-derivatives, like codeine-N-oxide;
The isomeres and stereoisomeres of tetrahydrocannabinol;
The ethers, esters and enantiomeres of the above mentioned substances, with exception of dextromethorphan (INN) as enantiomere of levomethorphan and racemethorphan, and with exception of dextrorphanol (INN) as enantiomere of levorphanol and racemorphan;
Formulations which contain one or more of the above mentioned substances.
The Opium Law (or Opiumwet in Dutch
) is the section of the Dutch law
which covers nearly all psychotropic drugs. All non-psychotropic, but prescription-only drugs are covered by the Medicine Act.
, where agreements were made about the trade in opium
; this initiated the introduction of the Opium Law, which took place 7 years later. In 1919, the first Opium Law (later known as List I of the Opium Law) was introduced, and on 12 May 1928 the second Opium Law (later known as List II of the Opium Law) was introduced. The first Opium Law was created to regulate drugs with a high addiction or abuse factor, or that are physically harmful. As the name indicates the main reason for introduction was to regulate the Opium trade and later to control various other addictive drugs like morphine
, cocaine
, heroin, barbiturates, amphetamines and several decades later, benzodiazepines, which were used both medically and recreationally.
Except for the addition of new drugs to List I and II of the Opium Law, the Opium Law remained unchanged until 1976. After the rise of a new youth culture which revolved much around the use of drugs like cannabis
and LSD
, and with hashish
being openly used, a change of law was needed by the government, to properly control all drugs, but with a clear definition between drugs with an unacceptable degree of addictiveness or physical harm (known as hard drugs), and drugs with an acceptable degree of addictiveness or physical harm (known as soft drugs). In 1976 these changes officially took effect, and the Opium Law was edited to include the new changes of law. In the same year, a decision was also made by the Dutch government not to prosecute cannabis and hashish dealers, under the condition that they didn't sell hard drugs, didn't advertise and they were only allowed to carry a certain amount of cannabis or hashish.
In 1980, the decision to not prosecute cannabis and hashish dealers, under certain conditions, was publicly announced by the Dutch government. Many people thereby concluded that this decision would also allow the sale in coffeeshop
s, and coffeeshops began selling cannabis and hashish. This led to an enormous rise in the number of coffeeshops in the 80's and 90's, and because of this, new regulations were demanded by the government to regulate the sale of cannabis products by coffeeshops. In 1996 the laws were changed again to include new regulations for coffeeshops. The terms coffeeshops had to follow were:
Since 1996, no new changes have been made to the Opium Law. New guidelines for coffeeshops have been made, but they are not covered by the Opium Law.
But in October 2011 the Dutch government proposed a change of the Opium law to the Dutch parliament. From spring 2012 will the change put cannabis with 15% THC
or more onto List II; sale will be prohibited also in coffeshops.
The esters and derivatives of ecgonine, which can be turned into ecgonine and cocaine;
The mono- and di-alkylamine-
, the pyrollidine- and morpholinederivates of lysergic acid
, and the thereby introduction of methyl-, acetyl- or halogengroups obtained substances;
Fiveworthy nitrogen-substituted morphinederivates, of which morphine-N-oxide-derivatives, like codeine-N-oxide;
The isomeres and stereoisomeres of tetrahydrocannabinol;
The ethers, esters and enantiomeres of the above mentioned substances, with exception of dextromethorphan (INN) as enantiomere of levomethorphan and racemethorphan, and with exception of dextrorphanol (INN) as enantiomere of levorphanol and racemorphan;
Formulations which contain one or more of the above mentioned substances.
Law of the Netherlands
The Netherlands is a civil law country. Its laws are written and the application of customary law is exceptional. The role of case law is small in theory, although in practice it is impossible to understand the law in many fields without also taking into account the relevant case law...
which covers nearly all psychotropic drugs. All non-psychotropic, but prescription-only drugs are covered by the Medicine Act.
Origin and history
In 1912, the First International Opium Conference took place in The HagueThe Hague
The Hague is the capital city of the province of South Holland in the Netherlands. With a population of 500,000 inhabitants , it is the third largest city of the Netherlands, after Amsterdam and Rotterdam...
, where agreements were made about the trade in opium
Opium
Opium is the dried latex obtained from the opium poppy . Opium contains up to 12% morphine, an alkaloid, which is frequently processed chemically to produce heroin for the illegal drug trade. The latex also includes codeine and non-narcotic alkaloids such as papaverine, thebaine and noscapine...
; this initiated the introduction of the Opium Law, which took place 7 years later. In 1919, the first Opium Law (later known as List I of the Opium Law) was introduced, and on 12 May 1928 the second Opium Law (later known as List II of the Opium Law) was introduced. The first Opium Law was created to regulate drugs with a high addiction or abuse factor, or that are physically harmful. As the name indicates the main reason for introduction was to regulate the Opium trade and later to control various other addictive drugs like morphine
Morphine
Morphine is a potent opiate analgesic medication and is considered to be the prototypical opioid. It was first isolated in 1804 by Friedrich Sertürner, first distributed by same in 1817, and first commercially sold by Merck in 1827, which at the time was a single small chemists' shop. It was more...
, cocaine
Cocaine
Cocaine is a crystalline tropane alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. The name comes from "coca" in addition to the alkaloid suffix -ine, forming cocaine. It is a stimulant of the central nervous system, an appetite suppressant, and a topical anesthetic...
, heroin, barbiturates, amphetamines and several decades later, benzodiazepines, which were used both medically and recreationally.
Except for the addition of new drugs to List I and II of the Opium Law, the Opium Law remained unchanged until 1976. After the rise of a new youth culture which revolved much around the use of drugs like cannabis
Cannabis
Cannabis is a genus of flowering plants that includes three putative species, Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, and Cannabis ruderalis. These three taxa are indigenous to Central Asia, and South Asia. Cannabis has long been used for fibre , for seed and seed oils, for medicinal purposes, and as a...
and LSD
LSD
Lysergic acid diethylamide, abbreviated LSD or LSD-25, also known as lysergide and colloquially as acid, is a semisynthetic psychedelic drug of the ergoline family, well known for its psychological effects which can include altered thinking processes, closed and open eye visuals, synaesthesia, an...
, and with hashish
Hashish
Hashish is a cannabis preparation composed of compressed stalked resin glands, called trichomes, collected from the unfertilized buds of the cannabis plant. It contains the same active ingredients but in higher concentrations than unsifted buds or leaves...
being openly used, a change of law was needed by the government, to properly control all drugs, but with a clear definition between drugs with an unacceptable degree of addictiveness or physical harm (known as hard drugs), and drugs with an acceptable degree of addictiveness or physical harm (known as soft drugs). In 1976 these changes officially took effect, and the Opium Law was edited to include the new changes of law. In the same year, a decision was also made by the Dutch government not to prosecute cannabis and hashish dealers, under the condition that they didn't sell hard drugs, didn't advertise and they were only allowed to carry a certain amount of cannabis or hashish.
In 1980, the decision to not prosecute cannabis and hashish dealers, under certain conditions, was publicly announced by the Dutch government. Many people thereby concluded that this decision would also allow the sale in coffeeshop
Cannabis coffee shop
Coffeeshops are establishments in the Netherlands where the sale of cannabis for personal consumption by the public is tolerated by the local authorities ....
s, and coffeeshops began selling cannabis and hashish. This led to an enormous rise in the number of coffeeshops in the 80's and 90's, and because of this, new regulations were demanded by the government to regulate the sale of cannabis products by coffeeshops. In 1996 the laws were changed again to include new regulations for coffeeshops. The terms coffeeshops had to follow were:
- No advertisement
- No hard drugs
- No entrance to coffeeshops by persons under the age of 18
- No sale of more than 5 grams of cannabis products per person, per day
- Coffeeshops are not allowed to have more than 500 grams of cannabis in stock at any time
Since 1996, no new changes have been made to the Opium Law. New guidelines for coffeeshops have been made, but they are not covered by the Opium Law.
But in October 2011 the Dutch government proposed a change of the Opium law to the Dutch parliament. From spring 2012 will the change put cannabis with 15% THC
THC
THC commonly refers to tetrahydrocannabinol, the main active chemical compound in Cannabis.THC may also refer to:* Tan Holdings Corporation...
or more onto List II; sale will be prohibited also in coffeshops.
List I drugs
The following drugs and intermediates are classified as List I drugs of the Opium Law:- acetorphineAcetorphineAcetorphine is a potent analgesic drug, up to 8700 times stronger than morphine by weight. It is a derivative of the more well-known opioid etorphine, which is used as a very potent veterinary painkiller and anesthetic medication, primarily for the sedation of large animals such as elephants,...
- acetyl-alpha-methylfentanyl
- acetyldihydrocodeineAcetyldihydrocodeineAcetyldihydrocodeine is an opiate derivative discovered in Germany in 1914 and was used as as a cough suppressant and analgesic. It is not commonly used, but has activity similar to other opiates...
- acetylmethadol
- alphacetylmethadolAlphacetylmethadolAlphacetylmethadol is a synthetic opioid. It is the enantiomer of levacetylmethadol. In the United States, it is a Schedule I drug under the Controlled Substances Act....
- alphameprodine
- alphamethadol
- alphamethylfentanylAlphamethylfentanylα-Methylfentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of fentanyl.α-Methylfentanyl was invented in 1976 and appeared on the black market under the name "China White"...
- alphamethylthiofentanylAlphamethylthiofentanylα-methyl-thiofentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of fentanyl.α-methyl-thiofentanyl was sold briefly on the black market in the early 1980s, before the introduction of the Federal Analog Act which for the first time attempted to control entire families of drugs based on their...
- alphaprodine
- alfentanilAlfentanilAlfentanil is a potent but short-acting synthetic opioid analgesic drug, used for anaesthesia in surgery. It is an analogue of fentanyl with around 1/4 the potency of fentanyl and around 1/3 of the duration of action, but with an onset of effects 4x faster than fentanyl...
- allylprodineAllylprodineAllylprodine is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of prodine. It was discovered in by Hoffman-La Roche in 1957 during research into the related drug pethidine...
- amphetamineAmphetamineAmphetamine or amfetamine is a psychostimulant drug of the phenethylamine class which produces increased wakefulness and focus in association with decreased fatigue and appetite.Brand names of medications that contain, or metabolize into, amphetamine include Adderall, Dexedrine, Dextrostat,...
- amineptineAmineptineAmineptine was developed by the French Society of Medical research in the 1960s. Under the trade-names is used as an atypical tricyclic antidepressant that selectively inhibits the reuptake of dopamine and to a lesser extent norepinephrine, thus exerting a powerful and fast-acting...
- anileridineAnileridineAnileridine is a synthetic analgesic drug and is a member of the piperidine class of analgesic agents developed by Merck & Co. in the 1950s...
- benzethidineBenzethidineBenzethidine is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is related to the opioid analgesic drug pethidine .Benzethidine is not currently used in medicine and is a Class A/Schedule I drug which is controlled under UN drug conventions...
- benzylmorphineBenzylmorphineBenzylmorphine is a semi-synthetic opiate narcotic introduced to the international market in 1896 and that of the United States very shortly thereafter...
- betacetylmethadolBetacetylmethadolBetacetylmethadol is a synthetic opioid. It is a stereoisomer of both alphacetylmethadol and levacetylmethadol. In the United States, it is a Schedule I drug under the Controlled Substances Act....
- beta-hydroxy-3-methylfentanyl
- beta-hydroxyfentanyl
- betameprodine
- betamethadol
- betaprodine
- bezitramideBezitramideBezitramide is a narcotic analgesic. Bezitramide itself is a prodrug which is readily hydrolyzed in the gastrointestinal tract to its main metabolite, despropionyl-bezitramide. Bezitramide was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1961...
- bolkaf (all parts of the papaver somniferum plant, after harvesting, excluding seeds)
- brolamphetamine
- cathinoneCathinoneCathinone, or Benzoylethanamine, is a monoamine alkaloid found in the shrub Catha edulis and is chemically similar to ephedrine, cathine and other amphetamines. Cathinone induces the release of dopamine from striatal preparations that are prelabelled either with dopamine or its precursors. It is...
- 2C-B2C-B2C-B or 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine is a psychedelic drug of the 2C family. It was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin in 1974. In Shulgin's book PiHKAL, the dosage range is listed as 16–24 mg. 2C-B is sold as a white powder sometimes pressed in tablets or gel caps and is referred...
(2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine) - 2C-I2C-I2C-I or 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C family. It was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. It was described in Shulgin’s book PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story. The drug is used recreationally for its psychedelic and entactogenic effects...
(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine) - 2C-T-22C-T-22C-T-2, or 2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylthiophenethylamine is a psychedelic and entactogenic phenethylamine of the 2C family. It was first synthesized in 1981 by Alexander Shulgin. The drug has structural and pharmacodynamic properties similar to the drug 2C-T-7 .-Dosage:In Alexander Shulgin's book...
(2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylthiophenethylamine) - 2C-T-72C-T-72C-T-7 is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C family. In his book PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story, Alexander Shulgin lists the dosage range as 10 to 30 mg. 2C-T-7 is generally taken orally, and produces psychedelic and entactogenic effects that last 8 to 15 hours...
(2,5-dimethoxy-4-(n)-propylthiophenethylamine) - clonitazeneClonitazeneClonitazene is an opioid analgesic of approximately three times the potency of morphine. It is related to etonitazene....
- coca leaf (leafs of the plants of the species Erythroxylon)
- cocaineCocaineCocaine is a crystalline tropane alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. The name comes from "coca" in addition to the alkaloid suffix -ine, forming cocaine. It is a stimulant of the central nervous system, an appetite suppressant, and a topical anesthetic...
- codeineCodeineCodeine or 3-methylmorphine is an opiate used for its analgesic, antitussive, and antidiarrheal properties...
- codoximeCodoximeCodoxime is an opiate analogue that is a derivative of hydrocodone, where the 6-ketone group has been replaced by carboxymethyloxime. It has primarily antitussive effects and was found to have moderate potential to cause dependence in animal studies....
- concentrate of bolkaf (the material obtained by subjecting bolkaf to a treatment for the concentration of its alkaloids)
- desomorphineDesomorphineDesomorphine is an opiate analogue invented in 1932 in the United States that is a derivative of morphine, where the 6-hydroxyl group has been removed and the 7,8 double bond has been saturated. It has sedative and analgesic effects, and is around 8-10 times more potent than morphine...
- dexamphetamine
- dextromoramideDextromoramideDextromoramide is a powerful opioid analgesic approximately three times more potent than morphine but shorter acting. It is subject to drug prohibition regimes, both internationally through UN treaties, and by the criminal law of individual states...
- dextropropoxypheneDextropropoxypheneDextropropoxyphene, manufactured by Eli Lilly and Company, is an analgesic in the opioid category. It is intended to treat mild pain and has, in addition, anti-tussive and local anesthetic effects. It has been taken off the market in Europe and the US due to concerns of fatal overdoses and...
- diampromideDiampromideDiampromide is an opioid analgesic from the ampromide family of drugs, related to other drugs such as propiram. It was invented in the 1960s, and can be described as a ring-opened analogue of fentanyl....
- diethylthiambuteneDiethylthiambuteneDiethylthiambutene is an opioid analgesic drug developed in the 1950s which was mainly used as an anesthetic in veterinary medicine and continues, along with the other two thiambutenes dimethylthiambutene and ethylmethylthiambutene to be used for this purpose, particularly in Japan...
- DETDiethyltryptamineDET, also known under its chemical name N,N-diethyltryptamine and as T-9, is a psychedelic drug closely related to DMT and 4-HO-DET...
(N,N-diethyltryptamine) - diphenoxide
- diphenoxylateDiphenoxylateDiphenoxylate is an opioid agonist used for the treatment of diarrhea that acts by slowing intestinal contractions and peristalsis allowing the body to consolidate intestinal contents and prolong transit time, thus allowing the intestines to draw moisture out of them at a normal or higher rate and...
- dihydrocodeineDihydrocodeineDihydrocodeine, also called DHC, Drocode, Paracodeine and Parzone and known by the brand names of Synalgos DC, Panlor DC, Panlor SS, Contugesic, New Bron Solution-ACE, Huscode, Drocode, Paracodin, Codidol, Didor Continus, Dicogesic, Codhydrine, Dekacodin, DH-Codeine,...
- dihydroetorphineDihydroetorphineDihydroetorphine was developed by K.W.Bentley at McFarlan-Smith in the 1960s and is a potent analgesic drug , which is used mainly in China...
- dihydromorphineDihydromorphineDihydromorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid invented in Germany in 1900. In structure, it is very similar to morphine, the only difference being the reduction of the double bond between positions 7 and 8 in morphine to a single bond...
- dimepheptanolDimepheptanolDimepheptanol is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of methadone.Dimepheptanol is a mixture of two isomers, α-methadol and β-methadol. These are also available separately, and this drug has three separate entries in many national and international lists of illegal drugs, which refer to the...
- dimenoxadolDimenoxadolDimenoxadol , or dimenoxadole , is an opioid analgesic which is a diphenylacetic acid derivative, related to other drugs such as dextropropoxyphene....
- DMADimethoxyamphetamineDMA, or dimethoxyamphetamine, is a series of lesser-known psychedelic drugs similar in structure to amphetamine and to trimethoxyamphetamine . They were first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin and written up in his book PiHKAL ...
(2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine) - DOET (2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine)
- DOM (2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine is a psychedelic and a substituted amphetamine...
) - dimethylthiambuteneDimethylthiambuteneDimethylthiambutene is an opioid analgesic drug, most often used in veterinary medicine in Japan and to a lesser extent in other countries in the region and around the world...
- DMTDimethyltryptamineN,N-Dimethyltryptamine is a naturally occurring psychedelic compound of the tryptamine family. DMT is found in several plants, and also in trace amounts in humans and other mammals, where it is originally derived from the essential amino acid tryptophan, and ultimately produced by the enzyme INMT...
(N,N-dimethyltryptamine) - dioxaphetylbutyrate
- dipipanoneDipipanoneDipipanone is a strong opioid analgesic drug, used for very severe pain in cases where other analgesics are unsuitable, for instance where morphine is indicated but cannot be used due to the patient being allergic to morphine.-Dosage forms:...
- DMHP (1,2-dimethylheptyl-delta-3-THC)
- drotebanolDrotebanolDrotebanol is a morphinan derivative that acts as an opioid agonist. It was invented by Sankyo Company in Japan during the 1970s. It is synthesised from thebaine....
- ecgonineEcgonineEcgonine is an organic chemical and tropane alkaloid found naturally in coca leaves. It has a close structural relation to cocaine: it is both a metabolite and a precursor, and as such, it is a controlled substance, as are all known substances which can be used as precursors to ecgonine...
(3-hydroxy-2-tropanecarbonic acid) - MDEA (N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine)
- ethylmethylthiambuteneEthylmethylthiambuteneEthylmethylthiambutene is an opioid analgesic drug from the thiambutene family, around 1.3x the potency of morphine. It is under international control under Schedule I of the UN Single Convention On Narcotic Drugs 1961, presumably due to high abuse potential....
- ethylmorphineEthylmorphineEthylmorphine is an opiate narcotic analgesic .Ethylmorphine was invented in Germany at Merck in 1884 and was used as a weaker alternative to heroin for all indications. Chemically, ethylmorphine is a morphine molecule with a -25 group substituted for the aromatic 3- group...
- eticyclidineEticyclidineEticyclidine is a dissociative anesthetic drug with hallucinogenic effects. It is similar in effects to phencyclidine but is slightly more potent...
- etonitazeneEtonitazeneEtonitazene is a potent analgesic drug shown to be approximately 1000–1500x the potency of morphine in animal models but only 60x morphine in man. It is one of several benzimidazole opioids, and is structurally related to clonitazene Etonitazene is a potent analgesic drug shown to be approximately...
- etorphineEtorphineEtorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid possessing an analgesic potency approximately 200 times that of morphine. It was first prepared in 1960 from oripavine, which does not generally occur in opium poppy extract but rather in "poppy straw" and in related plants, Papaver orientale and Papaver...
- etoxeridineEtoxeridineEtoxeridine is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is related to the opioid analgesic drug pethidine ....
- etryptamine
- fentanyl
- fenethyllineFenethyllineFenethylline, also spelled phenethylline, is a synthetic prodrug used as a stimulant and marketed under the brand name Captagon.-History:...
- furethidineFurethidineFurethidine is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is related to the opioid analgesic drug pethidine .Furethidine is not currently used in medicine and is a Class A/Schedule I drug which is controlled under UN drug conventions. It has similar effects to other opioid derivatives, such as analgesia,...
- hemp oilHemp oilHempseed oil is pressed from the seed of the hemp plant irrespective of the strain of cannabis. Cold pressed, unrefined hemp oil is dark to clear light green in color, with a pleasant nutty flavor. The darker the color, the grassier the flavour....
(concentrate of plants from the Cannabis species (hemp) obtained by extraction of hemp or hashish, if not mixed with oil) - heroin (diamorphine)
- hydrocodoneHydrocodoneHydrocodone or dihydrocodeinone is a semi-synthetic opioid derived from either of two naturally occurring opiates: codeine and thebaine. It is an orally active narcotic analgesic and antitussive...
- hydromorphinolHydromorphinolHydromorphinol is an opiate analogue that is a derivative of morphine, where the 14-position has been hydroxylated and the 7,8- double bond saturated. It has similar effects to morphine such as sedation, analgesia and respiratory depression, but is more potent and has a steeper dose-response curve...
- hydromorphoneHydromorphoneHydromorphone, a more common synonym for dihydromorphinone, commonly a hydrochloride is a very potent centrally-acting analgesic drug of the opioid class. It is a derivative of morphine, to be specific, a hydrogenated ketone thereof and, therefore, a semi-synthetic drug...
- MDOHMDOH3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine is an entactogen, psychedelic, and stimulant of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes. It is the N-hydroxy homologue of MDA, and the N-desmethyl homologue of MDHMA. MDOH was first synthesized and assayed by Alexander Shulgin...
(N-hydroxy-methylenedioxyamphetamine) - hydroxypethidineHydroxypethidineHydroxypethidine is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of pethidine . Hydroxypethidine is significantly less potent than meperidine as an analgesic, although it also has NMDA antagonist properties like its close relative ketobemidone.Hydroxypethidine has similar effects to other opioids, and...
- isomethadone
- ketobemidoneKetobemidoneKetobemidone is a powerful opioid analgesic. Its effectiveness against pain is in the same range as morphine, and it also has some NMDA-antagonist properties imparted by it's metabolite norketobemidone. This makes it useful for some types of pain that don't respond well to other opioids...
- levamphetamine
- levophenacylmorphanLevophenacylmorphanLevophenacylmorphan is a morphinan derivative that acts as an opioid agonist. It has potent analgesic effects and is around 10x more potent than morphine. Adverse effects associated with its use are those of the opioids as a whole, including pruritus, nausea, respiratory depression, euphoria and...
- levomethamphetamine
- levomethorphanLevomethorphanLevomethorphan is the l-stereoisomer of methorphan. The effects of the two isomers are quite different. Dextromethorphan is an antitussive at low doses and a dissociative at much higher doses, whereas levomethorphan is an opioid analgesic...
- levomoramideLevomoramideLevomoramide is the inactive isomer of the opioid analgesic dextromoramide, invented by the chemist Paul Janssen in 1956. Unlike dextromoramide, which is a potent analgesic with high abuse potential, levomoramide is virtually without activity....
- levorphanolLevorphanolLevorphanol is an opioid medication used to treat severe pain. It is the levorotatory stereoisomer of the synthetic morphinan and a pure opioid agonist, first described in Germany in 1948 as an orally active morphine-like analgesic...
- lysergide
- mecloqualoneMecloqualoneMecloqualone is an analogue of methaqualone which was first made in 1960 and marketed mainly in France and some other European countries. It has sedative, hypnotic and anxiolytic properties, and was used for the treatment of insomnia...
- mescalineMescalineMescaline or 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine is a naturally occurring psychedelic alkaloid of the phenethylamine class used mainly as an entheogen....
(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) - methamphetamineMethamphetamineMethamphetamine is a psychostimulant of the phenethylamine and amphetamine class of psychoactive drugs...
- methamphetamine racemate
- metazocineMetazocineMetazocine is an opioid analgesic related to pentazocine. While metazocine has significant analgesic effects, mediated through a mixed agonist-antagonist action at the mu opioid receptor, its clinical use is limited by dysphoric and hallucinogenic effects which are most likely caused by activity at...
- methadoneMethadoneMethadone is a synthetic opioid, used medically as an analgesic and a maintenance anti-addictive for use in patients with opioid dependency. It was developed in Germany in 1937...
- methadone-intermediate (4-cyano-2-dimethylamino-4,4-diphenylbutane)
- methaqualoneMethaqualoneMethaqualone is a sedative-hypnotic drug that is similar in effect to barbiturates, a general central nervous system depressant. The sedative-hypnotic activity was first noted by Indian researchers in the 1950s and in 1962 methaqualone itself was patented in the US by Wallace and Tiernan...
- methcathinoneMethcathinoneMethcathinone , is a psychoactive stimulant, sometimes used as a recreational drug and considered addictive. It is usually snorted, but can be smoked, injected, or taken orally...
- MMDA (2-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine)
- 4-methylaminorex
- methyldesorphineMethyldesorphineMethyldesorphine is an opioid analgesic. First synthesized in Germany in 1940 and patented in the USA in 1952, it has a high potential for abuse as with any potent opioid agonist, and is sometimes found along with desomorphine as a component of the home-made opioid mixture known as "Krokodil" used...
- methyldihydromorphineMethyldihydromorphineMethyldihydromorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid drug developed in Germany in 1936, controlled under both domestic law and UN conventions because of its possible potential for abuse...
- MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine)
- methylphenidateMethylphenidateMethylphenidate is a psychostimulant drug approved for treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome and narcolepsy. It may also be prescribed for off-label use in treatment-resistant cases of lethargy, depression, neural insult and obesity...
- 3-methylfentanyl3-Methylfentanyl3-Methylfentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of fentanyl. 3-Methylfentanyl is one of the most potent drugs that has been widely sold on the black market, estimated to be between 400-6000 times stronger than morphine depending on which isomer is used .3-Methylfentanyl was first...
- MPPPMPPP1-Methyl-4-phenyl-4-propionoxypiperidine or Desmethylprodine is an opioid analgesic drug developed in the 1940s by researchers at Hoffmann-La Roche. It is not used in clinical practice, but has been illegally manufactured for recreational drug use...
(1-methyl-4-phenyl-4-piperidinol propionate ester) - 4-MTA4-MTA4-Methylthioamphetamine is an illicit drug and research chemical developed in the 1990s by a team led by David E. Nichols at Purdue University. It acts as a non-neurotoxic highly selective serotonin releasing agent in animals...
(4-methylthioamphetamine) - 3-methylthiofentanyl3-Methylthiofentanyl3-Methyl-thiofentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of fentanyl.3-Methyl-thiofentanyl was sold briefly on the black market in the early 1980s, before the introduction of the Federal Analog Act which for the first time attempted to control entire families of drugs based on their...
- metoponMetoponMetopon is an opiate analogue that is a methylated derivative of hydromorphone which was invented in 1948 as an analgesic....
- moramide-intermediate (2-methyl-3-morpholino-1,1-diphenylpropane-carbonic acid)
- morpheridineMorpheridineMorpheridine is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is related to the opioid analgesic drug pethidine...
- morphineMorphineMorphine is a potent opiate analgesic medication and is considered to be the prototypical opioid. It was first isolated in 1804 by Friedrich Sertürner, first distributed by same in 1817, and first commercially sold by Merck in 1827, which at the time was a single small chemists' shop. It was more...
- morphine-methobromide
- morphine-N-oxideMorphine-N-oxideMorphine-N-oxide is an active opioid metabolite of morphine. Morphine itself, in trials with rats, acts 11–22 times more potent than morphine-N-oxide subcutaneously and 39–89 times more potent intraperitoneally...
- myrophineMyrophineMyrophine is an opiate analogue that was developed in 1952. It is a derivative of morphine.Myrophine is substituted with a 3-benzyl group and a 6-myristyl chain. It is metabolised to form benzylmorphine and then further to morphine, and so is a long-acting prodrug for morphine, but with a slow...
- nicocodiene
- nicodicodine
- nicomorphineNicomorphineNicomorphine is the 3,6-dinicotinate ester of morphine. It is a strong opioid agonist analgesic two to three times as potent as morphine with a side effect profile similar to that of dihydromorphine, morphine, and diamorphine. Nicomorphine was patented as Vilan by Lannacher Heilmittel Ges. m.b.H...
- noracymethadol
- norcodeineNorcodeineNorcodeine is an opiate analogue that is the N-demethylated derivative of codeine.Norcodeine has relatively little opioid activity in its own right, but is formed as a metabolite of codeine following ingestion....
- norlevorphanolNorlevorphanolNorlevorphanol is an opioid analgesic of the morphinan class. It was never marketed....
- normethadoneNormethadoneNormethadone is a cough suppressant. It is a desmethyl derivative of methadone....
- normorphineNormorphineNormorphine is an opiate analogue that is derived from the N-demethylated derivative of morphine first described in the 1950s when a large group of N-substituted morphine analogues were characterized for activity....
- norpipanone
- opiumOpiumOpium is the dried latex obtained from the opium poppy . Opium contains up to 12% morphine, an alkaloid, which is frequently processed chemically to produce heroin for the illegal drug trade. The latex also includes codeine and non-narcotic alkaloids such as papaverine, thebaine and noscapine...
(the harvested milk, obtained from the plant Papaver somniferum) - oxycodoneOxycodoneOxycodone is an opioid analgesic medication synthesized from opium-derived thebaine. It was developed in 1916 in Germany, as one of several new semi-synthetic opioids in an attempt to improve on the existing opioids: morphine, diacetylmorphine , and codeine.Oxycodone oral medications are generally...
- oxymorphoneOxymorphoneOxymorphone or 14-Hydroxydihydromorphinone is a powerful semi-synthetic opioid analgesic first developed in Germany circa 1914, patented in the USA by Endo Pharmaceuticals in 1955 and introduced to the United States market in January 1959 and other countries around the same time...
- para-fluorfentanyl
- parahexylParahexylParahexyl is a synthetic homologue of THC, which was invented in 1949 during attempts to elucidate the structure of Δ9-THC, one of the active components of cannabis....
- PMAPMApara-Methoxyamphetamine , also known as 4-methoxyamphetamine , is a serotonergic drug of the amphetamine class...
(para-methoxyamphetamine) - PMMA (para-methoxymethamphetamine)
- PEPAPPEPAPPEPAP is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of pethidine .It is related to the drug MPPP, with an N-phenethyl group in place of the N-methyl substitution and an acetate ester rather than propionate. PEPAP is approximately 6-7 times more potent than morphine in laboratory rats...
(1-fenethyl-4-fenyl-4-piperidinolacetate ester) - pethidinePethidinePethidine or meperidine Pethidine (INN) or meperidine (USAN) Pethidine (INN) or meperidine (USAN) (commonly referred to as Demerol but also referred to as: isonipecaine; lidol; pethanol; piridosal; Algil; Alodan; Centralgin; Dispadol; Dolantin; Mialgin (in Indonesia); Petidin Dolargan (in Poland);...
- pethidine Intermediate APethidine Intermediate APethidine intermediate A is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is a precursor to the opioid analgesic drug pethidine . It is not known to have any analgesic activity in its own right, however other derivatives of pethidine with a 4-cyano group in place of the carboxylate ethyl ester have been...
(4-cyano-1-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine) - pethidine Intermediate BNorpethidineNorpethidine is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is both a metabolite of and a precursor to pethidine ....
(4-phenylpiperidine-4-carbonic acid ethylester) - pethidine Intermediate CPethidinic AcidPethidinic acid is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is both a metabolite of and a precursor to pethidine ....
(1-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine-4-carbonic acid) - phenadoxonePhenadoxonePhenadoxone is an opioid analgesic of the open chain class invented in by Hoechst in 1947...
- phenampromidePhenampromidePhenampromide is an opioid analgesic from the ampromide family of drugs, related to other drugs such as propiram and diampromide. It was invented in the 1960s by American Cyanamid Co....
- phenazocinePhenazocinePhenazocine is an opioid analgesic drug, which is related to pentazocine and has a similar profile of effects....
- phencyclidinePhencyclidinePhencyclidine , commonly initialized as PCP and known colloquially as angel dust, is a recreational dissociative drug...
- phenmetrazinePhenmetrazinePhenmetrazine is a stimulant drug of the morpholine chemical class that was previously used as an appetite suppressant, but has since been withdrawn from the market...
- phenomorphanPhenomorphanPhenomorphan is an opioid analgesic. It is not currently used in medicine, but has similar side effects to other opiates, which include itching, nausea and respiratory depression....
