• classes
  • Long bones
    • body, or diaphysis
      Diaphysis
      The diaphysis is the main or mid section of a long bone. It is made up of cortical bone and usually contains bone marrow and adipose tissue ....
      
      
    • medullary canal
    • epiphyses
  • Short bones
  • Flat bones
    • tables of the skull
    • vitreous table

• classes
  • Flat bones
    • diploë
      Diploë
      Diploë refers to the spongy bone structure of the internal part of short, irregular, and flat bones.In the cranial bones, the layers of compact tissue are familiarly known as the tables of the skull; the outer one is thick and tough; the inner is thin, dense, and brittle, and hence is termed the...
      
      
  • Irregular bones
• Surfaces of bones
  • articular eminences
  • articular depressions
  • non-articular eminences
    • tuberosity, protuberance, or process
      Process (anatomy)
      In anatomy, a process is a projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body. The vertebra has several kinds of processes,such as: transverse process, prezygapophysis, postzygapophysis.-Examples:Examples of processes include:...
      
      
    • tubercle
    • spine
      Vertebral column
      In human anatomy, the vertebral column is a column usually consisting of 24 articulating vertebrae, and 9 fused vertebrae in the sacrum and the coccyx. It is situated in the dorsal aspect of the torso, separated by intervertebral discs...
      
      
    • ridge
      Ridge
      A ridge is a geological feature consisting of a chain of mountains or hills that form a continuous elevated crest for some distance. Ridges are usually termed hills or mountains as well, depending on size. There are several main types of ridges:...
      
      , crest
      Sagittal crest
      A sagittal crest is a ridge of bone running lengthwise along the midline of the top of the skull of many mammalian and reptilian skulls, among others....
      
      , or line
  • non-articular depressions
    • fossæ, pits, depressions, grooves, furrows, fissures, notches
  • perforation/passage
    • foramen
      Foramen
      In anatomy, a foramen is any opening. Foramina inside the body of humans and other animals typically allow muscles, nerves, arteries, veins, or other structures to connect one part of the body with another.-Skull:...
      
      
    • canal
      Canal
      Canals are man-made channels for water. There are two types of canal:#Waterways: navigable transportation canals used for carrying ships and boats shipping goods and conveying people, further subdivided into two kinds:...
      
      

• Skeleton
  Skeleton
  The skeleton is the body part that forms the supporting structure of an organism. There are two different skeletal types: the exoskeleton, which is the stable outer shell of an organism, and the endoskeleton, which forms the support structure inside the body.In a figurative sense, skeleton can...
  
  
  • axial skeleton
    Axial skeleton
    The axial skeleton consists of the 80 bones along the central axis of the human body. It is composed of six parts; the human skull, the ossicles of the middle ear, the hyoid bone of the throat, the rib cage, sternum and the vertebral column...
    
    
  • appendicular skeleton
    Appendicular skeleton
    The Appendicular skeleton is composed of 126 bones in the human body. The word appendicular is the adjective of the noun appendage, which itself means a part that is joined to something larger...
    
    
• Vertebral column
  Vertebral column
  In human anatomy, the vertebral column is a column usually consisting of 24 articulating vertebrae, and 9 fused vertebrae in the sacrum and the coccyx. It is situated in the dorsal aspect of the torso, separated by intervertebral discs...
  
  
  • primitive segments
  • intersegmental septa
  • myocœl
  • cutis-plate
    Cutis plate
    The dermatomal mesenchyme or cutis plate is the dorsal portion of the paraxial mesoderm somite which gives rise to dermis.It is also known as the "dermatome", but it should not be confused with the dermatomic area, which is also sometimes called a "dermotome"...
    
    
  • muscle-plate
  • sclerotome
    Sclerotome
    A sclerotome is part of a somite, a structure in vertebrate embryonic development. Sclerotomes eventually differentiate into the vertebrae and most of the skull...
    
    
  • sclerotogenous layer

• Vertebral column
  Vertebral column
  In human anatomy, the vertebral column is a column usually consisting of 24 articulating vertebrae, and 9 fused vertebrae in the sacrum and the coccyx. It is situated in the dorsal aspect of the torso, separated by intervertebral discs...
  
  
  • cartilaginous vertebral column
  • hypochordal bar or brace
  • nucleus pulposus
    Nucleus pulposus
    Nucleus pulposus is the jelly-like substance in the middle of the spinal disc. It is the remnant of the notochord . It functions to distribute hydraulic pressure in all directions within each disc under compressive loads. The nucleus pulposus consists of chondrocyte-like cells, collagen fibrils,...
    
    
• Ribs
  • primitive costal arches

• Skull
  Human skull
  The human skull is a bony structure, skeleton, that is in the human head and which supports the structures of the face and forms a cavity for the brain.In humans, the adult skull is normally made up of 22 bones...
  
  
  • membranous cranium
  • chondrocranium
    Chondrocranium
    The chondrocranium is the primitive cartilaginous skeletal structure of the fetal skull that grows to envelop the rapidly growing embryonic brain....
    
    
  • chordal or vertebral portion
  • prechordal or prevertebral portion
  • trabeculae cranii
  • parachordal cartilages

• • cartilaginous ear-capsules
  • trabeculae cranii
  • ethmoidal plate
  • dermal or covering bones

• Structure and Physical Properties
  • compact tissue
  • cancellous tissue

• medullary mem
• Periosteum
  Periosteum
  Periosteum is a membrane that lines the outer surface of all bones, except at the joints of long bones. Endosteum lines the inner surface of all bones....
  
  
  • granular corpuscles or osteoblasts
• Marrow
  Bone marrow
  Bone marrow is the flexible tissue found in the interior of bones. In humans, bone marrow in large bones produces new blood cells. On average, bone marrow constitutes 4% of the total body mass of humans; in adults weighing 65 kg , bone marrow accounts for approximately 2.6 kg...
  
  

• Marrow
  Bone marrow
  Bone marrow is the flexible tissue found in the interior of bones. In humans, bone marrow in large bones produces new blood cells. On average, bone marrow constitutes 4% of the total body mass of humans; in adults weighing 65 kg , bone marrow accounts for approximately 2.6 kg...
  
  
  • myelocytes
  • erythroblasts or normoblasts
  • Giant cells (myeloplaxes, osteoclasts)
  • Howship's foveolæ
• Vessels and Nerves of Bone
  • blood vessels
  • medullary artery or nutrient artery
    Nutrient artery
    The medullary or nutrient artery, usually accompanied by one or two veins, sends branches upward and downward to the bone marrow, which ramify in the medullary membrane, and give twigs to the adjoining canals. Nutrient Arteries are the most apparent blood vessels of the bones....
    
    

• Vessels and Nerves of Bone
  • veins
  • Lymphatic vessels
  • Nerves
• Minute Anatomy
  • Haversian systems
  • Haversian canal
  • lamellæ
  • lacunæ
    Lacuna (histology)
    In histology, a lacuna is a small space containing an osteocyte in bone or chondrocyte in cartilage.-Bone:The Lacuna are situated between the lamella, and consist of a number of oblong spaces. In an ordinary microscopic section, viewed by transmitted light, they appear as fusiform opaque spots...
    
    
  • canaliculi
    Canaliculus (bone)
    Canaliculi are microscopic canals between the various lacunae of ossified bone. The radiating processes of the osteocytes project into these canals. These cytoplasmic processes are joined together by gap junctions. Osteocytes do not entirely fill up the canaliculi. The remaining space is known...
    
    
  • interstitial lamellæ
  • circumferential lamellæ

• Minute Anatomy
  • primary or fundamental lamellæ
  • secondary or special lamellæ
  • Haversian canals
    Haversian canals
    Haversian canals are a series of tubes around narrow channels formed by lamellae. This is the region of bone called compact bone. Osteons are arranged in parallel to the long axis of the bone...
    
    
  • lamellæ
  • perforating fibers
  • Lacunæ
    Lacuna (histology)
    In histology, a lacuna is a small space containing an osteocyte in bone or chondrocyte in cartilage.-Bone:The Lacuna are situated between the lamella, and consist of a number of oblong spaces. In an ordinary microscopic section, viewed by transmitted light, they appear as fusiform opaque spots...
    
    

• Minute Anatomy
  • bone-cell
  • bone-corpuscle
  • Canaliculi
    Canaliculus (bone)
    Canaliculi are microscopic canals between the various lacunae of ossified bone. The radiating processes of the osteocytes project into these canals. These cytoplasmic processes are joined together by gap junctions. Osteocytes do not entirely fill up the canaliculi. The remaining space is known...
    
    
  • bone cells
• Ossification
  Ossification
  Ossification is the process of laying down new bone material by cells called osteoblasts. It is synonymous with bone tissue formation...
  
  
  • intramembranous ossification
    Intramembranous ossification
    Intramembranous ossification is one of the two essential processes during fetal development of the mammalian skeletal system by which bone tissue is created. Unlike endochondral ossification, which is the other process by which bone tissue is created, cartilage is not present during intramembranous...
    
    

• Ossification
  Ossification
  Ossification is the process of laying down new bone material by cells called osteoblasts. It is synonymous with bone tissue formation...
  
  
  • intramembranous ossification
    Intramembranous ossification
    Intramembranous ossification is one of the two essential processes during fetal development of the mammalian skeletal system by which bone tissue is created. Unlike endochondral ossification, which is the other process by which bone tissue is created, cartilage is not present during intramembranous...
    
    
    • osteoblasts
    • Osteogenetic fibers

• Ossification
  Ossification
  Ossification is the process of laying down new bone material by cells called osteoblasts. It is synonymous with bone tissue formation...
  
  
  • intercartilaginous ossification
    • epiphysial cartilage
    • center of ossification
    • primary areolæ
    • perichondrium
      Perichondrium
      The perichondrium is a layer of dense irregular connective tissue which surrounds the cartilage of developing bone. It consists of two separate layers: an outer fibrous layer and inner chondrogenic layer. The fibrous layer contains fibroblasts, which produce collagenous fibers. The chondrogenic...
      
      

• Ossification
  Ossification
  Ossification is the process of laying down new bone material by cells called osteoblasts. It is synonymous with bone tissue formation...
  
  
  • osteoblasts, or bone-formers
  • osteoclasts, or bone-destroyers
  • secondary areolæ or medullary spaces

• Ossification
  Ossification
  Ossification is the process of laying down new bone material by cells called osteoblasts. It is synonymous with bone tissue formation...
  
  
  • epiphyses
    • pressure epiphyses
    • traction epiphyses
    • atavistic epiphyses

• typical vertebra
• vertebral foramen
  Vertebral foramen
  In a typical vertebra, the vertebral foramen is the foramen formed by the anterior segment , and the posterior part, the vertebral arch....
  
  
• intervertebral foramina
  Intervertebral foramina
  When the spinal vertebrae are articulated with each other the bodies form a strong pillar for the support of the head and trunk, and the vertebral foramina constitute a canal for the protection of the medulla spinalis...
  
  
• body of vertebra
  Body of vertebra
  The body is the largest part of a vertebra, and is more or less cylindrical in shape. For vertebrates other than humans, this structure is usually called a centrum....
  
   (corpus vertebræ)

• body of vertebra
  Body of vertebra
  The body is the largest part of a vertebra, and is more or less cylindrical in shape. For vertebrates other than humans, this structure is usually called a centrum....
  
   (corpus vertebræ)
• vertebral arch
  Vertebral arch
  The vertebral arch is the posterior part of a vertebra.It consists of a pair of pedicles and a pair of laminae, and supports seven processes:* four articular processes* two transverse processes* one spinous process...
  
   or neural arch (posterior part)
  • pedicle of vertebral arch
    Pedicle of vertebral arch
    The pedicles are two short, thick processes, which project dorsally, one on either side, from the superior part of the vertebral body at the junction of its posterior and lateral surfaces. They connect the body of the spinal vertebra to the arch...
    
     (radices arci vertebræ)
    • vertebral notches
  • lamina of the vertebral arch
    Lamina of the vertebral arch
    The laminæ are two broad plates, extending dorsally and medially from the pedicles, fusing to complete the roof of the vertebral arch.Their upper borders and the lower parts of their anterior surfaces are rough for the attachment of the ligamenta flava....
    
    
• processes of vertebra
  • 1 Spinous process
    Spinous process
    The spinous process of a vertebra is directed backward and downward from the junction of the laminae , and serves for the attachment of muscles and ligaments. In animals without an erect stance, the process points upward and may slant forward or backward...
    
     (processus spinosus)
  • 4 Articular processes
    Articular processes
    The articular processes or zygapophyses of a vertebra, two superior and two inferior, spring from the junctions of the pedicles and laminæ...
    
    
  • 2 Transverse processes (processus transversi)

• cervical vertebræ
  • body
    Body
    With regard to living things, a body is the physical body of an individual. "Body" often is used in connection with appearance, health issues and death...
    
    
  • anterior surface
    Cervical vertebrae
    In vertebrates, cervical vertebrae are those vertebrae immediately inferior to the skull.Thoracic vertebrae in all mammalian species are defined as those vertebrae that also carry a pair of ribs, and lie caudal to the cervical vertebrae. Further caudally follow the lumbar vertebrae, which also...
    
    
  • posterior surface

• upper surface
• lower surface
• pedicles
  Pedicle of vertebral arch
  The pedicles are two short, thick processes, which project dorsally, one on either side, from the superior part of the vertebral body at the junction of its posterior and lateral surfaces. They connect the body of the spinal vertebra to the arch...
  
  
• laminae
  Lamina of the vertebral arch
  The laminæ are two broad plates, extending dorsally and medially from the pedicles, fusing to complete the roof of the vertebral arch.Their upper borders and the lower parts of their anterior surfaces are rough for the attachment of the ligamenta flava....
  
  
• vertebral foramen
  Vertebral foramen
  In a typical vertebra, the vertebral foramen is the foramen formed by the anterior segment , and the posterior part, the vertebral arch....
  
  
• spinous process
  Spinous process
  The spinous process of a vertebra is directed backward and downward from the junction of the laminae , and serves for the attachment of muscles and ligaments. In animals without an erect stance, the process points upward and may slant forward or backward...
  
  
• superior articular process
• inferior articular process
• transverse processes
• foramen transversarium
• costal process or costal element
• anterior tubercle
• posterior tubercle

• First cervical vertebra (atlas
  Atlas (anatomy)
  In anatomy, the atlas is the most superior cervical vertebra of the spine.It is named for the Atlas of Greek mythology, because it supports the globe of the head....
  
  )
  • anterior arch
  • anterior tubercle
  • posterior arch
    Posterior arch
    In a cervical vertebra, the posterior arch forms about two-fifths of the circumference of the ring: it ends behind in the posterior tubercle, which is the rudiment of a spinous process and gives origin to the Recti capitis posteriores minores....
    
    
  • posterior tubercle
  • fovea dentis
  • dens (anatomy)
    Dens (anatomy)
    The dens is a protuberance of the axis . It exhibits a slight constriction or neck, where it joins the main body of the vertebra...
    
    
  • sulcus arteriae vertebralis
  • inferior vertebral notches
  • lateral masses
    Lateral mass of atlas
    The lateral masses are the most bulky and solid parts of the atlas, in order to support the weight of the head.Each carries two articular facets, a superior and an inferior....
    
    
  • superior facets

• First cervical vertebra (atlas
  Atlas (anatomy)
  In anatomy, the atlas is the most superior cervical vertebra of the spine.It is named for the Atlas of Greek mythology, because it supports the globe of the head....
  
  )
  • inferior articular facets
  • transverse processes
• second cervical vertebra (epistropheus or axis)
  • body
    Body
    With regard to living things, a body is the physical body of an individual. "Body" often is used in connection with appearance, health issues and death...
    
    
  • dens
    Dens (anatomy)
    The dens is a protuberance of the axis . It exhibits a slight constriction or neck, where it joins the main body of the vertebra...
    
     or odontoid process
  • apex

• second cervical vertebra (epistropheus or axis)
  • pedicles
    Pedicle of vertebral arch
    The pedicles are two short, thick processes, which project dorsally, one on either side, from the superior part of the vertebral body at the junction of its posterior and lateral surfaces. They connect the body of the spinal vertebra to the arch...
    
    
  • laminae
    Lamina of the vertebral arch
    The laminæ are two broad plates, extending dorsally and medially from the pedicles, fusing to complete the roof of the vertebral arch.Their upper borders and the lower parts of their anterior surfaces are rough for the attachment of the ligamenta flava....
    
    
  • transverse processes
  • superior articular surfaces
  • inferior articular surfaces
  • superior vertebral notches
  • inferior vertebral notches
  • spinous process
    Spinous process
    The spinous process of a vertebra is directed backward and downward from the junction of the laminae , and serves for the attachment of muscles and ligaments. In animals without an erect stance, the process points upward and may slant forward or backward...
    
    
• Seventh cervical vertebra (Vertebra prominens
  Vertebra prominens
  Vertebra prominens is the proper name for the seventh cervical vertebra. The most distinctive characteristic of this vertebra is the existence of a long and prominent spinous process which is palpable from the skin surface, hence the name...
  
   )
  • transverse processes

• Seventh cervical vertebra (Vertebra prominens
  Vertebra prominens
  Vertebra prominens is the proper name for the seventh cervical vertebra. The most distinctive characteristic of this vertebra is the existence of a long and prominent spinous process which is palpable from the skin surface, hence the name...
  
   )
  • cervical rib
    Cervical rib
    A cervical rib is a supernumerary rib which arises from the seventh cervical vertebra. It is a congenital abnormality located above the normal first rib. A cervical rib is present in only about 1 in 500 of people; in even rarer cases, an individual may have two cervical ribs...
    
    

• First thoracic vertebra
• Ninth thoracic vertebra
• Tenth thoracic vertebra
• Eleventh thoracic vertebra
• Twelfth thoracic vertebra

• tubercles
  • mammillary process
    Mammillary process
    Of the three tubercles noticed in connection with the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae, the superior one is connected in the lumbar region with the back part of the superior articular process, and is named the mammillary process....
    
    
  • accessory process
    Accessory process
    Of the tubercles noticed in connection with the transverse processes of the lower lumbar vertebrae, the inferior is situated at the back part of the base of the transverse process, and is called the accessory process....
    
    
• Fifth lumbar vertebra

• Sacrum
  Sacrum
  In vertebrate anatomy the sacrum is a large, triangular bone at the base of the spine and at the upper and back part of the pelvic cavity, where it is inserted like a wedge between the two hip bones. Its upper part connects with the last lumbar vertebra, and bottom part with the coccyx...
  
   (os sacrum)
  • sacrovertebral angle
    Sacrovertebral angle
    The sacrum is curved upon itself and placed very obliquely, its base projecting forward and forming the prominent sacrovertebral angle when articulated with the last lumbar vertebra.It is also known as the "lumbosacral angle"....
    
    
• Pelvic surface of sacrum
  Pelvic surface of sacrum
  The pelvic surface of sacrum is concave from above downward, and slightly so from side to side.Its middle part is crossed by four transverse ridges, the positions of which correspond with the original planes of separation between the five segments of the bone.The portions of bone intervening...
  
   (facies pelvina)
  • transverse ridges
  • anterior sacral foramina
    Anterior sacral foramina
    At the ends of the transverse ridges of the pelvic surface of the sacrum are seen the anterior sacral foramina , four in number on either side, somewhat rounded in form, diminishing in size from above downward, and directed lateralward and forward.They give exit to the anterior divisions of the...
    
    
  • lateral parts of the sacrum

• Dorsal surface of sacrum
  Dorsal surface of sacrum
  The dorsal surface of sacrum is convex and narrower than the pelvic.In the middle line it displays a crest, the middle sacral crest, surmounted by three or four tubercles, the rudimentary spinous processes of the upper three or four sacral vertebrae....
  
   (facies dorsalis)
  • middle sacral crest
  • sacral groove
  • sacral articular crests

• Dorsal surface of sacrum
  Dorsal surface of sacrum
  The dorsal surface of sacrum is convex and narrower than the pelvic.In the middle line it displays a crest, the middle sacral crest, surmounted by three or four tubercles, the rudimentary spinous processes of the upper three or four sacral vertebrae....
  
   (facies dorsalis)
  • sacral cornua
  • posterior sacral foramina
    Posterior sacral foramina
    Lateral to the articular processes of the sacrum are the four posterior sacral foramina ; they are smaller in size and less regular in form than the anterior, and transmit the posterior divisions of the sacral nerves....
    
    
  • lateral crests
• Lateral surface of sacrum
  Lateral surface of sacrum
  The lateral surface of sacrum is broad above, but narrowed into a thin edge below. The upper half presents in front an ear-shaped surface, the auricular surface, covered with cartilage in the fresh state, for articulation with the ilium....
  
  
  • auricular surface
  • sacral tuberosity
    Sacral tuberosity
    On the medial surface of sacrum there is a smooth surface, the sacral tuberosity, on which are three deep and uneven impressions, for the attachment of the posterior sacroiliac ligament....
    
    
  • inferior lateral angle
• base of the sacrum
  Base of the sacrum
  The base of the sacrum, which is broad and expanded, is directed upward and forward.In the middle is a large oval articular surface, the upper surface of the body of the first sacral vertebra, which is connected with the under surface of the body of the last lumbar vertebra by an intervertebral...
  
   (basis oss. sacri)

• base of the sacrum
  Base of the sacrum
  The base of the sacrum, which is broad and expanded, is directed upward and forward.In the middle is a large oval articular surface, the upper surface of the body of the first sacral vertebra, which is connected with the under surface of the body of the last lumbar vertebra by an intervertebral...
  
