Minuscule 451
Encyclopedia
Minuscule 451 α 178 (in the Soden numbering), is a Greek
minuscule manuscript
of the New Testament
, on parchment. Palaeographically
it has been assigned to the 11th century.
Formerly it was labelled by 79a and 90p.
, Catholic epistles, and Pauline epistles
on 161 parchment leaves with two lacunae
(2 Cor 11:15-12:1; Eph 1:9-Heb 13:25). It is written in one column per page, in 30 lines per page. The letters are written above lines.
It contains Prolegomena, lectionary markings at the margin, Synaxarion, Menologion, Euthalian Apparatus
, and στιχοι
.
The order of books: Acts, Catholic epistles, Pauline epistles
.
. Aland
placed it in Category III in Pauline epistles and in Category V elsewhere.
Textually it is very close to the codices 330
, 2400, 2492.
Some unique readings of the codex
Acts 13:33
Acts 18:26
Romans 4:11
Romans 15:19 it supports πνευματος θεου αγιου along with Minuscule 330
Romans 16:25-27 is following 14:23, as in Codex Angelicus
Codex Athous Lavrensis, 0209
, Minuscule 181
326
330
460
614
1241 1877 1881 1984 1985 2492 2495.
In 1 Corinthians 7:5 it has unique reading τη προσευχη και νηστεια (prayer and fasting); the reading is supported only by 451, and John of Damascus
. Other readings:
In Ephesians 5:9 it reads πνευματος along with: P46 Dc
Κ
Ψ 88
104
181
326
436
614
630 1241 1739mg 1877 1985 2495 Byz ℓ 809 syrh; other manuscripts have φωτος — P49 א A B D* F
G
33
81
330 1739* 1881 1962 copsa Lectionaries it vg
syrp
, syrpal copsa, bo
.
, Scholz, Stornalojo, and C. R. Gregory (1886).
It is currently housed at the Vatican Library
(Urb. gr. 3) in Rome
.
Greek language
Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages. Native to the southern Balkans, it has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning 34 centuries of written records. Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the majority of its history;...
minuscule manuscript
Manuscript
A manuscript or handwrite is written information that has been manually created by someone or some people, such as a hand-written letter, as opposed to being printed or reproduced some other way...
of the New Testament
New Testament
The New Testament is the second major division of the Christian biblical canon, the first such division being the much longer Old Testament....
, on parchment. Palaeographically
Palaeography
Palaeography, also spelt paleography is the study of ancient writing. Included in the discipline is the practice of deciphering, reading, and dating historical manuscripts, and the cultural context of writing, including the methods with which writing and books were produced, and the history of...
it has been assigned to the 11th century.
Formerly it was labelled by 79a and 90p.
Description
The codex contains the text of the Acts of the ApostlesActs of the Apostles
The Acts of the Apostles , usually referred to simply as Acts, is the fifth book of the New Testament; Acts outlines the history of the Apostolic Age...
, Catholic epistles, and Pauline epistles
Pauline epistles
The Pauline epistles, Epistles of Paul, or Letters of Paul, are the thirteen New Testament books which have the name Paul as the first word, hence claiming authorship by Paul the Apostle. Among these letters are some of the earliest extant Christian documents...
on 161 parchment leaves with two lacunae
Lacuna (manuscripts)
A lacunaPlural lacunae. From Latin lacūna , diminutive form of lacus . is a gap in a manuscript, inscription, text, painting, or a musical work...
(2 Cor 11:15-12:1; Eph 1:9-Heb 13:25). It is written in one column per page, in 30 lines per page. The letters are written above lines.
It contains Prolegomena, lectionary markings at the margin, Synaxarion, Menologion, Euthalian Apparatus
Euthalian Apparatus
The Euthalian Apparatus is a collection of additional editorial material, such as divisions of text, lists, and summaries, to the New Testament's Book of Acts, Catholic epistles, and Pauline epistles. This additional material appears at the beginnings of books, in the margin of the text, and at the...
, and στιχοι
Stichometry
Stichometry is a term applied to the measurement of ancient texts by στίχοι or verses of a fixed standard length.It was the custom of the Greeks and Romans to estimate the length of their literary works by measured lines...
.
The order of books: Acts, Catholic epistles, Pauline epistles
Pauline epistles
The Pauline epistles, Epistles of Paul, or Letters of Paul, are the thirteen New Testament books which have the name Paul as the first word, hence claiming authorship by Paul the Apostle. Among these letters are some of the earliest extant Christian documents...
.
Text
The Greek text of the codex is mixed in the Pauline epistles, elsewhere the Byzantine text-typeByzantine text-type
The Byzantine text-type is one of several text-types used in textual criticism to describe the textual character of Greek New Testament manuscripts. It is the form found in the largest number of surviving manuscripts, though not in the oldest...