- phenoperidinePhenoperidinePhenoperidine was discovered by Janssen Pharmacutica 1960. Marketed as its hydrochloride as Operidine or Lealgin, is an opioid used as a general anesthetic. It is a derivative of isonipecotic acid, like pethidine, and is metabolized in part to norpethidine. It is 20-200 times as potent as pethidine...
- pholcodinePholcodinePholcodine is a drug which is an opioid cough suppressant . It helps suppress unproductive coughs and also has a mild sedative effect, but has little or no analgesic effects. It is also known as morpholinylethylmorphine....
- piminodinePiminodinePiminodine is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of pethidine . It was used in medicine briefly during the 1960s and 70s, but has largely fallen out of clinical use. It was used particularly for obstetric analgesia and in dental procedures and, like pethidine, could be combined with...
- piritramidePiritramidePiritramide is a synthetic opioid analgesic with a potency 0.65 to 0.75 times that of morphine. A common starting dose is 15 mg IV, equivalent to 10 mg of morphine hydrochloride. Piritramide is commonly used for the treatment of postoperative pain...
- proheptazineProheptazineProheptazine is an opioid analgesic from the phenazepine family. It was invented in the 1960s.Proheptazine produces similar effects to other opioids, including analgesia, sedation, dizziness and nausea....
- properidineProperidineProperidine is an opioid analgesic and the isopropyl analog of pethidine....
- propiramPropiramPropiram is a partial mu opioid receptor agonist and weak mu antagonist analgesic from the ampromide family of drugs. It was invented in 1963 in the United Kingdom by Bayer but was not widely marketed, although it saw some limited clinical use, especially in dentistry...
- psilocine
- psilocybine
- racemethorphan
- racemoramideRacemoramideRacemoramide , or simply moramide, is a opioid analgesic and a racemic mixture of the substances dextromoramide and levomoramide , two enantiomers of a chiral molecule....
- racemorphan
- remifentanilRemifentanilRemifentanil is a potent ultra short-acting synthetic opioid analgesic drug. It is given to patients during surgery to relieve pain and as an adjunct to an anaesthetic. Remifentanil is used for sedation as well as combined with other medications for use in general anesthesia...
- rolicyclidineRolicyclidineRolicyclidine is a dissociative anesthetic drug with hallucinogenic and sedative effects. It is similar in effects to phencyclidine but is slightly less potent and has less stimulant effects instead producing a sedative effect described as being somewhat similar to a barbiturate, but with...
- secobarbitalSecobarbitalSecobarbital sodium is a barbiturate derivative drug that was first synthesized in 1928 in Germany. It possesses anaesthetic, anticonvulsant, sedative and hypnotic properties...
- sufentanilSufentanilSufentanil is a powerful synthetic opioid analgesic drug, approximately 5 to 10 times more potent than its analog, fentanyl. Sufentanil is marketed for use by specialist centres under different trade names, such as Sufenta and Sufentil...
- temazepamTemazepamTemazepam is an intermediate-acting 3-hydroxy benzodiazepine. It is mostly prescribed for the short-term treatment of sleeplessness in patients who have difficulty maintaining sleep...
† - tenamphetamine
- tenocyclidineTenocyclidineTenocyclidine is a dissociative anesthetic drug with stimulant and hallucinogenic effects. It is similar in effects to phencyclidine but is considerably more potent. TCP has slightly different binding properties to PCP, with more affinity for the NMDA receptors, but less affinity for the sigma...
- tetrahydrocannabinolTetrahydrocannabinolTetrahydrocannabinol , also known as delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol , Δ1-THC , or dronabinol, is the main chemical psychoactive substance found in the cannabis plant. It was first isolated in 1964. In pure form, it is a glassy solid when cold, and becomes viscous and sticky if warmed...
- thebacon
- thebaïneThebaineThebaine , its name coming from the Greek Θῆβαι, Thēbai, an ancient city in Upper Egypt, is an opiate alkaloid. A minor constituent of opium, thebaine is chemically similar to both morphine and codeine, but has stimulatory rather than depressant effects, causing convulsions similar to strychnine...
- thiofentanylThiofentanylThiofentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of fentanyl.Thiofentanyl was sold briefly on the black market in the early 1980s, before the introduction of the Federal Analog Act which for the first time attempted to control entire families of drugs based on their structural similarity...
- tilidineTilidineTilidine , or tilidate is a synthetic opioid analgesic, used mainly in Germany, Switzerland and Belgium for treatment of moderate to severe pain, both acute and chronic.-Pharmacology:...
- TMA-2 (2,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine)
- trimeperidineTrimeperidineTrimeperidine is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of prodine. It was developed in or around 1954 in the USSR during research into the related drug pethidine....
- TMATMA- Science :* Thermo-mechanical analysis, a type of thermal analysis* Thrombotic microangiopathy* Trimellitic anhydride* Trimethylamine, 3N, a simple amine.* Trimethylaluminium, 3Al...
(3,4,5-trimethoxyamfetamine) - zipeprolZipeprolZipeprol is a centrally acting cough suppressant developed in France in the 1970s. Zipeprol acts as a local anaesthetic and has mucolytic, antihistamine and anticholinergic properties.It is sold with several brand names such as Zinolta and Respilene. It is not available in the United States or...
The esters and derivatives of ecgonine, which can be turned into ecgonine and cocaine;
The mono- and di-alkylamine-
LSD
Lysergic acid diethylamide, abbreviated LSD or LSD-25, also known as lysergide and colloquially as acid, is a semisynthetic psychedelic drug of the ergoline family, well known for its psychological effects which can include altered thinking processes, closed and open eye visuals, synaesthesia, an...
, the pyrollidine- and morpholinederivates of lysergic acid
Lysergic acid
Lysergic acid, also known as D-lysergic acid and -lysergic acid, is a precursor for a wide range of ergoline alkaloids that are produced by the ergot fungus and some plants. Amides of lysergic acid, lysergamides, are widely used as pharmaceuticals and as psychedelic drugs...
, and the thereby introduction of methyl-, acetyl- or halogengroups obtained substances;
Fiveworthy nitrogen-substituted morphinederivates, of which morphine-N-oxide-derivatives, like codeine-N-oxide;
The isomeres and stereoisomeres of tetrahydrocannabinol;
The ethers, esters and enantiomeres of the above mentioned substances, with exception of dextromethorphan (INN) as enantiomere of levomethorphan and racemethorphan, and with exception of dextrorphanol (INN) as enantiomere of levorphanol and racemorphan;
Formulations which contain one or more of the above mentioned substances.
The Opium Law (or Opiumwet in Dutch
Dutch language
Dutch is a West Germanic language and the native language of the majority of the population of the Netherlands, Belgium, and Suriname, the three member states of the Dutch Language Union. Most speakers live in the European Union, where it is a first language for about 23 million and a second...
) is the section of the Dutch law
Law of the Netherlands
The Netherlands is a civil law country. Its laws are written and the application of customary law is exceptional. The role of case law is small in theory, although in practice it is impossible to understand the law in many fields without also taking into account the relevant case law...
which covers nearly all psychotropic drugs. All non-psychotropic, but prescription-only drugs are covered by the Medicine Act.
Origin and history
In 1912, the First International Opium Conference took place in The HagueThe Hague
The Hague is the capital city of the province of South Holland in the Netherlands. With a population of 500,000 inhabitants , it is the third largest city of the Netherlands, after Amsterdam and Rotterdam...
, where agreements were made about the trade in opium
Opium
Opium is the dried latex obtained from the opium poppy . Opium contains up to 12% morphine, an alkaloid, which is frequently processed chemically to produce heroin for the illegal drug trade. The latex also includes codeine and non-narcotic alkaloids such as papaverine, thebaine and noscapine...
; this initiated the introduction of the Opium Law, which took place 7 years later. In 1919, the first Opium Law (later known as List I of the Opium Law) was introduced, and on 12 May 1928 the second Opium Law (later known as List II of the Opium Law) was introduced. The first Opium Law was created to regulate drugs with a high addiction or abuse factor, or that are physically harmful. As the name indicates the main reason for introduction was to regulate the Opium trade and later to control various other addictive drugs like morphine
Morphine
Morphine is a potent opiate analgesic medication and is considered to be the prototypical opioid. It was first isolated in 1804 by Friedrich Sertürner, first distributed by same in 1817, and first commercially sold by Merck in 1827, which at the time was a single small chemists' shop. It was more...
, cocaine
Cocaine
Cocaine is a crystalline tropane alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. The name comes from "coca" in addition to the alkaloid suffix -ine, forming cocaine. It is a stimulant of the central nervous system, an appetite suppressant, and a topical anesthetic...
, heroin, barbiturates, amphetamines and several decades later, benzodiazepines, which were used both medically and recreationally.
Except for the addition of new drugs to List I and II of the Opium Law, the Opium Law remained unchanged until 1976. After the rise of a new youth culture which revolved much around the use of drugs like cannabis
Cannabis
Cannabis is a genus of flowering plants that includes three putative species, Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, and Cannabis ruderalis. These three taxa are indigenous to Central Asia, and South Asia. Cannabis has long been used for fibre , for seed and seed oils, for medicinal purposes, and as a...
and LSD
LSD
Lysergic acid diethylamide, abbreviated LSD or LSD-25, also known as lysergide and colloquially as acid, is a semisynthetic psychedelic drug of the ergoline family, well known for its psychological effects which can include altered thinking processes, closed and open eye visuals, synaesthesia, an...
, and with hashish
Hashish
Hashish is a cannabis preparation composed of compressed stalked resin glands, called trichomes, collected from the unfertilized buds of the cannabis plant. It contains the same active ingredients but in higher concentrations than unsifted buds or leaves...
being openly used, a change of law was needed by the government, to properly control all drugs, but with a clear definition between drugs with an unacceptable degree of addictiveness or physical harm (known as hard drugs), and drugs with an acceptable degree of addictiveness or physical harm (known as soft drugs). In 1976 these changes officially took effect, and the Opium Law was edited to include the new changes of law. In the same year, a decision was also made by the Dutch government not to prosecute cannabis and hashish dealers, under the condition that they didn't sell hard drugs, didn't advertise and they were only allowed to carry a certain amount of cannabis or hashish.
In 1980, the decision to not prosecute cannabis and hashish dealers, under certain conditions, was publicly announced by the Dutch government. Many people thereby concluded that this decision would also allow the sale in coffeeshop
Cannabis coffee shop
Coffeeshops are establishments in the Netherlands where the sale of cannabis for personal consumption by the public is tolerated by the local authorities ....
s, and coffeeshops began selling cannabis and hashish. This led to an enormous rise in the number of coffeeshops in the 80's and 90's, and because of this, new regulations were demanded by the government to regulate the sale of cannabis products by coffeeshops. In 1996 the laws were changed again to include new regulations for coffeeshops. The terms coffeeshops had to follow were:
- No advertisement
- No hard drugs
- No entrance to coffeeshops by persons under the age of 18
- No sale of more than 5 grams of cannabis products per person, per day
- Coffeeshops are not allowed to have more than 500 grams of cannabis in stock at any time
Since 1996, no new changes have been made to the Opium Law. New guidelines for coffeeshops have been made, but they are not covered by the Opium Law.
But in October 2011 the Dutch government proposed a change of the Opium law to the Dutch parliament. From spring 2012 will the change put cannabis with 15% THC
THC
THC commonly refers to tetrahydrocannabinol, the main active chemical compound in Cannabis.THC may also refer to:* Tan Holdings Corporation...
or more onto List II; sale will be prohibited also in coffeshops.
List I drugs
The following drugs and intermediates are classified as List I drugs of the Opium Law:- acetorphineAcetorphineAcetorphine is a potent analgesic drug, up to 8700 times stronger than morphine by weight. It is a derivative of the more well-known opioid etorphine, which is used as a very potent veterinary painkiller and anesthetic medication, primarily for the sedation of large animals such as elephants,...
- acetyl-alpha-methylfentanyl
- acetyldihydrocodeineAcetyldihydrocodeineAcetyldihydrocodeine is an opiate derivative discovered in Germany in 1914 and was used as as a cough suppressant and analgesic. It is not commonly used, but has activity similar to other opiates...
- acetylmethadol
- alphacetylmethadolAlphacetylmethadolAlphacetylmethadol is a synthetic opioid. It is the enantiomer of levacetylmethadol. In the United States, it is a Schedule I drug under the Controlled Substances Act....
- alphameprodine
- alphamethadol
- alphamethylfentanylAlphamethylfentanylα-Methylfentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of fentanyl.α-Methylfentanyl was invented in 1976 and appeared on the black market under the name "China White"...
- alphamethylthiofentanylAlphamethylthiofentanylα-methyl-thiofentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of fentanyl.α-methyl-thiofentanyl was sold briefly on the black market in the early 1980s, before the introduction of the Federal Analog Act which for the first time attempted to control entire families of drugs based on their...
- alphaprodine
- alfentanilAlfentanilAlfentanil is a potent but short-acting synthetic opioid analgesic drug, used for anaesthesia in surgery. It is an analogue of fentanyl with around 1/4 the potency of fentanyl and around 1/3 of the duration of action, but with an onset of effects 4x faster than fentanyl...
- allylprodineAllylprodineAllylprodine is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of prodine. It was discovered in by Hoffman-La Roche in 1957 during research into the related drug pethidine...
- amphetamineAmphetamineAmphetamine or amfetamine is a psychostimulant drug of the phenethylamine class which produces increased wakefulness and focus in association with decreased fatigue and appetite.Brand names of medications that contain, or metabolize into, amphetamine include Adderall, Dexedrine, Dextrostat,...
- amineptineAmineptineAmineptine was developed by the French Society of Medical research in the 1960s. Under the trade-names is used as an atypical tricyclic antidepressant that selectively inhibits the reuptake of dopamine and to a lesser extent norepinephrine, thus exerting a powerful and fast-acting...
- anileridineAnileridineAnileridine is a synthetic analgesic drug and is a member of the piperidine class of analgesic agents developed by Merck & Co. in the 1950s...
- benzethidineBenzethidineBenzethidine is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is related to the opioid analgesic drug pethidine .Benzethidine is not currently used in medicine and is a Class A/Schedule I drug which is controlled under UN drug conventions...
- benzylmorphineBenzylmorphineBenzylmorphine is a semi-synthetic opiate narcotic introduced to the international market in 1896 and that of the United States very shortly thereafter...
- betacetylmethadolBetacetylmethadolBetacetylmethadol is a synthetic opioid. It is a stereoisomer of both alphacetylmethadol and levacetylmethadol. In the United States, it is a Schedule I drug under the Controlled Substances Act....
- beta-hydroxy-3-methylfentanyl
- beta-hydroxyfentanyl
- betameprodine
- betamethadol
- betaprodine
- bezitramideBezitramideBezitramide is a narcotic analgesic. Bezitramide itself is a prodrug which is readily hydrolyzed in the gastrointestinal tract to its main metabolite, despropionyl-bezitramide. Bezitramide was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1961...
- bolkaf (all parts of the papaver somniferum plant, after harvesting, excluding seeds)
- brolamphetamine
- cathinoneCathinoneCathinone, or Benzoylethanamine, is a monoamine alkaloid found in the shrub Catha edulis and is chemically similar to ephedrine, cathine and other amphetamines. Cathinone induces the release of dopamine from striatal preparations that are prelabelled either with dopamine or its precursors. It is...
- 2C-B2C-B2C-B or 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine is a psychedelic drug of the 2C family. It was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin in 1974. In Shulgin's book PiHKAL, the dosage range is listed as 16–24 mg. 2C-B is sold as a white powder sometimes pressed in tablets or gel caps and is referred...
(2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine) - 2C-I2C-I2C-I or 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C family. It was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. It was described in Shulgin’s book PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story. The drug is used recreationally for its psychedelic and entactogenic effects...
(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine) - 2C-T-22C-T-22C-T-2, or 2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylthiophenethylamine is a psychedelic and entactogenic phenethylamine of the 2C family. It was first synthesized in 1981 by Alexander Shulgin. The drug has structural and pharmacodynamic properties similar to the drug 2C-T-7 .-Dosage:In Alexander Shulgin's book...
(2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylthiophenethylamine) - 2C-T-72C-T-72C-T-7 is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C family. In his book PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story, Alexander Shulgin lists the dosage range as 10 to 30 mg. 2C-T-7 is generally taken orally, and produces psychedelic and entactogenic effects that last 8 to 15 hours...
(2,5-dimethoxy-4-(n)-propylthiophenethylamine) - clonitazeneClonitazeneClonitazene is an opioid analgesic of approximately three times the potency of morphine. It is related to etonitazene....
