Kollam district - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

Climate

Kollam's temperature is almost steady throughout the year. The average temperature ranges from 25 to 32 degrees Celsius. Summer usually runs from March until May; the monsoon

Monsoon

Monsoon is traditionally defined as a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation, but is now used to describe seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with the asymmetric heating of land and sea...

begins by June and ends by September. Kollam receives an annual average rainfall of around 2700 millimetres (106.3 in). Winter is from November to February; the temperature is moderately cool, ranging from 18 to 25 degrees Celsius.

Demographics

According to the 2011 census

2011 census of India

The 15th Indian National census was conducted in two phases, houselisting and population enumeration. Houselisting phase began on April 1, 2010 and involved collection of information about all buildings...

Kollam district has a population

Demographics of India

The demographics of India are inclusive of the second most populous country in the world, with over 1.21 billion people , more than a sixth of the world's population. Already containing 17.5% of the world's population, India is projected to be the world's most populous country by 2025, surpassing...

of 2,629,703, roughly equal to the nation of Kuwait

Kuwait

The State of Kuwait is a sovereign Arab state situated in the north-east of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south at Khafji, and Iraq to the north at Basra. It lies on the north-western shore of the Persian Gulf. The name Kuwait is derived from the...

or the US state of Nevada

Nevada

Nevada is a state in the western, mountain west, and southwestern regions of the United States. With an area of and a population of about 2.7 million, it is the 7th-largest and 35th-most populous state. Over two-thirds of Nevada's people live in the Las Vegas metropolitan area, which contains its...

. This gives it a ranking of 155th in India (out of a total of 640 districts

Districts of India

A district is an administrative division of an Indian state or territory. Districts are further subdivided, in some cases into Sub-Divisions, and otherwise directly into tehsils or talukas.District officials include:...

). The district has a population density of 1056 PD/sqkm . Its population growth rate

Family planning in India

Family planning in India is based on efforts largely sponsored by the Indian government. In the 1965-2009 period, contraceptive usage has more than tripled and the fertility rate has more than halved , but the national fertility rate is still high enough to cause long-term population growth...

over the decade 2001-2011 was 1.72 percent. Kollam has a sex ratio

Sex ratio

Sex ratio is the ratio of males to females in a population. The primary sex ratio is the ratio at the time of conception, secondary sex ratio is the ratio at time of birth, and tertiary sex ratio is the ratio of mature organisms....

of 1113 females

Women in India

The status of women in India has been subject to many great changes over the past few millennia. From equal status with men in ancient times through the low points of the medieval period, to the promotion of equal rights by many reformers, the history of women in India has been eventful...

for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate

Literacy in India

Literacy in India is key for socio-economic progress, and the Indian literacy rate grew to 74.04% in 2011 from 12% at the end of British rule in 1947. Although this was a greater than sixfold improvement, the level is well below the world average literacy rate of 84%, and India currently has the...

of 93.77 percent.

Administration

The history of the district's administration can be traced back to 1835, when the Travancore

Travancore

Kingdom of Travancore was a former Hindu feudal kingdom and Indian Princely State with its capital at Padmanabhapuram or Trivandrum ruled by the Travancore Royal Family. The Kingdom of Travancore comprised most of modern day southern Kerala, Kanyakumari district, and the southernmost parts of...

state consisted of two revenue divisions with headquarters at Kollam and Kottayam

Kottayam

Kottayam is a city in the Indian state of Kerala, spread over an area of 55.40 km2. It is the administrative capital of the Kottayam district. Kottayam Kottayam (Malayalam: കോട്ടയം) is a city in the Indian state of Kerala, spread over an area of 55.40 km2. It is the administrative...

. When Travancore and Cochin were combined into Travancore-Cochin

Travancore-Cochin

Travancore-Cochin or Thiru-Kochi is a former state of India . It was created on 1 July 1949 by the merger of two former princely states, the kingdoms of Travancore and Cochin....