   (basis oss. sacri)
  • ala of sacrum
    Ala of sacrum
    On either side of the body of the base of the sacrum is a large triangular surface, which supports the Psoas major and the lumbosacral trunk, and in the articulated pelvis is continuous with the iliac fossa...
    
    
• Apex of the sacrum (apex oss. sacri)
• Vertebral canal (canalis sacralis; sacral canal
  Sacral canal
  The vertebral canal runs throughout the greater part of the sacral bone; above, it is triangular in form; below, its posterior wall is incomplete, from the non-development of the laminæ and spinous processes....
  
  )

• Differences in the Sacrum
  Sacrum
  In vertebrate anatomy the sacrum is a large, triangular bone at the base of the spine and at the upper and back part of the pelvic cavity, where it is inserted like a wedge between the two hip bones. Its upper part connects with the last lumbar vertebra, and bottom part with the coccyx...
  
   of the Male and Female
• Coccyx
  Coccyx
  The coccyx , commonly referred to as the tailbone, is the final segment of the vertebral column. Comprising three to five separate or fused vertebrae below the sacrum, it is attached to the sacrum by a fibrocartilaginous joint, the sacrococcygeal symphysis, which permits limited movement between...
  
   (os coccygis)
  • coccygeal cornua
• Ossification
  Ossification
  Ossification is the process of laying down new bone material by cells called osteoblasts. It is synonymous with bone tissue formation...
  
   of the Vertebral column
  Vertebral column
  In human anatomy, the vertebral column is a column usually consisting of 24 articulating vertebrae, and 9 fused vertebrae in the sacrum and the coccyx. It is situated in the dorsal aspect of the torso, separated by intervertebral discs...
  
  

• Thorax
  Thorax
  The thorax is a division of an animal's body that lies between the head and the abdomen.-In tetrapods:...
  
  : boundaries of:
• Thorax
  Thorax
  The thorax is a division of an animal's body that lies between the head and the abdomen.-In tetrapods:...
  
  : skeleton
  Skeleton
  The skeleton is the body part that forms the supporting structure of an organism. There are two different skeletal types: the exoskeleton, which is the stable outer shell of an organism, and the endoskeleton, which forms the support structure inside the body.In a figurative sense, skeleton can...
  
   of:
• upper opening of the thorax

• Manubrium
  Manubrium
  The manubrium or manubrium sterni is the broad, upper part of the sternum. Located ventrally with a quadrangular shape, wider superiorly and narrower inferiorly, it articulates with the clavicles and the first two ribs.-Borders:The superior border is the thickest and presents at its center the...
  
   (manubrium sterni)
  • jugular notch or presternal notch
• Body of sternum
  Body of sternum
  The body of the sternum , considerably lengthier, narrower, and thinner than the manubrium, attains its greatest breadth close to the lower end.- Surfaces :...
  
   (corpus sterni; gladiolus)

• Body of sternum
  Body of sternum
  The body of the sternum , considerably lengthier, narrower, and thinner than the manubrium, attains its greatest breadth close to the lower end.- Surfaces :...
  
   (corpus sterni; gladiolus)
  • sternal foramen
  • sternal angle
    Sternal angle
    The sternal angle or 'angle of Louis', from the Latin angulus Ludovici is the anterior angle formed by the junction of the manubrium and the body of the sternum in the form of a secondary cartilaginous joint . This is also called the manubriosternal joint or Angle of Louis...
    
     (angulus Ludovici)
• Xiphoid process
  Xiphoid process
  The xiphoid process, or xiphisternum or metasternum, is a small cartilaginous process of the lower part of the sternum which is usually ossified in the adult human. By age 15 to 29, the xiphoid usually fuses to the body of the sternum with a fibrous joint. Unlike the synovial articulation of major...
  
   (processus xiphoideus; ensiform or xiphoid appendix)

• ribs (Costæ)
  • true ribs
    True ribs
    The first seven ribs are connected posteriorly with the vertebral column, and anteriorly, through the intervention of the costal cartilages, with the sternum; they are called true ribs or vertebro-sternal ribs....
    
     or vertebro-sternal ribs
  • false ribs
    False ribs
    The false ribs, are the five sets of ribs below the top seven true ribs. A rib is considered to be "false" if it has no direct attachment to the sternum, also known as the breast bone...
    
    
  • vertebro-chondral ribs
  • floating ribs or vertebral ribs
  • intercostal spaces
• Common Characteristics of the Ribs
• Posterior Extremity
  • crista colli costœ

• Posterior Extremity
  • head of rib
    Head of rib
    The head of the rib is the end of a rib closest to the vertebral column, with which it articulates.It is marked by a kidney-shaped articular surface, divided by a horizontal crest into two facets for articulation with the depression formed on the bodies of two adjacent thoracic vertebrae; the upper...
    
    
  • neck of rib
    Neck of rib
    The neck of the rib is the flattened portion which extends laterally from the head; it is about 2.5 cm. long, and is placed in front of the transverse process of the lower of the two vertebræ with which the head articulates....
    
    
  • tubercle of rib
    Rib
    In vertebrate anatomy, ribs are the long curved bones which form the rib cage. In most vertebrates, ribs surround the chest, enabling the lungs to expand and thus facilitate breathing by expanding the chest cavity. They serve to protect the lungs, heart, and other internal organs of the thorax...
    
    
    • articular portion
    • non-articular portion
• body
  Body
  With regard to living things, a body is the physical body of an individual. "Body" often is used in connection with appearance, health issues and death...
  
   or shaft
  • angle
    Angle
    In geometry, an angle is the figure formed by two rays sharing a common endpoint, called the vertex of the angle.Angles are usually presumed to be in a Euclidean plane with the circle taken for standard with regard to direction. In fact, an angle is frequently viewed as a measure of an circular arc...
    
    
  • costal groove
    Costal groove
    The Costal groove is a groove between the ridge of the internal surface of the rib and the inferior border. It contains the intercostal vessels and intercostal nerve....
    
    

• Anterior extremity or sternal extremity
• Peculiar ribs
  • First rib
    First rib
    The first rib is the most curved and usually the shortest of all the ribs; it is broad and flat, its surfaces looking upward and downward, and its borders inward and outward....
    
    
    • scalene tubercle
      Scalene tubercle
      The scalene tubercle is a small projection that runs along the medial border of the first rib between two grooves, which travel anteriorly for the subclavian vein and posteriorly for the subclavian artery. It projects outward medially and is the site of insertion for scalenus anterior....
      
      
  • Second rib
    Second rib
    The second rib is much longer than the first, but has a very similar curvature.The non-articular portion of the tubercle is occasionally only feebly marked.The angle is slight, and situated close to the tubercle....
    
    

• Peculiar ribs
  • Tenth rib
  • Eleventh rib
    Eleventh rib
    The eleventh rib has a single articular facet on the head, which is of rather large size.It has no necks or tubercles, and is pointed at its anterior ends.The eleventh has a slight angle and a shallow costal groove....
    
     and Twelfth rib
    Twelfth rib
    The twelfth rib has a single articular facet on the head, which is of rather large size. It has no necks or tubercles, and is pointed at its anterior ends....
    
    

• skull
  Human skull
  The human skull is a bony structure, skeleton, that is in the human head and which supports the structures of the face and forms a cavity for the brain.In humans, the adult skull is normally made up of 22 bones...
  
  
• cranium
• skeleton of the face

• occipital bone
  Occipital bone
  The occipital bone, a saucer-shaped membrane bone situated at the back and lower part of the cranium, is trapezoidal in shape and curved on itself...
  
  
• foramen magnum
• squama
  Squama occipitalis
  The squama of the occipital bone, situated above and behind the foramen magnum, is curved from above downward and from side to side.- External surface :...
  
   (squama occipitalis
  Squama occipitalis
  The squama of the occipital bone, situated above and behind the foramen magnum, is curved from above downward and from side to side.- External surface :...
  
  )
  • external surface
    • external occipital protuberance
      External occipital protuberance
      Near the middle of the occipital squama is the external occipital protuberance, and extending lateralward from it on either side is the superior nuchal line, and above this the faintly marked highest nuchal line.It is less pronounced in females....
      
      
    • highest nuchal line

• squama
  Squama occipitalis
  The squama of the occipital bone, situated above and behind the foramen magnum, is curved from above downward and from side to side.- External surface :...
  
   (squama occipitalis
  Squama occipitalis
  The squama of the occipital bone, situated above and behind the foramen magnum, is curved from above downward and from side to side.- External surface :...
  
  )
  • external surface
    • superior nuchal line
    • planum occipitale
      Planum occipitale
      That part of the squama occipitalis which lies above the highest nuchal lines is named the planum occipitale , and is covered by the Occipitalis muscle....
      
      
    • planum nuchale
      Planum nuchale
      That part of the squama occipitalis which lies below the highest nuchal lines is termed the planum nuchale , is rough and irregular for the attachment of several muscles....
      
      
    • median nuchal line
    • inferior nuchal line
  • internal surface
    • cruciate eminence
    • internal occipital protuberance
      Internal occipital protuberance
      Along the internal surface of the occipital bone, at the point of intersection of the four divisions of the cruciate eminence is the internal occipital protuberance. Running transversely on either side is a groove for the transverse sinus.-External links:*...
      
      

• squama
  Squama occipitalis
  The squama of the occipital bone, situated above and behind the foramen magnum, is curved from above downward and from side to side.- External surface :...
  
   (squama occipitalis
  Squama occipitalis
  The squama of the occipital bone, situated above and behind the foramen magnum, is curved from above downward and from side to side.- External surface :...
  
  )
  • internal surface
    • sagittal sulcus
      Sagittal sulcus
      The internal surface of the squama frontalis of the frontal bone is concave and presents in the upper part of the middle line a vertical groove, the sagittal sulcus, the edges of which unite below to form a ridge, the frontal crest; the sulcus lodges the superior sagittal sinus, while its margins...
      
      
    • internal occipital crest
      Internal occipital crest
      In the occipital bone, the lower division of the cruciate eminence is prominent, and is named the internal occipital crest; it bifurcates near the foramen magnum and gives attachment to the falx cerebelli; in the attached margin of this falx is the occipital sinus, which is sometimes duplicated.In...
      
      
    • vermian fossa
    • confluence of the sinuses
• Lateral parts of occipital bone
  Lateral parts of occipital bone
  The lateral parts of the occipital bone are situated at the sides of the foramen magnum; on their under surfaces are the condyles for articulation with the superior facets of the atlas....
  
   (pars lateralis)
  • under surfaces of the lateral part
    • condyles
      Occipital condyle
      The occipital condyles are undersurface facets of the occipital bone in vertebrates, which function in articulation with the superior facets of the atlas vertebra....
      
      
    • hypoglossal canal
      Hypoglossal canal
      The hypoglossal canal is a bony canal in the occipital bone of the skull.-Anatomy:It transmits the hypoglossal nerve from its point of entry near the medulla oblongata to its exit from the base of the skull near the jugular foramen...
      
       (anterior condyloid foramen)
    • condyloid fossa
      Condyloid fossa
      Behind either condyle of the lateral parts of occipital bone is a depression, the condyloid fossa , which receives the posterior margin of the superior facet of the atlas when the head is bent backward; the floor of this fossa is sometimes perforated by the condyloid canal, through which an...
      
      
    • condyloid canal
      Condyloid canal
      The condylar canal is a canal in the condyloid fossa of the lateral parts of occipital bone behind the occipital condyle. Resection of the rectus capitus posterior major and minor muscles reveals the bony recess leading to the condylar canal, which is situated posterior and lateral to the...
      
      
    • jugular process
      Jugular process
      In the lateral part of the occipital bone, extending lateralward from the posterior half of the condyle is a quadrilateral plate of bone, the jugular process, excavated in front by the jugular notch, which, in the articulated skull, forms the posterior part of the jugular foramen.It serves as the...
      
      
    • jugular notch
    • intrajugular process
    • paramastoid process
  • upper surface of the lateral part
    • jugular tubercle
      Jugular tubercle
      The upper surface of the lateral parts of occipital bone presents an oval eminence, the jugular tubercle, which overlies the hypoglossal canal and is sometimes crossed by an oblique groove for the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves.-External links:...
      
      

• Basilar part of occipital bone
  Basilar part of occipital bone
  The basilar part of the occipital bone extends forward and upward from the foramen magnum, and presents in front an area more or less quadrilateral in outline....
  
   (pars basilaris)
  • pharyngeal tubercle
    Pharyngeal tubercle
    On the lower surface of the basilar part of occipital bone, about 1 cm. in front of the foramen magnum, is the pharyngeal tubercle which gives attachment to the fibrous raphé of the pharynx, also known as the pharyngeal raphe....
    
    
• Foramen magnum
• Angles
  • superior angle
  • posterior fontanelle
    Posterior fontanelle
    The posterior fontanelle is a gap between bones in the human skull, triangular in form and situated at the junction of the sagittal suture and lambdoidal suture. It generally closes in 6-8 weeks from birth. A delay in closure is associated with congential hypothyroidism....
    
    
  • inferior angle
  • lateral angles
• Borders
  • superior borders
  • lambdoidal suture
  • inferior borders
• Ossification of occipital bone
  Ossification of occipital bone
  thumb|right|Figure 3 : Occipital bone at birth.The planum occipitale [Fig. 3] of the squama of the occipital bone is developed in membrane, and may remain separate throughout life when it constitutes the interparietal bone; the rest of the bone is developed in cartilage.The number of nuclei for the...
  
  

• external surface
  • superior temporal line and inferior temporal line
  • parietal foramen
    Parietal foramen
    At the back part of the parietal bone and close to the upper or sagittal border is the parietal foramen, which transmits the parietal emissary vein which anastamoses with the superior sagittal sinus, and sometimes a small branch of the occipital artery; it is not constantly present, and its size...
    
    
• internal surface
  • sagittal sulcus
    Sagittal sulcus
    The internal surface of the squama frontalis of the frontal bone is concave and presents in the upper part of the middle line a vertical groove, the sagittal sulcus, the edges of which unite below to form a ridge, the frontal crest; the sulcus lodges the superior sagittal sinus, while its margins...
    
    
  • arachnoid granulations (Pacchionian bodies)
• Borders
  • sagittal border
  • squamous border

• Borders
  • coronal suture
    Coronal suture
    The coronal suture is a dense, fibrous connective tissue joint that separates the frontal and parietal bones of the skull. At birth, the bones of the skull do not meet.-Pathology:...
    
    
  • occipital border
  • lambdoidal suture
• Angles
  • frontal angle
  • bregma
    Bregma
    The bregma is the anatomical point on the skull at which the coronal suture is intersected perpendicularly by the sagittal suture.-Location:The bregma is located at the intersection of the coronal suture and the sagittal suture on the superior middle portion of the calvarium...
    
    
  • anterior fontanelle
    Anterior fontanelle
    The anterior fontanelle is the largest fontanelle, and is placed at the junction of the sagittal suture, coronal suture, and frontal suture; it is lozenge-shaped, and measures about 4 cm in its antero-posterior and 2.5 cm in its transverse diameter...
    
    
  • sphenoidal angle
  • occipital angle
  • lambda
    Lambda
    Lambda is the 11th letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals lambda has a value of 30. Lambda is related to the Phoenician letter Lamed . Letters in other alphabets that stemmed from lambda include the Roman L and the Cyrillic letter El...
    
    
  • posterior fontanelle
    Posterior fontanelle
    The posterior fontanelle is a gap between bones in the human skull, triangular in form and situated at the junction of the sagittal suture and lambdoidal suture. It generally closes in 6-8 weeks from birth. A delay in closure is associated with congential hypothyroidism....
    
    
  • mastoid angle
  • asterion
    Asterion
    In Greek mythology, Asterion denotes two sacred kings of Crete. The first Asterion or Asterius , the son of Tectamus or son of Neleus and Chloris by the Greeks called "king" of Crete, was the consort of Europa and stepfather of her sons by Zeus, who had to assume the form of the Cretan bull of...
    
    

• Squama
  Squama frontalis
  There are two surfaces of the squama of the frontal bone: the external surface, and the internal surface.-External surface:The external surface is convex and usually exhibits, in the lower part of the middle line, the remains of the frontal or metopic suture; in infancy this suture divides the bone...
  
   (squama frontalis
  Squama frontalis
  There are two surfaces of the squama of the frontal bone: the external surface, and the internal surface.-External surface:The external surface is convex and usually exhibits, in the lower part of the middle line, the remains of the frontal or metopic suture; in infancy this suture divides the bone...
  
  )
  • metopic suture
  • frontal eminence
    Frontal eminence
    On the frontal bone, on either side of the frontal suture, about 3 cm. above the supraorbital margin, is a rounded elevation, the frontal eminence ....
    
     (tuber frontale)
  • superciliary arches
    Superciliary arches
    On the squama frontalis of the frontal bone of the skull, below the frontal eminences, and separated from them by a shallow groove, are two arched elevations, the superciliary arches; these are prominent medially, and are joined to one another by a smooth elevation named the glabella.Typically, the...
    
    
  • glabella
    Glabella
    The glabella, in humans, is the space between the eyebrows and above the nose. It is slightly elevated, and joins the two superciliary ridges.-Etymology:The term is derived from the Latin glabellus, meaning smooth, as this area is usually hairless....
    
    
  • supraorbital margin

• Squama
  Squama frontalis
  There are two surfaces of the squama of the frontal bone: the external surface, and the internal surface.-External surface:The external surface is convex and usually exhibits, in the lower part of the middle line, the remains of the frontal or metopic suture; in infancy this suture divides the bone...
  
   (squama frontalis
  Squama frontalis
  There are two surfaces of the squama of the frontal bone: the external surface, and the internal surface.-External surface:The external surface is convex and usually exhibits, in the lower part of the middle line, the remains of the frontal or metopic suture; in infancy this suture divides the bone...
  
  )
  • supraorbital notch
    Supraorbital notch
    The Supraorbital notch is a small groove at superior and medial margin of the orbit in the frontal bone. The supraorbital nerve passes through this notch prior to dividing into superficial and deep components that provide sensory innervation to the ipsilateral forehead...
    
     or supraorbital foramen
    Supraorbital foramen
    The supraorbital foramen is a bony elongated path located above the orbit and under the forehead. The supraorbital foramen lies directly under the eyebrow....
    
    
  • zygomatic process
    Zygomatic process of frontal bone
    The zygomatic process of frontal bone is the part of the zygomatic process consisting of the frontal bone.The supraorbital margin of the frontal bone ends laterally in the zygomatic process, which is strong and prominent, and articulates with the zygomatic bone...
    
    
  • temporal line
    Temporal line
    Crossing the middle of the parietal bone in an arched direction are two curved lines, the superior and inferior temporal lines; the former gives attachment to the temporal fascia, and the latter indicates the upper limit of the muscular origin of the Temporalis.-External links:*...
    
    
  • upper temporal line and lower temporal line
  • nasal part
  • nasal notch
  • nasion
    Nasion
    The nasion is the intersection of the frontal and two nasal bones of the human skull. Its manifestation on the visible surface of the face is a distinctly depressed area directly between the eyes, just superior to the bridge of the nose....
    
    
  • nasal process
  • spine of squama
  • sagittal sulcus
    Sagittal sulcus
    The internal surface of the squama frontalis of the frontal bone is concave and presents in the upper part of the middle line a vertical groove, the sagittal sulcus, the edges of which unite below to form a ridge, the frontal crest; the sulcus lodges the superior sagittal sinus, while its margins...
    
    
  • frontal crest
    Frontal crest
    The internal surface of the squama frontalis of the frontal bone is concave and presents in the upper part of the middle line a vertical groove, the sagittal sulcus, the edges of which unite below to form a ridge, the frontal crest; the sulcus lodges the superior sagittal sinus, while its margins...
    
    

• Squama
  Squama frontalis
  There are two surfaces of the squama of the frontal bone: the external surface, and the internal surface.-External surface:The external surface is convex and usually exhibits, in the lower part of the middle line, the remains of the frontal or metopic suture; in infancy this suture divides the bone...
  
   (squama frontalis
  Squama frontalis
  There are two surfaces of the squama of the frontal bone: the external surface, and the internal surface.-External surface:The external surface is convex and usually exhibits, in the lower part of the middle line, the remains of the frontal or metopic suture; in infancy this suture divides the bone...
  
  )
  • foramen cecum
    Foramen cecum (frontal bone)
    The frontal crest of the frontal bone ends below in a small notch which is converted into a foramen, the foramen cecum , by articulation with the ethmoid....
    
    
• Orbital or Horizontal Part (pars orbitalis
  Pars orbitalis
  The orbital or horizontal part of the frontal bone consists of two thin triangular plates, the orbital plates, which form the vaults of the orbits, and are separated from one another by a median gap, the ethmoidal notch.- Surfaces :...
  
  )
  • orbital plates
  • ethmoidal notch
    Ethmoidal notch
    The ethmoidal notch separates the two orbital plates; it is quadrilateral, and filled, in the articulated skull, by the cribriform plate of the ethmoid....
    
    
  • lacrimal fossa
  • fovea trochlearis
  • trochlear spine
  • ethmoidal notch
    Ethmoidal notch
    The ethmoidal notch separates the two orbital plates; it is quadrilateral, and filled, in the articulated skull, by the cribriform plate of the ethmoid....
    