- coca leaf (leafs of the plants of the species Erythroxylon)
- cocaineCocaineCocaine is a crystalline tropane alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. The name comes from "coca" in addition to the alkaloid suffix -ine, forming cocaine. It is a stimulant of the central nervous system, an appetite suppressant, and a topical anesthetic...
- codeineCodeineCodeine or 3-methylmorphine is an opiate used for its analgesic, antitussive, and antidiarrheal properties...
- codoximeCodoximeCodoxime is an opiate analogue that is a derivative of hydrocodone, where the 6-ketone group has been replaced by carboxymethyloxime. It has primarily antitussive effects and was found to have moderate potential to cause dependence in animal studies....
- concentrate of bolkaf (the material obtained by subjecting bolkaf to a treatment for the concentration of its alkaloids)
- desomorphineDesomorphineDesomorphine is an opiate analogue invented in 1932 in the United States that is a derivative of morphine, where the 6-hydroxyl group has been removed and the 7,8 double bond has been saturated. It has sedative and analgesic effects, and is around 8-10 times more potent than morphine...
- dexamphetamine
- dextromoramideDextromoramideDextromoramide is a powerful opioid analgesic approximately three times more potent than morphine but shorter acting. It is subject to drug prohibition regimes, both internationally through UN treaties, and by the criminal law of individual states...
- dextropropoxypheneDextropropoxypheneDextropropoxyphene, manufactured by Eli Lilly and Company, is an analgesic in the opioid category. It is intended to treat mild pain and has, in addition, anti-tussive and local anesthetic effects. It has been taken off the market in Europe and the US due to concerns of fatal overdoses and...
- diampromideDiampromideDiampromide is an opioid analgesic from the ampromide family of drugs, related to other drugs such as propiram. It was invented in the 1960s, and can be described as a ring-opened analogue of fentanyl....
- diethylthiambuteneDiethylthiambuteneDiethylthiambutene is an opioid analgesic drug developed in the 1950s which was mainly used as an anesthetic in veterinary medicine and continues, along with the other two thiambutenes dimethylthiambutene and ethylmethylthiambutene to be used for this purpose, particularly in Japan...
- DETDiethyltryptamineDET, also known under its chemical name N,N-diethyltryptamine and as T-9, is a psychedelic drug closely related to DMT and 4-HO-DET...
(N,N-diethyltryptamine) - diphenoxide
- diphenoxylateDiphenoxylateDiphenoxylate is an opioid agonist used for the treatment of diarrhea that acts by slowing intestinal contractions and peristalsis allowing the body to consolidate intestinal contents and prolong transit time, thus allowing the intestines to draw moisture out of them at a normal or higher rate and...
- dihydrocodeineDihydrocodeineDihydrocodeine, also called DHC, Drocode, Paracodeine and Parzone and known by the brand names of Synalgos DC, Panlor DC, Panlor SS, Contugesic, New Bron Solution-ACE, Huscode, Drocode, Paracodin, Codidol, Didor Continus, Dicogesic, Codhydrine, Dekacodin, DH-Codeine,...
- dihydroetorphineDihydroetorphineDihydroetorphine was developed by K.W.Bentley at McFarlan-Smith in the 1960s and is a potent analgesic drug , which is used mainly in China...
- dihydromorphineDihydromorphineDihydromorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid invented in Germany in 1900. In structure, it is very similar to morphine, the only difference being the reduction of the double bond between positions 7 and 8 in morphine to a single bond...
- dimepheptanolDimepheptanolDimepheptanol is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of methadone.Dimepheptanol is a mixture of two isomers, α-methadol and β-methadol. These are also available separately, and this drug has three separate entries in many national and international lists of illegal drugs, which refer to the...
- dimenoxadolDimenoxadolDimenoxadol , or dimenoxadole , is an opioid analgesic which is a diphenylacetic acid derivative, related to other drugs such as dextropropoxyphene....
- DMADimethoxyamphetamineDMA, or dimethoxyamphetamine, is a series of lesser-known psychedelic drugs similar in structure to amphetamine and to trimethoxyamphetamine . They were first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin and written up in his book PiHKAL ...
(2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine) - DOET (2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine)
- DOM (2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine is a psychedelic and a substituted amphetamine...
) - dimethylthiambuteneDimethylthiambuteneDimethylthiambutene is an opioid analgesic drug, most often used in veterinary medicine in Japan and to a lesser extent in other countries in the region and around the world...
- DMTDimethyltryptamineN,N-Dimethyltryptamine is a naturally occurring psychedelic compound of the tryptamine family. DMT is found in several plants, and also in trace amounts in humans and other mammals, where it is originally derived from the essential amino acid tryptophan, and ultimately produced by the enzyme INMT...
(N,N-dimethyltryptamine) - dioxaphetylbutyrate
- dipipanoneDipipanoneDipipanone is a strong opioid analgesic drug, used for very severe pain in cases where other analgesics are unsuitable, for instance where morphine is indicated but cannot be used due to the patient being allergic to morphine.-Dosage forms:...
- DMHP (1,2-dimethylheptyl-delta-3-THC)
- drotebanolDrotebanolDrotebanol is a morphinan derivative that acts as an opioid agonist. It was invented by Sankyo Company in Japan during the 1970s. It is synthesised from thebaine....
- ecgonineEcgonineEcgonine is an organic chemical and tropane alkaloid found naturally in coca leaves. It has a close structural relation to cocaine: it is both a metabolite and a precursor, and as such, it is a controlled substance, as are all known substances which can be used as precursors to ecgonine...
(3-hydroxy-2-tropanecarbonic acid) - MDEA (N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine)
- ethylmethylthiambuteneEthylmethylthiambuteneEthylmethylthiambutene is an opioid analgesic drug from the thiambutene family, around 1.3x the potency of morphine. It is under international control under Schedule I of the UN Single Convention On Narcotic Drugs 1961, presumably due to high abuse potential....
- ethylmorphineEthylmorphineEthylmorphine is an opiate narcotic analgesic .Ethylmorphine was invented in Germany at Merck in 1884 and was used as a weaker alternative to heroin for all indications. Chemically, ethylmorphine is a morphine molecule with a -25 group substituted for the aromatic 3- group...
- eticyclidineEticyclidineEticyclidine is a dissociative anesthetic drug with hallucinogenic effects. It is similar in effects to phencyclidine but is slightly more potent...
- etonitazeneEtonitazeneEtonitazene is a potent analgesic drug shown to be approximately 1000–1500x the potency of morphine in animal models but only 60x morphine in man. It is one of several benzimidazole opioids, and is structurally related to clonitazene Etonitazene is a potent analgesic drug shown to be approximately...
- etorphineEtorphineEtorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid possessing an analgesic potency approximately 200 times that of morphine. It was first prepared in 1960 from oripavine, which does not generally occur in opium poppy extract but rather in "poppy straw" and in related plants, Papaver orientale and Papaver...
- etoxeridineEtoxeridineEtoxeridine is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is related to the opioid analgesic drug pethidine ....
- etryptamine
- fentanyl
- fenethyllineFenethyllineFenethylline, also spelled phenethylline, is a synthetic prodrug used as a stimulant and marketed under the brand name Captagon.-History:...
- furethidineFurethidineFurethidine is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is related to the opioid analgesic drug pethidine .Furethidine is not currently used in medicine and is a Class A/Schedule I drug which is controlled under UN drug conventions. It has similar effects to other opioid derivatives, such as analgesia,...
- hemp oilHemp oilHempseed oil is pressed from the seed of the hemp plant irrespective of the strain of cannabis. Cold pressed, unrefined hemp oil is dark to clear light green in color, with a pleasant nutty flavor. The darker the color, the grassier the flavour....
(concentrate of plants from the Cannabis species (hemp) obtained by extraction of hemp or hashish, if not mixed with oil) - heroin (diamorphine)
- hydrocodoneHydrocodoneHydrocodone or dihydrocodeinone is a semi-synthetic opioid derived from either of two naturally occurring opiates: codeine and thebaine. It is an orally active narcotic analgesic and antitussive...
- hydromorphinolHydromorphinolHydromorphinol is an opiate analogue that is a derivative of morphine, where the 14-position has been hydroxylated and the 7,8- double bond saturated. It has similar effects to morphine such as sedation, analgesia and respiratory depression, but is more potent and has a steeper dose-response curve...
- hydromorphoneHydromorphoneHydromorphone, a more common synonym for dihydromorphinone, commonly a hydrochloride is a very potent centrally-acting analgesic drug of the opioid class. It is a derivative of morphine, to be specific, a hydrogenated ketone thereof and, therefore, a semi-synthetic drug...
- MDOHMDOH3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine is an entactogen, psychedelic, and stimulant of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes. It is the N-hydroxy homologue of MDA, and the N-desmethyl homologue of MDHMA. MDOH was first synthesized and assayed by Alexander Shulgin...
(N-hydroxy-methylenedioxyamphetamine) - hydroxypethidineHydroxypethidineHydroxypethidine is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of pethidine . Hydroxypethidine is significantly less potent than meperidine as an analgesic, although it also has NMDA antagonist properties like its close relative ketobemidone.Hydroxypethidine has similar effects to other opioids, and...
- isomethadone
- ketobemidoneKetobemidoneKetobemidone is a powerful opioid analgesic. Its effectiveness against pain is in the same range as morphine, and it also has some NMDA-antagonist properties imparted by it's metabolite norketobemidone. This makes it useful for some types of pain that don't respond well to other opioids...
- levamphetamine
- levophenacylmorphanLevophenacylmorphanLevophenacylmorphan is a morphinan derivative that acts as an opioid agonist. It has potent analgesic effects and is around 10x more potent than morphine. Adverse effects associated with its use are those of the opioids as a whole, including pruritus, nausea, respiratory depression, euphoria and...
- levomethamphetamine
- levomethorphanLevomethorphanLevomethorphan is the l-stereoisomer of methorphan. The effects of the two isomers are quite different. Dextromethorphan is an antitussive at low doses and a dissociative at much higher doses, whereas levomethorphan is an opioid analgesic...
- levomoramideLevomoramideLevomoramide is the inactive isomer of the opioid analgesic dextromoramide, invented by the chemist Paul Janssen in 1956. Unlike dextromoramide, which is a potent analgesic with high abuse potential, levomoramide is virtually without activity....
- levorphanolLevorphanolLevorphanol is an opioid medication used to treat severe pain. It is the levorotatory stereoisomer of the synthetic morphinan and a pure opioid agonist, first described in Germany in 1948 as an orally active morphine-like analgesic...
- lysergide
- mecloqualoneMecloqualoneMecloqualone is an analogue of methaqualone which was first made in 1960 and marketed mainly in France and some other European countries. It has sedative, hypnotic and anxiolytic properties, and was used for the treatment of insomnia...
- mescalineMescalineMescaline or 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine is a naturally occurring psychedelic alkaloid of the phenethylamine class used mainly as an entheogen....
(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) - methamphetamineMethamphetamineMethamphetamine is a psychostimulant of the phenethylamine and amphetamine class of psychoactive drugs...
- methamphetamine racemate
- metazocineMetazocineMetazocine is an opioid analgesic related to pentazocine. While metazocine has significant analgesic effects, mediated through a mixed agonist-antagonist action at the mu opioid receptor, its clinical use is limited by dysphoric and hallucinogenic effects which are most likely caused by activity at...
- methadoneMethadoneMethadone is a synthetic opioid, used medically as an analgesic and a maintenance anti-addictive for use in patients with opioid dependency. It was developed in Germany in 1937...
- methadone-intermediate (4-cyano-2-dimethylamino-4,4-diphenylbutane)
- methaqualoneMethaqualoneMethaqualone is a sedative-hypnotic drug that is similar in effect to barbiturates, a general central nervous system depressant. The sedative-hypnotic activity was first noted by Indian researchers in the 1950s and in 1962 methaqualone itself was patented in the US by Wallace and Tiernan...
- methcathinoneMethcathinoneMethcathinone , is a psychoactive stimulant, sometimes used as a recreational drug and considered addictive. It is usually snorted, but can be smoked, injected, or taken orally...
- MMDA (2-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine)
- 4-methylaminorex
- methyldesorphineMethyldesorphineMethyldesorphine is an opioid analgesic. First synthesized in Germany in 1940 and patented in the USA in 1952, it has a high potential for abuse as with any potent opioid agonist, and is sometimes found along with desomorphine as a component of the home-made opioid mixture known as "Krokodil" used...
- methyldihydromorphineMethyldihydromorphineMethyldihydromorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid drug developed in Germany in 1936, controlled under both domestic law and UN conventions because of its possible potential for abuse...
- MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine)
- methylphenidateMethylphenidateMethylphenidate is a psychostimulant drug approved for treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome and narcolepsy. It may also be prescribed for off-label use in treatment-resistant cases of lethargy, depression, neural insult and obesity...
- 3-methylfentanyl3-Methylfentanyl3-Methylfentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of fentanyl. 3-Methylfentanyl is one of the most potent drugs that has been widely sold on the black market, estimated to be between 400-6000 times stronger than morphine depending on which isomer is used .3-Methylfentanyl was first...
- MPPPMPPP1-Methyl-4-phenyl-4-propionoxypiperidine or Desmethylprodine is an opioid analgesic drug developed in the 1940s by researchers at Hoffmann-La Roche. It is not used in clinical practice, but has been illegally manufactured for recreational drug use...
(1-methyl-4-phenyl-4-piperidinol propionate ester) - 4-MTA4-MTA4-Methylthioamphetamine is an illicit drug and research chemical developed in the 1990s by a team led by David E. Nichols at Purdue University. It acts as a non-neurotoxic highly selective serotonin releasing agent in animals...
(4-methylthioamphetamine) - 3-methylthiofentanyl3-Methylthiofentanyl3-Methyl-thiofentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of fentanyl.3-Methyl-thiofentanyl was sold briefly on the black market in the early 1980s, before the introduction of the Federal Analog Act which for the first time attempted to control entire families of drugs based on their...
- metoponMetoponMetopon is an opiate analogue that is a methylated derivative of hydromorphone which was invented in 1948 as an analgesic....
- moramide-intermediate (2-methyl-3-morpholino-1,1-diphenylpropane-carbonic acid)
- morpheridineMorpheridineMorpheridine is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is related to the opioid analgesic drug pethidine...
- morphineMorphineMorphine is a potent opiate analgesic medication and is considered to be the prototypical opioid. It was first isolated in 1804 by Friedrich Sertürner, first distributed by same in 1817, and first commercially sold by Merck in 1827, which at the time was a single small chemists' shop. It was more...
- morphine-methobromide
- morphine-N-oxideMorphine-N-oxideMorphine-N-oxide is an active opioid metabolite of morphine. Morphine itself, in trials with rats, acts 11–22 times more potent than morphine-N-oxide subcutaneously and 39–89 times more potent intraperitoneally...
- myrophineMyrophineMyrophine is an opiate analogue that was developed in 1952. It is a derivative of morphine.Myrophine is substituted with a 3-benzyl group and a 6-myristyl chain. It is metabolised to form benzylmorphine and then further to morphine, and so is a long-acting prodrug for morphine, but with a slow...
- nicocodiene
- nicodicodine
- nicomorphineNicomorphineNicomorphine is the 3,6-dinicotinate ester of morphine. It is a strong opioid agonist analgesic two to three times as potent as morphine with a side effect profile similar to that of dihydromorphine, morphine, and diamorphine. Nicomorphine was patented as Vilan by Lannacher Heilmittel Ges. m.b.H...
- noracymethadol
- norcodeineNorcodeineNorcodeine is an opiate analogue that is the N-demethylated derivative of codeine.Norcodeine has relatively little opioid activity in its own right, but is formed as a metabolite of codeine following ingestion....
- norlevorphanolNorlevorphanolNorlevorphanol is an opioid analgesic of the morphinan class. It was never marketed....
- normethadoneNormethadoneNormethadone is a cough suppressant. It is a desmethyl derivative of methadone....
- normorphineNormorphineNormorphine is an opiate analogue that is derived from the N-demethylated derivative of morphine first described in the 1950s when a large group of N-substituted morphine analogues were characterized for activity....
- norpipanone
- opiumOpiumOpium is the dried latex obtained from the opium poppy . Opium contains up to 12% morphine, an alkaloid, which is frequently processed chemically to produce heroin for the illegal drug trade. The latex also includes codeine and non-narcotic alkaloids such as papaverine, thebaine and noscapine...