, Kollam was one of the three revenue divisions. When the state of Kerala was formed in 1957, Chenkotta

Shenkottai

Sengottai is a town in Tamil Nadu, India, in the foothills of the Western Ghats. It is located roughly 5 km from the Courtallam Waterfall, near the border with Kerala...

taluk

Tehsil

A Tehsil or Tahsil/Tahasil , also known as Taluk and Mandal, is an administrative division of some country/countries of South Asia....

was merged with the state of Madras. Later in 1957, the Cherthala, Ambalapuzha, Mavelikara, Karthikapalli, Chengannur and Thiruvalla taluks (formerly in Kollam district) were united to form the new district of Alappuzha

Alappuzha

Alappuzha , also known as Alleppey, is a town in Alappuzha District of Kerala state of southern India. As per 2001 census Alleppey is the sixth largest city in Kerala with an urban population of 177,029. Alleppey is situated to the south of Kochi and north of Trivandrum...

. In 1983, Pathanamthitta taluk and nine villages of Kunnathur taluk were removed from Kollam district to form the new Pathanamthitta district

Pathanamthitta district

Pathanamthitta district is the youngest district located in the southern part of the state of Kerala, India. The district headquarters is in Pathanamthitta town. The district is surrounded by Kottayam, Idukki, Alappuzha and Kollam districts. It has a border with the state of Tamil Nadu in the east...

District administration

Kollam district has five administrative subdivisions (taluks): Punalur

Pathanapuram

Pathanapuram is an administrative division situated in the Western Ghats in the Kollam District of Kerala state of India. It is about 13 km from industrial town Punalur...

, Kunnathur

Kunnathur (Kerala)

Kunnathur is a Taluk in Kollam district, Kerala State, India.The capital of Kunnathur Taluk is Sasthamcottah, a famous place due to a fresh water lake and its a tourist attraction too....

, Kottarakkara

Kottarakkara

Kottarakkara , also transliterated as Kottarakara, is a town and taluk in Kollam District , in Kerala state, India. The town is close to the Kollam port which has a rich history linked to the early medieval period as well as a reputation for being an important commercial, industrial and trading...

, Karunagappally and Kollam

Kollam

Kollam , often anglicized as ', is a city in the Indian state of Kerala. The city lies on the banks of Ashtamudi Lake on the Arabian sea coast and is situated about north of the state capital, Thiruvananthapuram...

.
The district collector

District collector

The District Collector is the district head of administration of the bureaucracy in a state of India. Though he/she is appointed and is under general supervision of the state government, he/she has to be a member of the elite IAS recruited by the Central Government...

, a key functionary of the government, heads the district administration. He or she plays a dual role: the agent of government and chief administrator of the district, reporting to the state government. Among other tasks, maintaning law and order is a priority for district collector. The district collector is also the head of the Land Revenue Department of the district. The district has one revenue division, with its headquarters at Quilon.
For administrative purposes, Kollam district is divided into 5 taluks, 13 blocks, 69 Panchayats

Panchayati Raj

The panchayat raj is a South Asian political system mainly in India, Pakistan, and Nepal. "Panchayat" literally means assembly of five wise and respected elders chosen and accepted by the local community. Traditionally, these assemblies settled disputes between individuals and villages...

, 1 corporation, 3 municipalities and 104 villages.
The Kollam Civil Station was built in 1956 to incorporate all government offices in one place.

Police administration

Police administration in Kollam is divided into two districts: urban and rural. The City Police is headed by a City Police Commissioner, an IPS (Indian Police Service) officer with the rank of SP; its headquarters is at Kollam. The rural police is headed by the Rural Superintendent of Police (SP), with its headquarters at Kottarakkara. Both heads report to the Inspector General of Police (IGP), Thiruvananthapuram Range (Kerala).