    
  • anterior ethmoidal canal
    Anterior ethmoidal foramen
    Lateral to either olfactory groove are the internal openings of the anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina .The anterior ethmoidal foramen, situated about the middle of the lateral margin of the olfactory groove, transmits the anterior ethmoidal vessels and the anterior ethmoidal nerve; the...
    
    

• Orbital or Horizontal Part (pars orbitalis
  Pars orbitalis
  The orbital or horizontal part of the frontal bone consists of two thin triangular plates, the orbital plates, which form the vaults of the orbits, and are separated from one another by a median gap, the ethmoidal notch.- Surfaces :...
  
  )
  • posterior ethmoidal canal
    Posterior ethmoidal foramen
    Lateral to either olfactory groove are the internal openings of the anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina .The posterior ethmoidal foramen opens at the back part of this margin under cover of the projecting lamina of the sphenoid, and transmits the posterior ethmoidal vessels and nerve....
    
    
  • frontal air sinuses
  • frontonasal duct
    Frontonasal duct
    The frontal air sinuses are lined by mucous membrane, and each communicates with the corresponding nasal cavity by means of a passage called the frontonasal duct....
    
    
• border of the squama
• posterior borders of the orbital plates
• Ossification of frontal bone
  Ossification of frontal bone
  The frontal bone is ossified in membrane from two primary centers, one for each half, which appear toward the end of the second month of fetal life, one above each supraorbital margin. From each of these centers, ossification extends upward to form the corresponding half of the squama, and backward...
  
  

• Squama
  Squama temporalis
  The squama of the temporal bone forms the anterior and upper part of the bone, and is scale-like, thin, and translucent.- Surfaces :Its outer surface is smooth and convex; it affords attachment to the temporalis muscle, and forms part of the temporal fossa; on its hinder part is a vertical groove...
  
   (squama temporalis
  Squama temporalis
  The squama of the temporal bone forms the anterior and upper part of the bone, and is scale-like, thin, and translucent.- Surfaces :Its outer surface is smooth and convex; it affords attachment to the temporalis muscle, and forms part of the temporal fossa; on its hinder part is a vertical groove...
  
  )
  • temporal line
    Temporal line
    Crossing the middle of the parietal bone in an arched direction are two curved lines, the superior and inferior temporal lines; the former gives attachment to the temporal fascia, and the latter indicates the upper limit of the muscular origin of the Temporalis.-External links:*...
    
    , or supramastoid crest
  • zygomatic process
    Zygomatic process of temporal bone
    The zygomatic process of the temporal bone is a long, arched process projecting from the lower part of the squamous portion of the temporal bone...
    
    
  • anterior root and posterior root
  • articular tubercle
    Articular tubercle
    The anterior root of the posterior end of the outer surface of the Squama temporalis, continuous with the lower border, is short but broad and strong; it is directed medialward and ends in a rounded eminence, the articular tubercle .This tubercle forms the front boundary of the mandibular fossa,...
    
     (eminentia articularis)

• Squama
  Squama temporalis
  The squama of the temporal bone forms the anterior and upper part of the bone, and is scale-like, thin, and translucent.- Surfaces :Its outer surface is smooth and convex; it affords attachment to the temporalis muscle, and forms part of the temporal fossa; on its hinder part is a vertical groove...
  
   (squama temporalis
  Squama temporalis
  The squama of the temporal bone forms the anterior and upper part of the bone, and is scale-like, thin, and translucent.- Surfaces :Its outer surface is smooth and convex; it affords attachment to the temporalis muscle, and forms part of the temporal fossa; on its hinder part is a vertical groove...
  
  )
  • suprameatal triangle
    Suprameatal triangle
    In the temporal bone, between the posterior wall of the external acoustic meatus and the posterior root of the zygomatic process is the area called the suprameatal triangle, mastoid fossa, foveola suprameatica, or Macewen's triangle, through which an instrument may be pushed into the mastoid...
    
    , or mastoid fossa
  • mandibular fossa
    Mandibular fossa
    The mandibular fossa is the depression in the temporal bone that articulates with the mandibular condyle. In the temporal bone, the mandibular fossa is bounded, in front, by the articular tubercle; behind, by the tympanic part of the bone, which separates it from the external acoustic meatus; it is...
    
     (glenoid fossa
    Glenoid cavity
    The glenoid cavity is a shallow pyriform, articular surface, which is located on the lateral angle of the scapula. It is directed laterally and forward and articulates with the head of the humerus; it is broader below than above and its vertical diameter is the longest.This cavity forms the...
    
    )
  • petrotympanic fissure
    Petrotympanic fissure
    The petrotympanic fissure is a fissure in the temporal bone that runs from the temporomandibular joint to the tympanic cavity....
    
     (Glaserian fissure)

• parietal notch
• antero-inferior border
• Mastoid portion (pars mastoidea)
  • mastoid foramen
    Mastoid foramen
    The mastoid foramen is a large hole in the posterior border of the temporal bone. It transmits a Mastoid emissary vein to the sigmoid sinus and a small branch of the occipital artery, the posterior meningeal artery to the dura mater.-Variations:...
    
    
  • mastoid process
    Mastoid process
    The mastoid process is a conical prominence projecting from the undersurface of the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. It is located just behind the external acoustic meatus, and lateral to the styloid process...
    
    
  • mastoid notch
    Mastoid notch
    On the medial side of the mastoid process is a deep groove, the mastoid notch , for the attachment of the Digastricus.-External links:*...
    
     (digastric fossa)
  • occipital groove
    Occipital groove
    On the medial side of the mastoid process of the temporal bone is a deep groove, the mastoid notch , for the attachment of the Digastricus; medial to this is a shallow furrow, the occipital groove, which lodges the occipital artery....
    
    

• Mastoid portion (pars mastoidea)
  • sigmoid sulcus
    Sigmoid sulcus
    The inner surface of the mastoid portion of the temporal bone presents a deep, curved groove, the sigmoid sulcus, which lodges part of the transverse sinus; in it may be seen the opening of the mastoid foramen....
    
    
  • mastoid cells
    Mastoid cells
    A section of the mastoid process of the temporal bone of the cranium shows it to be hollowed out into a number of spaces, the mastoid cells, which exhibit the greatest possible variety as to their size and number....
    
    
  • tympanic antrum
  • tegmen tympani
  • attic or epitympanic recess
    Epitympanic recess
    The epitympanic recess is a hollow located on the superior/roof aspect of the middle ear.-Clinical significance:This recess is a possible route of spread of infection to the mastoid air cells located in the mastoid process of the temporal bone of the skull. Inflammation which has spread to the...
    
    
• Petrous portion
  Petrous portion of the temporal bone
  The petrous portion of the temporal bone or pyramid is pyramidal and is wedged in at the base of the skull between the sphenoid and occipital bones. Directed medially, forward, and a little upward, it presents for examination a base, an apex, three surfaces, and three angles, and contains, in its...
  
   (pars petrosa)
  • petrosquamous suture
    Petrosquamous suture
    The petrosquamous suture is a cranial suture between the petrous portion and the squama of the temporal bone.-External links:*...
    
    
  • eminence (eminentia arcuata)
  • tegmen tympani
  • hiatus of the facial canal
    Hiatus of the facial canal
    A shallow groove, sometimes double, leading lateralward and backward to an oblique opening, the hiatus for greater petrosal nerve , for the passage of the greater superficial petrosal nerve and the petrosal branch of the middle meningeal artery....
    
    

• Petrous portion
  Petrous portion of the temporal bone
  The petrous portion of the temporal bone or pyramid is pyramidal and is wedged in at the base of the skull between the sphenoid and occipital bones. Directed medially, forward, and a little upward, it presents for examination a base, an apex, three surfaces, and three angles, and contains, in its...
  
   (pars petrosa)
  • Trigeminal impression
  • posterior surface
    • Internal acoustic meatus
    • Crista falciformis
    • Area cribrosa media
    • Foramen singulare
      Foramen singulare
      In the temporal bone, in the portion beneath the crista falciformis are three sets of foramina; one group, just below the posterior part of the crest, situated in the area cribrosa media, consists of several small openings for the nerves to the saccule; below and behind this area is the foramen...
      
      
    • Tractus spiralis foraminosus
    • Canalis centralis cochleœ
    • Area cribrosa superior
    • Area facialis
    • Aquæductus Fallopii
    • Aquæductus vestibuli
    • Subarcuate fossa
      Subarcuate fossa
      In the temporal bone, above and between the aquæductus vestibuli is an irregular depression which lodges a process of the dura mater and transmits a small vein and the subarcuate artery a branch of the internal auditory artery, which is an end artery that supplies blood to the inner ear ; in the...
      
      
  • inferior surface
    • Carotid canal
      Carotid canal
      On the interior surface of the temporal bone, behind the rough surface of the apex, is the large circular aperture of the carotid canal, which ascends at first vertically, and then, making a bend, runs horizontally forward and medialward.-Contents:...
      
      

• Petrous portion
  Petrous portion of the temporal bone
  The petrous portion of the temporal bone or pyramid is pyramidal and is wedged in at the base of the skull between the sphenoid and occipital bones. Directed medially, forward, and a little upward, it presents for examination a base, an apex, three surfaces, and three angles, and contains, in its...
  
   (pars petrosa)
  • inferior surface
    • aquæductus cochleæ
    • jugular fossa
      Jugular fossa
      The jugular fossa is a deep depression in the inferior part of the base of the skull. More specifically, it is located in the temporal bone, posterior to the carotid canal and the aquæductus cochleæ...
      
      
    • inferior tympanic canaliculus
      Inferior tympanic canaliculus
      In the bony ridge dividing the carotid canal from the jugular fossa is the small inferior tympanic canaliculus for the passage of the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve....
      
      
    • mastoid canaliculus
      Mastoid canaliculus
      In the lateral part of the jugular fossa of the temporal bone is the mastoid canaliculus for the entrance of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve....
      
      
    • jugular surface
    • vaginal process
    • styloid process
    • stylomastoid foramen
      Stylomastoid foramen
      Between the styloid and mastoid processes of the temporal bone is the stylomastoid foramenIt is the termination of the facial canal, and transmits the facial nerve and stylomastoid artery.- Clinical Relevance :...
      
      
  • angles
    • superior angle
    • posterior angle
    • jugular fossa
      Jugular fossa
      The jugular fossa is a deep depression in the inferior part of the base of the skull. More specifically, it is located in the temporal bone, posterior to the carotid canal and the aquæductus cochleæ...
      
      

• Petrous portion
  Petrous portion of the temporal bone
  The petrous portion of the temporal bone or pyramid is pyramidal and is wedged in at the base of the skull between the sphenoid and occipital bones. Directed medially, forward, and a little upward, it presents for examination a base, an apex, three surfaces, and three angles, and contains, in its...
  
   (pars petrosa)
  • angles
    • jugular foramen
      Jugular foramen
      The jugular foramen is a large aperture in the base of the skull. It is located behind the carotid canal and is formed in front by the petrous portion of the temporal, and behind by the occipital; it is generally larger on the right than on the left side....
      
      
    • anterior angle
    • petrosquamous suture
      Petrosquamous suture
      The petrosquamous suture is a cranial suture between the petrous portion and the squama of the temporal bone.-External links:*...
      
      
    • septum canalis musculotubarii (processus cochleariformis)
• Tympanic part
  Tympanic part
  The tympanic part of the temporal bone is a curved plate of bone lying below the squama, in front of the mastoid process, and surrounding the external acoustic meatus....
  
   (pars tympanica)
  • tympanic sulcus
  • antero-inferior surface
  • vaginal process
  • foramen of Huschke
  • external acoustic meatus
  • suprameatal spine
    Suprameatal spine
    The inner end of the external acoustic meatus is closed, in the recent state, by the tympanic membrane; the upper limit of its outer orifice is formed by the posterior root of the zygomatic process, immediately below which there is sometimes seen a small spine, the suprameatal spine, situated at...
    
    
• Styloid process (processus styloideus)
• Ossification of temporal bone
  Ossification of temporal bone
  The temporal bone is ossified from eight centers, exclusive of those for the internal ear and the tympanic ossicles: one for the squama including the zygomatic process, one for the tympanic part, four for the petrous and mastoid parts, and two for the styloid process. Just before the close of fetal...
  
  

• Ossification of temporal bone
  Ossification of temporal bone
  The temporal bone is ossified from eight centers, exclusive of those for the internal ear and the tympanic ossicles: one for the squama including the zygomatic process, one for the tympanic part, four for the petrous and mastoid parts, and two for the styloid process. Just before the close of fetal...
  
  
  • Proötic center of temporal bone
    Temporal bone
    The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull, and lateral to the temporal lobes of the cerebrum.The temporal bone supports that part of the face known as the temple.-Parts:The temporal bone consists of four parts:* Squama temporalis...
    
    
  • Pterotic center of temporal bone
    Temporal bone
    The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull, and lateral to the temporal lobes of the cerebrum.The temporal bone supports that part of the face known as the temple.-Parts:The temporal bone consists of four parts:* Squama temporalis...
    
    
  • Epiotic center of temporal bone
    Temporal bone
    The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull, and lateral to the temporal lobes of the cerebrum.The temporal bone supports that part of the face known as the temple.-Parts:The temporal bone consists of four parts:* Squama temporalis...
    
    
  • tympanic ring

• body of sphenoid bone
  Body of sphenoid bone
  The body of the sphenoid bone, more or less cubical in shape, is hollowed out in its interior to form two large cavities, the sphenoidal air sinuses, which are separated from each other by a septum.- Superior surface :...
  
  
• sphenoidal air sinuses
• superior surface of sphenoid
  • ethmoidal spine
    Ethmoidal spine
    The superior surface of the body of the sphenoid bone presents in front a prominent spine, the ethmoidal spine, for articulation with the cribriform plate of the ethmoid; behind this is a smooth surface slightly raised in the middle line, and grooved on either side for the olfactory lobes of the...
    
    
  • chiasmatic groove
    Chiasmatic groove
    The superior surface of the body of the sphenoid bone is bounded behind by a ridge, which forms the anterior border of a narrow, transverse groove, the chiasmatic groove , above and behind which lies the optic chiasma of cranial nerve 2 .The groove ends on either side in the optic foramen, which...
    
     (optic groove)
  • optic foramen
    Optic foramen
    The optic foramen is the opening to the optic canal.The superior surface of the sphenoid bone is bounded behind by a ridge, which forms the anterior border of a narrow, transverse groove, the chiasmatic groove , above and behind which lies the optic chiasma; the groove ends on either side in the...
    
    
  • tuberculum sellæ
  • sella turcica
    Sella turcica
    -External links:*...
    
    
  • fossa hypophyseos
    Fossa hypophyseos
    In the sphenoid bone, behind the chiasmatic groove is an elevation, the tuberculum sellae; and still more posteriorly, a deep depression, the sella turcica, the deepest part of which lodges the hypophysis cerebri and is known as the fossa hypophyseos .-External links:* - "Cranial Fossae:...
    
    
  • middle clinoid processes
  • dorsum sellæ
  • posterior clinoid processes
    Posterior clinoid processes
    In the sphenoid bone, the anterior boundary of the sella turcica is completed by two small eminences, one on either side, called the anterior clinoid processes, while the posterior boundary is formed by a square-shaped plate of bone, the dorsum sellæ, ending at its superior angles in two tubercles,...
    
    
  • petrosal process
    Petrosal process
    On either side of the dorsum sellae of the sphenoid bone is a notch for the passage of the abducent nerve, and below the notch a sharp process, the petrosal process, which articulates with the apex of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, and forms the medial boundary of the foramen lacerum....
    
    

• superior surface of sphenoid
  • clivus
    Clivus (anatomy)
    The clivus is a part of the cranium, a shallow depression behind the dorsum sellæ that slopes obliquely backward. It forms a gradual sloping process at the anterior most portion of the basilar occipital bone at its junction with the sphenoid bone. On axial planes, it sits just posterior to the...
    
    
• lateral surfaces of sphenoid
  • carotid groove
    Carotid groove
    Above the attachment of each great wing of the sphenoid bone is a broad groove, curved something like the italic letter f; it lodges the internal carotid artery and the cavernous sinus, and is named the carotid groove....
    
    
  • lingula
• posterior surface of sphenoid

• anterior surface of sphenoid
  • sphenoidal crest
  • sphenoidal air sinus
  • sphenoidal conchæ
• inferior surface of sphenoid
• sphenoidal rostrum
• vaginal process
• Great wings (alæ magnæ) (ali-sphenoids)

• Great wings (alæ magnæ) (ali-sphenoids)
  • spina angularis
    Spina angularis
    The great wings, or ali-sphenoids, are two strong processes of bone, which arise from the sides of the body, and are curved upward, lateralward, and backward; the posterior part of each projects as a triangular process which fits into the angle between the squama and the petrous portion of the...
    
     (sphenoidal spine)
  • foramen rotundum
    Foramen rotundum
    The foramen rotundum is a circular hole in the sphenoid bone that connects the middle cranial fossa and the pterygopalatine fossa.-Structure:...
    
    
  • foramen ovale
    Foramen ovale (skull)
    At the base of the skull the foramen ovale is one of the larger of the several holes that transmit nerves through the skull. The foramen ovale is situated in the posterior part of the sphenoid bone, posterolateral to the foramen rotundum.-Contents:Several nerves, arteries and veins pass through...
    
    
  • foramen Vesalii
  • foramen spinosum
    Foramen spinosum
    The foramen spinosum is one of several foramina located in the base of the skull, on the sphenoid bone, situated lateral to the foramen ovale, in a posterior angle.-Contents:It permits the passage of certain arteries, veins and/or other structures:...
    
    
  • infratemporal crest
    Infratemporal crest
    The lateral surface of the great wing of the sphenoid is convex, and divided by a transverse ridge, the infratemporal crest, into two portions....
    
    
  • sulcus tubæ

• Great wings (alæ magnæ) (ali-sphenoids)
  • pterion
    Pterion
    The pterion is the point corresponding with the posterior end of the sphenoparietal suture.-Location:It is situated about 3 cm. behind, and a little above the level of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone.It marks the junction between four bones:...
    
    
• Small wings (alæ parvæ)
  • orbito-sphenoids
• Surfaces
  • superior orbital fissure
• Borders
  • anterior clinoid process
    Anterior clinoid process
    In the sphenoid bone, the posterior border, smooth and rounded, is received into the lateral fissure of the brain; the medial end of this border forms the anterior clinoid process, which gives attachment to the tentorium cerebelli; it is sometimes joined to the middle clinoid process by a spicule...
    
    
  • optic foramen
    Optic foramen
    The optic foramen is the opening to the optic canal.The superior surface of the sphenoid bone is bounded behind by a ridge, which forms the anterior border of a narrow, transverse groove, the chiasmatic groove , above and behind which lies the optic chiasma; the groove ends on either side in the...
    
    
• Pterygoid processes (processus pterygoidei)
  • pterygopalatine groove
  • pterygoid fissure
  • pterygoid fossa
    Pterygoid fossa
    The pterygoid fossa is an anatomical term for the fossa formed by the divergence of the lateral pterygoid plate and the medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone.-Structure:...
    
    
  • scaphoid fossa
    Scaphoid fossa
    In the pterygoid processes of the sphenoid, above the pterygoid fossa is a small, oval, shallow depression, the scaphoid fossa, which gives origin to the Tensor veli palatini.-External links:*...
    
    
  • lateral pterygoid plate
    Lateral pterygoid plate
    The lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid is broad, thin, and everted; its lateral surface forms part of the medial wall of the infratemporal fossa, and gives attachment to the lateral pterygoid muscle; its medial surface forms part of the pterygoid fossa, and gives attachment to the medial...
    
    
  • Medial pterygoid plate
    Medial pterygoid plate
    The medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid is narrower and longer than the lateral pterygoid plate; it curves lateralward at its lower extremity into a hook-like process, the pterygoid hamulus, around which the tendon of the Tensor veli palatini glides.The lateral surface of this plate forms part...
    
    
  • pterygoid hamulus
    Pterygoid hamulus
    The medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid curves laterally at its lower extremity into a hook-like process, the pterygoid hamulus, around which the tendon of the Tensor veli palatini glides.-External links: *...
    
    
  • vaginal process

• Pterygoid processes (processus pterygoidei)
  • pterygoid tubercle
  • processus tubarius
• Sphenoidal conchæ (conchæ sphenoidales; sphenoidal turbinated processes)

• Cribiform plate (lamina cribrosa; horizontal lamina)
  • crista galli
    Crista galli
    The crista galli is a median ridge of bone that projects from the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone.It is where the falx cerebri attaches anteriorly to the skull....
    
    
  • alæ

• Perpendicular plate (lamina perpendicularis; vertical plate)
• Labyrinth
  Labyrinth of ethmoid
  The Labyrinth or Lateral Mass of the ethmoid bone consists of a number of thin-walled cellular cavities, the ethmoidal cells, arranged in three groups, anterior, middle, and posterior, and interposed between two vertical plates of bone; the lateral plate forms part of the orbit, the medial plate...
  
   or Lateral mass
  Labyrinth of ethmoid
  The Labyrinth or Lateral Mass of the ethmoid bone consists of a number of thin-walled cellular cavities, the ethmoidal cells, arranged in three groups, anterior, middle, and posterior, and interposed between two vertical plates of bone; the lateral plate forms part of the orbit, the medial plate...
  