(the harvested milk, obtained from the plant Papaver somniferum) - oxycodoneOxycodoneOxycodone is an opioid analgesic medication synthesized from opium-derived thebaine. It was developed in 1916 in Germany, as one of several new semi-synthetic opioids in an attempt to improve on the existing opioids: morphine, diacetylmorphine , and codeine.Oxycodone oral medications are generally...
- oxymorphoneOxymorphoneOxymorphone or 14-Hydroxydihydromorphinone is a powerful semi-synthetic opioid analgesic first developed in Germany circa 1914, patented in the USA by Endo Pharmaceuticals in 1955 and introduced to the United States market in January 1959 and other countries around the same time...
- para-fluorfentanyl
- parahexylParahexylParahexyl is a synthetic homologue of THC, which was invented in 1949 during attempts to elucidate the structure of Δ9-THC, one of the active components of cannabis....
- PMAPMApara-Methoxyamphetamine , also known as 4-methoxyamphetamine , is a serotonergic drug of the amphetamine class...
(para-methoxyamphetamine) - PMMA (para-methoxymethamphetamine)
- PEPAPPEPAPPEPAP is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of pethidine .It is related to the drug MPPP, with an N-phenethyl group in place of the N-methyl substitution and an acetate ester rather than propionate. PEPAP is approximately 6-7 times more potent than morphine in laboratory rats...
(1-fenethyl-4-fenyl-4-piperidinolacetate ester) - pethidinePethidinePethidine or meperidine Pethidine (INN) or meperidine (USAN) Pethidine (INN) or meperidine (USAN) (commonly referred to as Demerol but also referred to as: isonipecaine; lidol; pethanol; piridosal; Algil; Alodan; Centralgin; Dispadol; Dolantin; Mialgin (in Indonesia); Petidin Dolargan (in Poland);...
- pethidine Intermediate APethidine Intermediate APethidine intermediate A is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is a precursor to the opioid analgesic drug pethidine . It is not known to have any analgesic activity in its own right, however other derivatives of pethidine with a 4-cyano group in place of the carboxylate ethyl ester have been...
(4-cyano-1-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine) - pethidine Intermediate BNorpethidineNorpethidine is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is both a metabolite of and a precursor to pethidine ....
(4-phenylpiperidine-4-carbonic acid ethylester) - pethidine Intermediate CPethidinic AcidPethidinic acid is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is both a metabolite of and a precursor to pethidine ....
(1-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine-4-carbonic acid) - phenadoxonePhenadoxonePhenadoxone is an opioid analgesic of the open chain class invented in by Hoechst in 1947...
- phenampromidePhenampromidePhenampromide is an opioid analgesic from the ampromide family of drugs, related to other drugs such as propiram and diampromide. It was invented in the 1960s by American Cyanamid Co....
- phenazocinePhenazocinePhenazocine is an opioid analgesic drug, which is related to pentazocine and has a similar profile of effects....
- phencyclidinePhencyclidinePhencyclidine , commonly initialized as PCP and known colloquially as angel dust, is a recreational dissociative drug...
- phenmetrazinePhenmetrazinePhenmetrazine is a stimulant drug of the morpholine chemical class that was previously used as an appetite suppressant, but has since been withdrawn from the market...
- phenomorphanPhenomorphanPhenomorphan is an opioid analgesic. It is not currently used in medicine, but has similar side effects to other opiates, which include itching, nausea and respiratory depression....
- phenoperidinePhenoperidinePhenoperidine was discovered by Janssen Pharmacutica 1960. Marketed as its hydrochloride as Operidine or Lealgin, is an opioid used as a general anesthetic. It is a derivative of isonipecotic acid, like pethidine, and is metabolized in part to norpethidine. It is 20-200 times as potent as pethidine...
- pholcodinePholcodinePholcodine is a drug which is an opioid cough suppressant . It helps suppress unproductive coughs and also has a mild sedative effect, but has little or no analgesic effects. It is also known as morpholinylethylmorphine....
- piminodinePiminodinePiminodine is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of pethidine . It was used in medicine briefly during the 1960s and 70s, but has largely fallen out of clinical use. It was used particularly for obstetric analgesia and in dental procedures and, like pethidine, could be combined with...
- piritramidePiritramidePiritramide is a synthetic opioid analgesic with a potency 0.65 to 0.75 times that of morphine. A common starting dose is 15 mg IV, equivalent to 10 mg of morphine hydrochloride. Piritramide is commonly used for the treatment of postoperative pain...
- proheptazineProheptazineProheptazine is an opioid analgesic from the phenazepine family. It was invented in the 1960s.Proheptazine produces similar effects to other opioids, including analgesia, sedation, dizziness and nausea....
- properidineProperidineProperidine is an opioid analgesic and the isopropyl analog of pethidine....
- propiramPropiramPropiram is a partial mu opioid receptor agonist and weak mu antagonist analgesic from the ampromide family of drugs. It was invented in 1963 in the United Kingdom by Bayer but was not widely marketed, although it saw some limited clinical use, especially in dentistry...
- psilocine
- psilocybine
- racemethorphan
- racemoramideRacemoramideRacemoramide , or simply moramide, is a opioid analgesic and a racemic mixture of the substances dextromoramide and levomoramide , two enantiomers of a chiral molecule....
- racemorphan
- remifentanilRemifentanilRemifentanil is a potent ultra short-acting synthetic opioid analgesic drug. It is given to patients during surgery to relieve pain and as an adjunct to an anaesthetic. Remifentanil is used for sedation as well as combined with other medications for use in general anesthesia...
- rolicyclidineRolicyclidineRolicyclidine is a dissociative anesthetic drug with hallucinogenic and sedative effects. It is similar in effects to phencyclidine but is slightly less potent and has less stimulant effects instead producing a sedative effect described as being somewhat similar to a barbiturate, but with...
- secobarbitalSecobarbitalSecobarbital sodium is a barbiturate derivative drug that was first synthesized in 1928 in Germany. It possesses anaesthetic, anticonvulsant, sedative and hypnotic properties...
- sufentanilSufentanilSufentanil is a powerful synthetic opioid analgesic drug, approximately 5 to 10 times more potent than its analog, fentanyl. Sufentanil is marketed for use by specialist centres under different trade names, such as Sufenta and Sufentil...
- temazepamTemazepamTemazepam is an intermediate-acting 3-hydroxy benzodiazepine. It is mostly prescribed for the short-term treatment of sleeplessness in patients who have difficulty maintaining sleep...
† - tenamphetamine
- tenocyclidineTenocyclidineTenocyclidine is a dissociative anesthetic drug with stimulant and hallucinogenic effects. It is similar in effects to phencyclidine but is considerably more potent. TCP has slightly different binding properties to PCP, with more affinity for the NMDA receptors, but less affinity for the sigma...
- tetrahydrocannabinolTetrahydrocannabinolTetrahydrocannabinol , also known as delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol , Δ1-THC , or dronabinol, is the main chemical psychoactive substance found in the cannabis plant. It was first isolated in 1964. In pure form, it is a glassy solid when cold, and becomes viscous and sticky if warmed...
- thebacon
- thebaïneThebaineThebaine , its name coming from the Greek Θῆβαι, Thēbai, an ancient city in Upper Egypt, is an opiate alkaloid. A minor constituent of opium, thebaine is chemically similar to both morphine and codeine, but has stimulatory rather than depressant effects, causing convulsions similar to strychnine...
- thiofentanylThiofentanylThiofentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of fentanyl.Thiofentanyl was sold briefly on the black market in the early 1980s, before the introduction of the Federal Analog Act which for the first time attempted to control entire families of drugs based on their structural similarity...
- tilidineTilidineTilidine , or tilidate is a synthetic opioid analgesic, used mainly in Germany, Switzerland and Belgium for treatment of moderate to severe pain, both acute and chronic.-Pharmacology:...
- TMA-2 (2,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine)
- trimeperidineTrimeperidineTrimeperidine is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of prodine. It was developed in or around 1954 in the USSR during research into the related drug pethidine....
- TMATMA- Science :* Thermo-mechanical analysis, a type of thermal analysis* Thrombotic microangiopathy* Trimellitic anhydride* Trimethylamine, 3N, a simple amine.* Trimethylaluminium, 3Al...
(3,4,5-trimethoxyamfetamine) - zipeprolZipeprolZipeprol is a centrally acting cough suppressant developed in France in the 1970s. Zipeprol acts as a local anaesthetic and has mucolytic, antihistamine and anticholinergic properties.It is sold with several brand names such as Zinolta and Respilene. It is not available in the United States or...
The esters and derivatives of ecgonine, which can be turned into ecgonine and cocaine;
The mono- and di-alkylamine-
LSD
Lysergic acid diethylamide, abbreviated LSD or LSD-25, also known as lysergide and colloquially as acid, is a semisynthetic psychedelic drug of the ergoline family, well known for its psychological effects which can include altered thinking processes, closed and open eye visuals, synaesthesia, an...
, the pyrollidine- and morpholinederivates of lysergic acid
Lysergic acid
Lysergic acid, also known as D-lysergic acid and -lysergic acid, is a precursor for a wide range of ergoline alkaloids that are produced by the ergot fungus and some plants. Amides of lysergic acid, lysergamides, are widely used as pharmaceuticals and as psychedelic drugs...
, and the thereby introduction of methyl-, acetyl- or halogengroups obtained substances;
Fiveworthy nitrogen-substituted morphinederivates, of which morphine-N-oxide-derivatives, like codeine-N-oxide;
The isomeres and stereoisomeres of tetrahydrocannabinol;
The ethers, esters and enantiomeres of the above mentioned substances, with exception of dextromethorphan (INN) as enantiomere of levomethorphan and racemethorphan, and with exception of dextrorphanol (INN) as enantiomere of levorphanol and racemorphan;
Formulations which contain one or more of the above mentioned substances.
The Opium Law (or Opiumwet in Dutch
Dutch language
Dutch is a West Germanic language and the native language of the majority of the population of the Netherlands, Belgium, and Suriname, the three member states of the Dutch Language Union. Most speakers live in the European Union, where it is a first language for about 23 million and a second...
) is the section of the Dutch law
Law of the Netherlands
The Netherlands is a civil law country. Its laws are written and the application of customary law is exceptional. The role of case law is small in theory, although in practice it is impossible to understand the law in many fields without also taking into account the relevant case law...
which covers nearly all psychotropic drugs. All non-psychotropic, but prescription-only drugs are covered by the Medicine Act.
Origin and history
In 1912, the First International Opium Conference took place in The HagueThe Hague
The Hague is the capital city of the province of South Holland in the Netherlands. With a population of 500,000 inhabitants , it is the third largest city of the Netherlands, after Amsterdam and Rotterdam...
, where agreements were made about the trade in opium
Opium
Opium is the dried latex obtained from the opium poppy . Opium contains up to 12% morphine, an alkaloid, which is frequently processed chemically to produce heroin for the illegal drug trade. The latex also includes codeine and non-narcotic alkaloids such as papaverine, thebaine and noscapine...
; this initiated the introduction of the Opium Law, which took place 7 years later. In 1919, the first Opium Law (later known as List I of the Opium Law) was introduced, and on 12 May 1928 the second Opium Law (later known as List II of the Opium Law) was introduced. The first Opium Law was created to regulate drugs with a high addiction or abuse factor, or that are physically harmful. As the name indicates the main reason for introduction was to regulate the Opium trade and later to control various other addictive drugs like morphine
Morphine
Morphine is a potent opiate analgesic medication and is considered to be the prototypical opioid. It was first isolated in 1804 by Friedrich Sertürner, first distributed by same in 1817, and first commercially sold by Merck in 1827, which at the time was a single small chemists' shop. It was more...
, cocaine
Cocaine
Cocaine is a crystalline tropane alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. The name comes from "coca" in addition to the alkaloid suffix -ine, forming cocaine. It is a stimulant of the central nervous system, an appetite suppressant, and a topical anesthetic...
, heroin, barbiturates, amphetamines and several decades later, benzodiazepines, which were used both medically and recreationally.
Except for the addition of new drugs to List I and II of the Opium Law, the Opium Law remained unchanged until 1976. After the rise of a new youth culture which revolved much around the use of drugs like cannabis
Cannabis
Cannabis is a genus of flowering plants that includes three putative species, Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, and Cannabis ruderalis. These three taxa are indigenous to Central Asia, and South Asia. Cannabis has long been used for fibre , for seed and seed oils, for medicinal purposes, and as a...
and LSD
LSD
Lysergic acid diethylamide, abbreviated LSD or LSD-25, also known as lysergide and colloquially as acid, is a semisynthetic psychedelic drug of the ergoline family, well known for its psychological effects which can include altered thinking processes, closed and open eye visuals, synaesthesia, an...
, and with hashish
Hashish
Hashish is a cannabis preparation composed of compressed stalked resin glands, called trichomes, collected from the unfertilized buds of the cannabis plant. It contains the same active ingredients but in higher concentrations than unsifted buds or leaves...
being openly used, a change of law was needed by the government, to properly control all drugs, but with a clear definition between drugs with an unacceptable degree of addictiveness or physical harm (known as hard drugs), and drugs with an acceptable degree of addictiveness or physical harm (known as soft drugs). In 1976 these changes officially took effect, and the Opium Law was edited to include the new changes of law. In the same year, a decision was also made by the Dutch government not to prosecute cannabis and hashish dealers, under the condition that they didn't sell hard drugs, didn't advertise and they were only allowed to carry a certain amount of cannabis or hashish.
In 1980, the decision to not prosecute cannabis and hashish dealers, under certain conditions, was publicly announced by the Dutch government. Many people thereby concluded that this decision would also allow the sale in coffeeshop
Cannabis coffee shop
Coffeeshops are establishments in the Netherlands where the sale of cannabis for personal consumption by the public is tolerated by the local authorities ....
s, and coffeeshops began selling cannabis and hashish. This led to an enormous rise in the number of coffeeshops in the 80's and 90's, and because of this, new regulations were demanded by the government to regulate the sale of cannabis products by coffeeshops. In 1996 the laws were changed again to include new regulations for coffeeshops. The terms coffeeshops had to follow were:
- No advertisement
- No hard drugs
- No entrance to coffeeshops by persons under the age of 18
- No sale of more than 5 grams of cannabis products per person, per day
- Coffeeshops are not allowed to have more than 500 grams of cannabis in stock at any time
Since 1996, no new changes have been made to the Opium Law. New guidelines for coffeeshops have been made, but they are not covered by the Opium Law.
But in October 2011 the Dutch government proposed a change of the Opium law to the Dutch parliament. From spring 2012 will the change put cannabis with 15% THC
THC
THC commonly refers to tetrahydrocannabinol, the main active chemical compound in Cannabis.THC may also refer to:* Tan Holdings Corporation...
or more onto List II; sale will be prohibited also in coffeshops.
List I drugs
The following drugs and intermediates are classified as List I drugs of the Opium Law:- acetorphineAcetorphineAcetorphine is a potent analgesic drug, up to 8700 times stronger than morphine by weight. It is a derivative of the more well-known opioid etorphine, which is used as a very potent veterinary painkiller and anesthetic medication, primarily for the sedation of large animals such as elephants,...
- acetyl-alpha-methylfentanyl
- acetyldihydrocodeineAcetyldihydrocodeineAcetyldihydrocodeine is an opiate derivative discovered in Germany in 1914 and was used as as a cough suppressant and analgesic. It is not commonly used, but has activity similar to other opiates...
- acetylmethadol
- alphacetylmethadolAlphacetylmethadolAlphacetylmethadol is a synthetic opioid. It is the enantiomer of levacetylmethadol. In the United States, it is a Schedule I drug under the Controlled Substances Act....
- alphameprodine
- alphamethadol
- alphamethylfentanylAlphamethylfentanylα-Methylfentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of fentanyl.α-Methylfentanyl was invented in 1976 and appeared on the black market under the name "China White"...
- alphamethylthiofentanylAlphamethylthiofentanylα-methyl-thiofentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of fentanyl.α-methyl-thiofentanyl was sold briefly on the black market in the early 1980s, before the introduction of the Federal Analog Act which for the first time attempted to control entire families of drugs based on their...
- alphaprodine
- alfentanilAlfentanilAlfentanil is a potent but short-acting synthetic opioid analgesic drug, used for anaesthesia in surgery. It is an analogue of fentanyl with around 1/4 the potency of fentanyl and around 1/3 of the duration of action, but with an onset of effects 4x faster than fentanyl...
- allylprodineAllylprodineAllylprodine is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of prodine. It was discovered in by Hoffman-La Roche in 1957 during research into the related drug pethidine...