The Kollam City Police is divided into three subdivisions, each under an Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP): Karunagappally, Kollam and Chathannoor. Each subdivision is divided into circles, headed by the Circle Inspector of Police. Each circle is divided into a number of police stations, headed by a Sub-Inspector of Police. The Kollam Rural Police District is divided into two subdivisions, each under a Deputy Superintendent of Police (DySP): Kottarakkara and Punalur

Punalur

Punalur is a city situvated near the Tamil Nadu Kerala Border in Kollam district in the southern state of Kerala, India. It is the pioneer in starting industrial revolution in Kerala by establishing Punalur Paper Mills, the first industry in kerala. It is situated in the banks of the river Kallada...

. There are a total of 29 police stations, in 13 circles. Kollam city traffic is controlled by the City Traffic Police, with a Traffic Police Station located near the Asramam Ground.
Kerala's first coastal police station was established in Neendakara, Kollam.

The first police museum in India (the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

Vallabhbhai Jhaverbhai Patel was an Indian barrister and statesman, one of the leaders of the Indian National Congress and one of the founding fathers of India...

Police Museum) has a large collection of police artifacts and rare photographs. The museum has a room dedicated to officers killed in the line of duty. The forensic section has a large collection of photographs. The museum is located at the Kollam East Police Station.

Taluks

Kollam is aministratively divided into five taluks, which are subdivided into 104 villages. The tahsildar is the revenue official in charge of each taluk.

Lok Sabha constituencies

Three Lok Sabha

Lok Sabha

The Lok Sabha or House of the People is the lower house of the Parliament of India. Members of the Lok Sabha are elected by direct election under universal adult suffrage. As of 2009, there have been fifteen Lok Sabhas elected by the people of India...

(lower house) constituencies constitute Kollam district. They include the Chavara

Chavara

Chavara is approximately 14 km north of Kollam City on the Kollam-Alappuzha highway in India. Tonnes of mineral sand, mainly titanium, are exported from Chavara to various countries. The Kovilthottam port is situated within the limits of Chavara Panchayat.Kovilthottam is a strip of land ...

, Kundara

Kundara

Kundara a fast re-emerging industrial town is set to become a satellite town of Kollam city Kollam district of Kerala, India. A former industrial center of Kollam district it had major industries as - KEL, Kerala Ceramics, Aluminium Industries Ltd...

, Eravipuram

Eravipuram

-Location:Eravipuram town is only 8 km away from Kollam city. Other nearby towns are Kottiyam, Mayyanad, Paravur etc. Eravipuram Railway Station is the nearest railway station.-Education:Schools in Eravipuram* Bishop Jerome English Medium Public School...

, Kollam

Kollam

, Chathannur, Chadayamangalam

Chadayamangalam

Chadayamangalam is a village in Kollam district in the state of Kerala, India. The place has mythological importance as having connections to the stories in the Hindu epic of Ramayana. The place is believed to have derived its current name from its old name of Jatayumangalam...

and Punalur

Punalur

assembly constituencies. While the Kunnathur

Kunnathur (Kerala)

Kunnathur is a Taluk in Kollam district, Kerala State, India.The capital of Kunnathur Taluk is Sasthamcottah, a famous place due to a fresh water lake and its a tourist attraction too....

, Kottarakkara

Kottarakkara

and Pathanapuram

Pathanapuram

Pathanapuram is an administrative division situated in the Western Ghats in the Kollam District of Kerala state of India. It is about 13 km from industrial town Punalur...

constituencies are in the Mavelikkara Lok Sabha constituency, the Karunagapally assembly constituency is in the Alappuzha Lok Sabha constituency.

Assembly constituencies

Kollam district elects 11 representatives (MLA

Member of the Legislative Assembly

A Member of the Legislative Assembly or a Member of the Legislature , is a representative elected by the voters of a constituency to the legislature or legislative assembly of a sub-national jurisdiction....

s) to the Kerala Legislative Assembly

Kerala Legislative Assembly

The Kerala Legislative Assembly more popularly known as Niyamasabha , is the law making body of Kerala, one of the 28 States in India. The Assembly is formed by 140 elected representatives and one nominated member from the Anglo-Indian community...