   (labyrinthus ethmoidalis)
  • ethmoidal cells
• Surfaces
  • upper surface
    • anterior and posterior ethmoidal canals
  • posterior surface

• Surfaces
  • lateral surface
    • lamina papyracea (os planum)
    • uncinate process
      Uncinate process of ethmoid bone
      In the ethmoid bone, a curved lamina, the uncinate process, projects downward and backward from this part of the labyrinth; it forms a small part of the medial wall of the maxillary sinus, and articulates with the ethmoidal process of the inferior nasal concha....
      
      

• Surfaces
  • medial surface
    • middle nasal concha
      Middle nasal concha
      The medial surface of the labyrinth of ethmoid consists of a thin lamella, which descends from the under surface of the cribriform plate, and ends below in a free, convoluted margin, the middle nasal concha....
      
      
    • superior meatus
      Superior meatus
      The superior meatus, the smallest of the three meatuses of the nose, occupies the middle third of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity.It lies between the superior nasal conchæ and middle nasal conchæ; the sphenopalatine foramen opens into it behind, and the posterior ethmoidal cells in front.The...
      
      
    • superior nasal concha
      Superior nasal concha
      The back part of the medial surface of the labyrinth of ethmoid is subdivided by a narrow oblique fissure, the superior meatus of the nose, bounded above by a thin, curved plate, the superior nasal concha....
      
      
    • middle meatus of the nose
    • infundibulum
      Ethmoid bone
      The ethmoid bone is a bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain. As such, it is located at the roof of the nose, between the two orbits. The cubical bone is lightweight due to a spongy construction. The ethmoid bone is one of the bones that makes up the orbit of the eye...
      
      
• sutural or Wormian bones
  Wormian bones
  Wormian bones, also known as extra sutural bones are extra bone pieces that occur within a suture in the cranium. These are irregular isolated bones which appear in addition to the usual centers of ossification of the cranium and, although unusual, are not rare. They occur most frequently in the...
  
  

• Body of maxilla
  Body of maxilla
  The body of the maxilla is somewhat pyramidal in shape, and contains a large cavity, the maxillary sinus .-Surfaces:It has four surfaces - an anterior, a posterior or infratemporal, a superior or orbital, and a medial or nasal....
  
   (corpus maxillæ)
  • maxillary sinus
    Maxillary sinus
    The pyramid shaped maxillary sinus is the largest of the paranasal sinuses, and drains into the nose. It is present at birth as rudimentary air cells, and develops throughout childhood.-General characteristics:...
    
     (antrum of Highmore)
  • Surfaces
    • anterior surface of the body of the maxilla
      Anterior surface of the body of the maxilla
      The anterior surface is directed forward and lateralward. It presents at its lower part a series of eminences corresponding to the positions of the roots of the teeth...
      
      
      • incisive fossa
      • canine fossa
        Canine fossa
        Lateral to the incisive fossa is another depression, the canine fossa; it is larger and deeper than the incisive fossa, and is separated from it by a vertical ridge, the canine eminence, corresponding to the socket of the canine tooth; the canine fossa gives origin to the Caninus.-External links:*...
        
        
      • canine eminence
      • infraorbital foramen
        Infraorbital foramen
        Above the canine fossa is the infraorbital foramen, the end of the infraorbital canal; it transmits the infraorbital artery, vein, and infraorbital nerve.-External links: *...
        
        
      • nasal notch
      • anterior nasal spine
        Anterior nasal spine
        Medially, the anterior surface of the maxilla is limited by a deep concavity, the nasal notch, the margin of which gives attachment to the Dilator naris posterior and ends below in a pointed process, which with its fellow of the opposite side forms the anterior nasal spine.-External links:* * -...
        
        
    • infratemporal surface of the body of the maxilla
      Infratemporal surface of the body of the maxilla
      The infratemporal surface is convex, directed backward and lateralward, and forms part of the infratemporal fossa.It is separated from the anterior surface by the zygomatic process and by a strong ridge, extending upward from the socket of the first molar tooth...
      
      
      • alveolar canals
        Alveolar canals
        The infratemporal surface of the maxilla is pierced about its center by the apertures of the alveolar canals, which transmit the posterior superior alveolar vessels and nerves....
        
        
      • maxillary tuberosity
        Maxillary tuberosity
        At the lower part of the infratemporal surface of the maxilla is a rounded eminence, the maxillary tuberosity, especially prominent after the growth of the wisdom tooth; it is rough on its lateral side for articulation with the pyramidal process of the palatine bone and in some cases articulates...
        
        

• Body of maxilla
  Body of maxilla
  The body of the maxilla is somewhat pyramidal in shape, and contains a large cavity, the maxillary sinus .-Surfaces:It has four surfaces - an anterior, a posterior or infratemporal, a superior or orbital, and a medial or nasal....
  
   (corpus maxillæ)
  • Surfaces
    • orbital surface of the body of the maxilla
      Orbital surface of the body of the maxilla
      The orbital surface is smooth and triangular, and forms the greater part of the floor of the orbit.It is bounded medially by an irregular margin which in front presents a notch, the lacrimal notch; behind this notch the margin articulates with the lacrimal, the lamina papyracea of the ethmoid and...
      
      
      • lacrimal notch
      • infraorbital groove
        Infraorbital groove
        Not to be confused with the inferior orbital fissure, which is just lateral to the infraorbital groove.Also not to be confused with the infraorbital canal, into which the groove enters, nor the infraorbital foramen, which is the canal's opening on the other side.Near the middle of the posterior...
        
        
      • infraorbital canal
        Infraorbital canal
        Not to be confused with the infraorbital groove and infraorbital foramen, which are on opposite ends of the canal.One of the canals of the orbital surface of the maxilla, the infraorbital canal, opens just below the margin of the orbit...
        
        

• Body of maxilla
  Body of maxilla
  The body of the maxilla is somewhat pyramidal in shape, and contains a large cavity, the maxillary sinus .-Surfaces:It has four surfaces - an anterior, a posterior or infratemporal, a superior or orbital, and a medial or nasal....
  
   (corpus maxillæ)
  • Surfaces
    • nasal surface of the body of the maxilla
      Nasal surface of the body of the maxilla
      The nasal surface presents a large, irregular opening leading into the maxillary sinus. At the upper border of this aperture are some broken air cells, which, in the articulated skull, are closed in by the ethmoid and lacrimal bones....
      
      
      • pterygopalatine canal
      • lacrimal groove
        Lacrimal groove
        On the nasal surface of the body of the maxilla, in front of the opening of the sinus is a deep groove, the lacrimal groove , which is converted into the nasolacrimal canal, by the lacrimal bone and inferior nasal concha; this canal opens into the inferior meatus of the nose and transmits the...
        
        
      • conchal crest

• Maxillary sinus
  Maxillary sinus
  The pyramid shaped maxillary sinus is the largest of the paranasal sinuses, and drains into the nose. It is present at birth as rudimentary air cells, and develops throughout childhood.-General characteristics:...
  
   or Antrum of Highmore (sinus maxillaris)

• Body of maxilla
  Body of maxilla
  The body of the maxilla is somewhat pyramidal in shape, and contains a large cavity, the maxillary sinus .-Surfaces:It has four surfaces - an anterior, a posterior or infratemporal, a superior or orbital, and a medial or nasal....
  
   (corpus maxillæ)
  • alveolar canals
    Alveolar canals
    The infratemporal surface of the maxilla is pierced about its center by the apertures of the alveolar canals, which transmit the posterior superior alveolar vessels and nerves....
    
    
• Zygomatic process
  Zygomatic process of maxilla
  The zygomatic process of the maxilla is a rough triangular eminence, situated at the angle of separation of the anterior, zygomatic, and orbital surfaces.* In front it forms part of the anterior surface....
  
   (processus zygomaticus; malar process)
• Frontal process (processus frontalis; nasal process)
  • ethmoidal crest
  • agger nasi
    Agger nasi
    The agger nasi is a small ridge on the lateral side of the nasal cavity. It is located midway at the anterior edge of the middle nasal concha, directly above the atrium of the middle meatus...
    
    
  • lacrimal fossa
  • anterior lacrimal crest
    Anterior lacrimal crest
    The lateral margin of the lacrimal fossa is named the anterior lacrimal crest, and is continuous below with the orbital margin; at its junction with the orbital surface is a small tubercle, the lacrimal tubercle, which serves as a guide to the position of the lacrimal sac....
    
    
  • lacrimal tubercle
    Lacrimal tubercle
    The lateral margin of the groove of the frontal process of the maxilla is named the anterior lacrimal crest, and is continuous below with the orbital margin; at its junction with the orbital surface is a small tubercle, the lacrimal tubercle, which serves as a guide to the position of the lacrimal...
    
    
• Alveolar process (processus alveolaris)
  • alveolar arch
  • alveolar point

• Palatine process (processus palatinus; palatal process)
  • incisive foramen
    Incisive foramen
    The fossa incisiva is an opening in the bone of the oral hard palate where blood vessels and nerves may pass. There are four of these openings in the incisive fossa.-Formation:...
    
    
  • incisive canals
    Incisive canals
    In the opening of the incisive foramen, the orifices of two lateral canals are visible; they are named the incisive canals or foramina of Stensen....
    
    
  • foramina of Stenson
  • foramina of Scarpa
    Foramina of Scarpa
    In the maxilla, occasionally two additional canals are present in the middle line of the palatine process; they are termed the foramina of Scarpa, and when present transmit the nasopalatine nerves, the left passing through the anterior, and the right through the posterior canal....
    
    
  • premaxilla
    Premaxilla
    The incisive bone is the portion of the maxilla adjacent to the incisors. It is a pair of small cranial bones at the very tip of the jaws of many animals, usually bearing teeth, but not always. They are connected to the maxilla and the nasals....
    
     (os incisivum)

• Palatine process (processus palatinus; palatal process)
  • nasal crest
  • incisor crest
  • anterior nasal spine
    Anterior nasal spine
    Medially, the anterior surface of the maxilla is limited by a deep concavity, the nasal notch, the margin of which gives attachment to the Dilator naris posterior and ends below in a pointed process, which with its fellow of the opposite side forms the anterior nasal spine.-External links:* * -...
    
    
• Ossification of maxilla
  Ossification of maxilla
  thumb|Figure 5: Anterior surface of maxilla at birth.thumb|Figure 6: Inferior surface of maxilla at birth.The maxilla is ossified in membrane. Mall 40 and Fawcett 41 maintain that it is ossified from two centers only, one for the maxilla proper and one for the premaxilla.These centers appear during...
  
  

• posterior lacrimal crest
  Posterior lacrimal crest
  The lateral or orbital surface of the lacrimal bone is divided by a vertical ridge, the posterior lacrimal crest, into two parts.In front of this crest is a longitudinal groove, the lacrimal sulcus , the inner margin of which unites with the frontal process of the maxilla, and the lacrimal fossa is...
  
  
• lacrimal sulcus (sulcus lacrimalis)
• lacrimal hamulus
  Lacrimal hamulus
  The posterior lacrimal crest, with a part of the orbital surface immediately behind it, gives origin to the lacrimal part of the Orbicularis oculi and ends below in a small, hook-like projection, the lacrimal hamulus, which articulates with the lacrimal tubercle of the maxilla, and completes the...
  
  
• lesser lacrimal bone

• Surfaces
  • malar surface
    • zygomaticofacial foramen
      Zygomaticofacial foramen
      The malar surface of the zygomatic bone is convex and perforated near its center by a small aperture, the zygomaticofacial foramen, for the passage of the zygomaticofacial nerve and vessels; below this foramen is a slight elevation, which gives origin to the Zygomaticus....
      
      
  • temporal surface
    • zygomaticotemporal foramen
      Zygomaticotemporal foramen
      Near the center of the temporal surface of the zygomatic bone is the zygomaticotemporal foramen for the transmission of the zygomaticotemporal nerve....
      
      

• Processes
  • frontosphenoidal process

• Processes
  • maxillary process
    Maxillary process of inferior nasal concha
    From the lower border of the inferior nasal concha, a thin lamina, the maxillary process, curves downward and laterally; it articulates with the maxilla and forms a part of the medial wall of the maxillary sinus....
    
    
  • temporal process

• Borders
  • antero-superior border or orbital border
  • antero-inferior border or maxillary border
  • postero-superior border or temporal border
  • postero-inferior border or zygomatic border

• Ossification of zygomatic bone

• Articulations

• pterygopalatine fossa
  Pterygopalatine fossa
  The pterygopalatine fossa is a fossa in the skull. It is the indented area medial to the pterygomaxillary fissure leading into the sphenopalatine foramen.-Boundaries:It has the following boundaries:...
  
   and pterygoid fossa
  Pterygoid fossa
  The pterygoid fossa is an anatomical term for the fossa formed by the divergence of the lateral pterygoid plate and the medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone.-Structure:...
  
  
• inferior orbital fissure
  Inferior orbital fissure
  Not to be confused with the infraorbital groove, infraorbital canal, and infraorbital foramen.The lateral wall and the floor of the orbit are separated posteriorly by the inferior orbital fissure which transmits the maxillary nerve and its zygomatic branch, and the ascending branches from the...
  
  

• Horizontal part of palatine bone (pars horizontalis; horizontal plate of palatine bone
  Horizontal plate of palatine bone
  The horizontal part of the palatine bone is quadrilateral, and has two surfaces and four borders.- Surfaces :The superior surface, concave from side to side, forms the back part of the floor of the nasal cavity....
  
  )
  • posterior nasal spine
    Posterior nasal spine
    The medial end of the posterior border of the horizontal plate of palatine bone is sharp and pointed, and, when united with that of the opposite bone, forms a projecting process, the posterior nasal spine for the attachment of the Musculus uvulæ....
    
    
• Vertical part of palatine bone (pars perpendicularis; perpendicular plate of palatine bone
  Perpendicular plate of palatine bone
  The vertical part of the palatine bone is thin, of an oblong form, and presents two surfaces and four borders.- Surfaces :...
  
  )
  • conchal crest
  • ethmoidal crest

• Vertical part of palatine bone (pars perpendicularis; perpendicular plate of palatine bone
  Perpendicular plate of palatine bone
  The vertical part of the palatine bone is thin, of an oblong form, and presents two surfaces and four borders.- Surfaces :...
  
  )
  • pterygopalatine canal
  • maxillary process
    Maxillary process of inferior nasal concha
    From the lower border of the inferior nasal concha, a thin lamina, the maxillary process, curves downward and laterally; it articulates with the maxilla and forms a part of the medial wall of the maxillary sinus....
    
    
  • sphenopalatine notch
  • sphenopalatine foramen
    Sphenopalatine foramen
    The sphenopalatine foramen is a foramen in the skull that connects the nasal cavity with the pterygopalatine fossa.-Structure:The processes of the superior border of the palatine bone are separated by the sphenopalatine notch, which is converted into the sphenopalatine foramen by the under surface...
    
    
• processes
  • Pyramidal process of palatine bone
    Pyramidal process of palatine bone
    The pyramidal process of the palatine bone projects backward and lateralward from the junction of the horizontal and vertical parts, and is received into the angular interval between the lower extremities of the pterygoid plates....
    
     or Tuberosity (processus pyramidalis)
  • Orbital process of palatine bone
    Orbital process of palatine bone
    The orbital process of the palatine bone is placed on a higher level than the sphenoidal, and is directed upward and lateralward from the front of the vertical part, to which it is connected by a constricted neck. It presents five surfaces, which enclose an air cell...
    
     (processus orbitalis)

• processes
  • Sphenoidal process of palatine bone
    Sphenoidal process of palatine bone
    The sphenoidal process of the palatine bone is a thin, compressed plate, much smaller than the orbital, and directed upward and medialward.It presents three surfaces and two borders....
    
     (processus sphenoidalis)
• sphenopalatine notch
• Ossification of sphenoid
  Ossification of sphenoid
  Until the seventh or eighth month of fetal life the body of the sphenoid consists of two parts: one in front of the tuberculum sellæ, the presphenoid, with which the small wings are continuous; the other, comprising the sella turcica and dorsum sellæ, the postsphenoid, with which are associated the...
  
  

• inferior nasal concha
• lacrimal process
• ethmoidal process
• maxillary process
  Maxillary process of inferior nasal concha
  From the lower border of the inferior nasal concha, a thin lamina, the maxillary process, curves downward and laterally; it articulates with the maxilla and forms a part of the medial wall of the maxillary sinus....
  
  

• Body of mandible
  Body of mandible
  The body of the mandible is curved somewhat like a horseshoe and has two surfaces and two borders.- External surface :The external surface is marked in the median line by a faint ridge, indicating the symphysis or line of junction of the two pieces of which the bone is composed at an early period...
  
   (corpus mandibulae)
  • external surface of mandible
    • symphysis menti
      Symphysis menti
      The external surface of the mandible is marked in the median line by a faint ridge, indicating the symphysis menti, mandibular symphysis, or line of junction of the two pieces of which the bone is composed at an early period of life....
      
      
    • mental protuberance
      Mental protuberance
      The symphysis of the external surface of the mandible divides below and encloses a triangular eminence, the mental protuberance, the base of which is depressed in the center but raised on either side to form the mental tubercle. The size and shape of the bones making up this structure are...
      
      
    • mental tubercle
      Mental tubercle
      The symphysis menti divides below and encloses a triangular eminence, the mental protuberance, the base of which is depressed in the center but raised on either side to form the mental tubercle.-External links:*...
      
      
    • incisive fossa
    • mental foramen
      Mental foramen
      The mental foramen is one of two holes located on the anterior surface of the mandible. It permits passage of the mental nerve and vessels. The mental foramen descends slightly in edentulous individuals.- Variations :...
      
      
    • oblique line
  • internal surface of mandible
    • mental spines

• Body of mandible
  Body of mandible
  The body of the mandible is curved somewhat like a horseshoe and has two surfaces and two borders.- External surface :The external surface is marked in the median line by a faint ridge, indicating the symphysis or line of junction of the two pieces of which the bone is composed at an early period...
  
   (corpus mandibulae)
  • internal surface of mandible
    • mylohyoid line
      Mylohyoid line
      Extending upward and backward on either side from the lower part of the symphysis of the mandible is the mylohyoid line, which is the origin of the mylohyoid muscle; the posterior part of this line, near the alveolar margin, gives attachment to a small part of the Constrictor pharyngis superior,...
      
      
• Ramus of mandible (ramus mandibulae; perpendicular portion of mandible)
  • mandibular foramen
    Mandibular foramen
    The Mandibular foramen is an opening on the internal surface of the ramus for divisions of the mandibular vessels and nerve to pass.-Contents:...
    
    
  • lingula mandibulae
  • mylohyoid groove
    Mylohyoid groove
    The margin of the mandibular foramen is irregular; it presents in front a prominent ridge, surmounted by a sharp spine, the lingula mandibulæ, which gives attachment to the sphenomandibular ligament; at its lower and back part is a notch from which the mylohyoid groove runs obliquely downward and...
    
    
  • mandibular canal
    Mandibular canal
    The mandibular canal is a canal within the mandible that contains the inferior alveolar nerve, inferior alveolar artery, and inferior alveolar vein...
    
    

• Ramus of mandible (ramus mandibulae; perpendicular portion of mandible)
  • angle of the mandible
    Angle of the mandible
    At the junction of the lower border of the ramus of the mandible with the posterior border is the angle of the mandible, which may be either inverted or everted and is marked by rough, oblique ridges on each side, for the attachment of the Masseter laterally, and the Pterygoideus internus medially;...
    
    
  • Coronoid process
    Coronoid process of the mandible
    The mandible's coronoid process is a thin, triangular eminence, which is flattened from side to side and varies in shape and size....
    
     (processus coronoideus)
  • Condyloid process
    Condyloid process
    The condyloid process is part of the mandible and is thicker than the coronoid, and consists of two portions: the condyle, and the constricted portion which supports it, the neck.-Condyle :...
    
     (processus condyloideus)
    • condyle of condyloid process
    • neck of condyloid process
  • mandibular notch
    Mandibular notch
    The upper border of the ramus of mandible is thin, and is surmounted by two processes, the coronoid process anteriorly and the condyloid process posteriorly, separated by a deep concavity, the mandibular notch...
    
    

• articulations of mandible
• Changes produced in the mandible by age
  Changes produced in the mandible by age
  thumb|Fig. 1: At birth.thumb|Fig. 2: In childhood.thumb|Fig. 3: In the adult.thumb|Fig. 4: In old age. Side view of the mandible at different periods of life....
  
  
• Ossification of the mandible
  Ossification of the mandible
  thumb|Figure 3: Mandible of human embryo 24 mm. long. Outer aspect.thumb|Figure 4: Mandible of human embryo 24 mm. long. Inner aspect.thumb|Figure 5: Mandible of human embryo 95 mm. long. Outer aspect. Nuclei of cartilage stippled....
  
  

• Greater Cornua or Thyrohyals (cornua majora)
• Lesser Cornua or Ceratohyals (cornua minora)

• Norma verticalis
• coronal sutures
• sagittal sutures
• lambdoidal suture
• bregma
  Bregma
  The bregma is the anatomical point on the skull at which the coronal suture is intersected perpendicularly by the sagittal suture.-Location:The bregma is located at the intersection of the coronal suture and the sagittal suture on the superior middle portion of the calvarium...
  
  
• lambda
  Lambda
  Lambda is the 11th letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals lambda has a value of 30. Lambda is related to the Phoenician letter Lamed . Letters in other alphabets that stemmed from lambda include the Roman L and the Cyrillic letter El...
  