- amphetamineAmphetamineAmphetamine or amfetamine is a psychostimulant drug of the phenethylamine class which produces increased wakefulness and focus in association with decreased fatigue and appetite.Brand names of medications that contain, or metabolize into, amphetamine include Adderall, Dexedrine, Dextrostat,...
- amineptineAmineptineAmineptine was developed by the French Society of Medical research in the 1960s. Under the trade-names is used as an atypical tricyclic antidepressant that selectively inhibits the reuptake of dopamine and to a lesser extent norepinephrine, thus exerting a powerful and fast-acting...
- anileridineAnileridineAnileridine is a synthetic analgesic drug and is a member of the piperidine class of analgesic agents developed by Merck & Co. in the 1950s...
- benzethidineBenzethidineBenzethidine is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is related to the opioid analgesic drug pethidine .Benzethidine is not currently used in medicine and is a Class A/Schedule I drug which is controlled under UN drug conventions...
- benzylmorphineBenzylmorphineBenzylmorphine is a semi-synthetic opiate narcotic introduced to the international market in 1896 and that of the United States very shortly thereafter...
- betacetylmethadolBetacetylmethadolBetacetylmethadol is a synthetic opioid. It is a stereoisomer of both alphacetylmethadol and levacetylmethadol. In the United States, it is a Schedule I drug under the Controlled Substances Act....
- beta-hydroxy-3-methylfentanyl
- beta-hydroxyfentanyl
- betameprodine
- betamethadol
- betaprodine
- bezitramideBezitramideBezitramide is a narcotic analgesic. Bezitramide itself is a prodrug which is readily hydrolyzed in the gastrointestinal tract to its main metabolite, despropionyl-bezitramide. Bezitramide was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1961...
- bolkaf (all parts of the papaver somniferum plant, after harvesting, excluding seeds)
- brolamphetamine
- cathinoneCathinoneCathinone, or Benzoylethanamine, is a monoamine alkaloid found in the shrub Catha edulis and is chemically similar to ephedrine, cathine and other amphetamines. Cathinone induces the release of dopamine from striatal preparations that are prelabelled either with dopamine or its precursors. It is...
- 2C-B2C-B2C-B or 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine is a psychedelic drug of the 2C family. It was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin in 1974. In Shulgin's book PiHKAL, the dosage range is listed as 16–24 mg. 2C-B is sold as a white powder sometimes pressed in tablets or gel caps and is referred...
(2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine) - 2C-I2C-I2C-I or 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C family. It was first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin. It was described in Shulgin’s book PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story. The drug is used recreationally for its psychedelic and entactogenic effects...
(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine) - 2C-T-22C-T-22C-T-2, or 2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylthiophenethylamine is a psychedelic and entactogenic phenethylamine of the 2C family. It was first synthesized in 1981 by Alexander Shulgin. The drug has structural and pharmacodynamic properties similar to the drug 2C-T-7 .-Dosage:In Alexander Shulgin's book...
(2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylthiophenethylamine) - 2C-T-72C-T-72C-T-7 is a psychedelic phenethylamine of the 2C family. In his book PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story, Alexander Shulgin lists the dosage range as 10 to 30 mg. 2C-T-7 is generally taken orally, and produces psychedelic and entactogenic effects that last 8 to 15 hours...
(2,5-dimethoxy-4-(n)-propylthiophenethylamine) - clonitazeneClonitazeneClonitazene is an opioid analgesic of approximately three times the potency of morphine. It is related to etonitazene....
- coca leaf (leafs of the plants of the species Erythroxylon)
- cocaineCocaineCocaine is a crystalline tropane alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. The name comes from "coca" in addition to the alkaloid suffix -ine, forming cocaine. It is a stimulant of the central nervous system, an appetite suppressant, and a topical anesthetic...
- codeineCodeineCodeine or 3-methylmorphine is an opiate used for its analgesic, antitussive, and antidiarrheal properties...
- codoximeCodoximeCodoxime is an opiate analogue that is a derivative of hydrocodone, where the 6-ketone group has been replaced by carboxymethyloxime. It has primarily antitussive effects and was found to have moderate potential to cause dependence in animal studies....
- concentrate of bolkaf (the material obtained by subjecting bolkaf to a treatment for the concentration of its alkaloids)
- desomorphineDesomorphineDesomorphine is an opiate analogue invented in 1932 in the United States that is a derivative of morphine, where the 6-hydroxyl group has been removed and the 7,8 double bond has been saturated. It has sedative and analgesic effects, and is around 8-10 times more potent than morphine...
- dexamphetamine
- dextromoramideDextromoramideDextromoramide is a powerful opioid analgesic approximately three times more potent than morphine but shorter acting. It is subject to drug prohibition regimes, both internationally through UN treaties, and by the criminal law of individual states...
- dextropropoxypheneDextropropoxypheneDextropropoxyphene, manufactured by Eli Lilly and Company, is an analgesic in the opioid category. It is intended to treat mild pain and has, in addition, anti-tussive and local anesthetic effects. It has been taken off the market in Europe and the US due to concerns of fatal overdoses and...
- diampromideDiampromideDiampromide is an opioid analgesic from the ampromide family of drugs, related to other drugs such as propiram. It was invented in the 1960s, and can be described as a ring-opened analogue of fentanyl....
- diethylthiambuteneDiethylthiambuteneDiethylthiambutene is an opioid analgesic drug developed in the 1950s which was mainly used as an anesthetic in veterinary medicine and continues, along with the other two thiambutenes dimethylthiambutene and ethylmethylthiambutene to be used for this purpose, particularly in Japan...
- DETDiethyltryptamineDET, also known under its chemical name N,N-diethyltryptamine and as T-9, is a psychedelic drug closely related to DMT and 4-HO-DET...
(N,N-diethyltryptamine) - diphenoxide
- diphenoxylateDiphenoxylateDiphenoxylate is an opioid agonist used for the treatment of diarrhea that acts by slowing intestinal contractions and peristalsis allowing the body to consolidate intestinal contents and prolong transit time, thus allowing the intestines to draw moisture out of them at a normal or higher rate and...
- dihydrocodeineDihydrocodeineDihydrocodeine, also called DHC, Drocode, Paracodeine and Parzone and known by the brand names of Synalgos DC, Panlor DC, Panlor SS, Contugesic, New Bron Solution-ACE, Huscode, Drocode, Paracodin, Codidol, Didor Continus, Dicogesic, Codhydrine, Dekacodin, DH-Codeine,...
- dihydroetorphineDihydroetorphineDihydroetorphine was developed by K.W.Bentley at McFarlan-Smith in the 1960s and is a potent analgesic drug , which is used mainly in China...
- dihydromorphineDihydromorphineDihydromorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid invented in Germany in 1900. In structure, it is very similar to morphine, the only difference being the reduction of the double bond between positions 7 and 8 in morphine to a single bond...
- dimepheptanolDimepheptanolDimepheptanol is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of methadone.Dimepheptanol is a mixture of two isomers, α-methadol and β-methadol. These are also available separately, and this drug has three separate entries in many national and international lists of illegal drugs, which refer to the...
- dimenoxadolDimenoxadolDimenoxadol , or dimenoxadole , is an opioid analgesic which is a diphenylacetic acid derivative, related to other drugs such as dextropropoxyphene....
- DMADimethoxyamphetamineDMA, or dimethoxyamphetamine, is a series of lesser-known psychedelic drugs similar in structure to amphetamine and to trimethoxyamphetamine . They were first synthesized by Alexander Shulgin and written up in his book PiHKAL ...
(2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine) - DOET (2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine)
- DOM (2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine is a psychedelic and a substituted amphetamine...
) - dimethylthiambuteneDimethylthiambuteneDimethylthiambutene is an opioid analgesic drug, most often used in veterinary medicine in Japan and to a lesser extent in other countries in the region and around the world...
- DMTDimethyltryptamineN,N-Dimethyltryptamine is a naturally occurring psychedelic compound of the tryptamine family. DMT is found in several plants, and also in trace amounts in humans and other mammals, where it is originally derived from the essential amino acid tryptophan, and ultimately produced by the enzyme INMT...
(N,N-dimethyltryptamine) - dioxaphetylbutyrate
- dipipanoneDipipanoneDipipanone is a strong opioid analgesic drug, used for very severe pain in cases where other analgesics are unsuitable, for instance where morphine is indicated but cannot be used due to the patient being allergic to morphine.-Dosage forms:...
- DMHP (1,2-dimethylheptyl-delta-3-THC)
- drotebanolDrotebanolDrotebanol is a morphinan derivative that acts as an opioid agonist. It was invented by Sankyo Company in Japan during the 1970s. It is synthesised from thebaine....
- ecgonineEcgonineEcgonine is an organic chemical and tropane alkaloid found naturally in coca leaves. It has a close structural relation to cocaine: it is both a metabolite and a precursor, and as such, it is a controlled substance, as are all known substances which can be used as precursors to ecgonine...
(3-hydroxy-2-tropanecarbonic acid) - MDEA (N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine)
- ethylmethylthiambuteneEthylmethylthiambuteneEthylmethylthiambutene is an opioid analgesic drug from the thiambutene family, around 1.3x the potency of morphine. It is under international control under Schedule I of the UN Single Convention On Narcotic Drugs 1961, presumably due to high abuse potential....
- ethylmorphineEthylmorphineEthylmorphine is an opiate narcotic analgesic .Ethylmorphine was invented in Germany at Merck in 1884 and was used as a weaker alternative to heroin for all indications. Chemically, ethylmorphine is a morphine molecule with a -25 group substituted for the aromatic 3- group...
- eticyclidineEticyclidineEticyclidine is a dissociative anesthetic drug with hallucinogenic effects. It is similar in effects to phencyclidine but is slightly more potent...
- etonitazeneEtonitazeneEtonitazene is a potent analgesic drug shown to be approximately 1000–1500x the potency of morphine in animal models but only 60x morphine in man. It is one of several benzimidazole opioids, and is structurally related to clonitazene Etonitazene is a potent analgesic drug shown to be approximately...
- etorphineEtorphineEtorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid possessing an analgesic potency approximately 200 times that of morphine. It was first prepared in 1960 from oripavine, which does not generally occur in opium poppy extract but rather in "poppy straw" and in related plants, Papaver orientale and Papaver...
- etoxeridineEtoxeridineEtoxeridine is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is related to the opioid analgesic drug pethidine ....
- etryptamine
- fentanyl
- fenethyllineFenethyllineFenethylline, also spelled phenethylline, is a synthetic prodrug used as a stimulant and marketed under the brand name Captagon.-History:...
- furethidineFurethidineFurethidine is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is related to the opioid analgesic drug pethidine .Furethidine is not currently used in medicine and is a Class A/Schedule I drug which is controlled under UN drug conventions. It has similar effects to other opioid derivatives, such as analgesia,...
- hemp oilHemp oilHempseed oil is pressed from the seed of the hemp plant irrespective of the strain of cannabis. Cold pressed, unrefined hemp oil is dark to clear light green in color, with a pleasant nutty flavor. The darker the color, the grassier the flavour....
(concentrate of plants from the Cannabis species (hemp) obtained by extraction of hemp or hashish, if not mixed with oil) - heroin (diamorphine)
- hydrocodoneHydrocodoneHydrocodone or dihydrocodeinone is a semi-synthetic opioid derived from either of two naturally occurring opiates: codeine and thebaine. It is an orally active narcotic analgesic and antitussive...
- hydromorphinolHydromorphinolHydromorphinol is an opiate analogue that is a derivative of morphine, where the 14-position has been hydroxylated and the 7,8- double bond saturated. It has similar effects to morphine such as sedation, analgesia and respiratory depression, but is more potent and has a steeper dose-response curve...
- hydromorphoneHydromorphoneHydromorphone, a more common synonym for dihydromorphinone, commonly a hydrochloride is a very potent centrally-acting analgesic drug of the opioid class. It is a derivative of morphine, to be specific, a hydrogenated ketone thereof and, therefore, a semi-synthetic drug...
- MDOHMDOH3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-hydroxyamphetamine is an entactogen, psychedelic, and stimulant of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes. It is the N-hydroxy homologue of MDA, and the N-desmethyl homologue of MDHMA. MDOH was first synthesized and assayed by Alexander Shulgin...
(N-hydroxy-methylenedioxyamphetamine) - hydroxypethidineHydroxypethidineHydroxypethidine is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of pethidine . Hydroxypethidine is significantly less potent than meperidine as an analgesic, although it also has NMDA antagonist properties like its close relative ketobemidone.Hydroxypethidine has similar effects to other opioids, and...
- isomethadone
- ketobemidoneKetobemidoneKetobemidone is a powerful opioid analgesic. Its effectiveness against pain is in the same range as morphine, and it also has some NMDA-antagonist properties imparted by it's metabolite norketobemidone. This makes it useful for some types of pain that don't respond well to other opioids...
- levamphetamine
- levophenacylmorphanLevophenacylmorphanLevophenacylmorphan is a morphinan derivative that acts as an opioid agonist. It has potent analgesic effects and is around 10x more potent than morphine. Adverse effects associated with its use are those of the opioids as a whole, including pruritus, nausea, respiratory depression, euphoria and...
- levomethamphetamine
- levomethorphanLevomethorphanLevomethorphan is the l-stereoisomer of methorphan. The effects of the two isomers are quite different. Dextromethorphan is an antitussive at low doses and a dissociative at much higher doses, whereas levomethorphan is an opioid analgesic...
- levomoramideLevomoramideLevomoramide is the inactive isomer of the opioid analgesic dextromoramide, invented by the chemist Paul Janssen in 1956. Unlike dextromoramide, which is a potent analgesic with high abuse potential, levomoramide is virtually without activity....
- levorphanolLevorphanolLevorphanol is an opioid medication used to treat severe pain. It is the levorotatory stereoisomer of the synthetic morphinan and a pure opioid agonist, first described in Germany in 1948 as an orally active morphine-like analgesic...
- lysergide
- mecloqualoneMecloqualoneMecloqualone is an analogue of methaqualone which was first made in 1960 and marketed mainly in France and some other European countries. It has sedative, hypnotic and anxiolytic properties, and was used for the treatment of insomnia...
- mescalineMescalineMescaline or 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine is a naturally occurring psychedelic alkaloid of the phenethylamine class used mainly as an entheogen....
(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) - methamphetamineMethamphetamineMethamphetamine is a psychostimulant of the phenethylamine and amphetamine class of psychoactive drugs...
- methamphetamine racemate
- metazocineMetazocineMetazocine is an opioid analgesic related to pentazocine. While metazocine has significant analgesic effects, mediated through a mixed agonist-antagonist action at the mu opioid receptor, its clinical use is limited by dysphoric and hallucinogenic effects which are most likely caused by activity at...
- methadoneMethadoneMethadone is a synthetic opioid, used medically as an analgesic and a maintenance anti-addictive for use in patients with opioid dependency. It was developed in Germany in 1937...
- methadone-intermediate (4-cyano-2-dimethylamino-4,4-diphenylbutane)
- methaqualoneMethaqualoneMethaqualone is a sedative-hypnotic drug that is similar in effect to barbiturates, a general central nervous system depressant. The sedative-hypnotic activity was first noted by Indian researchers in the 1950s and in 1962 methaqualone itself was patented in the US by Wallace and Tiernan...
- methcathinoneMethcathinoneMethcathinone , is a psychoactive stimulant, sometimes used as a recreational drug and considered addictive. It is usually snorted, but can be smoked, injected, or taken orally...
- MMDA (2-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyamphetamine)
- 4-methylaminorex
- methyldesorphineMethyldesorphineMethyldesorphine is an opioid analgesic. First synthesized in Germany in 1940 and patented in the USA in 1952, it has a high potential for abuse as with any potent opioid agonist, and is sometimes found along with desomorphine as a component of the home-made opioid mixture known as "Krokodil" used...
- methyldihydromorphineMethyldihydromorphineMethyldihydromorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid drug developed in Germany in 1936, controlled under both domestic law and UN conventions because of its possible potential for abuse...
- MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine)
- methylphenidateMethylphenidateMethylphenidate is a psychostimulant drug approved for treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome and narcolepsy. It may also be prescribed for off-label use in treatment-resistant cases of lethargy, depression, neural insult and obesity...
- 3-methylfentanyl3-Methylfentanyl3-Methylfentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of fentanyl. 3-Methylfentanyl is one of the most potent drugs that has been widely sold on the black market, estimated to be between 400-6000 times stronger than morphine depending on which isomer is used .3-Methylfentanyl was first...
