Oncorhynchus
Encyclopedia
Oncorhynchus is a genus
of fish in the family
Salmonidae
; it contains the Pacific salmon
s and Pacific trout
s. The name of the genus is derived from the Greek
onkos ("hook") and rynchos ("nose"), in reference to the hooked jaws of males in the mating season (the "kype").
generally in waters draining to the Pacific Ocean
are members of the genus. Their range extends from Beringia southwards, roughly to Japan
in the west and Mexico
to the east. In North America
, some subspecies of O. clarki
are native to the landlocked Great Basin
, while others are native to the Rio Grande
and western tributaries of the Mississippi River Basin
which drain to the Gulf of Mexico
, rather than to the Pacific.
Unlike many trout species
of the mainly European genus Salmo
, many Oncorhynchus are anadromous
(migratory) and die after spawning
. Some species of char (Salvelinus
genus) are native to Pacific waters and are also referred to as trout.
(~7 m.y.a.) trout-like fossils appear in Idaho
, in the Clarkia Lake beds
appear to be Oncorhynchus—the current genus for Pacific salmon and some trout. The presence of these species so far inland established that Oncorhynchus was not only present in the Pacific drainages before the beginning of the Pliocene
(~5-6 m.y.a.), but also that rainbow
and cutthroat trout
, and Pacific salmon lineages had diverged before the beginning of the Pliocene. Consequently, the split between Oncorhynchus and Salmo
(Atlantic salmon) must have occurred well before the Pliocene. Suggestions have gone back as far as the early Miocene (~20 m.y.a.).
Speciation
among Oncorhynchus has been examined for decades, and to this day, a family "tree" is not completely developed for the Pacific salmonids. Mitochondrial DNA
(mtDNA) research has been completed on a variety of Pacific trout and salmonid species, but the results do not necessarily agree with fossil research, or molecular research. It is generally agreed that chum
, pink
and sockeye salmon
lineages diverged in the sequence after other species. Montgomery (2000) discusses the pattern of the fossil record as compared to tectonic
shifts in the plates of the Pacific Northwest
America. The (potential) divergence
in Onchorhyncus lineages appear to follow the uprising of the Pacific Rim
. The climatic and habitat changes that would follow such a geologic event are discussed, in the context of potential stressors leading to adaptation and speciation.
One interesting case involving speciation with salmon is that of the Kokanee, sockeye that have been landlocked
. Kokanee sockeye evolve differently from anadromous sockeye—they reach the level of "biological species". Biological species—as opposed to morphological
species—are defined by the capacity to maintain themselves in sympatry
as independent genetic
entities. This definition can be vexing because it appears that it does apply only to sympatry, and this limitation makes the definition difficult to apply. There are examples in Washington, Canada
and elsewhere where two populations live in the same lake but spawn
in different substrates, at different times, and eat different food sources. There is no pressure to compete or interbreed (two responses when resources are short). These types of Kokanee salmon show the principal attributes of a biological species: they are reproductively isolated and show strong resources partitioning.
Oncorhynchus rastrosus
, the Sabertooth salmon (sometimes called Smilodonichthys), was a 9-foot-(3 meter-)long species known from Late Miocene
to Pleistocene
fossil
.
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
of fish in the family
Family (biology)
In biological classification, family is* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus, and species, with family fitting between order and genus. As for the other well-known ranks, there is the option of an immediately lower rank, indicated by the...
Salmonidae
Salmonidae
Salmonidae is a family of ray-finned fish, the only living family currently placed in the order Salmoniformes. It includes salmon, trout, chars, freshwater whitefishes and graylings...
; it contains the Pacific salmon
Salmon
Salmon is the common name for several species of fish in the family Salmonidae. Several other fish in the same family are called trout; the difference is often said to be that salmon migrate and trout are resident, but this distinction does not strictly hold true...
s and Pacific trout
Trout
Trout is the name for a number of species of freshwater and saltwater fish belonging to the Salmoninae subfamily of the family Salmonidae. Salmon belong to the same family as trout. Most salmon species spend almost all their lives in salt water...
s. The name of the genus is derived from the Greek
Greek language
Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages. Native to the southern Balkans, it has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning 34 centuries of written records. Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the majority of its history;...
onkos ("hook") and rynchos ("nose"), in reference to the hooked jaws of males in the mating season (the "kype").
Range
Salmon and trout with rangesRange (biology)
In biology, the range or distribution of a species is the geographical area within which that species can be found. Within that range, dispersion is variation in local density.The term is often qualified:...
generally in waters draining to the Pacific Ocean
Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic in the north to the Southern Ocean in the south, bounded by Asia and Australia in the west, and the Americas in the east.At 165.2 million square kilometres in area, this largest division of the World...
are members of the genus. Their range extends from Beringia southwards, roughly to Japan
Japan
Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...
in the west and Mexico
Mexico
The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...
to the east. In North America
North America
North America is a continent wholly within the Northern Hemisphere and almost wholly within the Western Hemisphere. It is also considered a northern subcontinent of the Americas...
, some subspecies of O. clarki
Cutthroat trout
The cutthroat trout is a species of freshwater fish in the salmon family of order Salmoniformes. It is one of the many fish species colloquially known as trout...
are native to the landlocked Great Basin
Great Basin
The Great Basin is the largest area of contiguous endorheic watersheds in North America and is noted for its arid conditions and Basin and Range topography that varies from the North American low point at Badwater Basin to the highest point of the contiguous United States, less than away at the...
, while others are native to the Rio Grande
Rio Grande
The Rio Grande is a river that flows from southwestern Colorado in the United States to the Gulf of Mexico. Along the way it forms part of the Mexico – United States border. Its length varies as its course changes...
and western tributaries of the Mississippi River Basin
Mississippi River
The Mississippi River is the largest river system in North America. Flowing entirely in the United States, this river rises in western Minnesota and meanders slowly southwards for to the Mississippi River Delta at the Gulf of Mexico. With its many tributaries, the Mississippi's watershed drains...
which drain to the Gulf of Mexico
Gulf of Mexico
The Gulf of Mexico is a partially landlocked ocean basin largely surrounded by the North American continent and the island of Cuba. It is bounded on the northeast, north and northwest by the Gulf Coast of the United States, on the southwest and south by Mexico, and on the southeast by Cuba. In...
, rather than to the Pacific.
Unlike many trout species
Species
In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. While in many cases this definition is adequate, more precise or differing measures are...
of the mainly European genus Salmo
Salmo
Salmo is a genus of fish in the salmon family that includes the familiar species Atlantic salmon and brown trout . The natural distribution of the genus is chiefly European. Only the range of the Atlantic salmon extends to northern North America...
, many Oncorhynchus are anadromous
Fish migration
Many types of fish migrate on a regular basis, on time scales ranging from daily to annually or longer, and over distances ranging from a few metres to thousands of kilometres...
(migratory) and die after spawning
Spawn (biology)
Spawn refers to the eggs and sperm released or deposited, usually into water, by aquatic animals. As a verb, spawn refers to the process of releasing the eggs and sperm, also called spawning...
. Some species of char (Salvelinus
Salvelinus
Salvelinus is a genus of salmonid fish often called char or charr; some species are called "trout". Salvelinus is a member of the Salmoninae subfamily of the Salmonidae family. Charr may be identified by light cream pink or red spots over a darker body. Scales tend to be small, with 115-200 along...
genus) are native to Pacific waters and are also referred to as trout.
Evolution
Several late MioceneMiocene
The Miocene is a geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about . The Miocene was named by Sir Charles Lyell. Its name comes from the Greek words and and means "less recent" because it has 18% fewer modern sea invertebrates than the Pliocene. The Miocene follows the Oligocene...
(~7 m.y.a.) trout-like fossils appear in Idaho
Idaho
Idaho is a state in the Rocky Mountain area of the United States. The state's largest city and capital is Boise. Residents are called "Idahoans". Idaho was admitted to the Union on July 3, 1890, as the 43rd state....
, in the Clarkia Lake beds
Clarkia fossil beds
The Clarkia fossil beds is a Miocene lagerstätte located near Clarkia, Idaho.The fossil beds were laid down in a lake roughly 15 million years ago, when a drainage basin was dammed by the flood basalts of the Columbia River Plateau. Narrow and deep, the lake's cold, anoxic water and rapid...
appear to be Oncorhynchus—the current genus for Pacific salmon and some trout. The presence of these species so far inland established that Oncorhynchus was not only present in the Pacific drainages before the beginning of the Pliocene
Pliocene
The Pliocene Epoch is the period in the geologic timescale that extends from 5.332 million to 2.588 million years before present. It is the second and youngest epoch of the Neogene Period in the Cenozoic Era. The Pliocene follows the Miocene Epoch and is followed by the Pleistocene Epoch...
(~5-6 m.y.a.), but also that rainbow
Rainbow trout
The rainbow trout is a species of salmonid native to tributaries of the Pacific Ocean in Asia and North America. The steelhead is a sea run rainbow trout usually returning to freshwater to spawn after 2 to 3 years at sea. In other words, rainbow trout and steelhead trout are the same species....
and cutthroat trout
Cutthroat trout
The cutthroat trout is a species of freshwater fish in the salmon family of order Salmoniformes. It is one of the many fish species colloquially known as trout...
, and Pacific salmon lineages had diverged before the beginning of the Pliocene. Consequently, the split between Oncorhynchus and Salmo
Salmo
Salmo is a genus of fish in the salmon family that includes the familiar species Atlantic salmon and brown trout . The natural distribution of the genus is chiefly European. Only the range of the Atlantic salmon extends to northern North America...
(Atlantic salmon) must have occurred well before the Pliocene. Suggestions have gone back as far as the early Miocene (~20 m.y.a.).
Speciation
Speciation
Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise. The biologist Orator F. Cook seems to have been the first to coin the term 'speciation' for the splitting of lineages or 'cladogenesis,' as opposed to 'anagenesis' or 'phyletic evolution' occurring within lineages...
among Oncorhynchus has been examined for decades, and to this day, a family "tree" is not completely developed for the Pacific salmonids. Mitochondrial DNA
Mitochondrial DNA
Mitochondrial DNA is the DNA located in organelles called mitochondria, structures within eukaryotic cells that convert the chemical energy from food into a form that cells can use, adenosine triphosphate...
(mtDNA) research has been completed on a variety of Pacific trout and salmonid species, but the results do not necessarily agree with fossil research, or molecular research. It is generally agreed that chum
Chum salmon
The chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, is a species of anadromous fish in the salmon family. It is a Pacific salmon, and may also be known as dog salmon or Keta salmon, and is often marketed under the name Silverbrite salmon...
, pink
Pink salmon
Pink salmon or humpback salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, is a species of anadromous fish in the salmon family. It is the smallest and most abundant of the Pacific salmon.- Appearance :...
and sockeye salmon
Sockeye salmon
Sockeye salmon , also called red salmon or blueback salmon in the USA, is an anadromous species of salmon found in the Northern Pacific Ocean and rivers discharging into it...
lineages diverged in the sequence after other species. Montgomery (2000) discusses the pattern of the fossil record as compared to tectonic
Tectonics
Tectonics is a field of study within geology concerned generally with the structures within the lithosphere of the Earth and particularly with the forces and movements that have operated in a region to create these structures.Tectonics is concerned with the orogenies and tectonic development of...
shifts in the plates of the Pacific Northwest
Pacific Northwest
The Pacific Northwest is a region in northwestern North America, bounded by the Pacific Ocean to the west and, loosely, by the Rocky Mountains on the east. Definitions of the region vary and there is no commonly agreed upon boundary, even among Pacific Northwesterners. A common concept of the...
America. The (potential) divergence
Divergence
In vector calculus, divergence is a vector operator that measures the magnitude of a vector field's source or sink at a given point, in terms of a signed scalar. More technically, the divergence represents the volume density of the outward flux of a vector field from an infinitesimal volume around...
in Onchorhyncus lineages appear to follow the uprising of the Pacific Rim
Pacific Rim
The Pacific Rim refers to places around the edge of the Pacific Ocean. The term "Pacific Basin" includes the Pacific Rim and islands in the Pacific Ocean...
. The climatic and habitat changes that would follow such a geologic event are discussed, in the context of potential stressors leading to adaptation and speciation.
One interesting case involving speciation with salmon is that of the Kokanee, sockeye that have been landlocked
Landlocked
A landlocked country is a country entirely enclosed by land, or whose only coastlines lie on closed seas. There are 48 landlocked countries in the world, including partially recognized states...
. Kokanee sockeye evolve differently from anadromous sockeye—they reach the level of "biological species". Biological species—as opposed to morphological
Morphology (biology)
In biology, morphology is a branch of bioscience dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features....
species—are defined by the capacity to maintain themselves in sympatry
Sympatry
In biology, two species or populations are considered sympatric when they exist in the same geographic area and thus regularly encounter one another. An initially-interbreeding population that splits into two or more distinct species sharing a common range exemplifies sympatric speciation...
as independent genetic
Genetics
Genetics , a discipline of biology, is the science of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms....
entities. This definition can be vexing because it appears that it does apply only to sympatry, and this limitation makes the definition difficult to apply. There are examples in Washington, Canada
Canada
Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean...
and elsewhere where two populations live in the same lake but spawn
Spawn (biology)
Spawn refers to the eggs and sperm released or deposited, usually into water, by aquatic animals. As a verb, spawn refers to the process of releasing the eggs and sperm, also called spawning...
in different substrates, at different times, and eat different food sources. There is no pressure to compete or interbreed (two responses when resources are short). These types of Kokanee salmon show the principal attributes of a biological species: they are reproductively isolated and show strong resources partitioning.
Systematics
- Oncorhynchus chrysogaster – Mexican golden troutMexican golden troutThe Mexican golden trout is a species of fish in the Salmonidae family. It is endemic to Mexico.-Description:...
- Oncorhynchus clarkii – Cutthroat troutCutthroat troutThe cutthroat trout is a species of freshwater fish in the salmon family of order Salmoniformes. It is one of the many fish species colloquially known as trout...
- Oncorhynchus clarki alvordensis – Alvord cutthroat troutAlvord cutthroat troutThe Alvord cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarki alvordensis, was a subspecies of cutthroat trout. It was native to spring-fed creeks that ran down to Alvord Dry Lake in southeast Oregon, which was a large lake during the ice ages and an isolated drainage, part of the Great Basin today...
(extinct) - Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri – Yellowstone cutthroat troutYellowstone cutthroat troutThe Yellowstone cutthroat trout is a subspecies of the cutthroat trout and is a freshwater fish in the salmon family of the order Salmoniformes. Native only to a few U.S...
- Oncorhynchus clarki behnkei – Snake River fine-spotted cutthroat troutSnake River fine-spotted cutthroat troutThe Snake River fine-spotted cutthroat trout is a form of the Yellowstone cutthroat trout subspecies. Sub-species designation has been proposed with a trinomial classification of Oncorhynchus clarki behnkei, but the sub-species is not formally recognized...
- Oncorhynchus clarki clarki – Coastal cutthroat troutCoastal cutthroat troutThe coastal cutthroat trout also known as the sea run cutthroat, or harvest trout are a subspecies of cutthroat trout with an anadromous life history....
- Oncorhynchus clarki clarki f. crescentii – Lake Crescent cutthroat troutLake Crescent cutthroat troutCrescenti cutthroat trout or Lake Crescent cutthroat trout is a local form of Coastal cutthroat trout isolated in Lake Crescent in Washington and is not currently recognized as an official subspecies...
, Crescenti trout (sometimes O. c. crescentii)
- Oncorhynchus clarki clarki f. crescentii – Lake Crescent cutthroat trout
- Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi – Lahontan cutthroat troutLahontan cutthroat troutLahontan cutthroat trout is the largest subspecies of cutthroat trout, and the state fish of Nevada.-Natural history:...
- Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi – Westslope cutthroat troutWestslope cutthroat troutThe westslope cutthroat trout , also known as the blackspotted cutthroat, is a subspecies of the cutthroat trout and is a freshwater fish in the salmon family of order Salmoniformes. The cutthroat is the Montana state fish...
, Black-spotted cutthroat trout - Oncorhynchus clarki macdonaldi – Yellowfin cutthroat troutYellowfin cutthroat troutThe yellowfin cutthroat trout , a subspecies of the cutthroat trout, was officially identified in 1891 and named after the US Fish Commissioner, MacDonald...
(extinct) - Oncorhynchus clarki pleuriticus – Colorado River cutthroat troutColorado River cutthroat troutThe Colorado River cutthroat trout is a subspecies of cutthroat trout native only to the Green and Colorado River basins, which are west of the Continental Divide...
- Oncorhynchus clarki seleniris – Paiute cutthroat troutPaiute cutthroat troutPaiute cutthroat trout is a subspecies of cutthroat trout native only to Silver King Creek, a headwater tributary of the Carson River in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, U.S.A. The Carson River lies within the Great Basin interior drainage system, within the historic range of Lahontan...
- Oncorhynchus clarki stomias – Greenback cutthroat troutGreenback cutthroat troutThe greenback cutthroat trout is the easternmost subspecies of cutthroat trout. This subspecies, once widespread, today occupies less than 1% of its historical range and is currently listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act. It was adopted in 1994 as the state fish of...
- Oncorhynchus clarki utah – Bonneville cutthroat troutBonneville cutthroat troutThe Bonneville cutthroat trout is a subspecies of cutthroat trout native to tributaries of the Great Salt Lake, U.S.A. Most of the fish's current and historic range is in Utah, but they are also found in Idaho, Wyoming, and Nevada...