. Aland
Kurt Aland
Kurt Aland was a German Theologian and Professor of New Testament Research and Church History. He founded the Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung in Münster and served as its first director for many years...
placed it in Category III in Pauline epistles and in Category V elsewhere.
Textually it is very close to the codices 330
Minuscule 330
Minuscule 330 , δ 259 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century.It has marginalia.- Description :...
, 2400, 2492.
Some unique readings of the codex
Acts 13:33
- εν τω ψαλμω τω δευτερω γεγραπται (it is written in the second Psalm) – ΕCodex LaudianusCodex Laudianus, designated by Ea or 08 , α 1001 , called Laudianus after the former owner, Archbishop William Laud. It is a diglot Latin — Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, palaeographically assigned to the 6th century...
ΠCodex Petropolitanus (New Testament)Codex Petropolitanus, designated by Π or 041 , ε 73 , is a Greek uncial manuscript of the Gospels, dated palaeographically to the 9th century...
049Uncial 049Uncial 049 , α 2 . It is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 9th century.- Description :...
88Minuscule 88Codex Regis , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century...
104Minuscule 104Minuscule 104 , α 103 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century.Formerly it was labelled by 25a, 31p, and 7r....
330Minuscule 330Minuscule 330 , δ 259 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century.It has marginalia.- Description :...
436Minuscule 436Minuscule 436 , α 172 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment...
614Minuscule 614Minuscule 614 , α 364 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 13th century. The manuscript is lacunose...
629Minuscule 629Minuscule 629 , α 460 , is a Latin–Greek diglot minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. It is known as Codex Ottobonianus. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 14th century. The manuscript is lacunose. It is known for the Comma Johanneum.Formerly it was labeled by 162a and...
1241 1505 1877 2127 2412 2492 2495 Byz;
Acts 18:26
- την του θεου οδον along with PCodex PorphyrianusCodex Porphyrianus designated by Papr or 025 , α 3 , is a Greek uncial manuscript of the Acts of Apostles, Pauline epistles, and General epistles, with some lacunae, dated paleographically to the 9th century. It is one of a few uncial manuscripts that include the Book of Revelation.It was...
, Ψ, 049, 0142Uncial 0142Uncial 0142 , O6 , is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated paleographically to the 10th century...
, 104Minuscule 104Minuscule 104 , α 103 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century.Formerly it was labelled by 25a, 31p, and 7r....
, 330, 1241, 1877, 2127, 2492, Byz, Lect;
Romans 4:11
- λογισθηναι αυτον — 451;
- λογισθηναι και — א* ACodex AlexandrinusThe Codex Alexandrinus is a 5th century manuscript of the Greek Bible,The Greek Bible in this context refers to the Bible used by Greek-speaking Christians who lived in Egypt and elsewhere during the early history of Christianity...
B 81Minuscule 81Minuscule 81 , or α162 is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on a parchment. It is dated by a colophon to the year 1044. Formerly it was labelled by 61a and 61p . The manuscript is lacunose...
330 630Minuscule 630Minuscule 630 , α 461 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on paper. It is known as Codex Ottobonianus. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th or 13th century. The manuscript is lacunose...
1739Minuscule 1739Minuscule 1739 ; α 78 per is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on 102 parchment leaves . It is dated paleographically to the 10th century.- Description :...
1881 Byz; - λογισθηναι — 2492
Romans 15:19 it supports πνευματος θεου αγιου along with Minuscule 330
Minuscule 330
Minuscule 330 , δ 259 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century.It has marginalia.- Description :...
- πνευματος θεου
- πνευματος αγιου;
Romans 16:25-27 is following 14:23, as in Codex Angelicus
Codex Angelicus
Codex Angelicus designated by Lap or 020 , α 5 , is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 9th century...
Codex Athous Lavrensis, 0209
Uncial 0209
Uncial 0209 , is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated palaeographically to the 7th century.- Description :...
, Minuscule 181
Minuscule 181
Minuscule 181 , α 101 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 11th century.Formerly it was labelled by 40a, 46p, and 12r.It has marginalia....
326
Minuscule 326
Minuscule 326 , α 257 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 10th century.Formerly it was labelled by 33a and 39p ....
330
Minuscule 330
Minuscule 330 , δ 259 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century.It has marginalia.- Description :...
460
Minuscule 460
Minuscule 460 , α 397 , is a Greek-Latin-Arabic minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. The manuscript is lacunose...
614
Minuscule 614
Minuscule 614 , α 364 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 13th century. The manuscript is lacunose...
1241 1877 1881 1984 1985 2492 2495.