- MPPPMPPP1-Methyl-4-phenyl-4-propionoxypiperidine or Desmethylprodine is an opioid analgesic drug developed in the 1940s by researchers at Hoffmann-La Roche. It is not used in clinical practice, but has been illegally manufactured for recreational drug use...
(1-methyl-4-phenyl-4-piperidinol propionate ester) - 4-MTA4-MTA4-Methylthioamphetamine is an illicit drug and research chemical developed in the 1990s by a team led by David E. Nichols at Purdue University. It acts as a non-neurotoxic highly selective serotonin releasing agent in animals...
(4-methylthioamphetamine) - 3-methylthiofentanyl3-Methylthiofentanyl3-Methyl-thiofentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of fentanyl.3-Methyl-thiofentanyl was sold briefly on the black market in the early 1980s, before the introduction of the Federal Analog Act which for the first time attempted to control entire families of drugs based on their...
- metoponMetoponMetopon is an opiate analogue that is a methylated derivative of hydromorphone which was invented in 1948 as an analgesic....
- moramide-intermediate (2-methyl-3-morpholino-1,1-diphenylpropane-carbonic acid)
- morpheridineMorpheridineMorpheridine is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is related to the opioid analgesic drug pethidine...
- morphineMorphineMorphine is a potent opiate analgesic medication and is considered to be the prototypical opioid. It was first isolated in 1804 by Friedrich Sertürner, first distributed by same in 1817, and first commercially sold by Merck in 1827, which at the time was a single small chemists' shop. It was more...
- morphine-methobromide
- morphine-N-oxideMorphine-N-oxideMorphine-N-oxide is an active opioid metabolite of morphine. Morphine itself, in trials with rats, acts 11–22 times more potent than morphine-N-oxide subcutaneously and 39–89 times more potent intraperitoneally...
- myrophineMyrophineMyrophine is an opiate analogue that was developed in 1952. It is a derivative of morphine.Myrophine is substituted with a 3-benzyl group and a 6-myristyl chain. It is metabolised to form benzylmorphine and then further to morphine, and so is a long-acting prodrug for morphine, but with a slow...
- nicocodiene
- nicodicodine
- nicomorphineNicomorphineNicomorphine is the 3,6-dinicotinate ester of morphine. It is a strong opioid agonist analgesic two to three times as potent as morphine with a side effect profile similar to that of dihydromorphine, morphine, and diamorphine. Nicomorphine was patented as Vilan by Lannacher Heilmittel Ges. m.b.H...
- noracymethadol
- norcodeineNorcodeineNorcodeine is an opiate analogue that is the N-demethylated derivative of codeine.Norcodeine has relatively little opioid activity in its own right, but is formed as a metabolite of codeine following ingestion....
- norlevorphanolNorlevorphanolNorlevorphanol is an opioid analgesic of the morphinan class. It was never marketed....
- normethadoneNormethadoneNormethadone is a cough suppressant. It is a desmethyl derivative of methadone....
- normorphineNormorphineNormorphine is an opiate analogue that is derived from the N-demethylated derivative of morphine first described in the 1950s when a large group of N-substituted morphine analogues were characterized for activity....
- norpipanone
- opiumOpiumOpium is the dried latex obtained from the opium poppy . Opium contains up to 12% morphine, an alkaloid, which is frequently processed chemically to produce heroin for the illegal drug trade. The latex also includes codeine and non-narcotic alkaloids such as papaverine, thebaine and noscapine...
(the harvested milk, obtained from the plant Papaver somniferum) - oxycodoneOxycodoneOxycodone is an opioid analgesic medication synthesized from opium-derived thebaine. It was developed in 1916 in Germany, as one of several new semi-synthetic opioids in an attempt to improve on the existing opioids: morphine, diacetylmorphine , and codeine.Oxycodone oral medications are generally...
- oxymorphoneOxymorphoneOxymorphone or 14-Hydroxydihydromorphinone is a powerful semi-synthetic opioid analgesic first developed in Germany circa 1914, patented in the USA by Endo Pharmaceuticals in 1955 and introduced to the United States market in January 1959 and other countries around the same time...
- para-fluorfentanyl
- parahexylParahexylParahexyl is a synthetic homologue of THC, which was invented in 1949 during attempts to elucidate the structure of Δ9-THC, one of the active components of cannabis....
- PMAPMApara-Methoxyamphetamine , also known as 4-methoxyamphetamine , is a serotonergic drug of the amphetamine class...
(para-methoxyamphetamine) - PMMA (para-methoxymethamphetamine)
- PEPAPPEPAPPEPAP is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of pethidine .It is related to the drug MPPP, with an N-phenethyl group in place of the N-methyl substitution and an acetate ester rather than propionate. PEPAP is approximately 6-7 times more potent than morphine in laboratory rats...
(1-fenethyl-4-fenyl-4-piperidinolacetate ester) - pethidinePethidinePethidine or meperidine Pethidine (INN) or meperidine (USAN) Pethidine (INN) or meperidine (USAN) (commonly referred to as Demerol but also referred to as: isonipecaine; lidol; pethanol; piridosal; Algil; Alodan; Centralgin; Dispadol; Dolantin; Mialgin (in Indonesia); Petidin Dolargan (in Poland);...
- pethidine Intermediate APethidine Intermediate APethidine intermediate A is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is a precursor to the opioid analgesic drug pethidine . It is not known to have any analgesic activity in its own right, however other derivatives of pethidine with a 4-cyano group in place of the carboxylate ethyl ester have been...
(4-cyano-1-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine) - pethidine Intermediate BNorpethidineNorpethidine is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is both a metabolite of and a precursor to pethidine ....
(4-phenylpiperidine-4-carbonic acid ethylester) - pethidine Intermediate CPethidinic AcidPethidinic acid is a 4-phenylpiperidine derivative that is both a metabolite of and a precursor to pethidine ....
(1-methyl-4-phenylpiperidine-4-carbonic acid) - phenadoxonePhenadoxonePhenadoxone is an opioid analgesic of the open chain class invented in by Hoechst in 1947...
- phenampromidePhenampromidePhenampromide is an opioid analgesic from the ampromide family of drugs, related to other drugs such as propiram and diampromide. It was invented in the 1960s by American Cyanamid Co....
- phenazocinePhenazocinePhenazocine is an opioid analgesic drug, which is related to pentazocine and has a similar profile of effects....
- phencyclidinePhencyclidinePhencyclidine , commonly initialized as PCP and known colloquially as angel dust, is a recreational dissociative drug...
- phenmetrazinePhenmetrazinePhenmetrazine is a stimulant drug of the morpholine chemical class that was previously used as an appetite suppressant, but has since been withdrawn from the market...
- phenomorphanPhenomorphanPhenomorphan is an opioid analgesic. It is not currently used in medicine, but has similar side effects to other opiates, which include itching, nausea and respiratory depression....
- phenoperidinePhenoperidinePhenoperidine was discovered by Janssen Pharmacutica 1960. Marketed as its hydrochloride as Operidine or Lealgin, is an opioid used as a general anesthetic. It is a derivative of isonipecotic acid, like pethidine, and is metabolized in part to norpethidine. It is 20-200 times as potent as pethidine...
- pholcodinePholcodinePholcodine is a drug which is an opioid cough suppressant . It helps suppress unproductive coughs and also has a mild sedative effect, but has little or no analgesic effects. It is also known as morpholinylethylmorphine....
- piminodinePiminodinePiminodine is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of pethidine . It was used in medicine briefly during the 1960s and 70s, but has largely fallen out of clinical use. It was used particularly for obstetric analgesia and in dental procedures and, like pethidine, could be combined with...
- piritramidePiritramidePiritramide is a synthetic opioid analgesic with a potency 0.65 to 0.75 times that of morphine. A common starting dose is 15 mg IV, equivalent to 10 mg of morphine hydrochloride. Piritramide is commonly used for the treatment of postoperative pain...
- proheptazineProheptazineProheptazine is an opioid analgesic from the phenazepine family. It was invented in the 1960s.Proheptazine produces similar effects to other opioids, including analgesia, sedation, dizziness and nausea....
- properidineProperidineProperidine is an opioid analgesic and the isopropyl analog of pethidine....
- propiramPropiramPropiram is a partial mu opioid receptor agonist and weak mu antagonist analgesic from the ampromide family of drugs. It was invented in 1963 in the United Kingdom by Bayer but was not widely marketed, although it saw some limited clinical use, especially in dentistry...
- psilocine
- psilocybine
- racemethorphan
- racemoramideRacemoramideRacemoramide , or simply moramide, is a opioid analgesic and a racemic mixture of the substances dextromoramide and levomoramide , two enantiomers of a chiral molecule....
- racemorphan
- remifentanilRemifentanilRemifentanil is a potent ultra short-acting synthetic opioid analgesic drug. It is given to patients during surgery to relieve pain and as an adjunct to an anaesthetic. Remifentanil is used for sedation as well as combined with other medications for use in general anesthesia...
- rolicyclidineRolicyclidineRolicyclidine is a dissociative anesthetic drug with hallucinogenic and sedative effects. It is similar in effects to phencyclidine but is slightly less potent and has less stimulant effects instead producing a sedative effect described as being somewhat similar to a barbiturate, but with...
- secobarbitalSecobarbitalSecobarbital sodium is a barbiturate derivative drug that was first synthesized in 1928 in Germany. It possesses anaesthetic, anticonvulsant, sedative and hypnotic properties...
- sufentanilSufentanilSufentanil is a powerful synthetic opioid analgesic drug, approximately 5 to 10 times more potent than its analog, fentanyl. Sufentanil is marketed for use by specialist centres under different trade names, such as Sufenta and Sufentil...
- temazepamTemazepamTemazepam is an intermediate-acting 3-hydroxy benzodiazepine. It is mostly prescribed for the short-term treatment of sleeplessness in patients who have difficulty maintaining sleep...
† - tenamphetamine
- tenocyclidineTenocyclidineTenocyclidine is a dissociative anesthetic drug with stimulant and hallucinogenic effects. It is similar in effects to phencyclidine but is considerably more potent. TCP has slightly different binding properties to PCP, with more affinity for the NMDA receptors, but less affinity for the sigma...
- tetrahydrocannabinolTetrahydrocannabinolTetrahydrocannabinol , also known as delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol , Δ1-THC , or dronabinol, is the main chemical psychoactive substance found in the cannabis plant. It was first isolated in 1964. In pure form, it is a glassy solid when cold, and becomes viscous and sticky if warmed...
- thebacon
- thebaïneThebaineThebaine , its name coming from the Greek Θῆβαι, Thēbai, an ancient city in Upper Egypt, is an opiate alkaloid. A minor constituent of opium, thebaine is chemically similar to both morphine and codeine, but has stimulatory rather than depressant effects, causing convulsions similar to strychnine...
- thiofentanylThiofentanylThiofentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of fentanyl.Thiofentanyl was sold briefly on the black market in the early 1980s, before the introduction of the Federal Analog Act which for the first time attempted to control entire families of drugs based on their structural similarity...
- tilidineTilidineTilidine , or tilidate is a synthetic opioid analgesic, used mainly in Germany, Switzerland and Belgium for treatment of moderate to severe pain, both acute and chronic.-Pharmacology:...
- TMA-2 (2,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine)
- trimeperidineTrimeperidineTrimeperidine is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of prodine. It was developed in or around 1954 in the USSR during research into the related drug pethidine....
- TMATMA- Science :* Thermo-mechanical analysis, a type of thermal analysis* Thrombotic microangiopathy* Trimellitic anhydride* Trimethylamine, 3N, a simple amine.* Trimethylaluminium, 3Al...
(3,4,5-trimethoxyamfetamine) - zipeprolZipeprolZipeprol is a centrally acting cough suppressant developed in France in the 1970s. Zipeprol acts as a local anaesthetic and has mucolytic, antihistamine and anticholinergic properties.It is sold with several brand names such as Zinolta and Respilene. It is not available in the United States or...
The esters and derivatives of ecgonine, which can be turned into ecgonine and cocaine;
The mono- and di-alkylamine-
LSD
Lysergic acid diethylamide, abbreviated LSD or LSD-25, also known as lysergide and colloquially as acid, is a semisynthetic psychedelic drug of the ergoline family, well known for its psychological effects which can include altered thinking processes, closed and open eye visuals, synaesthesia, an...
, the pyrollidine- and morpholinederivates of lysergic acid
Lysergic acid
Lysergic acid, also known as D-lysergic acid and -lysergic acid, is a precursor for a wide range of ergoline alkaloids that are produced by the ergot fungus and some plants. Amides of lysergic acid, lysergamides, are widely used as pharmaceuticals and as psychedelic drugs...
, and the thereby introduction of methyl-, acetyl- or halogengroups obtained substances;
Fiveworthy nitrogen-substituted morphinederivates, of which morphine-N-oxide-derivatives, like codeine-N-oxide;
The isomeres and stereoisomeres of tetrahydrocannabinol;
The ethers, esters and enantiomeres of the above mentioned substances, with exception of dextromethorphan (INN) as enantiomere of levomethorphan and racemethorphan, and with exception of dextrorphanol (INN) as enantiomere of levorphanol and racemorphan;
Formulations which contain one or more of the above mentioned substances.
†Formulations of 20 mg or more of temazepam are classed under List I.
Formulations which contain one or more of the above mentioned substances, with exception of hemp oil.
. For example, nearly all opioids are List I drugs, but they are commonly prescribed to cancer and HIV patients, as well as sufferers of chronic pain, although prescriptions for opioids are very scarce due to fear of misuse, and they are only prescribed in situations where they are certainly needed, like the terminally ill. Two stimulants which are both prescribed for ADD
/ADHD and narcolepsy
; dexamphetamine and methylphenidate, are also List I drugs of the Opium Law. On the other hand, all barbiturates except for secobarbital are List II drugs, while none of them, except for phenobarbital, are prescribed today. In theory, a licensed doctor could prescribe any substance they think is needed for the correct treatment of their patient
, both List I and List II substances of the Opium Law, though substances which aren't available as commercial pharmaceutical preparations have to be custom prepared by the designated pharmacy
.
All prescriptions for List I and some List II substances (amobarbital
, buprenorphine
, butalbital
, cathine
, cyclobarbital
, flunitrazepam
, temazepam
, glutethimide
, hemp, pentazocine
and pentobarbital
) of the Opium Law have to be written in full in letters, and have to contain the name and initials, address, city and telephone number of the licensed prescriber issuing the prescriptions, as well as the name and initials, address and city of the person the prescription is issued to. If the prescription is issued for an animal, the data of the owner should be used instead, and a description of the animal has to be included on the prescription.
List II drugs
The following drugs are classified as List II drugs of the Opium Law:- allobarbitalAllobarbitalAllobarbital is a barbiturate derivative invented in 1912 by Ernst Preiswerk and Ernst Grether working for CIBA. It was used primarily as an anticonvulsant although it has now largely been replaced by newer drugs with improved safety profiles...
- alprazolamAlprazolamAlprazolam is a short-acting anxiolytic of the benzodiazepine class of psychoactive drugs. Alprazolam, like other benzodiazepines, binds to specific sites on the GABAA gamma-amino-butyric acid receptor...
- amobarbitalAmobarbitalAmobarbital is a drug that is a barbiturate derivative. It has sedative-hypnotic and analgesic properties. It is a white crystalline powder with no odor and a slightly bitter taste. It was first synthesized in Germany in 1923...
- amfepramone
- aminorexAminorexAminorex is an anorectic stimulant drug of the 2-amino-5-aryl oxazoline class developed by a team at McNeil in 1962. It is closely related to 4-methylaminorex. Aminorex has been shown to have locomotor stimulant effects, lying midway between dextroamphetamine and methamphetamine...
- barbitalBarbitalBarbital , also called barbitone, was the first commercially marketed barbiturate. It was used as a sleeping aid from 1903 until the mid-1950s. The chemical names for barbital are diethylmalonyl urea or diethylbarbituric acid...
- benzphetamineBenzphetamineBenzphetamine is an anorectic drug marketed under this brand in the USA by Pharmacia. Benzphetamine is used as a short term adjunct in management of exogenous obesity. It is closely related to amphetamine.- Pharmacology :...
- bromazepamBromazepamBromazepam is a benzodiazepine derivative drug, patented by Roche in the 1963 and developed clinically in the 1970s...
- brotizolamBrotizolamBrotizolam is a sedative-hypnotic thienodiazepine drug which is a benzodiazepine analog. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties, and is considered to be similar in effect to short-acting benzodiazepines such as triazolam...
- buprenorphineBuprenorphineBuprenorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid that is used...
- butalbitalButalbitalButalbital, structure presents as 5-allyl-5-isobutylbarbituric acid, is a barbiturate with an intermediate duration of action. It has the same chemical formula as talbutal but a different structure. Butalbital is often combined with other medications, such as paracetamol or aspirin, and is...
- butobarbitalButobarbitalButobarbital is a drug which is a barbiturate derivative. It is prescribed for severe insomnia.A trade name for this drug is Soneryl....
- camazepamCamazepamCamazepam is a benzodiazepine psychoactive drug which is the dimethyl carbamate ester of temazepam, a metabolite of diazepam...
- cathineCathineCathine, also known as d-norpseudoephedrine, is a psychoactive drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes which acts as a stimulant...
- chlordiazepoxideChlordiazepoxideChlordiazepoxide, is a sedative/hypnotic drug and benzodiazepine. It is marketed under the trade names Angirex, Klopoxid, Librax , Libritabs, Librium, Mesural, Multum, Novapam, Risolid, Silibrin, Sonimen and Tropium.Chlordiazepoxide was the first benzodiazepine to be synthesised and...
- clobazamClobazamClobazam , is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It has been marketed as an anxiolytic since 1975 and an anticonvulsant since 1984...
- clonazepamClonazepamClonazepamis a benzodiazepine drug having anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant, and hypnotic properties. It is marketed by Roche under the trade name Klonopin in the United States and Rivotril in Australia, Brazil, Canada and Europe...
- clorazepateClorazepateClorazepate , also known as clorazepate dipotassium, is a drug that is a benzodiazepine derivative. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative, hypnotic and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. Clorazepate is a prodrug for desmethyldiazepam, which is rapidly produced as an active metabolite...
- clotiazepamClotiazepamClotiazepam is a thienodiazepine drug which is a benzodiazepine analog. The clotiazepam molecule differs from most other benzodiazepines in that the benzene ring has been replaced by a thiophene ring...
- cloxazolamCloxazolamCloxazolam Cloxazolam Cloxazolam (marketed under brand name Sepazon, Olcadil (Brazil, Portugal and Spain), Akton (Belgium), Lubalix (Switzerland) is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. Cloxazolam is metabolised into the active metabolite chlordesmethyldiazepam (delorazepam)...
- cyclobarbitalCyclobarbitalCyclobarbital, also known as cyclobarbitol or cyclobarbitone, is a drug which is a barbiturate derivative....
- delorazepamDelorazepamDelorazepam also known as chlordesmethyldiazepam is a drug which is a benzodiazepine and a derivative of desmethyldiazepam. It is marketed in Italy, where it is available under the trade name EN and Dadumir. Delorazepam is also an active metabolite of the benzodiazepine drug cloxazolam...
- diazepamDiazepamDiazepam , first marketed as Valium by Hoffmann-La Roche is a benzodiazepine drug. Diazepam is also marketed in Australia as Antenex. It is commonly used for treating anxiety, insomnia, seizures including status epilepticus, muscle spasms , restless legs syndrome, alcohol withdrawal,...
- estazolamEstazolamEstazolam is a benzodiazepine derivative drug developed by Upjohn in the 1970s. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties...
- ethchlorvynolEthchlorvynolEthchlorvynol is a sedative and hypnotic medication developed by Pfizer in the 1950s. It has been used to treat insomnia, but has been largely superseded and is only offered where an intolerance or allergy to other drugs exists....
- ethinamateEthinamateEthinamate is a short-acting carbamate-derivative sedative-hypnotic medication used to treat insomnia. Regular use leads to drug tolerance, and it is usually not effective for more than 7 days...
- ethylloflazepate
- ethylamphetamineEthylamphetamineEthylamphetamine , also known as etilamfetamine or N-ethylamphetamine, is a stimulant drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes...
- fencamfamineFencamfamineFencamfamine is a stimulant which was developed by Merck in the 1960s.-Medical uses:Fencamfamine is still used, though rarely, for treating depressive day-time fatigue, lack of concentration and lethargy, particularly in individuals who have chronic medical conditions, as its favourable safety...
- fenproporexFenproporexFenproporex is a stimulant drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes which was developed in the 1960s. It is used as an appetite suppressant for the treatment of obesity....
- fludiazepamFludiazepamFludiazepam was developed by Hoffman-LaRoche in the 1960s and is marketed in Japan and Taiwan in 0.25mg tablets under the brand name Erispan is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative and is closely related to diazepam. It exerts its pharmacological properties via enhancement of GABAergic...
- flunitrazepamFlunitrazepamFlunitrazepam is marketed as a potent hypnotic, sedative, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, amnestic, and skeletal muscle relaxant drug most commonly known as Rohypnol...
- flurazepamFlurazepamFlurazepam is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. It produces a metabolite with a very long half-life , which may stay in the bloodstream for up to four days...
- GHB (4-hydroxybutyric acid)
- glutethimideGlutethimideGlutethimide is a hypnotic sedative that was introduced in 1954 as a safe alternative to barbiturates to treat insomnia. Before long, however, it had become clear that glutethimide was just as likely to cause addiction and caused similarly severe withdrawal symptoms...
- halazepamHalazepamHalazepam is a benzodiazepine derivative and is marketed under the brand names Alapryl and Pacinone It is no longer marketed in the United States. It had been marketed under the name Paxipam, but was withdrawn by its manufacturer, Schering Plough, for poor sales. It possesses anxiolytic,...
- haloxazolamHaloxazolamHaloxazolam , is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It has similar hypnotic properties as the benzodiazepine drugs triazolam, temazepam, and flunitrazepam and as such is indicated for the treatment insomnia...
- hashishHashishHashish is a cannabis preparation composed of compressed stalked resin glands, called trichomes, collected from the unfertilized buds of the cannabis plant. It contains the same active ingredients but in higher concentrations than unsifted buds or leaves...
(a usually solid mixture of the excreted resin obtained from plants of the Cannabis species (hemp), with plant materials of these plants) - hempHempHemp is mostly used as a name for low tetrahydrocannabinol strains of the plant Cannabis sativa, of fiber and/or oilseed varieties. In modern times, hemp has been used for industrial purposes including paper, textiles, biodegradable plastics, construction, health food and fuel with modest...
(all parts of the plant from the Cannabis species (hemp), of which the resin has not been extracted, with exception of the seeds) - ketazolamKetazolamKetazolam is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative...
- lefetamineLefetamineLefetamine is a drug which is a stimulant and also an analgesic with effects comparable to codeine.Lefetamine was invented in the 1930s and showed weak analgetic activity....
- loprazolamLoprazolamLoprazolam marketed under the brand names Dormonoct, Havlane, Sonin, Somnovit, is a drug which is an imidazole benzodiazepine derivative. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. It is available in 1 mg tablets...
- lorazepamLorazepamLorazepam is a high-potency short-to-intermediate-acting 3-hydroxy benzodiazepine drug that has all five intrinsic benzodiazepine effects: anxiolytic, amnesic, sedative/hypnotic, anticonvulsant, antiemetic and muscle relaxant...
- lormetazepamLormetazepamLormetazepam Lormetazepam Lormetazepam (INN, or methyl-lorazepam, is a drug which is a short to intermediate acting 3-hydroxy benzodiazepine derivative. It possesses hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties....
- mazindole
- medazepamMedazepamMedazepam is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties....
- mefenorexMefenorexMefenorex is a stimulant drug which was used as an appetite suppressant. It is an amphetamine derivative which was developed in the 1970s and used for the treatment of obesity...
- meprobamateMeprobamateMeprobamate is a carbamate derivative which is used as an anxiolytic drug...
- mesocarbMesocarbMesocarb is a stimulant drug which was developed in the USSR in the 1970s. It has been shown to act as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor which is slower acting but longer lasting and less neurotoxic than dextroamphetamine....
- methylphenobarbitalMethylphenobarbitalMethylphenobarbital , also known as mephobarbital and mephobarbitone , marketed under brand names such as Mebaral, Mephyltaletten, Phemiton, and Prominal, is a drug which is a barbiturate derivative and is used primarily as an anticonvulsant, but also as a sedative and anxiolytic...
- methyprylonMethyprylonMethyprylon is a sedative of the piperidinedione derivative family developed by Hoffmann-La Roche.This medicine was used for treating insomnia, but is now rarely used as it has been replaced by newer drugs with fewer side effects, such as benzodiazepines.Methyprylon was withdrawn from the US...
- midazolamMidazolamMidazolam is a short-acting drug in the benzodiazepine class developed by Hoffmann-La Roche in the 1970s. The drug is used for treatment of acute seizures, moderate to severe insomnia, and for inducing sedation and amnesia before medical procedures. It possesses profoundly potent anxiolytic,...
- nimetazepamNimetazepamNimetazepam is an intermediate-acting hypnotic drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It was first synthesized by a team at Hoffmann-La Roche in 1962. It possesses hypnotic, anxiolytic, sedative, and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. Nimetazepam is also an anticonvulsant. It is sold in 5 mg...
- nitrazepamNitrazepamNitrazepam is a type of benzodiazepine drug and is marketed in English-speaking countries under the following brand names: Alodorm, Arem, Insoma, Mogadon, Nitrados, Nitrazadon, Ormodon, Paxadorm, Remnos, and Somnite...
- nordiazepam
- oxazepamOxazepamOxazepam , is a drug which is a short to intermediate acting 3-hydroxy benzodiazepine derivative...
- oxazolamOxazolamOxazolam is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. It is a prodrug for desmethyldiazepam....
- pemolinePemolinePemoline was first synthesized in 1913 but it's activity was not discovered until the 1930s. Under the names it was used as a medication used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy. Under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, it is a Schedule IV drug...
- pentazocinePentazocinePentazocine is a synthetically prepared prototypical mixed agonist-antagonist narcotic drug of the benzomorphan class of opioids used to treat moderate to moderately severe pain...
- pentobarbitalPentobarbitalPentobarbital is a short-acting barbiturate that was first synthesized in 1928. Pentobarbital is available as both a free acid and a sodium salt, the former of which is only slightly soluble in water and ethanol....
- phendimetrazinePhendimetrazinePhendimetrazine is a stimulant drug of the morpholine chemical class used as an appetite suppressant....
- phenobarbitalPhenobarbitalPhenobarbital or phenobarbitone is a barbiturate, first marketed as Luminal by Friedr. Bayer et comp. It is the most widely used anticonvulsant worldwide, and the oldest still commonly used. It also has sedative and hypnotic properties but, as with other barbiturates, has been superseded by the...
- phenterminePhenterminePhentermine, a contraction of "phenyl-tertiary-butylamine", is a psychostimulant drug of the phenethylamine class, chemically related to amphetamine. It is used medically as an appetite suppressant....
- pinazepamPinazepamPinazepam is a drug which is a benzodiazepine. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties....
- pipradrolPipradrolPipradrol is a mild central nervous system stimulant that is no longer widely used in most countries due to concerns about its abuse potential, although this is less of a problem than with other stimulants that still are in current use such as methylphenidate...
- prazepamPrazepamPrazepam is a benzodiazepine derivative drug developed by Warner-Lambert in the 1960s. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. Prazepam is a prodrug for desmethyldiazepam which is an active metabolite of prazepam...
- pyrovaleronePyrovaleronePyrovalerone is a psychoactive drug with stimulant effects via acting as a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor , and is used for the clinical treatment of chronic fatigue or lethargy and as an anorectic or appetite suppressant for weight loss purposes...
- secbutabarbital
- temazepamTemazepamTemazepam is an intermediate-acting 3-hydroxy benzodiazepine. It is mostly prescribed for the short-term treatment of sleeplessness in patients who have difficulty maintaining sleep...
(formulations containing less than 20 mg) - tetrazepamTetrazepamTetrazepam is a benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, hypnotic and muscle relaxant properties...
- triazolamTriazolamTriazolam is a benzodiazepine drug. It possesses pharmacological properties similar to that of other benzodiazepines, but it is generally only used as a sedative to treat severe insomnia...
- vinylbitalVinylbitalVinylbital, also known as butylvinyl, is a drug which is a barbiturate derivative. It possesses sedative properties....
- zolpidemZolpidemZolpidem is a prescription medication used for the short-term treatment of insomnia, as well as some brain disorders. It is a short-acting nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic of the imidazopyridine class that potentiates gamma-aminobutyric acid , an inhibitory neurotransmitter, by binding to GABAA...
Formulations which contain one or more of the above mentioned substances, with exception of hemp oil.
Medical use
Even though List I substances are officially classified as hard drugs, several of them are often prescribed by licensed doctorsPhysician
A physician is a health care provider who practices the profession of medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring human health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, injury and other physical and mental impairments...
. For example, nearly all opioids are List I drugs, but they are commonly prescribed to cancer and HIV patients, as well as sufferers of chronic pain, although prescriptions for opioids are very scarce due to fear of misuse, and they are only prescribed in situations where they are certainly needed, like the terminally ill. Two stimulants which are both prescribed for ADD
ADD
* A.D.D. , a song on System of a Down's album Steal This Album!* A.D.D. , the first studio album by Blake Lewis, the runner-up on the sixth season of American Idol...
/ADHD and narcolepsy
Narcolepsy
Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder, or dyssomnia, characterized by excessive sleepiness and sleep attacks at inappropriate times, such as while at work. People with narcolepsy often experience disturbed nocturnal sleep and an abnormal daytime sleep pattern, which often is confused with insomnia...
; dexamphetamine and methylphenidate, are also List I drugs of the Opium Law. On the other hand, all barbiturates except for secobarbital are List II drugs, while none of them, except for phenobarbital, are prescribed today. In theory, a licensed doctor could prescribe any substance they think is needed for the correct treatment of their patient
Patient
A patient is any recipient of healthcare services. The patient is most often ill or injured and in need of treatment by a physician, advanced practice registered nurse, veterinarian, or other health care provider....
, both List I and List II substances of the Opium Law, though substances which aren't available as commercial pharmaceutical preparations have to be custom prepared by the designated pharmacy
Pharmacy
Pharmacy is the health profession that links the health sciences with the chemical sciences and it is charged with ensuring the safe and effective use of pharmaceutical drugs...
.
All prescriptions for List I and some List II substances (amobarbital
Amobarbital
Amobarbital is a drug that is a barbiturate derivative. It has sedative-hypnotic and analgesic properties. It is a white crystalline powder with no odor and a slightly bitter taste. It was first synthesized in Germany in 1923...
, buprenorphine
Buprenorphine
Buprenorphine is a semi-synthetic opioid that is used...
, butalbital
Butalbital
Butalbital, structure presents as 5-allyl-5-isobutylbarbituric acid, is a barbiturate with an intermediate duration of action. It has the same chemical formula as talbutal but a different structure. Butalbital is often combined with other medications, such as paracetamol or aspirin, and is...
, cathine
Cathine
Cathine, also known as d-norpseudoephedrine, is a psychoactive drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes which acts as a stimulant...
, cyclobarbital
Cyclobarbital
Cyclobarbital, also known as cyclobarbitol or cyclobarbitone, is a drug which is a barbiturate derivative....
, flunitrazepam
Flunitrazepam
Flunitrazepam is marketed as a potent hypnotic, sedative, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, amnestic, and skeletal muscle relaxant drug most commonly known as Rohypnol...
, temazepam
Temazepam
Temazepam is an intermediate-acting 3-hydroxy benzodiazepine. It is mostly prescribed for the short-term treatment of sleeplessness in patients who have difficulty maintaining sleep...
, glutethimide
Glutethimide
Glutethimide is a hypnotic sedative that was introduced in 1954 as a safe alternative to barbiturates to treat insomnia. Before long, however, it had become clear that glutethimide was just as likely to cause addiction and caused similarly severe withdrawal symptoms...
, hemp, pentazocine
Pentazocine
Pentazocine is a synthetically prepared prototypical mixed agonist-antagonist narcotic drug of the benzomorphan class of opioids used to treat moderate to moderately severe pain...
and pentobarbital
Pentobarbital
Pentobarbital is a short-acting barbiturate that was first synthesized in 1928. Pentobarbital is available as both a free acid and a sodium salt, the former of which is only slightly soluble in water and ethanol....
) of the Opium Law have to be written in full in letters, and have to contain the name and initials, address, city and telephone number of the licensed prescriber issuing the prescriptions, as well as the name and initials, address and city of the person the prescription is issued to. If the prescription is issued for an animal, the data of the owner should be used instead, and a description of the animal has to be included on the prescription.
External links
Opiumwet on the official website of the Dutch government