- Oncorhynchus clarki virginalis – Rio Grande cutthroat troutRio Grande cutthroat troutThe Rio Grande cutthroat trout , a member of the family Salmonidae is found in New Mexico and southern Colorado in tributaries of the Rio Grande...
- Oncorhynchus clarki alvordensis – Alvord cutthroat trout
- Oncorhynchus gilae – Gila trout and Apache trout
- Oncorhynchus gilae gilae – Gila troutGila troutThe gila trout is one of two subspecies of trout in O. gilae, the other being the Apache trout . Both are native to the Southwest United States. The gila trout is a species of salmonid, related to the rainbow and cutthroat trouts. The Gila trout has been considered endangered with extinction....
- Oncorhynchus (gilae) apache – Apache troutApache troutThe Apache trout or Arizona trout, Oncorhynchus gilae apache, is a species of freshwater fish in the salmon family of order Salmoniformes. It is one of the trouts.-Description:...
, Arizona trout
- Oncorhynchus gilae gilae – Gila trout
- Oncorhynchus gorbuscha – Pink salmonPink salmonPink salmon or humpback salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, is a species of anadromous fish in the salmon family. It is the smallest and most abundant of the Pacific salmon.- Appearance :...
, Humpback salmon - Oncorhynchus keta – Chum salmonChum salmonThe chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, is a species of anadromous fish in the salmon family. It is a Pacific salmon, and may also be known as dog salmon or Keta salmon, and is often marketed under the name Silverbrite salmon...
, Dog salmon, Keta salmon, Silverbrite salmon - Oncorhynchus kisutch – Coho salmonCoho salmonThe Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, is a species of anadromous fish in the salmon family. Coho salmon are also known as silver salmon or "silvers". It is the state animal of Chiba, Japan.-Description:...
, Silver salmon, "silversSilversSilvers may refer to:* Albuquerque Silvers, an American basketball team* Cathy Silvers , an actress and daughter of Phil Silvers* Herbert Ferber Silvers , an American sculptor and painter better known as Herbert Ferber...
" - Oncorhynchus masou – SeemaSeemaOncorhynchus masou, has three different subspecies. 'Song-eo; 송어' or 'Sancheoneo; 산천어' Oncorhynchus masou masou in Korea, and 'Formosan salmon; Oncorhynchus masou formosanum as in Tiwan, and as Masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou macrostomus in Japan. Pacific Ocean:...
, Masu salmon, Cherry salmon, Japanese salmon- Oncorhynchus masou masou – SeemaSeemaOncorhynchus masou, has three different subspecies. 'Song-eo; 송어' or 'Sancheoneo; 산천어' Oncorhynchus masou masou in Korea, and 'Formosan salmon; Oncorhynchus masou formosanum as in Tiwan, and as Masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou macrostomus in Japan. Pacific Ocean:...
, Yamame- "Oncorhynchus masou ishikawai" – Satsukimasu salmonSatsukimasu salmonThe satsukimasu salmon, red-spotted masu salmon or amago is a salmonid fish in the Pacific salmon genus Oncorhynchus. It is endemic to Japan....
, Red-spotted masu salmon, amago (formerly O. ishikawai, sometimes included in O. masou masou) - Oncorhynchus masou var. iwame – Iwame troutIwame troutThe iwame trout or markless trout, Oncorhynchus masou var. iwame, is a variety of salmonid fish inhabiting some fresh waters of Japan. Suspected to be not a real species since some time, it was recently confirmed to be a particular intra-specific morph occurring in some populations of the masu...
, Markless trout (formerly O. iwame)
- "Oncorhynchus masou ishikawai" – Satsukimasu salmon
- Oncorhynchus masou formosanus – Taiwanese salmon, Formosan landlocked salmon
- Oncorhynchus masou macrostomusOncorhynchus masou macrostomusOncorhynchus masou macrostomus, also referred to as the amago or the red-spotted masu salmon, is an anadromous salmonid fish endemic to Japan....
– Amago, Red-spotted masu salmon - Oncorhynchus masou rhodurus – Biwa troutBiwa troutThe Biwa trout or Biwa salmon, Oncorhynchus masou rhodurus, is an anadromous salmonid fish of the Pacific salmon genus Oncorhynchus. It is one of several fish called trout, but taxonomically it is a subspecies of the more widespread cherry salmon of western Pacific...
- Oncorhynchus masou masou – Seema
- Oncorhynchus mykiss – Rainbow troutRainbow troutThe rainbow trout is a species of salmonid native to tributaries of the Pacific Ocean in Asia and North America. The steelhead is a sea run rainbow trout usually returning to freshwater to spawn after 2 to 3 years at sea. In other words, rainbow trout and steelhead trout are the same species....
, Steelhead, Ocean trout, Redband troutRedband troutRedband trout is a fish name that may be a synonym for the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, but is also used more narrowly for inland subspecies with well-defined geographical distributions in the United States...
- Oncorhynchus (mykiss) aguabonita – Golden troutGolden TroutThe golden trout is a sub-species of the rainbow trout, and it closley resembles the juvenile Rainbow trout. The fish is also known as the California golden trout and is native to Golden Trout Creek, Volcano Creek and the South Fork Kern River. Another variant, O. m...
- Oncorhynchus mykiss gairdnerii – Columbia River redband trout
- Oncorhynchus mykiss irideus – Coastal rainbow trout
- Oncorhynchus mykiss irideus f. beardsleei – Beardslee troutBeardslee troutBeardslee trout are a local form of Rainbow trout endemic to Lake Crescent in Washington. By some sources, they are treated as a subspecies....
, "bluebackBluebackBlueback may refer to any of a number of unrelated fish species with blue coloration , including:*Cisco *Blueback herring *Sockeye salmon*Blueback is a local nickname for Beardslee trout....
" (sometimes O. m. beardsleei)
- Oncorhynchus mykiss irideus f. beardsleei – Beardslee trout
- Oncorhynchus mykiss newberrii – Great Basin redband trout
- Oncorhynchus (mykiss) aguabonita – Golden trout
- Oncorhynchus nerka – Sockeye salmonSockeye salmonSockeye salmon , also called red salmon or blueback salmon in the USA, is an anadromous species of salmon found in the Northern Pacific Ocean and rivers discharging into it...
, Red salmon, Blueback salmon, Kokanee- Oncorhynchus nerka kawamuraeOncorhynchus nerka kawamuraeThe black kokanee , or kunimasu in Japanese, is a Japanese salmon subspecies which scientists had thought had gone extinct in 1940, but was discovered to still have a living population in 2010....
– Kunimasu, Black kokanee, Land-locked subspecies that occurs only in Lake TazawaLake Tazawais a caldera lake in Semboku, Akita Prefecture, northern Japan. It is the deepest lake in Japan . Because of its depth, it never freezes....
(once thought to be extinct)
- Oncorhynchus nerka kawamurae
- Oncorhynchus tshawytscha – Chinook salmonChinook salmonThe Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, is the largest species in the pacific salmon family. Other commonly used names for the species include King salmon, Quinnat salmon, Spring salmon and Tyee salmon...
, Blackmouth, Black salmon, Chub salmon, Columbia River salmon, Hookbill salmon, King salmon, Quinnat salmon, Spring salmon, Tyee salmon, Winter salmon
Oncorhynchus rastrosus
Oncorhynchus rastrosus
Oncorhynchus rastrosus, also known as Smilodonichthys rastrosus and as "sabertooth salmon", was a species of salmon that lived along the Pacific coast of North America, first appearing in the late Miocene of California, then dying out some time during the Pleistocene. Adults grew to be 9 feet in...
, the Sabertooth salmon (sometimes called Smilodonichthys), was a 9-foot-(3 meter-)long species known from Late Miocene
Late Miocene
The Late Miocene is a sub-epoch of the Miocene Epoch made up of two stages. The Tortonian and Messinian stages comprise the Late Miocene sub-epoch....
to Pleistocene
Pleistocene
The Pleistocene is the epoch from 2,588,000 to 11,700 years BP that spans the world's recent period of repeated glaciations. The name pleistocene is derived from the Greek and ....
fossil
Fossil
Fossils are the preserved remains or traces of animals , plants, and other organisms from the remote past...
.
External links
- US mulls Pacific salmon fishing ban
- Watershed Watch Salmon Society A British Columbia advocacy group for wild salmon
- Wild Salmon in Trouble: The Link Between Farmed Salmon, Sea Lice and Wild Salmon - Watershed Watch Salmon Society. Animated short video based on peer-reviewed scientific research, with subject background article Watching out for Wild Salmon.
- Aquacultural Revolution: The scientific case for changing salmon farming - Watershed Watch Salmon Society. Short video documentary. Prominent scientists and First Nation representatives speak their minds about the salmon farming industry and the effects of sea lice infestations on wild salmon populations.