  
• parietal eminence
  Parietal eminence
  The external surface of the parietal bone is convex, smooth, and marked near the center by an eminence, the parietal eminence , which indicates the point where ossification commenced....
  
   and parietal foramen
  Parietal foramen
  At the back part of the parietal bone and close to the upper or sagittal border is the parietal foramen, which transmits the parietal emissary vein which anastamoses with the superior sagittal sinus, and sometimes a small branch of the occipital artery; it is not constantly present, and its size...
  
  
• obelion
  Obelion
  The term obelion is applied to that point of the sagittal suture which is on a level with the parietal foramina.-External links:*...
  
  
• glabella
  Glabella
  The glabella, in humans, is the space between the eyebrows and above the nose. It is slightly elevated, and joins the two superciliary ridges.-Etymology:The term is derived from the Latin glabellus, meaning smooth, as this area is usually hairless....
  
  
• superciliary arches
  Superciliary arches
  On the squama frontalis of the frontal bone of the skull, below the frontal eminences, and separated from them by a shallow groove, are two arched elevations, the superciliary arches; these are prominent medially, and are joined to one another by a smooth elevation named the glabella.Typically, the...
  
  
• frontal eminences
• frontal suture
  Frontal suture
  The frontal suture is a dense connective tissue structure that divides the two halves of the frontal bone of the skull in infants and children. It usually disappears by the age of six, with the two halves of the frontal bone being fused together...
  
  
• temporal lines

• incisive foramen
  Incisive foramen
  The fossa incisiva is an opening in the bone of the oral hard palate where blood vessels and nerves may pass. There are four of these openings in the incisive fossa.-Formation:...
  
  
• incisive canals
  Incisive canals
  In the opening of the incisive foramen, the orifices of two lateral canals are visible; they are named the incisive canals or foramina of Stensen....
  
   (foramina of Stenson)
• foramina of Scarpa
  Foramina of Scarpa
  In the maxilla, occasionally two additional canals are present in the middle line of the palatine process; they are termed the foramina of Scarpa, and when present transmit the nasopalatine nerves, the left passing through the anterior, and the right through the posterior canal....
  
  
• greater palatine foramen
  Greater palatine foramen
  At either posterior angle of the hard palate is the greater palatine foramen, for the transmission of the descending palatine vessels and anterior palatine nerve; and running anteriorly and medially from it is a groove, for the same vessels and nerve.- Variations :The greater palatine foramen is...
  
  
• pyramidal process of the palatine bone
• lesser palatine foramina
  Lesser palatine foramina
  Behind the greater palatine foramen is the pyramidal process of the palatine bone, perforated by one or more lesser palatine foramina which carry the lesser palatine nerve, and marked by the commencement of a transverse ridge, for the attachment of the tendinous expansion of the Tensor veli palatini....
  
  
• posterior nasal spine
  Posterior nasal spine
  The medial end of the posterior border of the horizontal plate of palatine bone is sharp and pointed, and, when united with that of the opposite bone, forms a projecting process, the posterior nasal spine for the attachment of the Musculus uvulæ....
  
  
• choanæ
• pharyngeal canals
• pterygoid canal
  Pterygoid canal
  The pterygoid canal is a passage in the skull leading from just anterior to the foramen lacerum in the middle cranial fossa to the pterygopalatine fossa.-Structure:...
  
  
• scaphoid fossa
  Scaphoid fossa
  In the pterygoid processes of the sphenoid, above the pterygoid fossa is a small, oval, shallow depression, the scaphoid fossa, which gives origin to the Tensor veli palatini.-External links:*...
  
  
• hamulus
  Hamulus
  Hamus, Hamulus and words derived from them, are morphological or anatomical terms in various branches of biology. They describe structures functioning as, or in the form of, hooks or hooklets.-Derived terms:...
  
  
• pharyngeal tubercle
  Pharyngeal tubercle
  On the lower surface of the basilar part of occipital bone, about 1 cm. in front of the foramen magnum, is the pharyngeal tubercle which gives attachment to the fibrous raphé of the pharynx, also known as the pharyngeal raphe....
  
  
• foramen ovale
  Foramen ovale (skull)
  At the base of the skull the foramen ovale is one of the larger of the several holes that transmit nerves through the skull. The foramen ovale is situated in the posterior part of the sphenoid bone, posterolateral to the foramen rotundum.-Contents:Several nerves, arteries and veins pass through...
  
  
• foramen spinosum
  Foramen spinosum
  The foramen spinosum is one of several foramina located in the base of the skull, on the sphenoid bone, situated lateral to the foramen ovale, in a posterior angle.-Contents:It permits the passage of certain arteries, veins and/or other structures:...
  
  
• spina angularis
  Spina angularis
  The great wings, or ali-sphenoids, are two strong processes of bone, which arise from the sides of the body, and are curved upward, lateralward, and backward; the posterior part of each projects as a triangular process which fits into the angle between the squama and the petrous portion of the...
  
   (sphenoidal spine)
• mandibular fossa
  Mandibular fossa
  The mandibular fossa is the depression in the temporal bone that articulates with the mandibular condyle. In the temporal bone, the mandibular fossa is bounded, in front, by the articular tubercle; behind, by the tympanic part of the bone, which separates it from the external acoustic meatus; it is...
  
  
• petrotympanic fissure
  Petrotympanic fissure
  The petrotympanic fissure is a fissure in the temporal bone that runs from the temporomandibular joint to the tympanic cavity....
  
  
• articular tubercle
  Articular tubercle
  The anterior root of the posterior end of the outer surface of the Squama temporalis, continuous with the lower border, is short but broad and strong; it is directed medialward and ends in a rounded eminence, the articular tubercle .This tubercle forms the front boundary of the mandibular fossa,...
  
  

• styloid process
• stylomastoid foramen
  Stylomastoid foramen
  Between the styloid and mastoid processes of the temporal bone is the stylomastoid foramenIt is the termination of the facial canal, and transmits the facial nerve and stylomastoid artery.- Clinical Relevance :...
  
  
• tympanomastoid fissure
• mastoid notch
  Mastoid notch
  On the medial side of the mastoid process is a deep groove, the mastoid notch , for the attachment of the Digastricus.-External links:*...
  
  
• occipital groove
  Occipital groove
  On the medial side of the mastoid process of the temporal bone is a deep groove, the mastoid notch , for the attachment of the Digastricus; medial to this is a shallow furrow, the occipital groove, which lodges the occipital artery....
  
  
• foramen lacerum
  Foramen lacerum
  The foramen lacerum is a triangular hole in the base of the skull located at the base of the medial pterygoid plate.-Transit through the foramen lacerum:...
  
  
• pterygoid canal
  Pterygoid canal
  The pterygoid canal is a passage in the skull leading from just anterior to the foramen lacerum in the middle cranial fossa to the pterygopalatine fossa.-Structure:...
  
  
• carotid canal
  Carotid canal
  On the interior surface of the temporal bone, behind the rough surface of the apex, is the large circular aperture of the carotid canal, which ascends at first vertically, and then, making a bend, runs horizontally forward and medialward.-Contents:...
  
  
• sulcus tubæ auditivæ
• petrosphenoidal fissure
• carotid canal
  Carotid canal
  On the interior surface of the temporal bone, behind the rough surface of the apex, is the large circular aperture of the carotid canal, which ascends at first vertically, and then, making a bend, runs horizontally forward and medialward.-Contents:...
  
  
• aquæductus cochleæ
• jugular foramen
  Jugular foramen
  The jugular foramen is a large aperture in the base of the skull. It is located behind the carotid canal and is formed in front by the petrous portion of the temporal, and behind by the occipital; it is generally larger on the right than on the left side....
  
  
• inferior tympanic canaliculus
  Inferior tympanic canaliculus
  In the bony ridge dividing the carotid canal from the jugular fossa is the small inferior tympanic canaliculus for the passage of the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve....
  
  
• mastoid canaliculus
  Mastoid canaliculus
  In the lateral part of the jugular fossa of the temporal bone is the mastoid canaliculus for the entrance of the auricular branch of the vagus nerve....
  
  
• petroöccipital fissure
• foramen magnum
• jugular process
  Jugular process
  In the lateral part of the occipital bone, extending lateralward from the posterior half of the condyle is a quadrilateral plate of bone, the jugular process, excavated in front by the jugular notch, which, in the articulated skull, forms the posterior part of the jugular foramen.It serves as the...
  
  
• basion
  Basion
  The basion is part of the human body's musculoskeletal system and is located on the skull. Anatomically it can be identified as the mid-point on the anterior margin of the foramen magnum on the occipital bone....
  
  
• opisthion
  Opisthion
  On the occipital bone, the mid-point on the posterior margin of the foramen magnum is termed the opisthion.-External links:* *...
  
  
• condyloid fossa
  Condyloid fossa
  Behind either condyle of the lateral parts of occipital bone is a depression, the condyloid fossa , which receives the posterior margin of the superior facet of the atlas when the head is bent backward; the floor of this fossa is sometimes perforated by the condyloid canal, through which an...
  
  

• median nuchal line
• external occipital protuberance
  External occipital protuberance
  Near the middle of the occipital squama is the external occipital protuberance, and extending lateralward from it on either side is the superior nuchal line, and above this the faintly marked highest nuchal line.It is less pronounced in females....
  
  
• superior nuchal line and inferior nuchal line

• Norma lateralis
• zygomaticotemporal suture
  Zygomaticotemporal suture
  The Zygomaticotemporal suture is the cranial suture between the zygomatic bone and the temporal bone....
  
  
• zygomaticofrontal suture
  Zygomaticofrontal suture
  The Zygomaticofrontal suture is the cranial suture between the zygomatic bone and the frontal bone. It accounts for much of the structural integrity of the skull casing....
  
  
• sphenozygomatic suture
  Sphenozygomatic suture
  The sphenozygomatic suture is the cranial suture between the sphenoid bone and the zygomatic bone....
  
  
• sphenofrontal suture
  Sphenofrontal suture
  The Sphenofrontal suture is the cranial suture between the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone....
  
  
• sphenoparietal suture
  Sphenoparietal suture
  The Sphenoparietal suture is the cranial suture between the sphenoid bone and the parietal bone....
  
  
• sphenosquamosal suture
  Sphenosquamosal suture
  The Sphenosquamosal suture is a cranial suture between the sphenoid bone and the squama of the temporal bone....
  
  
• pterion
  Pterion
  The pterion is the point corresponding with the posterior end of the sphenoparietal suture.-Location:It is situated about 3 cm. behind, and a little above the level of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone.It marks the junction between four bones:...
  
  

• squamosal suture
  Squamosal suture
  The squamosal suture arches backward from the pterion and connects the temporal squama with the lower border of the parietal: this suture is continuous behind with the short, nearly horizontal parietomastoid suture, which unites the mastoid process of the temporal with the region of the mastoid...
  
  
• parietomastoid suture
• coronal suture
  Coronal suture
  The coronal suture is a dense, fibrous connective tissue joint that separates the frontal and parietal bones of the skull. At birth, the bones of the skull do not meet.-Pathology:...
  
   and lambdoidal suture
• occipitomastoid suture
  Occipitomastoid suture
  The occipitomastoid suture is the cranial suture between the occipital bone and the mastoid portion of the temporal bone.It is continuous with the lambdoidal suture....
  
  
• mastoid foramen
  Mastoid foramen
  The mastoid foramen is a large hole in the posterior border of the temporal bone. It transmits a Mastoid emissary vein to the sigmoid sinus and a small branch of the occipital artery, the posterior meningeal artery to the dura mater.-Variations:...
  
  
• asterion
  Asterion
  In Greek mythology, Asterion denotes two sacred kings of Crete. The first Asterion or Asterius , the son of Tectamus or son of Neleus and Chloris by the Greeks called "king" of Crete, was the consort of Europa and stepfather of her sons by Zeus, who had to assume the form of the Cretan bull of...
  
  
• superciliary arch
• frontal eminence
  Frontal eminence
  On the frontal bone, on either side of the frontal suture, about 3 cm. above the supraorbital margin, is a rounded elevation, the frontal eminence ....
  
  
• parietal eminence
  Parietal eminence
  The external surface of the parietal bone is convex, smooth, and marked near the center by an eminence, the parietal eminence , which indicates the point where ossification commenced....
  
  
• external occipital protuberance
  External occipital protuberance
  Near the middle of the occipital squama is the external occipital protuberance, and extending lateralward from it on either side is the superior nuchal line, and above this the faintly marked highest nuchal line.It is less pronounced in females....
  
  
• temporal lines
• Temporal fossa
  Temporal fossa
  The temporal fossa is a shallow depression on the side of the skull bounded by the temporal lines and terminating below the level of the zygomatic arch.-Boundaries:...
  
   (fossa temporalis)
• stephanion
  Stephanion
  The point where the upper temporal line cuts the coronal suture is named the stephanion.-External links:*...
  
  
• zygomaticotemporal foramen
  Zygomaticotemporal foramen
  Near the center of the temporal surface of the zygomatic bone is the zygomaticotemporal foramen for the transmission of the zygomaticotemporal nerve....
  
  
• infratemporal crest
  Infratemporal crest
  The lateral surface of the great wing of the sphenoid is convex, and divided by a transverse ridge, the infratemporal crest, into two portions....
  
  
• inferior orbital fissure
  Inferior orbital fissure
  Not to be confused with the infraorbital groove, infraorbital canal, and infraorbital foramen.The lateral wall and the floor of the orbit are separated posteriorly by the inferior orbital fissure which transmits the maxillary nerve and its zygomatic branch, and the ascending branches from the...
  
   or sphenomaxillary fissure
• zygomatic arch
  Zygomatic arch
  The zygomatic arch or cheek bone is formed by the zygomatic process of temporal bone and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone , the two being united by an oblique suture; the tendon of the Temporalis passes medial to the arch to gain insertion into the coronoid process...
  
  
• external acoustic meatus
• suprameatal triangle
  Suprameatal triangle
  In the temporal bone, between the posterior wall of the external acoustic meatus and the posterior root of the zygomatic process is the area called the suprameatal triangle, mastoid fossa, foveola suprameatica, or Macewen's triangle, through which an instrument may be pushed into the mastoid...
  
  
• suprameatal spine
  Suprameatal spine
  The inner end of the external acoustic meatus is closed, in the recent state, by the tympanic membrane; the upper limit of its outer orifice is formed by the posterior root of the zygomatic process, immediately below which there is sometimes seen a small spine, the suprameatal spine, situated at...
  
  
• mandibular fossa
  Mandibular fossa
  The mandibular fossa is the depression in the temporal bone that articulates with the mandibular condyle. In the temporal bone, the mandibular fossa is bounded, in front, by the articular tubercle; behind, by the tympanic part of the bone, which separates it from the external acoustic meatus; it is...
  
  

• Infratemporal fossa
  Infratemporal fossa
  The infratemporal fossa is an irregularly shaped cavity, situated below and medial to the zygomatic arch.* anteriorly, by the infratemporal surface of the maxilla and the ridge which descends from its zygomatic process...
  
   (fossa infratemporalis; zygomatic fossa)
• zygomatic arch
  Zygomatic arch
  The zygomatic arch or cheek bone is formed by the zygomatic process of temporal bone and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone , the two being united by an oblique suture; the tendon of the Temporalis passes medial to the arch to gain insertion into the coronoid process...
  
  
• foramen ovale
  Foramen ovale (skull)
  At the base of the skull the foramen ovale is one of the larger of the several holes that transmit nerves through the skull. The foramen ovale is situated in the posterior part of the sphenoid bone, posterolateral to the foramen rotundum.-Contents:Several nerves, arteries and veins pass through...
  
   and foramen spinosum
  Foramen spinosum
  The foramen spinosum is one of several foramina located in the base of the skull, on the sphenoid bone, situated lateral to the foramen ovale, in a posterior angle.-Contents:It permits the passage of certain arteries, veins and/or other structures:...
  
  
• alveolar canals
  Alveolar canals
  The infratemporal surface of the maxilla is pierced about its center by the apertures of the alveolar canals, which transmit the posterior superior alveolar vessels and nerves....
  
  
• inferior orbital fissure
  Inferior orbital fissure
  Not to be confused with the infraorbital groove, infraorbital canal, and infraorbital foramen.The lateral wall and the floor of the orbit are separated posteriorly by the inferior orbital fissure which transmits the maxillary nerve and its zygomatic branch, and the ascending branches from the...
  
   (fissura orbitalis inferior; sphenomaxillary fissure)

• pterygomaxillary fissure
  Pterygomaxillary fissure
  The pterygomaxillary fissure is a fissure of the human skull. It is vertical, and descends at right angles from the medial end of the inferior orbital fissure; it is a triangular interval, formed by the divergence of the maxilla from the pterygoid process of the sphenoid.It connects the...
  
  
• Pterygopalatine fossa
  Pterygopalatine fossa
  The pterygopalatine fossa is a fossa in the skull. It is the indented area medial to the pterygomaxillary fissure leading into the sphenopalatine foramen.-Boundaries:It has the following boundaries:...
  
   (fossa pterygopalatina; sphenomaxillary fossa)
• foramen rotundum
  Foramen rotundum
  The foramen rotundum is a circular hole in the sphenoid bone that connects the middle cranial fossa and the pterygopalatine fossa.-Structure:...
  
  
• pterygoid canal
  Pterygoid canal
  The pterygoid canal is a passage in the skull leading from just anterior to the foramen lacerum in the middle cranial fossa to the pterygopalatine fossa.-Structure:...
  
  
• pharyngeal canal
  Pharyngeal canal
  The palatovaginal canal is a canal between the sphenoid bone and the palatine bone that connects the nasopharynx with the pterygopalatine fossa. An inconstant vomerovaginal canal may lie between the ala of the vomer and the vaginal process of the sphenoid bone, medial to the palatovaginal canal,...
  
  
• sphenopalatine foramen
  Sphenopalatine foramen
  The sphenopalatine foramen is a foramen in the skull that connects the nasal cavity with the pterygopalatine fossa.-Structure:The processes of the superior border of the palatine bone are separated by the sphenopalatine notch, which is converted into the sphenopalatine foramen by the under surface...
  
  
• pterygopalatine canal

• Norma occipitalis
• sagittal suture
  Sagittal suture
  The sagittal suture is a dense, fibrous connective tissue joint between the two parietal bones of the skull. The term is derived from the Latin word Sagitta, meaning "arrow". The derivation of this term may be demonstrated by observing how the sagittal suture is notched posteriorly, like an arrow,...
  
  
• lambdoidal suture
• parietomastoid suture
• occipitomastoid suture
  Occipitomastoid suture
  The occipitomastoid suture is the cranial suture between the occipital bone and the mastoid portion of the temporal bone.It is continuous with the lambdoidal suture....
  
  
• external occipital protuberance
  External occipital protuberance
  Near the middle of the occipital squama is the external occipital protuberance, and extending lateralward from it on either side is the superior nuchal line, and above this the faintly marked highest nuchal line.It is less pronounced in females....
  
   or inion
  Inion
  The inion is the most prominent projection of the occipital bone at the posterioinferior part of the skull. The ligamentum nuchae and trapezius muscle attach to it....
  
  
• planum occipitale
  Planum occipitale
  That part of the squama occipitalis which lies above the highest nuchal lines is named the planum occipitale , and is covered by the Occipitalis muscle....
  
  
• planum nuchale
  Planum nuchale
  That part of the squama occipitalis which lies below the highest nuchal lines is termed the planum nuchale , is rough and irregular for the attachment of several muscles....
  
  
• mastoid foramen
  Mastoid foramen
  The mastoid foramen is a large hole in the posterior border of the temporal bone. It transmits a Mastoid emissary vein to the sigmoid sinus and a small branch of the occipital artery, the posterior meningeal artery to the dura mater.-Variations:...
  
  

• frontal eminences
• superciliary arches
  Superciliary arches
  On the squama frontalis of the frontal bone of the skull, below the frontal eminences, and separated from them by a shallow groove, are two arched elevations, the superciliary arches; these are prominent medially, and are joined to one another by a smooth elevation named the glabella.Typically, the...
  
  
• glabella
  Glabella
  The glabella, in humans, is the space between the eyebrows and above the nose. It is slightly elevated, and joins the two superciliary ridges.-Etymology:The term is derived from the Latin glabellus, meaning smooth, as this area is usually hairless....
  
  
• frontal suture
  Frontal suture
  The frontal suture is a dense connective tissue structure that divides the two halves of the frontal bone of the skull in infants and children. It usually disappears by the age of six, with the two halves of the frontal bone being fused together...
  
  
• nasion
  Nasion
  The nasion is the intersection of the frontal and two nasal bones of the human skull. Its manifestation on the visible surface of the face is a distinctly depressed area directly between the eyes, just superior to the bridge of the nose....
  
  
• supraorbital notch
  Supraorbital notch
  The Supraorbital notch is a small groove at superior and medial margin of the orbit in the frontal bone. The supraorbital nerve passes through this notch prior to dividing into superficial and deep components that provide sensory innervation to the ipsilateral forehead...
  
   or supraorbital foramen
  Supraorbital foramen
  The supraorbital foramen is a bony elongated path located above the orbit and under the forehead. The supraorbital foramen lies directly under the eyebrow....
  
  

• anterior nasal spine
  Anterior nasal spine
  Medially, the anterior surface of the maxilla is limited by a deep concavity, the nasal notch, the margin of which gives attachment to the Dilator naris posterior and ends below in a pointed process, which with its fellow of the opposite side forms the anterior nasal spine.-External links:* * -...
  
  
• infraorbital foramen
  Infraorbital foramen
  Above the canine fossa is the infraorbital foramen, the end of the infraorbital canal; it transmits the infraorbital artery, vein, and infraorbital nerve.-External links: *...
  
  
• zygomaticofacial foramen
  Zygomaticofacial foramen
  The malar surface of the zygomatic bone is convex and perforated near its center by a small aperture, the zygomaticofacial foramen, for the passage of the zygomaticofacial nerve and vessels; below this foramen is a slight elevation, which gives origin to the Zygomaticus....
  
  

• Orbits (orbitæ)
• roof of orbit
  • trochlear fovea
    Trochlear fovea
    Near the nasal part of the interior surface of the frontal bone is a depression, the trochlear fovea, or occasionally a small trochlear spine, for the attachment of the cartilaginous pulley of the Obliquus oculi superior....
    
    
  • lacrimal fossa
• floor of orbit
  • infraorbital groove
    Infraorbital groove
    Not to be confused with the inferior orbital fissure, which is just lateral to the infraorbital groove.Also not to be confused with the infraorbital canal, into which the groove enters, nor the infraorbital foramen, which is the canal's opening on the other side.Near the middle of the posterior...
    
    

• medial wall
  Nasal septum
  The nasal septum separates the left and right airways in the nose, dividing the two nostrils.It is depressed by the Depressor septi nasi muscle.-Composition:The fleshy external end of the nasal septum is sometimes also called columella....
  
  
  • lacrimal groove
    Lacrimal groove
    On the nasal surface of the body of the maxilla, in front of the opening of the sinus is a deep groove, the lacrimal groove , which is converted into the nasolacrimal canal, by the lacrimal bone and inferior nasal concha; this canal opens into the inferior meatus of the nose and transmits the...
    
    
  • posterior lacrimal crest
    Posterior lacrimal crest
    The lateral or orbital surface of the lacrimal bone is divided by a vertical ridge, the posterior lacrimal crest, into two parts.In front of this crest is a longitudinal groove, the lacrimal sulcus , the inner margin of which unites with the frontal process of the maxilla, and the lacrimal fossa is...
    
    
  • dacryon
    Dacryon
    The point of junction of the maxillary bone, lacrimal bone, and frontal bone is named the dacryon....
    
    
  • anterior ethmoidal foramen
    Anterior ethmoidal foramen
    Lateral to either olfactory groove are the internal openings of the anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina .The anterior ethmoidal foramen, situated about the middle of the lateral margin of the olfactory groove, transmits the anterior ethmoidal vessels and the anterior ethmoidal nerve; the...
    
    
  • posterior ethmoidal foramen
    Posterior ethmoidal foramen
    Lateral to either olfactory groove are the internal openings of the anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina .The posterior ethmoidal foramen opens at the back part of this margin under cover of the projecting lamina of the sphenoid, and transmits the posterior ethmoidal vessels and nerve....
    
    
• lateral wall
  • superior orbital fissure
  • inferior orbital fissure
    Inferior orbital fissure
    Not to be confused with the infraorbital groove, infraorbital canal, and infraorbital foramen.The lateral wall and the floor of the orbit are separated posteriorly by the inferior orbital fissure which transmits the maxillary nerve and its zygomatic branch, and the ascending branches from the...
    
    
• base of the orbit
  • supraorbital notch
    Supraorbital notch
    The Supraorbital notch is a small groove at superior and medial margin of the orbit in the frontal bone. The supraorbital nerve passes through this notch prior to dividing into superficial and deep components that provide sensory innervation to the ipsilateral forehead...
    
     or supraorbital foramen
    Supraorbital foramen
    The supraorbital foramen is a bony elongated path located above the orbit and under the forehead. The supraorbital foramen lies directly under the eyebrow....
    
    
• apex of orbit

• Skull
  Human skull
  The human skull is a bony structure, skeleton, that is in the human head and which supports the structures of the face and forms a cavity for the brain.In humans, the adult skull is normally made up of 22 bones...
  
  : upper surface of base of:
• Skull
  Human skull
  The human skull is a bony structure, skeleton, that is in the human head and which supports the structures of the face and forms a cavity for the brain.In humans, the adult skull is normally made up of 22 bones...
  
  : fossa of:

• Anterior cranial fossa
  Anterior cranial fossa
  The floor of the anterior fossa is formed by the orbital plates of the frontal, the cribriform plate of the ethmoid, and the small wings and front part of the body of the sphenoid; it is limited behind by the posterior borders of the small wings of the sphenoid and by the anterior margin of the...
  
   (fossa cranii anterior)
  • Frontoethmoidal suture
    Frontoethmoidal suture
    The frontoethmoidal suture is the suture between the ethmoid bone and the frontal bone.It is located in the anterior cranial fossa....
    
    
  • Sphenoethmoidal suture
    Sphenoethmoidal suture
    The Sphenoethmoidal suture is the cranial suture between the sphenoid bone and the ethmoid bone....
    
    
  • sphenofrontal suture
    Sphenofrontal suture
    The Sphenofrontal suture is the cranial suture between the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone....
    
    
  • frontal crest
    Frontal crest
    The internal surface of the squama frontalis of the frontal bone is concave and presents in the upper part of the middle line a vertical groove, the sagittal sulcus, the edges of which unite below to form a ridge, the frontal crest; the sulcus lodges the superior sagittal sinus, while its margins...
    
    
  • foramen cecum
    Foramen cecum (frontal bone)
    The frontal crest of the frontal bone ends below in a small notch which is converted into a foramen, the foramen cecum , by articulation with the ethmoid....
    
    
  • crista galli
    Crista galli
    The crista galli is a median ridge of bone that projects from the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone.It is where the falx cerebri attaches anteriorly to the skull....
    
    
  • olfactory groove
  • anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina
  • ethmoidal spine
    Ethmoidal spine
    The superior surface of the body of the sphenoid bone presents in front a prominent spine, the ethmoidal spine, for articulation with the cribriform plate of the ethmoid; behind this is a smooth surface slightly raised in the middle line, and grooved on either side for the olfactory lobes of the...
    
    

• Middle cranial fossa
  Middle cranial fossa
  The middle fossa, deeper than the anterior cranial fossa, is narrow medially and widens laterally to the sides of the skull. It is separated from the posterior fossa by the clivus and the petrous crest....
  
   (fossa cranii media)
  • squamosal suture
    Squamosal suture
    The squamosal suture arches backward from the pterion and connects the temporal squama with the lower border of the parietal: this suture is continuous behind with the short, nearly horizontal parietomastoid suture, which unites the mastoid process of the temporal with the region of the mastoid...
    
    
  • sphenoparietal suture
    Sphenoparietal suture
    The Sphenoparietal suture is the cranial suture between the sphenoid bone and the parietal bone....
    
    
  • sphenosquamosal suture
    Sphenosquamosal suture
    The Sphenosquamosal suture is a cranial suture between the sphenoid bone and the squama of the temporal bone....
    
    
  • sphenopetrosal suture
    Sphenopetrosal suture
    The sphenopetrosal fissure is the cranial suture between the sphenoid bone and the petrous portion of the temporal bone.It is in the middle cranial fossa....
    
    

• Middle cranial fossa
  Middle cranial fossa
  The middle fossa, deeper than the anterior cranial fossa, is narrow medially and widens laterally to the sides of the skull. It is separated from the posterior fossa by the clivus and the petrous crest....
  
   (fossa cranii media)
  • lingula
  • superior orbital fissure
  • foramen rotundum
    Foramen rotundum
    The foramen rotundum is a circular hole in the sphenoid bone that connects the middle cranial fossa and the pterygopalatine fossa.-Structure:...
    
    
  • foramen ovale
    Foramen ovale (skull)
    At the base of the skull the foramen ovale is one of the larger of the several holes that transmit nerves through the skull. The foramen ovale is situated in the posterior part of the sphenoid bone, posterolateral to the foramen rotundum.-Contents:Several nerves, arteries and veins pass through...
    
    
  • foramen Vesalii
  • foramen spinosum
    Foramen spinosum
    The foramen spinosum is one of several foramina located in the base of the skull, on the sphenoid bone, situated lateral to the foramen ovale, in a posterior angle.-Contents:It permits the passage of certain arteries, veins and/or other structures:...
    
    
  • foramen lacerum
    Foramen lacerum
    The foramen lacerum is a triangular hole in the base of the skull located at the base of the medial pterygoid plate.-Transit through the foramen lacerum:...
    
    
  • hiatus of the facial canal
    Hiatus of the facial canal
    A shallow groove, sometimes double, leading lateralward and backward to an oblique opening, the hiatus for greater petrosal nerve , for the passage of the greater superficial petrosal nerve and the petrosal branch of the middle meningeal artery....
    
    

• Posterior cranial fossa
  Posterior cranial fossa
  The posterior cranial fossa is part of the intracranial cavity, located between the foramen magnum and tentorium cerebelli. It contains the brainstem and cerebellum.This is the most inferior of the fossae. It houses the cerebellum, medulla and pons....
  
   (fossa cranii posterior)
  • occipitomastoid suture
    Occipitomastoid suture
    The occipitomastoid suture is the cranial suture between the occipital bone and the mastoid portion of the temporal bone.It is continuous with the lambdoidal suture....
    
    
  • parietomastoid suture
  • foramen magnum

• Posterior cranial fossa
  Posterior cranial fossa
  The posterior cranial fossa is part of the intracranial cavity, located between the foramen magnum and tentorium cerebelli. It contains the brainstem and cerebellum.This is the most inferior of the fossae. It houses the cerebellum, medulla and pons....
  
   (fossa cranii posterior)
  • petro-occipital fissure
    Petro-occipital fissure
    This grooved surface of the foramen magnum is separated on either side from the petrous portion of the temporal bone by the petro-occipital fissure, which is occupied in the fresh state by a plate of cartilage; the fissure is continuous behind with the jugular foramen, and its margins are grooved...
    
    
  • jugular foramen
    Jugular foramen
    The jugular foramen is a large aperture in the base of the skull. It is located behind the carotid canal and is formed in front by the petrous portion of the temporal, and behind by the occipital; it is generally larger on the right than on the left side....
    
    
  • internal acoustic meatus
  • inferior occipital fossæ
  • internal occipital crest
    Internal occipital crest
    In the occipital bone, the lower division of the cruciate eminence is prominent, and is named the internal occipital crest; it bifurcates near the foramen magnum and gives attachment to the falx cerebelli; in the attached margin of this falx is the occipital sinus, which is sometimes duplicated.In...
    
    
  • transverse sinuses
    Transverse sinuses
    The transverse sinuses , within the human head, are two areas beneath the brain which allow blood to drain from the back of the head. They run laterally in a groove along the interior surface of the occipital bone...
    
    
  • mastoid foramen
    Mastoid foramen
    The mastoid foramen is a large hole in the posterior border of the temporal bone. It transmits a Mastoid emissary vein to the sigmoid sinus and a small branch of the occipital artery, the posterior meningeal artery to the dura mater.-Variations:...
    
    
  • condyloid canal
    Condyloid canal
    The condylar canal is a canal in the condyloid fossa of the lateral parts of occipital bone behind the occipital condyle. Resection of the rectus capitus posterior major and minor muscles reveals the bony recess leading to the condylar canal, which is situated posterior and lateral to the...
    
    

• Nasal cavity
  Nasal cavity
  The nasal cavity is a large air filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face.- Function :The nasal cavity conditions the air to be received by the other areas of the respiratory tract...
  
   (cavum nasi; nasal fossa)
  • roof of nasal cavity
  • floor of nasal cavity
  • medial wall
    Nasal septum
    The nasal septum separates the left and right airways in the nose, dividing the two nostrils.It is depressed by the Depressor septi nasi muscle.-Composition:The fleshy external end of the nasal septum is sometimes also called columella....
    
     (septum nasi)

• Nasal cavity
  Nasal cavity
  The nasal cavity is a large air filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face.- Function :The nasal cavity conditions the air to be received by the other areas of the respiratory tract...
  
   (cavum nasi; nasal fossa)
  • lateral wall
    • superior meatus
      Superior meatus
      The superior meatus, the smallest of the three meatuses of the nose, occupies the middle third of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity.It lies between the superior nasal conchæ and middle nasal conchæ; the sphenopalatine foramen opens into it behind, and the posterior ethmoidal cells in front.The...
      
      
    • sphenopalatine foramen
      Sphenopalatine foramen
      The sphenopalatine foramen is a foramen in the skull that connects the nasal cavity with the pterygopalatine fossa.-Structure:The processes of the superior border of the palatine bone are separated by the sphenopalatine notch, which is converted into the sphenopalatine foramen by the under surface...
      
      
    • posterior ethmoidal cells
    • sphenoethmoidal recess
      Sphenoethmoidal recess
      The sphenoethmoidal recessis a small space posterior and superior to the superior concha into which the sphenoidal sinus opens.-External links: - "The turbinates have been cut and removed to illustrate the meatus and openings into them."...
      
      
    • middle meatus
      Middle meatus
      The middle meatus is a nasal opening or canal situated between the middle and inferior conchæ, and extends from the anterior to the posterior end of the latter....
      
      
    • hiatus semilunaris
      Hiatus semilunaris
      The hiatus semilunaris is a crescent-shaped groove in the lateral wall of the nasal cavity just inferior to the ethmoidal bulla. It is the location of the openings for the frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, and anterior ethmoidal sinus...
      
      
    • bulla ethmoidalis
    • infundibulum
      Ethmoid bone
      The ethmoid bone is a bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain. As such, it is located at the roof of the nose, between the two orbits. The cubical bone is lightweight due to a spongy construction. The ethmoid bone is one of the bones that makes up the orbit of the eye...
      
      
    • frontonasal duct
      Frontonasal duct
      The frontal air sinuses are lined by mucous membrane, and each communicates with the corresponding nasal cavity by means of a passage called the frontonasal duct....
      
      
    • ostium maxillare
      Ostium maxillare
      Below the bulla ethmoidalis, and partly hidden by the inferior end of the uncinate process, is the maxillary hiatus ; in a frontal section this opening is seen to be placed near the roof of the sinus.-External links:* *...
      
      
    • inferior meatus
      Inferior meatus
      The inferior meatus, the largest of the three meatuses of the nose, is the space between the inferior concha and the floor of the nasal cavity....
      
      

• Anterior nasal aperture
  Anterior nasal aperture
  The anterior nasal aperture is a heart-shaped or pyriform opening, whose long axis is vertical, and narrow end upward; in the recent state it is much contracted by the lateral and alar cartilages of the nose....
  
  
  • choanæ
• Fontanelles
  • anterior fontanelle
    Anterior fontanelle
    The anterior fontanelle is the largest fontanelle, and is placed at the junction of the sagittal suture, coronal suture, and frontal suture; it is lozenge-shaped, and measures about 4 cm in its antero-posterior and 2.5 cm in its transverse diameter...
    
     (bregmatic fontanelle)
  • posterior fontanelle
    Posterior fontanelle
    The posterior fontanelle is a gap between bones in the human skull, triangular in form and situated at the junction of the sagittal suture and lambdoidal suture. It generally closes in 6-8 weeks from birth. A delay in closure is associated with congential hypothyroidism....
    
    
  • lateral fontanelles

• The Points in the Median plane
  Median plane
  The median plane is a Midsagittal plane which bisects the body vertically through the navel, dividing the body exactly in left and right side.Sagittal plane is any plane parallel to the median plane....
  
  
• The Points on Either Side of the Median plane
  Median plane
  The median plane is a Midsagittal plane which bisects the body vertically through the navel, dividing the body exactly in left and right side.Sagittal plane is any plane parallel to the median plane....
  
  

• (Ossa Extremitatis Superioris) & (Clavicula; Collar bone)
• clavicle
  Clavicle
  In human anatomy, the clavicle or collar bone is a long bone of short length that serves as a strut between the scapula and the sternum. It is the only long bone in body that lies horizontally...
  
  
• coracoid tuberosity
  Conoid tubercle
  At the posterior inferior side of the clavicle, near the point where the prismatic joins with the flattened portion, is a rough eminence, the conoid tubercle ; this, in the natural position of the bone, surmounts the coracoid process of the scapula, and gives attachment to the conoid ligament....
  
   (conoid tubercle
  Conoid tubercle
  At the posterior inferior side of the clavicle, near the point where the prismatic joins with the flattened portion, is a rough eminence, the conoid tubercle ; this, in the natural position of the bone, surmounts the coracoid process of the scapula, and gives attachment to the conoid ligament....
  
  )
• oblique or trapezoid ridge

• costal tuberosity (rhomboid impression)
• subclavian groove
  Subclavian groove
  On the medial part of the clavicle is a broad rough surface, the costal tuberosity , rather more than 2 cm. in length, for the attachment of the costoclavicular ligament. The rest of this surface is occupied by a groove, which gives attachment to the Subclavius; the coracoclavicular fascia, which...
  
  
• Sternal extremity (extremitas sternalis; internal extremity)
• Acromial extremity (extremitas acromialis; outer extremity)

• Surfaces
  • subscapular angle
  • supraspinatous fossa
    Supraspinatous fossa
    The supraspinatous fossa of the posterior aspect of the scapula is smaller than the infraspinatous fossa, concave, smooth, and broader at its vertebral than at its humeral end. Its medial two-thirds give origin to the Supraspinatus....
    
    
  • infraspinatous fossa
    Infraspinatous fossa
    The infraspinatous fossa of the scapula is much larger than the supraspinatous fossa; toward its vertebral margin a shallow concavity is seen at its upper part; its center presents a prominent convexity, while near the axillary border is a deep groove which runs from the upper toward the lower...
    
    
• Spine of scapula
  Spine of scapula
  The spine of the scapula is a prominent plate of bone, which crosses obliquely the medial four-fifths of the scapula at its upper part, and separates the supra- from the infraspinatous fossa....
  
   (spina scapulæ)
  • crest of the spine
  • great scapular notch
• Acromion

• Borders
  • superior border
    Superior border of scapula
    Of the three borders of the scapula, the superior border is the shortest and thinnestit is concave, and extends from the medial angle to the base of the coracoid process....
    
    
    • scapular notch

• Borders
  • vertebral border
• Angles
  • medial angle
  • inferior angle

• Angles
  • lateral angle
    • glenoid cavity
      Glenoid cavity
      The glenoid cavity is a shallow pyriform, articular surface, which is located on the lateral angle of the scapula. It is directed laterally and forward and articulates with the head of the humerus; it is broader below than above and its vertical diameter is the longest.This cavity forms the...
      
      
    • glenoidal labrum
      Glenoidal labrum
      The glenoid labrum is a fibrocartilaginous rim attached around the margin of the glenoid cavity in the shoulder blade. The shoulder joint is considered a 'ball and socket' joint. However, in bony terms the 'socket' is quite shallow and small, covering at most only a third of the 'ball'...
      
      
    • supraglenoid tuberosity
• Coracoid process (processus coracoideus)

• Upper extremity of humerus
  • head of humerus (caput humeri)
  • surgical neck
  • Anatomical neck (collum anatomicum)
  • Greater tubercle
    Greater tubercle
    The greater tubercle of the humerus is situated lateral to the head of the humerus and posteriolateral to the lesser tubercle.Its upper surface is rounded and marked by three flat impressions....
    
     (tuberculum majus; greater tuberosity)
  • Lesser tubercle
    Lesser tubercle
    The lesser tubercle of the humerus, although smaller, is more prominent than the greater tubercle: it is situated in front, and is directed medially and anteriorly....
    
     (tuberculum minus; lesser tuberosity)
  • intertubercular groove
    Intertubercular groove
    The tubercles of the humerus are separated from each other by a deep groove, the intertubercular groove , which lodges the long tendon of the Biceps brachii and transmits a branch of the anterior humeral circumflex artery to the shoulder-joint.It runs obliquely downward, and ends near the junction...
    
     (bicipital groove)
  • crests of the greater and lesser tubercles (bicipital ridges)
• body of humerus
  Body of humerus
  The body or shaft of the humerus is almost cylindrical in the upper half of its extent, prismatic and flattened below, and has three borders and three surfaces.- Anterior :...
  
   or shaft of humerus (corpus humeri)

• body of humerus
  Body of humerus
  The body or shaft of the humerus is almost cylindrical in the upper half of its extent, prismatic and flattened below, and has three borders and three surfaces.- Anterior :...
  
   or shaft of humerus (corpus humeri)
  • radial sulcus
    Radial sulcus
    The radial sulcus is a broad but shallow oblique depression for the radial nerve and deep brachial artery. It is located on the center of the lateral border of the humerus bone....
    
     (musculospiral groove)
  • lateral supracondylar ridge
    Lateral supracondylar ridge
    The lower part of the lateral border of the body of the humerus forms a prominent, rough margin, a little curved from behind forward, the lateral supracondylar ridge , which presents an anterior lip for the origin of the Brachioradialis above, and Extensor carpi radialis longus below, a posterior...
    
    
  • crest of the lesser tubercle
  • medial supracondylar ridge
    Medial supracondylar ridge
    The inferior third of the medial border of the humerus is raised into a slight ridge, the medial supracondylar ridge , which becomes very prominent below; it presents an anterior lip for the origins of the Brachialis and Pronator teres, a posterior lip for the medial head of the Triceps brachii,...
    
    
  • deltoid tuberosity
    Deltoid tuberosity
    In human anatomy, the deltoid tuberosity is a rough, triangular area on the anterolateral surface of the middle of the humerus to which the deltoid muscle attaches.-Development:...
    
    
  • radial sulcus
    Radial sulcus
    The radial sulcus is a broad but shallow oblique depression for the radial nerve and deep brachial artery. It is located on the center of the lateral border of the humerus bone....
    
    

• Lower extremity of humerus
  Lower extremity of humerus
  The lower extremity of the humerus is flattened from before backward, and curved slightly forward; it ends below in a broad, articular surface, which is divided into two parts by a slight ridge.Projecting on either side are the lateral and medial epicondyles....
  
  
  • articular surface
  • capitulum of the humerus
    Capitulum of the humerus
    In human anatomy of the arm, the lateral portion of the articular surface of the humerus consists of a smooth, rounded eminence, named the capitulum of the humerus....
    
    
  • radial fossa
    Radial fossa
    Above the front part of the capitulum is a slight depression, the radial fossa, which receives the anterior border of the head of the radius, when the forearm is flexed....
    
    
  • trochlea
    Trochlea of humerus
    The medial portion of the articular surface of the humerus is named the trochlea, and presents a deep depression between two well-marked borders; it is convex from before backward, concave from side to side, and occupies the anterior, lower, and posterior parts of the extremity...
    
    
  • coronoid fossa
  • olecranon fossa
    Olecranon fossa
    The olecranon fossa is a deep triangular depression on the posterior side of the humerus, superior to the trochlea, in which the summit of the olecranon is received during extension of the forearm.-External links: *...
    
    
  • supratrochlear foramen
    Supratrochlear foramen
    The supratrochlear foramen is a small hole located above the trochlea of the humerus of larger dog species. It is covered by a layer of connective tissue....
    
    
  • lateral epicondyle
    Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
    The lateral epicondyle of the humerus is a small, tuberculated eminence, curved a little forward, and giving attachment to the radial collateral ligament of the elbow-joint, and to a tendon common to the origin of the Supinator and some of the Extensor muscles. In birds, where the arm is somewhat...
    
    
  • medial epicondyle
    Medial epicondyle of the humerus
    The medial epicondyle of the humerus, larger and more prominent than the lateral epicondyle, is directed a little backward. In birds, where the arm is somewhat rotated compared to other tetrapods, it is called ventral epicondyle of the humerus....
    
    

• Upper extremity of ulna
  Upper extremity of ulna
  The upper extremity of the ulna presents two curved processes, the olecranon and the coronoid process; and two concave, articular cavities, the semilunar and radial notches.- The olecranon :...
  
   (proximal extremity of ulna)
  • Olecranon
    Olecranon
    The olecranon is a large, thick, curved bony eminence of the forearm that projects behind the elbow.It is situated at the upper end of the ulna, one of the two bones in the forearm...
    
     (olecranon process)
  • Coronoid process
    Coronoid process of the ulna
    The coronoid process is a triangular eminence projecting forward from the upper and front part of the ulna.Its base is continuous with the body of the bone, and of considerable strength....
    
     (processus coronoideus)
  • tuberosity of the ulna
    Tuberosity of the ulna
    At the junction of the antero-inferior surface of the coronoid process with the front of the body is a rough eminence, the tuberosity of the ulna , which gives insertion to a part of the Brachialis; to the lateral border of this tuberosity the oblique cord is attached....
    
    
  • radial notch
    Radial notch
    The radial notch of the ulna is a narrow, oblong, articular depression on the lateral side of the coronoid process; it receives the circumferential articular surface of the head of the radius....
    
    

• Upper extremity of ulna
  Upper extremity of ulna
  The upper extremity of the ulna presents two curved processes, the olecranon and the coronoid process; and two concave, articular cavities, the semilunar and radial notches.- The olecranon :...
  
   (proximal extremity of ulna)
  • Semilunar notch
    Semilunar notch
    The semilunar notch of the ulna is a large depression, formed by the olecranon and the coronoid process, and serving for articulation with the trochlea of the humerus....
    
     (incisura semilunaris; greater sigmoid cavity)
  • Radial notch
    Radial notch
    The radial notch of the ulna is a narrow, oblong, articular depression on the lateral side of the coronoid process; it receives the circumferential articular surface of the head of the radius....
    
     (incisura radialis; lesser sigmoid cavity)
• Body of ulna
  Body of ulna
  The body of the ulna at its upper part is prismatic in form, and curved so as to be convex behind and lateralward; its central part is straight; its lower part is rounded, smooth, and bent a little lateralward...
  
   or Shaft of ulna (corpus ulnæ)

• Body of ulna
  Body of ulna
  The body of the ulna at its upper part is prismatic in form, and curved so as to be convex behind and lateralward; its central part is straight; its lower part is rounded, smooth, and bent a little lateralward...
  
   or Shaft of ulna (corpus ulnæ)
  • perpendicular line
  • medial surface (facies medialis; internal surface)
• Lower extremity
  Lower extremity of ulna
  The lower extremity of the ulna or distal extremity is the end of the ulna closest to the wrist. The extremity is small, and presents two eminences; the lateral and larger is a rounded, articular eminence, termed the head of the ulna; the medial, narrower and more projecting, is a non-articular...
  
   (distal extremity)
  • head of ulna
    Head of ulna
    The head of ulna presents an articular surface, part of which, of an oval or semilunar form, is directed downward, and articulates with the upper surface of the triangular articular disk which separates it from the wrist-joint; the remaining portion, directed lateralward, is narrow, convex, and...
    
    
  • styloid process
    Ulnar styloid process
    The styloid process of the ulna projects from the medial and back part of the bone; it descends a little lower than the head, and its rounded end affords attachment to the ulnar collateral ligament of the wrist-joint....
    
    

• Upper extremity of radius
  Upper extremity of radius
  The upper extremity of the radius presents a head, neck, and tuberosity.* The radial head has a cylindrical form, and on its upper surface is a shallow cup or fovea for articulation with the capitulum of the humerus...
  
   (proximal extremity)
  • head of radius
    Head of radius
    The head of the radius has a cylindrical form, and on its upper surface is a shallow cup or fovea for articulation with the capitulum of the humerus....
    
    
  • neck of radius
  • radial tuberosity
    Radial tuberosity
    Beneath the neck of the radius, on the medial side, is an eminence, the radial tuberosity; its surface is divided into:* a posterior, rough portion, for the insertion of the tendon of the biceps brachii....
    
    
• Body of radius
  Body of radius
  The body of the radius is prismoid in form, narrower above than below, and slightly curved, so as to be convex lateralward...
  
   or Shaft of radius (corpus radii)
  • oblique line of the radius

• Lower extremity of radius
  Lower extremity of radius
  -Articular surfaces:It is provided with two articular surfaces - one below, for the carpus, and another at the medial side, for the ulna.* The carpal articular surface is triangular, concave, smooth, and divided by a slight antero-posterior ridge into two parts...
  
  
  • ulnar notch of the radius
    Ulnar notch of the radius
    The articular surface for the ulna is called the ulnar notch of the radius; it is narrow, concave, smooth, and articulates with the head of the ulna....
    
     (sigmoid cavity)
  • styloid process
    Ulnar styloid process
    The styloid process of the ulna projects from the medial and back part of the bone; it descends a little lower than the head, and its rounded end affords attachment to the ulnar collateral ligament of the wrist-joint....
    
    
• Ossification of radius
  Ossification of radius
  The radius is one of the two bones in the forearm.The radius is ossified from three centers: one for the body, and one for either extremity...
  
  

• Bones of the Proximal Row (upper row)
  • Navicular bone
    Navicular bone
    The navicular bone is a small bone found in the feet of both humans and horses.- Human anatomy :The navicular bone is one of the tarsal bones, found in the foot. Its name derives from the bone's resemblance to a small boat, caused by the strongly concave proximal articular surface...
    
     (os naviculare manus; scaphoid bone
    Scaphoid bone
    The scaphoid bone is one of the carpal bones of the wrist. It is situated between the hand and forearm on the thumb-side of the wrist . The scaphoid bone is the largest bone of the proximal row of wrist bones, its long axis being from above downward, lateralward, and forward...
    
    )

• Bones of the Proximal Row (upper row)
  • Lunate bone
    Lunate bone
    The lunate bone is a carpal bone in the human hand that may be distinguished by its deep concavity and crescentic outline. It is situated in the center of the proximal row of the carpus region between the fore arm and hand...
    
     (os lunatum; semilunar bone)
  • Triangular bone (os triquetum; cuneiform bone)

• Bones of the Proximal Row (upper row)
  • Pisiform bone
    Pisiform bone
    The pisiform bone is a small knobbly, pea-shaped wrist bone.The pisiform bone is found in the proximal row of the carpus. It is located where the ulna joins the carpus...
    
     (os pisiforme)
• Bones of the Distal Row (lower row)
  • Greater multangular bone (os multangulum majus; trapezium
    Trapezium (bone)
    The trapezium bone is a carpal bone in the wrist.The trapezium is distinguished by a deep groove on its palmar surface. It is situated at the radial side of the carpus, between the scaphoid and the first metacarpal bone...
    
    )
  • Lesser multangular bone (os multangulum minus; trapezoid bone
    Trapezoid bone
    The trapezoid bone is a carpal bone in tetrapods, including humans. It is the smallest bone in the distal row. It may be known by its wedge-shaped form, the broad end of the wedge constituting the dorsal, the narrow end the palmar surface; and by its having four articular facets touching each...
    
    )

• Bones of the Distal Row (lower row)
  • Capitate bone (os capitatum; os magnum)

• Bones of the Distal Row (lower row)
  • Hamate bone
    Hamate bone
    The hamate bone is a bone in the human hand that may be readily distinguished by its wedge-shaped form, and the hook-like process which projects from its volar surface. It is situated at the medial and lower angle of the carpus, with its base downward, resting on the fourth and fifth metacarpal...
    
     (os hamatum; unciform bone)
    • Hamulus of hamate bone
      Hamulus of hamate bone
      The volar surface of the hamate bone presents, at its lower and ulnar side, a curved, hook-like process, the hamulus, directed forward and lateralward....
      
      

• Metacarpal bones (Ossa metacarpalia I-V )
  • First metacarpal bone
    First metacarpal bone
    The first metacarpal bone or the metacarpal bone of the thumb is the first bone of the thumb. It is connected to the trapezium of the carpus at the first carpometacarpal joint and to the proximal thumb phalanx at the first metacarpophalangeal joint....
    
    
  • Second metacarpal bone
  • Third metacarpal bone
    Third metacarpal bone
    The third metacarpal bone is a little smaller than the second.The dorsal aspect of its base presents on its radial side a pyramidal eminence, the styloid process, which extends upward behind the capitate; immediately distal to this is a rough surface for the attachment of the extensor carpi...
    
    
  • Fourth metacarpal bone
    Fourth metacarpal bone
    The fourth metacarpal bone is shorter and smaller than the third.The base is small and quadrilateral; its superior surface presents two facets, a large one medially for articulation with the hamate, and a small one laterally for the capitate.On the radial side are two oval facets, for articulation...
    
    
  • Fifth metacarpal bone
    Fifth metacarpal bone
    The fifth metacarpal bone is the most lateral metacarpal.-Surfaces:It presents on its base one facet on its superior surface, which is concavo-convex and articulates with the hamate, and one on its radial side, which articulates with the fourth metacarpal.On its ulnar side is a prominent tubercle...
    
    

• phalanges (Phalanges digitorum manus)
• body
  Body
  With regard to living things, a body is the physical body of an individual. "Body" often is used in connection with appearance, health issues and death...
  
  
• proximal extremities
• distal extremities
• ungual phalanges
• Articulations
  Joint
  A joint is the location at which two or more bones make contact. They are constructed to allow movement and provide mechanical support, and are classified structurally and functionally.-Classification:...
  
  

• Ossa Extremitatis Inferioris & Os Coxæ; Innominate bone
• hip bone
  Hip bone
  The hip bone, innominate bone or coxal bone is a large, flattened, irregularly shaped bone, constricted in the center and expanded above and below...
  
  
• acetabulum
  Acetabulum
  The acetabulum is a concave surface of the pelvis. The head of the femur meets with the pelvis at the acetabulum, forming the hip joint.-Structure:...
  
  
• obturator foramen
  Obturator foramen
  The obturator foramen is the hole created by the ischium and pubis bones of the pelvis through which nerves and muscles pass.- General structure :...
  
  

• Ilium
  Ilium (bone)
  The ilium is the uppermost and largest bone of the pelvis, and appears in most vertebrates including mammals and birds, but not bony fish. All reptiles have an ilium except snakes, although some snake species have a tiny bone which is considered to be an ilium.The name comes from the Latin ,...
  
   (os ilii)
• arcuate line
  Arcuate line (ilium)
  The arcuate line of the ilium is a smooth rounded border on the internal surface of the ilium. It is immediately inferior to the iliac fossa and Iliacus muscle.It forms part of the border of the pelvic inlet....
  
  
• Body of ilium
  Body of ilium
  The body of ilium enters into the formation of the acetabulum, of which it forms rather less than two-fifths.Its external surface is partly articular, partly non-articular; the articular segment forms part of the lunate surface of the acetabulum, the non-articular portion contributes to the...
  
   (corpus oss. ilii)

• Ala
  Wing of ilium
  The wing of ilium is the large expanded portion which bounds the greater pelvis laterally. It presents for examination two surfaces—an external and an internal—a crest, and two borders—an anterior and a posterior.-External surface:...
  
   (ala oss. ilii)
  • External surface
    • dorsum ilii
    • posterior gluteal line
      Posterior gluteal line
      The posterior gluteal line , the shortest of the three gluteal lines, begins at the iliac crest, about 5 cm in front of its posterior extremity; it is at first distinctly marked, but as it passes downward to the upper part of the greater sciatic notch, where it ends, it becomes less distinct, and...
      
       (superior curved line)

• Ala
  Wing of ilium
  The wing of ilium is the large expanded portion which bounds the greater pelvis laterally. It presents for examination two surfaces—an external and an internal—a crest, and two borders—an anterior and a posterior.-External surface:...
  
   (ala oss. ilii)
  • External surface
    • anterior gluteal line
      Anterior gluteal line
      The anterior gluteal line refers to a bone in the human pelvis. It is the longest of the three gluteal lines, begins at the crest, about 4 cm...
      
       (middle curved line)
    • inferior gluteal line
      Inferior gluteal line
      The inferior gluteal line , the least distinct of the three gluteal lines, begins in front at the notch on the anterior border, and, curving backward and downward, ends near the middle of the greater sciatic notch....
      
       (inferior curved line)

• Ala
  Wing of ilium
  The wing of ilium is the large expanded portion which bounds the greater pelvis laterally. It presents for examination two surfaces—an external and an internal—a crest, and two borders—an anterior and a posterior.-External surface:...
  
   (ala oss. ilii)
  • Internal surface of the ala
    • iliac fossa
      Iliac fossa
      The iliac fossa is a large, smooth, concave surface located on the internal surface of the ilium...
      
      
    • arcuate line
      Arcuate line (ilium)
      The arcuate line of the ilium is a smooth rounded border on the internal surface of the ilium. It is immediately inferior to the iliac fossa and Iliacus muscle.It forms part of the border of the pelvic inlet....
      
      
    • anterior surface (auricular surface)
    • iliac tuberosity
      Iliac tuberosity
      Behind the iliac fossa is a rough surface, divided into two portions, an anterior and a posterior. The posterior portion, known as the iliac tuberosity, is elevated and rough, for the attachment of the posterior sacroiliac ligaments and for the origins of the Sacrospinalis and Multifidus....
      
      
    • preauricular sulcus
  • Crest of the ilium
  • Anterior border of the ala
    • anterior superior iliac spine
      Anterior superior iliac spine
      The anterior superior iliac spine is an important landmark of surface anatomy. It refers to the anterior extremity of the iliac crest of the pelvis, which provides attachment for the inguinal ligament, and the sartorius muscle...
      
       and posterior superior iliac spine
      Posterior superior iliac spine
      The posterior border of the ala, shorter than the anterior, also presents two projections separated by a notch, the posterior superior iliac spine and the posterior inferior iliac spine. The posterior superior iliac spine serves for the attachment of the oblique portion of the posterior sacroiliac...
      
      
    • anterior inferior iliac spine
    • iliopectineal eminence
      Iliopectineal eminence
      Medial to the anterior inferior iliac spine is a broad, shallow groove, over which the iliacus and psoas major muscles pass. This groove is bounded medially by an eminence, the iliopubic eminence , which marks the point of union of the ilium and pubis.It constitutes a lateral border of the pelvic...
      
      
  • Posterior border of the ala
    • posterior superior iliac spine
      Posterior superior iliac spine
      The posterior border of the ala, shorter than the anterior, also presents two projections separated by a notch, the posterior superior iliac spine and the posterior inferior iliac spine. The posterior superior iliac spine serves for the attachment of the oblique portion of the posterior sacroiliac...
      
      
    • posterior inferior iliac spine
      Posterior inferior iliac spine
      The posterior border of the ala, shorter than the anterior, also presents two projections separated by a notch, the posterior superior iliac spine and the posterior inferior iliac spine. The posterior inferior iliac spine corresponds with the posterior extremity of the auricular surface....
      
      
    • greater sciatic notch
      Greater sciatic notch
      Above the ischial spine is a large notch, the greater sciatic notch, converted into a foramen by the sacrospinous ligament.It transmits the Piriformis, the superior and inferior gluteal vessels and nerves, the sciatic and posterior femoral cutaneous nerves, the internal pudendal vessels, and the...
      
      

• body of ischium
  Body of ischium
  The body of the ischium enters into and constitutes a little more than two-fifths of the acetabulum.-Surfaces:Its external surface forms part of the lunate surface of the acetabulum and a portion of the acetabular fossa....
  
   (corpus ossis ischii)
  • posterior obturator tubercle
  • ischial spine
    Ischial spine
    From the posterior border of the body of the Ischium there extends backward a thin and pointed triangular eminence, the ischial spine, more or less elongated in different subjects.It can serve as a landmark in pudendal anesthesia.-Surfaces:...
    
    
  • greater sciatic notch
    Greater sciatic notch
    Above the ischial spine is a large notch, the greater sciatic notch, converted into a foramen by the sacrospinous ligament.It transmits the Piriformis, the superior and inferior gluteal vessels and nerves, the sciatic and posterior femoral cutaneous nerves, the internal pudendal vessels, and the...
    
    
  • lesser sciatic notch
    Lesser sciatic notch
    Below the ischial spine is a smaller notch, the lesser sciatic notch; it is smooth, coated in the recent state with cartilage, the surface of which presents two or three ridges corresponding to the subdivisions of the tendon of the Obturator internus, which winds over it.It is converted into a...
    
    
• Superior ramus
  Superior ramus of the ischium
  The superior ramus of the ischium projects downward and backward from the body and presents for examination three surfaces: external, internal, and posterior.The external surface is quadrilateral in shape...
  
   (ramus superior ossis ischii; descending ramus)
  • tuberosity of the ischium
    Tuberosity of the ischium
    -External links: - "The Female Perineum: Bones" - "Major Joints of the Lower Extremity: Hip bone "...
    
    
• Inferior ramus
  Inferior ramus of the ischium
  The Inferior Ramus of the ischium is the thin, flattened part of the ischium, which ascends from the superior ramus, and joins the inferior ramus of the pubis—the junction being indicated in the adult by a raised line....
  
   (ramus inferior ossis ischii; ascending ramus)

• Pubis
  Pubis (bone)
  In vertebrates, the pubic bone is the ventral and anterior of the three principal bones composing either half of the pelvis.It is covered by a layer of fat, which is covered by the mons pubis....
  
   (os pubis)
• Body of pubis (corpus oss. pubis)
• Superior ramus
  Superior pubic ramus
  The superior pubic ramus is a part of the pubic bone which forms a portion of the obturator foramen.It extends from the body to the median plane where it articulates with its fellow of the opposite side...
  
   (ramus superior oss. pubis; ascending ramus)
  • Medial portion of superior ramus
    • pubic tubercle
      Pubic tubercle
      The pubic tubercle is a prominent forward-projecting tubercle on the upper border of the medial portion of the superior ramus of the pubis...
      
       (pubic spine)
    • subcutaneous inguinal ring (external abdominal ring)
    • inguinal ligament
      Inguinal ligament
      The inguinal ligament is a band running from the pubic tubercle to the anterior superior iliac spine. Its anatomy is very important for operating on hernia patients.-Anatomy:...
      
       (Poupart's ligament)
    • inguinal falx (conjoined tendon of Obliquus internus and Transversus)
    • lacunar ligament
      Lacunar ligament
      The lacunar ligament is a ligament in the inguinal region that connects the inguinal ligament to the pectineal ligament near the point where they both insert on the pubic tubercle.-Anatomy:...
      
       (Gimbernat's ligament)
    • reflected inguinal ligament
      Reflected inguinal ligament
      The reflected inguinal ligament is a layer of tendinous fibers of a triangular shape, formed by an expansion from the lacunar ligament and the inferior crus of the subcutaneous inguinal ring....
      
       (triangular fascia)
    • pubic crest
      Pubic crest
      Medial to the pubic tubercle is the pubic crest, which extends from this process to the medial end of the bone.It affords attachment to the inguinal falx, and to the External Abdominal Oblique and Pyramidalis....
      