In 1 Corinthians 7:5 it has unique reading τη προσευχη και νηστεια (prayer and fasting); the reading is supported only by 451, and John of Damascus
John of Damascus
Saint John of Damascus was a Syrian monk and priest...
. Other readings:
- τη προσευχη (prayer) –
11, 
46, א*, A, B, C, D, G, P, Ψ, 33, 81, 104, 181, 629, 630, 1739, 1877, 1881, 1962, it vg, cop, arm, eth - τη νηστεια και τη προσευχη (fasting and prayer) – אc, K, L, 88, 326, 436, 614, 1241, 1984, 1985, 2127, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect, syrp,h, goth.
In Ephesians 5:9 it reads πνευματος along with: P46 Dc
Codex Bezae
The Codex Bezae Cantabrigensis, designated by siglum Dea or 05 , δ 5 , is a codex of the New Testament dating from the 5th century written in an uncial hand on vellum. It contains, in both Greek and Latin, most of the four Gospels and Acts, with a small fragment of the 3 John...
Κ
Codex Mosquensis I
Codex Mosquensis I designated by Kap or 018 , Απρ1 , is a Greek uncial manuscript of New Testament, palaeographically it has been assigned to the 9th century...
Ψ 88
Minuscule 88
Codex Regis , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century...
104
Minuscule 104
Minuscule 104 , α 103 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century.Formerly it was labelled by 25a, 31p, and 7r....
181
Minuscule 181
Minuscule 181 , α 101 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 11th century.Formerly it was labelled by 40a, 46p, and 12r.It has marginalia....
326
Minuscule 326
Minuscule 326 , α 257 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 10th century.Formerly it was labelled by 33a and 39p ....
436
Minuscule 436
Minuscule 436 , α 172 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment...
614
Minuscule 614
Minuscule 614 , α 364 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 13th century. The manuscript is lacunose...
630 1241 1739mg 1877 1985 2495 Byz ℓ 809 syrh; other manuscripts have φωτος — P49 א A B D* F
Codex Augiensis
Codex Augiensis, designated by Fp or 010 , α 1029 is a 9th century diglot uncial manuscript of the Pauline Epistles in double parallel columns of Greek and Latin on the same page.- Description :...
G
Codex Boernerianus
Codex Boernerianus, designated by Gp or 012 , α 1028 , is a small New Testament codex, measuring 25 x 18 cm, written in one column per page, 20 lines per page. Dated paleographically to the 9th century. The name of the codex derives from Boerner, to whom it once belonged...
33
Minuscule 33
Minuscule 33 , δ 48 , formerly it was called Codex Colbertinus 2844, is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on parchment, dated palaeographically to the 9th century. The manuscript is lacunose. It has marginalia...
81
Minuscule 81
Minuscule 81 , or α162 is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on a parchment. It is dated by a colophon to the year 1044. Formerly it was labelled by 61a and 61p . The manuscript is lacunose...
330 1739* 1881 1962 copsa Lectionaries it vg
Vulgate
The Vulgate is a late 4th-century Latin translation of the Bible. It was largely the work of St. Jerome, who was commissioned by Pope Damasus I in 382 to make a revision of the old Latin translations...
syrp
Peshitta
The Peshitta is the standard version of the Bible for churches in the Syriac tradition.The Old Testament of the Peshitta was translated into Syriac from the Hebrew, probably in the 2nd century AD...
, syrpal copsa, bo
Coptic versions of the Bible
There have been many Coptic versions of the Bible, including some of the earliest translations into any language. Several different versions were made in the ancient world, with different editions of the Old and New Testament in all four of the major dialects of Coptic: Bohairic , Fayyumic, Sahidic...
.
History
The manuscript was examined by BirchAndrew Birch
Andrew Birch was a professor from Copenhagen. Birch was sent in 1781–1783 by the king of Denmark, Christian VII, to examine manuscripts in Italy, Germany, and other European countries.- Life :...
, Scholz, Stornalojo, and C. R. Gregory (1886).
It is currently housed at the Vatican Library
Vatican Library
The Vatican Library is the library of the Holy See, currently located in Vatican City. It is one of the oldest libraries in the world and contains one of the most significant collections of historical texts. Formally established in 1475, though in fact much older, it has 75,000 codices from...
(Urb. gr. 3) in Rome
Rome
Rome is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, on the Tiber River within the Lazio region of Italy.Rome's history spans two and a half...
.
See also
- List of New Testament minuscules
- Biblical manuscriptBiblical manuscriptA biblical manuscript is any handwritten copy of a portion of the text of the Bible. The word Bible comes from the Greek biblia ; manuscript comes from Latin manu and scriptum...
- Textual criticismTextual criticismTextual criticism is a branch of literary criticism that is concerned with the identification and removal of transcription errors in the texts of manuscripts...
External links
- Minuscule 451 at the Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism