Nanomechanics
Encyclopedia
Nanomechanics is a branch of nanoscience studying fundamental mechanical (elastic, thermal and kinetic) properties of physical systems at the nanometer scale. Nanomechanics has emerged on the crossroads of classical mechanics
, solid-state physics
, statistical mechanics
, materials science
, and quantum chemistry
. As an area of nanoscience, nanomechanics provides a scientific foundation of nanotechnology
.
Nanomechanics is that branch of nanoscience,which deals with the study and application of fundamental mechanical properties of physical systems at the nanoscale, like elastic, thermal, kinetic.
Often, nanomechanics is viewed as a branch of nanotechnology
, i.e., an applied area with a focus on the mechanical properties of engineered nanostructures and nanosystems (systems with nanoscale components of importance). Examples of the latter include nanoparticles, nanopowders, nanowires, nanorods, nanoribbons, nanotubes
, including carbon nanotubes (CNT) and boron nitride
nanotubes (BNNTs); nanoshells, nanomebranes, nanocoatings, nanocomposite
/nanostructured materials, ] (fluids with dispersed nanoparticles); nanomotor
s, etc.
Some of the well-established fields of nanomechanics are: nanomaterials
, nanotribology
(friction
, wear
and contact mechanics
at the nanoscale), nanoelectromechanical systems
(NEMS), and nanofluidics
.
As a fundamental science, nanomechanics is based on some empirical
principles (basic observations):
1) general mechanics principles; 2) specific principles arising from the smallness of physical sizes of
the object of study or research.
General mechanics principles include:
Due to smallness of the studied object, nanomechanics also accounts for:
These principles serve to provides a basic insight into novel mechanical properties of nanometer objects. Novelty is understood in the sense that these properties are not present in similar macroscale objects or much different from the properties of those (e.g., nanorods vs. usual macroscopic beam structures). In particular, smallness of the subject itself gives rise to various surface effects determined by higher surface-to-volume ratio of nanostructures, and thus affects mechanoenergetic and thermal properties (melting point, heat capacitance, etc.) of nanostructures. Discreteness serves a fundamental reason, for instance, for the dispersion of mechanical waves
in solids, and some special behavior of basic elastomechanics solutions at small scales. Plurality of degrees of freedom and the rise of thermal fluctuations are the reasons for thermal tunneling
of nanoparticles through potential
barriers, as well as for the cross-diffusion
of liquids and solids. Smallness and thermal fluctuations provide the basic reasons of the Brownian motion
of nanoparticles. Increased importance of thermal fluctuations and configuration entropy
at the nanoscale give rise to superelasticity, entropic elasticity (entropic forces), and other exotic types of elasticity
of nanostructures. Aspects of configuration entropy are also of great interest in the context self-organization
and cooperative behavior of open nanosystems.
Quantum effects determine forces of interaction between individual atoms in physical objects, which are introduced in nanomechanics by means of some averaged mathematical models called interatomic potentials.
Subsequent utilization of the interatomic potentials within the classical multibody dynamics
provide deterministic mechanical models of nano structures and systems at the atomic scale/resolution. Numerical methods of solution of these models are called molecular dynamics
(MD), and sometimes molecular mechanics
(especially, in relation to statically equilibrated (still) models). Nondeterministic numerical approaches include Monte-Carlo, Kinetic More-Carlo (KMC), and other methods. Contemporary numerical tools include also hybrid multiscale approaches allowing concurrent or sequential utilization of the atomistic scale methods (usually, MD) with the continuum (macro) scale methods (usually, field emission microscopy
) within a single mathematical model. Development of these complex methods is a separate subject of applied mechanics
research.
Quantum effects also determine novel electrical, optical and chemical properties of nanostructures, and therefore they find even greater attention in adjacent areas of nanoscience and nanotechnology
, such as nanoelectronics
, advanced energy systems, and nanobiotechnology
.
Classical mechanics
In physics, classical mechanics is one of the two major sub-fields of mechanics, which is concerned with the set of physical laws describing the motion of bodies under the action of a system of forces...
, solid-state physics
Solid-state physics
Solid-state physics is the study of rigid matter, or solids, through methods such as quantum mechanics, crystallography, electromagnetism, and metallurgy. It is the largest branch of condensed matter physics. Solid-state physics studies how the large-scale properties of solid materials result from...
, statistical mechanics
Statistical mechanics
Statistical mechanics or statistical thermodynamicsThe terms statistical mechanics and statistical thermodynamics are used interchangeably...
, materials science
Materials science
Materials science is an interdisciplinary field applying the properties of matter to various areas of science and engineering. This scientific field investigates the relationship between the structure of materials at atomic or molecular scales and their macroscopic properties. It incorporates...
, and quantum chemistry
Quantum chemistry
Quantum chemistry is a branch of chemistry whose primary focus is the application of quantum mechanics in physical models and experiments of chemical systems...
. As an area of nanoscience, nanomechanics provides a scientific foundation of nanotechnology
Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is the study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally, nanotechnology deals with developing materials, devices, or other structures possessing at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometres...
.
Nanomechanics is that branch of nanoscience,which deals with the study and application of fundamental mechanical properties of physical systems at the nanoscale, like elastic, thermal, kinetic.
Often, nanomechanics is viewed as a branch of nanotechnology
Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is the study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally, nanotechnology deals with developing materials, devices, or other structures possessing at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometres...
, i.e., an applied area with a focus on the mechanical properties of engineered nanostructures and nanosystems (systems with nanoscale components of importance). Examples of the latter include nanoparticles, nanopowders, nanowires, nanorods, nanoribbons, nanotubes
Carbon nanotube
Carbon nanotubes are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure. Nanotubes have been constructed with length-to-diameter ratio of up to 132,000,000:1, significantly larger than for any other material...
, including carbon nanotubes (CNT) and boron nitride
Boron nitride
Boron nitride is a chemical compound with chemical formula BN, consisting of equal numbers of boron and nitrogen atoms. BN is isoelectronic to a similarly structured carbon lattice and thus exists in various crystalline forms...
nanotubes (BNNTs); nanoshells, nanomebranes, nanocoatings, nanocomposite
Nanocomposite
A nanocomposite is as a multiphase solid material where one of the phases has one, two or three dimensions of less than 100 nanometers , or structures having nano-scale repeat distances between the different phases that make up the material...
/nanostructured materials, ] (fluids with dispersed nanoparticles); nanomotor
Nanomotor
A nanomotor is a molecular device capable of converting energy into movement. It can typically generate forces on the order of piconewtons.A proposed branch of research is the integration of molecular motor proteins found in living cells into molecular motors implanted in artificial devices...
s, etc.
Some of the well-established fields of nanomechanics are: nanomaterials
Nanomaterials
Nanomaterials is a field that takes a materials science-based approach to nanotechnology. It studies materials with morphological features on the nanoscale, and especially those that have special properties stemming from their nanoscale dimensions...
, nanotribology
Nanotribology
Nanotribology is a branch of tribology which studies friction phenomenon at the nanometer scale . The distinction between nanotribology and tribology is primarily due to the involvement of atomic forces in the determination of the final behavior of the system.Gears, bearings, and liquid lubricants...
(friction
Friction
Friction is the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and/or material elements sliding against each other. There are several types of friction:...
, wear
Wear
In materials science, wear is erosion or sideways displacement of material from its "derivative" and original position on a solid surface performed by the action of another surface....
and contact mechanics
Contact mechanics
Contact mechanics is the study of the deformation of solids that touch each other at one or more points. The physical and mathematical formulation of the subject is built upon the mechanics of materials and continuum mechanics and focuses on computations involving elastic, viscoelastic, and plastic...
at the nanoscale), nanoelectromechanical systems
Nanoelectromechanical systems
Nanoelectromechanical systems are devices integrating electrical and mechanical functionality on the nanoscale. NEMS form the logical next miniaturization step from so-called microelectromechanical systems, or MEMS devices...
(NEMS), and nanofluidics
Nanofluidics
Nanofluidics is the study of the behavior, manipulation, and control of fluids that are confined to structures of nanometer characteristic dimensions...
.
As a fundamental science, nanomechanics is based on some empirical
Empirical
The word empirical denotes information gained by means of observation or experimentation. Empirical data are data produced by an experiment or observation....
principles (basic observations):
1) general mechanics principles; 2) specific principles arising from the smallness of physical sizes of
the object of study or research.
General mechanics principles include:
- EnergyEnergyIn physics, energy is an indirectly observed quantity. It is often understood as the ability a physical system has to do work on other physical systems...
and momentumMomentumIn classical mechanics, linear momentum or translational momentum is the product of the mass and velocity of an object...
conservation principles - Variational Hamilton's principleHamilton's principleIn physics, Hamilton's principle is William Rowan Hamilton's formulation of the principle of stationary action...
- SymmetrySymmetrySymmetry generally conveys two primary meanings. The first is an imprecise sense of harmonious or aesthetically pleasing proportionality and balance; such that it reflects beauty or perfection...
principles
Due to smallness of the studied object, nanomechanics also accounts for:
- Discreteness of the object, whose size is comparable with the interatomic distances
- Plurality, but finiteness, of degrees of freedom in the object
- Importance of thermal fluctuations
- Importance of entropic effects (see configuration entropyConfiguration entropyIn statistical mechanics, configuration entropy is the portion of a system's entropy that is related to the position of its constituent particles rather than to their velocity or momentum. It is physically related to the number of ways of arranging all the particles of the system while maintaining...