      
  • Lateral portion of superior ramus
    • iliopectineal eminence
      Iliopectineal eminence
      Medial to the anterior inferior iliac spine is a broad, shallow groove, over which the iliacus and psoas major muscles pass. This groove is bounded medially by an eminence, the iliopubic eminence , which marks the point of union of the ilium and pubis.It constitutes a lateral border of the pelvic...
      
      
    • obturator crest
      Obturator crest
      The anterior border of superior pubic ramus presents a sharp margin, the obturator crest, which forms part of the circumference of the obturator foramen superiorly and affords attachment to the obturator membrane....
      
      

• Inferior ramus
  Inferior pubic ramus
  The inferior pubic ramus is a part of the pelvis and is thin and flat. It passes laterally and downward from the medial end of the superior ramus; it becomes narrower as it descends and joins with the inferior ramus of the ischium below the obturator foramen....
  
   (ramus inferior oss. pubis; descending ramus)
• Acetabulum
  Acetabulum
  The acetabulum is a concave surface of the pelvis. The head of the femur meets with the pelvis at the acetabulum, forming the hip joint.-Structure:...
  
   (cotyloid cavity)
  • glenoidal labrum
    Glenoidal labrum
    The glenoid labrum is a fibrocartilaginous rim attached around the margin of the glenoid cavity in the shoulder blade. The shoulder joint is considered a 'ball and socket' joint. However, in bony terms the 'socket' is quite shallow and small, covering at most only a third of the 'ball'...
    
     (cotyloid ligament)
  • acetabular notch
    Acetabular notch
    The acetabulum presents below a deep notch, the acetabular notch, which is continuous with a circular non-articular depression, the acetabular fossa, at the bottom of the cavity: this depression is perforated by numerous apertures, and lodges a mass of fat....
    
    
  • acetabular fossa
    Acetabulum
    The acetabulum is a concave surface of the pelvis. The head of the femur meets with the pelvis at the acetabulum, forming the hip joint.-Structure:...
    
    
  • lunate surface
• Obturator foramen
  Obturator foramen
  The obturator foramen is the hole created by the ischium and pubis bones of the pelvis through which nerves and muscles pass.- General structure :...
  
   (foramen obturatum; thyroid foramen)
  • obturator groove
  • posterior obturator tubercle
  • anterior obturator tubercle

• bones comprising pelvis
  • left and right hip bones
  • sacrum
    Sacrum
    In vertebrate anatomy the sacrum is a large, triangular bone at the base of the spine and at the upper and back part of the pelvic cavity, where it is inserted like a wedge between the two hip bones. Its upper part connects with the last lumbar vertebra, and bottom part with the coccyx...
    
    
  • coccyx
    Coccyx
    The coccyx , commonly referred to as the tailbone, is the final segment of the vertebral column. Comprising three to five separate or fused vertebrae below the sacrum, it is attached to the sacrum by a fibrocartilaginous joint, the sacrococcygeal symphysis, which permits limited movement between...
    
    
• linea terminalis
  Linea terminalis
  The linea terminalis or innominate line consists of the pectineal line, the arcuate line, and the sacral promontory.It is part of the pelvic brim, which is the edge of the pelvic inlet. The pelvic inlet is typically used to divide the abdominopelvic cavity into an abdominal and a pelvic cavity...
  
   (pelvic brim
  Pelvic brim
  The pelvic brim is the edge of the pelvic inlet. It is an approximately apple-shaped line passing through the prominence of the sacrum, the arcuate and pectineal lines, and the upper margin of the pubic symphysis....
  
  )
• Greater pelvis
  Greater pelvis
  The greater pelvis is a portion of the cavity surrounded by the skeleton of the pelvis, situated above and in front of the pelvic brim...
  
   or False pelvis (pelvis major)

• Lesser pelvis
  Lesser pelvis
  The lesser pelvis is that part of the space enclosed by the skeleton of the pelvis which is situated between the pelvic inlet and the pelvic floor. Some authors call this cavity the pelvic cavity...
  
   or True pelvis (pelvis minor)
  • Superior circumference
    • superior aperture or inlet
      Inlet
      An inlet is a narrow body of water between islands or leading inland from a larger body of water, often leading to an enclosed body of water, such as a sound, bay, lagoon or marsh. In sea coasts an inlet usually refers to the actual connection between a bay and the ocean and is often called an...
      
      
    • anteroposterior or conjugate diameter
    • transverse diameter
    • oblique diameter

• Lesser pelvis
  Lesser pelvis
  The lesser pelvis is that part of the space enclosed by the skeleton of the pelvis which is situated between the pelvic inlet and the pelvic floor. Some authors call this cavity the pelvic cavity...
  
   or True pelvis (pelvis minor)
  • Lower circumference
    • inferior aperture or outlet
      Pelvic outlet
      The lower circumference of the lesser pelvis is very irregular; the space enclosed by it is named the inferior aperture or pelvic outlet.-Boundaries:It has the following boundaries:* anteriorly: the pubic arch* laterally: the ischial tuberosities...
      
      
    • pubic arch
      Pubic arch
      The eminences of the lower circumference of the true pelvis are separated by three notches: one in front, the pubic arch, formed by the convergence of the inferior rami of the ischium and pubis on either side. The angle at which they converge is known as the subpubic angle.-External links:* *...
      
      
    • sciatic notches
    • antero-posterior diameter
    • transverse diameter

• Upper extremity of femur
  Upper extremity of femur
  The upper extremity of femur contains the following structures:* Femur head* Femur neck* Greater trochanter* Lesser trochanter* Tubercle of the femur* Intertrochanteric line* Intertrochanteric crest* Linea quadrata...
  
   (proximal extremity)
  • Head of femur
    Femur head
    The femur head is the highest part of the thigh bone . It is supported by the neck of the femur.The head is globular and forms rather more than a hemisphere, is directed upward, medialward, and a little forward, the greater part of its convexity being above and in front.Its surface is smooth,...
    
     (caput femoris)
  • fovea capitis femoris
    Fovea capitis femoris
    The surface of the head of the femur is smooth, coated with cartilage in the fresh state, except over an ovoid depression, the fovea of head of femur, which is situated a little below and behind the center of the head, and gives attachment to the ligamentum teres.-External links:*...
    
    
  • Neck of femur (collum femoris)

• Upper extremity of femur
  Upper extremity of femur
  The upper extremity of femur contains the following structures:* Femur head* Femur neck* Greater trochanter* Lesser trochanter* Tubercle of the femur* Intertrochanteric line* Intertrochanteric crest* Linea quadrata...
  
   (proximal extremity)
  • Trochanters
  • Greater trochanter
    Greater trochanter
    The greater trochanter of the femur is a large, irregular, quadrilateral eminence and a part of the skeletal system.It is directed a little lateralward and backward, and, in the adult, is about 1 cm lower than the head...
    
     (trochanter major; great trochanter)
    • trochanteric fossa (digital fossa)

• Upper extremity of femur
  Upper extremity of femur
  The upper extremity of femur contains the following structures:* Femur head* Femur neck* Greater trochanter* Lesser trochanter* Tubercle of the femur* Intertrochanteric line* Intertrochanteric crest* Linea quadrata...
  
   (proximal extremity)
  • Lesser trochanter
    Lesser trochanter
    The lesser trochanter of the femur is a conical eminence, which varies in size in different subjects-Anatomy:It projects from the lower and back part of the base of the femur neck.From its apex three well-marked borders extend:...
    
     (trochanter minor; small trochanter)
  • tubercle of the femur
  • intertrochanteric line (spiral line of the femur)

• Upper extremity of femur
  Upper extremity of femur
  The upper extremity of femur contains the following structures:* Femur head* Femur neck* Greater trochanter* Lesser trochanter* Tubercle of the femur* Intertrochanteric line* Intertrochanteric crest* Linea quadrata...
  
   (proximal extremity)
  • intertrochanteric crest
    Intertrochanteric crest
    The intertrochanteric crest is a bony ridge located on the posterior side of the head of the femur, stretching obliquely downward and medially from the summit of the greater trochanter to the lesser trochanter....
    
    
  • linea quadrata
    Linea quadrata
    A slight ridge is sometimes seen commencing about the middle of the intertrochanteric crest, and reaching vertically downward for about 5 cm. along the back part of the body: it is called the linea quadrata , and gives attachment to the Quadratus femoris and a few fibers of the Adductor magnus....
    
    
• Body of femur
  Body of femur
  The body of the femur , almost cylindrical in form, is a little broader above than in the center, broadest and somewhat flattened from before backward below...
  
   or Shaft of femur (corpus femoris)
  • linea aspera
    Linea aspera
    The linea aspera is a ridge of roughened surface on the posterior aspect of the femur, to which are attached muscles and intermuscular septum.Its margins diverge above and below....
    
    
  • gluteal tuberosity
    Gluteal tuberosity
    The lateral ridge of the linea aspera is very rough, and runs almost vertically upward to the base of the greater trochanter. It is termed the gluteal tuberosity, and gives attachment to part of the Glutæus maximus: its upper part is often elongated into a roughened crest, on which a more or less...
    
    
  • third trochanter
    Third trochanter
    In human anatomy, the third trochanter is a bony projection occasionally present on the proximal femur near the superior border of the gluteal tuberosity. When present, it is oblong, rounded, or conical in shape and sometimes continuous with the gluteal ridge...
    
    
  • pectineal line
  • popliteal surface
  • adductor tubercle
    Adductor tubercle
    The medial lip of the linea aspera ends below at the summit of the medial condyle, in a small tubercle, the adductor tubercle, which affords insertion to the tendon of the vertical fibers of Adductor magnus.-External links:*...
    
    
  • medial lip
  • lateral lip

• Lower extremity of femur
  Lower extremity of femur
  The lower extremity of the femur , larger than the upper extremity of femur, is somewhat cuboid in form, but its transverse diameter is greater than its antero-posterior; it consists of two oblong eminences known as the condyles....
  
   (distal extremity)
  • condyles
  • patellar surface
  • intercondyloid fossa
  • lateral condyle
    Lateral condyle of femur
    The lateral condyle is one of the two projections on the lower extremity of femur. It is the more prominent and is the broader both in its antero-posterior and transverse diameters....
    
    
  • medial condyle
    Medial condyle of femur
    The medial condyle is one of the two projections on the lower extremity of femur.The medial condyle is larger than the lateral condyle due to more weight bearing caused by the center of gravity being medial to the knee. On the posterior surface of the condyle the linea aspera turns into the...
    
    
  • intercondyloid line
  • medial epicondyle
  • lateral epicondyle
    Lateral epicondyle of the femur
    The lateral epicondyle of the femur, smaller and less prominent than the medial epicondyle, gives attachment to the fibular collateral ligament of the knee-joint. Directly below it is a small depression from which a smooth well-marked groove curves obliquely upward and backward to the posterior...
    
    

• Lower extremity of femur
  Lower extremity of femur
  The lower extremity of the femur , larger than the upper extremity of femur, is somewhat cuboid in form, but its transverse diameter is greater than its antero-posterior; it consists of two oblong eminences known as the condyles....
  
   (distal extremity)
  • articular surface
  • patellar surface
  • tibial surfaces

• Tibia
  Tibia
  The tibia , shinbone, or shankbone is the larger and stronger of the two bones in the leg below the knee in vertebrates , and connects the knee with the ankle bones....
  
   (Shin bone)
• Upper extremity of tibia
  Upper extremity of tibia
  The upper extremity of the tibia is large, and expanded into two eminences, the medial condyle and lateral condyle.-Facets:The superior articular surface presents two smooth articular facets....
  
   (proximal extremity)
  • medial condyle
    Medial condyle of tibia
    The medial condyle is the medial portion of the upper extremity of tibia.It is the site of insertion for the Semimembranosus muscle....
    
     and lateral condyle
    Lateral condyle of tibia
    The lateral condyle is the lateral portion of the upper extremity of tibia.It serves as the insertion for the Biceps femoris muscle....
    
    
  • superior articular surface
  • intercondyloid eminence
    Intercondyloid eminence
    -Anatomy:Between the articular facets of the proximal tibia, but nearer the posterior than the anterior aspect of the bone, is the intercondyloid eminence , surmounted on either side by a prominent tubercle, on to the sides of which the articular facets are prolonged; in front of and behind the...
    
     (spine of tibia)
  • anterior surfaces
  • tuberosity of the tibia
  • posterior intercondyloid fossa
    Posterior intercondyloid fossa
    Posteriorly, the medial condyle and lateral condyle are separated from each other by a shallow depression, the posterior intercondyloid fossa , which gives attachment to part of the posterior cruciate ligament of the knee-joint....
    
    

• Body of tibia
  Body of tibia
  - Borders :The anterior crest or border, the most prominent of the three, commences above at the tuberosity, and ends below at the anterior margin of the medial malleolus...
  
   or Shaft of tibia (corpus tibiæ)
  • interosseous crest or lateral border

• Body of tibia
  Body of tibia
  - Borders :The anterior crest or border, the most prominent of the three, commences above at the tuberosity, and ends below at the anterior margin of the medial malleolus...
  
   or Shaft of tibia (corpus tibiæ)
  • popliteal line

• Body of tibia
  Body of tibia
  - Borders :The anterior crest or border, the most prominent of the three, commences above at the tuberosity, and ends below at the anterior margin of the medial malleolus...
  
   or Shaft of tibia (corpus tibiæ)
  • nutrient foramen
• Lower extremity of tibia
  Lower extremity of tibia
  The lower extremity of the tibia, much smaller than the upper extremity of tibia, presents five surfaces; it is prolonged downward on its medial side as a strong process, the medial malleolus.- Surfaces :...
  
  
  • medial malleolus
  • inferior articular surface

• Lower extremity of tibia
  Lower extremity of tibia
  The lower extremity of the tibia, much smaller than the upper extremity of tibia, presents five surfaces; it is prolonged downward on its medial side as a strong process, the medial malleolus.- Surfaces :...
  
  
  • malleolar sulcus
    Malleolar sulcus
    There are two malleolar sulci, medial and lateral.The medial malleolar sulcus is the posto-inferior groove just lateral to the medial malleolus on the distal part of the tibia...
    
    
• Ossification of tibia
  Ossification of tibia
  The tibia is ossified from three centers : one for the body and one for either extremity. Ossification begins in the center of the body, about the seventh week of fetal life, and gradually extends toward the extremities....
  
  

• Fibula (Calf bone)
• Upper extremity or Head of fibula
  Head of fibula
  The upper extremity or head of the fibula is of an irregular quadrate form, presenting above a flattened articular surface, directed upward, forward, and medialward, for articulation with a corresponding surface on the lateral condyle of the tibia....
  
   (capitulum fibulœ; proximal extremity)
  • apex (styloid process
    Process (anatomy)
    In anatomy, a process is a projection or outgrowth of tissue from a larger body. The vertebra has several kinds of processes,such as: transverse process, prezygapophysis, postzygapophysis.-Examples:Examples of processes include:...
    
    )
• Body of fibula
  Body of fibula
  The body of fibula presents four borders - the antero-lateral, the antero-medial, the postero-lateral, and the postero-medial; and four surfaces - anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral.- Borders :...
  
   or shaft of fibula (corpus fibulæ)
  • antero-lateral border
  • antero-medial border, or interosseous crest

• Body of fibula
  Body of fibula
  The body of fibula presents four borders - the antero-lateral, the antero-medial, the postero-lateral, and the postero-medial; and four surfaces - anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral.- Borders :...
  
   or shaft of fibula (corpus fibulæ)
  • postero-lateral border
  • postero-medial border (oblique line)

• Lower extremity or Lateral malleolus (malleolus lateralis; distal extremity; external malleolus)
  • malleolar sulcus
    Malleolar sulcus
    There are two malleolar sulci, medial and lateral.The medial malleolar sulcus is the posto-inferior groove just lateral to the medial malleolus on the distal part of the tibia...
    
    

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• Tarsal bones (Ossa tarsi)
• Calcaneus (Os calcis)
  • Calcaneal sulcus

• Calcaneus (Os calcis)
  • Calcaneal tuberosity
  • Sustentaculum tali
    Sustentaculum tali
    At the upper and forepart of the medial surface of the calcaneus is a horizontal eminence, the sustentaculum tali , which gives attachment to the plantar calcaneo-navicular ligament, tibiocalcaneal ligament, and medial talocalcaneal ligament.This eminence is concave above, and articulates with the...
    
    
  • Trochlear process
    Trochlear process
    The two oblique grooves of the lateral surface of the calcaneus are separated by an elevated ridge, or tubercle, the trochlear process , which varies much in size in different bones.Its chief anatomical significance is as a point of divergence of the previously common pathway shared by the...
    
     of calcaneus
• Talus
  Talus bone
  -External links:* *...
  
   (Astragalus
  Astragalus
  Astragalus is a large genus of about 3,000 species of herbs and small shrubs, belonging to the legume family Fabaceae, subfamily Faboideae. The genus is native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere...
  
  , Ankle bone)

• Talus
  Talus bone
  -External links:* *...
  
   (Astragalus
  Astragalus
  Astragalus is a large genus of about 3,000 species of herbs and small shrubs, belonging to the legume family Fabaceae, subfamily Faboideae. The genus is native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere...
  
  , Ankle bone)
  • Corpus tali
  • sulcus tali
  • sinus tarsi

• Talus
  Talus bone
  -External links:* *...
  
   (Astragalus
  Astragalus
  Astragalus is a large genus of about 3,000 species of herbs and small shrubs, belonging to the legume family Fabaceae, subfamily Faboideae. The genus is native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere...
  
  , Ankle bone)
  • Os trigonum
  • Collum tali
  • Caput tali
• Cuboid bone (Os cuboideum)
  • Tuberosity of cuboid

• Navicular bone
  Navicular bone
  The navicular bone is a small bone found in the feet of both humans and horses.- Human anatomy :The navicular bone is one of the tarsal bones, found in the foot. Its name derives from the bone's resemblance to a small boat, caused by the strongly concave proximal articular surface...
  
   of tarsus
  Tarsus (skeleton)
  In tetrapods, the tarsus is a cluster of articulating bones in each foot situated between the lower end of tibia and fibula of the lower leg and the metatarsus. In the foot the tarsus articulates with the bones of the metatarsus, which in turn articulate with the bones of the individual toes...
  
   (Os naviculare pedis)
  • Tuberosity of navicular bone
• Cuneiform bones
  Cuneiform (anatomy)
  There are three cuneiform bones in the human foot:* the medial cuneiform* the intermediate cuneiform also known as the middle* the lateral cuneiform...
  
  
  • First cuneiform bone (Os cuneiforme primum)

• Cuneiform bones
  Cuneiform (anatomy)
  There are three cuneiform bones in the human foot:* the medial cuneiform* the intermediate cuneiform also known as the middle* the lateral cuneiform...
  
  
  • Second cuneiform bone (Os cuneiforme secundum)
  • Third cuneiform bone (Os cuneiforme tertium)

• Metatarsus
  Metatarsus
  The metatarsus or metatarsal bones are a group of five long bones in the foot located between the tarsal bones of the hind- and mid-foot and the phalanges of the toes. Lacking individual names, the metatarsal bones are numbered from the medial side : the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth...
  
  
• Metatarsal bones (Ossa metatarsalia)
• First metatarsal bone
  First metatarsal bone
  The first metatarsal bone is the bone in the body of the foot just behind the big toe.It is remarkable for its great thickness, and is the shortest of the metatarsal bones.The body is strong, and of well-marked prismoid form....
  
  

• Third metatarsal bone
  Third metatarsal bone
  The third metatarsal bone articulates proximally, by means of a triangular smooth surface, with the third cuneiform; medially, by two facets, with the second metatarsal; and laterally, by a single facet, with the fourth metatarsal....
  
  
• Fourth metatarsal bone
  Fourth metatarsal bone
  The fourth metatarsal bone is smaller in size than the third; its base presents an oblique quadrilateral surface for articulation with the cuboid; a smooth facet on the medial side, divided by a ridge into an anterior portion for articulation with the third metatarsal, and a posterior portion for...
  
  
• Fifth metatarsal bone
  Fifth metatarsal bone
  The fifth metatarsal bone is recognized by a rough eminence, the tuberosity, on the lateral side of its base.The base articulates behind, by a triangular surface cut obliquely in a transverse direction, with the cuboid; and medially, with the fourth metatarsal.On the medial part of its dorsal...
  
  
  • Tuberosity: of fifth metatarsal bone
    Fifth metatarsal bone
    The fifth metatarsal bone is recognized by a rough eminence, the tuberosity, on the lateral side of its base.The base articulates behind, by a triangular surface cut obliquely in a transverse direction, with the cuboid; and medially, with the fourth metatarsal.On the medial part of its dorsal...
    
    

• phalanges of the foot (Phalanges Digitorum Pedis)
• ungual phalanges

• Comparison of bone
  Bone
  Bones are rigid organs that constitute part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates. They support, and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells and store minerals. Bone tissue is a type of dense connective tissue...
  
  s of hand
  Hand
  A hand is a prehensile, multi-fingered extremity located at the end of an arm or forelimb of primates such as humans, chimpanzees, monkeys, and lemurs...
  
   and foot
  Foot
  The foot is an anatomical structure found in many vertebrates. It is the terminal portion of a limb which bears weight and allows locomotion. In many animals with feet, the foot is a separate organ at the terminal part of the leg made up of one or more segments or bones, generally including claws...
  
  

See also

• List of images and subjects in Gray's Anatomy