. The district has a rich political history; the party receiving the majority of votes in Kollam has always gone on to form the government in Kerala. Kollam district has two ministers in the Kerala government.

Religion

Hinduism, Islam and Christianity are the prominent religions in this district.

Hindu worship

The Mukhathala Murari (Sri Krishna Swamy) Temple at Mukhathala

Mukhathala

Mukhathala is a small town and block panchayat in Kollam district of Kerala, India.-Administration:G Omana is the present President of the Mukhathala block panchayat. Mukhathala includes 5 Grama panchayats and 15 divisions...

is about 10 km from Kollam city.

The Poruvazhy Peruviruthy Malanada (popularly known as Peruviruthy Malanada, or Malanada) is located at Edakkad Ward (Kara) in Poruvazhy Village, Kunnathoor Taluk. It is the northern border of Kollam district and includes Kadampnad in Pathanamthitta and the Alappuzha district. The temple is equidistant from Adoor (MC Road) on the northeast and Sasthamcottah on the southeast. It is also accessible from Kayamkulam and Karunagappally on NH 47 and Kottarakkara (via Puthoor or Enathu) on the MC road (approximately 25 km from each).

Oachira

Oachira

Oachira or Ochira is a small town located 32 km away from Kollam city in Kollam district in Kerala, India. It is one of the famous sacred places of Kerala and in India. Oachira is on the border of Kollam and Allappuzha Districts, next to the National Highway 47...

, located in the north of the district on National Highway 47, is known for its Oachira Parabrahma

Oachira Temple

The Oachira Temple is an extremely ancient temple located in Oachira in Kollam district in the South Indian state of Kerala. According to the Puranas this temple is one of the famous sacred places of Kerala and in India. Oachira is on the border of Kollam and Allappuzha districts, next to the...

Temple. Oachirakali is an annual event at the padanilam (paddy fields) in the month of Vrichikam. The Oachira Town Masjid (mosque) and the Oachira Temple are situated close to one another, a symbol of communal harmony. This temple is also a Sabarimala

Sabarimala

Sabarimala is a Hindu pilgrimage center located in the Western Ghat mountain ranges of Pathanamthitta District in Kerala. It is the largest annual pilgrimage in India with an estimated 45–50 million devotees visiting every year. Sabarimala is believed to be the place where the Hindu God Ayyappan...

edathavalam.
The Mahaganapathi (Ganesha

Ganesha

Ganesha , also spelled Ganesa or Ganesh, also known as Ganapati , Vinayaka , and Pillaiyar , is one of the deities best-known and most widely worshipped in the Hindu pantheon. His image is found throughout India and Nepal. Hindu sects worship him regardless of affiliations...

) Temple at Kottarakara, famous for its Unniappom, is one of the most venerated Ganesha

Ganesha

temples in Kerala. The major vazhipadu (offerings) of the Kottarakkara temple are the Udayasthamaya pooja. The main deity of this temple is Shiva

Shiva

Shiva is a major Hindu deity, and is the destroyer god or transformer among the Trimurti, the Hindu Trinity of the primary aspects of the divine. God Shiva is a yogi who has notice of everything that happens in the world and is the main aspect of life. Yet one with great power lives a life of a...

, but it is now a Ganesha

Ganesha

temple.

Asramam Sreekrishna Swamy Temple, on the shore of Ashtamudi Lake

Ashtamudi Lake

Ashtamudi Lake in the Kollam District of Kerala, India, is the second largest and deepest wetland ecosystem, a palm-shaped large water body, next only to the Vembanad estuary ecosystem of the state. Ashtamudi means 'eight coned' in the local language of Malayalam...

, is one of the best-known temples in Kollam. The main deity is Krishna

Krishna

Krishna is a central figure of Hinduism and is traditionally attributed the authorship of the Bhagavad Gita. He is the supreme Being and considered in some monotheistic traditions as an Avatar of Vishnu...

as a boy, with butter in both palms. The arattu mahotsavam (festival) of this temple is known as kollam pooram
Kollam pooram
Kollam Pooram is one of the most colourful festivals of Kerala, India. Kollam Pooram attracts large number of people from all parts of the State. The Kollam Pooram, organised in connection with the annual festival of the Asramam Sri Krishnaswamy Temple, will be held at the Asramam Maidanam in the...

. The kollam pooram is held annually in Asramam maidan.
Ammachiveedu Temple

Ammachiveedu Muhurthi

Ammachiveedu Muhurthi is a Hindu temple located in the Kollam district of the state of Kerala, India. It is estimated to be around 600 years old, and holds an annual 10-day celebration during the Dhanu festival.-History:...

is located in the town area. It was established by an aristocratic family, Ammachi Veedu. The annual festival falls on Dhanu every year, but it is to be done after the Mandala Pooja.

The Edavanadu Bhagavathi Temple is the major Durga temple in Kollam district. It is situated in the Mathilil

Mathilil

Mathilil is a suburb of Kollam city in Kerala, India. It is located approximately 7 kilometres north of Kollam town,Mathilil has become a developing Panchayath, and is now home to educational institutions,five star hotel,local business establishments and major recent real estate ventures.District ...

Town area, Kollam.

The Anchal Agasthyakode Mahadeva Temple is another major Mahadeva temple in Kollam district. It is situated in Anchal Panchayath. Every year during Sivarathri, people from every caste and religious background come for the religious festivities (such as Jikku Krishnalayam).

The Thrikkadavoor Mahadeva Temple is the best-known Shiva Temple in the District. It is situated in the Thrikkadavoor Panchayath, on the banks of the Ashtamudi lake. The annual Srattu festival attracts thousands of people from around the world; the festival falls in the month of Kumbham (February). The eight artificial horses (which represent the eight areas (karas) around the temple) are a special attraction for tourists.

Kolloorvila Bharanikkavu Devi temple is located in Madannada, on National Highway 47. Its annual festival lasts 41 days, and is held on bharani nakshatra of meenam month (according to the Malayalam calendar, Kollavarsham).

The Veerabhadra Swamy Temple at Ashtamudi is the only temple in the southern part of the district with Veerabhadra as the presiding deity

Deity

A deity is a recognized preternatural or supernatural immortal being, who may be thought of as holy, divine, or sacred, held in high regard, and respected by believers....

. The temple is woned by the Kuttiyazhikams in Karuva, a 250-year-old Ezhava family.

Umayanalloor Sri Balasubramania (Murugan

Murugan

Murugan also called Kartikeya, Skanda and Subrahmanya, is a popular Hindu deity especially among Tamil Hindus, worshipped primarily in areas with Tamil influences, especially South India, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Mauritius and Reunion Island. His six most important shrines in India are the...

) Swamy Temple is situated on NH-47, about 8 km from Kollam. The temple is visited by thousands of devotees. Its Aana Vaal Pidutham Mahotsavam (during the Malayalam month of Meenam (mid-March) attracts hundreds of worshipers from all over the state. Devotees run after an elephant and catch its tail, symbolising the childhood pranks between the deities Subramanyan (Murugan

Murugan

) and Ganesha

Ganesha

. Thaipuyyam is also celebrated. Legend has it that the temple was built by the powerful female ruler Umayammarani of the Venad Kingdom about 500 years ago.
Aryankavu, in the Western Ghats

Western Ghats

The Western Ghats, Western Ghauts or the Sahyādri is a mountain range along the western side of India. It runs north to south along the western edge of the Deccan Plateau, and separates the plateau from a narrow coastal plain along the Arabian Sea. The Western Ghats block rainfall to the Deccan...

, is the easternmost point in the district on the National Highway. One of five ancient Ayyappa temples is situated here; two others are at Achankovil and Kulathupuzha in the district.