) - Importance of quantumQuantumIn physics, a quantum is the minimum amount of any physical entity involved in an interaction. Behind this, one finds the fundamental notion that a physical property may be "quantized," referred to as "the hypothesis of quantization". This means that the magnitude can take on only certain discrete...
effects
These principles serve to provides a basic insight into novel mechanical properties of nanometer objects. Novelty is understood in the sense that these properties are not present in similar macroscale objects or much different from the properties of those (e.g., nanorods vs. usual macroscopic beam structures). In particular, smallness of the subject itself gives rise to various surface effects determined by higher surface-to-volume ratio of nanostructures, and thus affects mechanoenergetic and thermal properties (melting point, heat capacitance, etc.) of nanostructures. Discreteness serves a fundamental reason, for instance, for the dispersion of mechanical waves
WAVES
The WAVES were a World War II-era division of the U.S. Navy that consisted entirely of women. The name of this group is an acronym for "Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service" ; the word "emergency" implied that the acceptance of women was due to the unusual circumstances of the war and...
in solids, and some special behavior of basic elastomechanics solutions at small scales. Plurality of degrees of freedom and the rise of thermal fluctuations are the reasons for thermal tunneling
Tunneling
Tunneling may refer to:* Digging tunnels * Quantum tunneling, the quantum-mechanical effect where a particle crosses through a classically-forbidden potential energy barrier...
of nanoparticles through potential
Potential
*In linguistics, the potential mood*The mathematical study of potentials is known as potential theory; it is the study of harmonic functions on manifolds...
barriers, as well as for the cross-diffusion
Diffusion
Molecular diffusion, often called simply diffusion, is the thermal motion of all particles at temperatures above absolute zero. The rate of this movement is a function of temperature, viscosity of the fluid and the size of the particles...
of liquids and solids. Smallness and thermal fluctuations provide the basic reasons of the Brownian motion
Brownian motion
Brownian motion or pedesis is the presumably random drifting of particles suspended in a fluid or the mathematical model used to describe such random movements, which is often called a particle theory.The mathematical model of Brownian motion has several real-world applications...
of nanoparticles. Increased importance of thermal fluctuations and configuration entropy
Entropy
Entropy is a thermodynamic property that can be used to determine the energy available for useful work in a thermodynamic process, such as in energy conversion devices, engines, or machines. Such devices can only be driven by convertible energy, and have a theoretical maximum efficiency when...
at the nanoscale give rise to superelasticity, entropic elasticity (entropic forces), and other exotic types of elasticity
Elasticity (physics)
In physics, elasticity is the physical property of a material that returns to its original shape after the stress that made it deform or distort is removed. The relative amount of deformation is called the strain....
of nanostructures. Aspects of configuration entropy are also of great interest in the context self-organization
Self-organization
Self-organization is the process where a structure or pattern appears in a system without a central authority or external element imposing it through planning...
and cooperative behavior of open nanosystems.
Quantum effects determine forces of interaction between individual atoms in physical objects, which are introduced in nanomechanics by means of some averaged mathematical models called interatomic potentials.
Subsequent utilization of the interatomic potentials within the classical multibody dynamics
Dynamics (mechanics)
In the field of physics, the study of the causes of motion and changes in motion is dynamics. In other words the study of forces and why objects are in motion. Dynamics includes the study of the effect of torques on motion...
provide deterministic mechanical models of nano structures and systems at the atomic scale/resolution. Numerical methods of solution of these models are called molecular dynamics
Molecular dynamics
Molecular dynamics is a computer simulation of physical movements of atoms and molecules. The atoms and molecules are allowed to interact for a period of time, giving a view of the motion of the atoms...
(MD), and sometimes molecular mechanics
Molecular mechanics
Molecular mechanics uses Newtonian mechanics to model molecular systems. The potential energy of all systems in molecular mechanics is calculated using force fields...
(especially, in relation to statically equilibrated (still) models). Nondeterministic numerical approaches include Monte-Carlo, Kinetic More-Carlo (KMC), and other methods. Contemporary numerical tools include also hybrid multiscale approaches allowing concurrent or sequential utilization of the atomistic scale methods (usually, MD) with the continuum (macro) scale methods (usually, field emission microscopy
Field emission microscopy
Field emission microscopy is an analytical technique used in materials science to investigate molecular surface structures and their electronic properties...
) within a single mathematical model. Development of these complex methods is a separate subject of applied mechanics
Applied mechanics
Applied mechanics is a branch of the physical sciences and the practical application of mechanics. Applied mechanics examines the response of bodies or systems of bodies to external forces...
research.
Quantum effects also determine novel electrical, optical and chemical properties of nanostructures, and therefore they find even greater attention in adjacent areas of nanoscience and nanotechnology
Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is the study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally, nanotechnology deals with developing materials, devices, or other structures possessing at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometres...
, such as nanoelectronics
Nanoelectronics
Nanoelectronics refer to the use of nanotechnology on electronic components, especially transistors. Although the term nanotechnology is generally defined as utilizing technology less than 100 nm in size, nanoelectronics often refer to transistor devices that are so small that inter-atomic...
, advanced energy systems, and nanobiotechnology
Nanobiotechnology
Bionanotechnology, nanobiotechnology, and nanobiology are terms that refer to the intersection of nanotechnology and biology. Given that the subject is one that has only emerged very recently, bionanotechnology and nanobiotechnology serve as blanket terms for various related technologies.This...
.