Shri Mahadevar Temple, Padinjattinkara, Sree Bhootha Natha Temple, Kulashekharanallor Srikrishnaswami, the Devi temple at Kottarakara, Chennamath Temple and Vilappuram Bhagavathy Temple at Chathannoor are other well-known temples. Polachira (near Vilappuram Temple) and Anathavalam (elephants' shelter) at Chirakkara are also scenic locations.

Thalavoor

Thalavoor

Thalavoor is a village located in the district of Kollam in the Kerala state of India. It is 77 km to the north of the State Capital, Thiruvananthapuram, and 28 km to the east of District Capital, Kollam...

Sri Durga Devi Temple, Thazhava Pulimukham Devi Temple

Pulimukham devi Temple

Pulimukam Temple is a Hindu temple located in Thazhava in the Kollam district of Kerala. Bhadra Bhagavathi is the presiding deity of the temple. The temple is situated about 5 km north of Karunagappally and is reachable by National Highway 47.-Upadevatas:...

, Peroor

Peroor

Peroor is a village in the Kottayam district of Kerala, India. Reaching Peroor from Kottayam is through Samkrathi junction or any right turns from MC road between Samkranthy and Ettumanoor. Ettumanoor is 5 km away from Peroor. There is more than five settlement colonies in Peroor...

Karunalloor Bhagavathy Temple, Pattazhy

Pattazhy

Pattazhy, also Pattazhi, is a village located in Pathanapuram taluk in the eastern part of the Kollam District, Kerala state, India. It is best known as the site of an ancient Bhagavathy temple, Pattazhy Devi Temple.-Etymology:...

Devi Temple, Kundara

Kundara

Ilampalloor Devi Temple and Paravur Puttingal Devi Temple are other Hindu temples in the District.

Another important temple is the Kottamkulangara temple near Chavara, where there is a tradition of males participating in Vilakkeduppu wearing women's dresses.

The Koonambaikulam temple is also popular. Its deity is a goddess named Koonambaikulathu Amma. Other temples in Kollam include the Peroor Sree Meenakshi Temple at Punthalathazham

Punthalathazham

Punthalathazham [Geography: 8°53'43"N 76°38'21"E] is a landlocked village situated in the Indian state of Kerala. It is located only six kilometres east of the Kollam city towards Kannanalloor ....

and the Mangalathu Temple at Punthalathazham

Punthalathazham

Punthalathazham [Geography: 8°53'43"N 76°38'21"E] is a landlocked village situated in the Indian state of Kerala. It is located only six kilometres east of the Kollam city towards Kannanalloor ....

Ashram

The guru Mata Amritanandamayi

Mata Amritanandamayi

Mātā Amṛtānandamayī Devī , primarily known simply as Amma ["Mother"], is a Hindu spiritual leader and guru, who is revered as a saint by her followers. She is widely respected for her humanitarian activities...

has her spiritual abode on the shores of the Arabian Sea at Amritapuri

Amritapuri

Amritapuri is the main Ashram of Mata Amritanandamayi.It is also the International Headquarters of Mata Amritanandamayi Math. It is located 29 km away from Kollam City, and about 110 km north of Thiruvananthapuram and 120 km south of Cochin...

, in the Karunagappalli

Karunagappalli

Karunagappally is a gramapanchayath and Taluk in Kollam district, Kerala, India. Karunagappally is situated 27 km north to Kollam....

taluk of Kollam district.
Parayakadavu, a coastal village near Karunagapally, is the birthplace of Mata Amritanandamayi

Mata Amritanandamayi

and her headquarters. The Thirumullavarom Temple is another well-known temple in Kollam, situated near the Arabian Sea where thousands came annually for the Vavu Bali.

Christian worship

St. Peter's Church in Moothakara (built in 1610) was one of the first churches in Kollam. In 1771 Joseph De Clements Joseph S.J., Bishop of Cochin (who was, however, not allowed to enter Cochin) settled in Moothakara. A chapel and residence was built in 1780 by Fr. Salvador Dennis. Bishop Joseph remained; he died in 1791, and was buried in the church. On the feast of St. Peter in Moothakara, the sea is symbolically opened with the keys of Peter by the parish priest. The church has become a center for pilgrims, with reported miracles. It is within walking distance of the Civil Station in Kollam.
St. Casmir's Church in Mathilil

Mathilil

, Kollam was the first church named for the saint in India. It is located about 1.5 km from the high school.
St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Cathedral is located in Kundara

Kundara

, about 200 meters from Arumurikkada Junction (NH 208) on the Arumurikkada-Kuzhimathikadu-Nallila Road. The church, in Malankara, is an integral part of the Universal Syriac Orthodox Church with the Patriarch of Antioch, His Holiness Ignatius Zakka I Iwas as its supreme head. The local head of the church in Malankara is the Catholicos of India, Aboon Mor Baselios Thomas I, ordained by (and accountable to) the Patriarch of Antioch. The Feast of the Virgin Mary's birth is celebrated from September 1–8 annually. On the evening of September 7, a rasa (procession) is conducted from the church to Cheerankavu Junction (in the east), Mukkada Junction (in the west) and back to the church.

The apostle Thomas founded one of his "seven-and-a-half churches" near the kore-ke-ni- ("inland port") of Kollam. They were family (or community) churches, as neither the Bible was codified nor the cross acknowledged as the symbol of Christian faith in the first century AD. The church, founded by Thomas at the ancient inland Kollam port of Thondis (or Tyndis—Nelcynda to the Greeks) near Beckara (Thevalakara), was reorganized three times. The second reorganization of the Tyndis Christian Nambuthiri community (which was still within Vedic Vaishnavism) was in the 4th century, when a Persian cross brought from a Red Sea port was erected in accordance with the Council of Nicaea. The council was called by Constantine I (an unbaptized catechumen, or neophyte), who presided over the opening session and took part in discussions making the cross the symbol of Christian faith the world over. In 825 AD Mar S(abo)r ministered here, receiving the tarsi sh-a-palli sasanam (royal sanction for the introduction of Syrian liturgy) at Thevalakara, as the first church founded by him with Syrian liturgy; this laid the foundations for Christianity as a religion in Kerala outside Vedic

Vedic

Vedic may refer to:* the Vedas, the oldest preserved Indic texts** Vedic Sanskrit, the language of these texts** Vedic period, during which these texts were produced** Vedic pantheon of gods mentioned in Vedas/vedic period...

Vaishnavism.

Muslim worship

Valiyapalli, Janakappuram, Juma-Atrh-Palli, Kollurvila, Jumma-Ath-Masjid, Thattamala, N-Muslim Jumma-Ath-Palli, Kalamala Palli (Karuva), Muthirapparambu Palli (Kalamala), Muthirapparambu and Siyavathummodu Palli (Kilikolloor) are the best-known mosques.

Health

Kollam has a fairly-well-developed network of medical facilities.

Tourism

Palaruvi Falls, Thenmala

Thenmala

Thenmala is a tourist place near Punalur town, Kollam district in Kerala. Thenmala is the first planned eco-tourism destination in India. The Thenmala dam was built across Kallada River. Thenmala is famous for being the shooting location in Malayalam and Tamil movies.Thenmala attracts foreign and...

(forests and reservoir), the Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve, Ashtamudi (backwater) and beaches at Kollam , Thirumullavaram

Thirumullavaram

Thirumullavaram is a muncipality in Kollam district in the state of Kerala, India. It is situated 6 km north of Kollam town.Thirumullavaram is famous for its Maha Vishnu Swamy temple, the pond and its beautiful beach. During the Karkadaka Vaavu season lakhs offer oblation to the manes in...

and Thangassery are scenic areas.

Ashramam Tourist Village is a well-known tourist destinations in Kollam city; the tourist village is located on the banks of Ashtamudi Lake. Ashramam is a hub of tourism activities in Kollam, and the District Tourism Promotion Council (DTPC) office is located within the village.

The Ashramam maidan (Ashramam ground), adjacent to the tourist village, is the largest open space within a Kerala Municipal Corporation. It is used for events, sports, as a helipad, for Kollam Pooram and by driving schools. It covers over 60 acres (24.3 ha) in an oval.

The first community tourism program in the state is being established on the Munroethuruth islands. Backwater tourism is an activity enjoyed in Kollam; Ashtamudi Lake, Munroe Island, Alumkadavu and Paravur are the main backwater destinations. Accommodation is in resorts and on houseboats.
Thenmala

Thenmala

, located 66 kilometres (41 mi) east of Kollam, is the first ecotourism

Ecotourism

Ecotourism is a form of tourism visiting fragile, pristine, and usually protected areas, intended as a low impact and often small scale alternative to standard commercial tourism...

project in India and run by the Thenmala Ecotourism Promotion Society.

Kollam was the seat of the Desinganad kings. Kottarakara is well-known as the place where the classical dance form of Kathakali

Kathakali

Kathakali is a highly stylized classical Indian dance-drama noted for the attractive make-up of characters, elaborate costumes, detailed gestures and well-defined body movements presented in tune with the anchor playback music and complementary percussion...

was conceived. It was also the capital of the Elayidath Swaroopam. Kundara is known for the 1812 proclamation against the British by Velu Thampi Dalawa

Velu Thampi Dalawa

Velayudhan Chempakaraman Thampi was the Dalawa or Prime Minister of the Indian kingdom of Travancore between 1802 and 1809 during the reign of His Highness Maharajah Bala Rama Varma Kulasekhara Perumal...

.
Alappad village, located on the seashore, was impacted by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.
Varkala

Varkala

Varkala is a coastal town and municipality in Thiruvananthapuram district situated in the Indian state of Kerala. It is located 50 kilometres north-west of Thiruvananthapuram and 37 km south-west of Kollam city.Varkala is the only place in southern Kerala where cliffs are found adjacent to...

Beach (also known as Papanasham) is 26 kilometres (16.2 mi) south of Kollam. The Duriyodana Temple is in Kunnathur Taluk. The Sakthikulangara Dharma Sastha Temple-Sree Ayyappa Swamy Temple is known for its Utsavam in the month of Makaram

Malayalam calendar

Malayalam calendar is a solar and sidereal Hindu calendar used in Kerala, India. The origin of the calendar has been dated as 825 CE....

(between mid-January and mid-February).

Polachira, in Chirakkara Gramapanchayat, is a sightseeing destination. The Anathavalam is near here where one can see domestic elephants, touch and ride them. Mannathippara is at Polachira, 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) south of Chathannoor.
Sasthamcotta Lake, about 19 kilometres (11.8 mi) from Kollam, is the largest freshwater lake in Kerala and a domestic tourist destination.
Jetayu Para, a large boulder, is located in Chadayamangalam; it is name for a mythical character in the Ramayana
Jatayu (Ramayana)
In the Hindu epic Ramayana, Jatayu is the son of Aruṇa and nephew of Garuda. A demi-god who has the form of a vulture, he was an old friend of Dasharatha . He tries to rescue Sita from Ravana when Ravana is on his way to Lanka after kidnapping Sita...

. It is believed that Jatayu fell here, after his failed attempt to stop Ravana

Ravana

' is the primary antagonist character of the Hindu legend, the Ramayana; who is the great king of Lanka. In the classic text, he is mainly depicted negatively, kidnapping Rama's wife Sita, to claim vengeance on Rama and his brother Lakshmana for having cut off the nose of his sister...

Education

According to the 2001 census, Kollam has an overall literacy rate of 91.18 percent; the male literacy rate is 94.43 percent and the female rate is 88.18 percent. These statistics are consistent with the state average, which is higher than the national average.
Kollam has a number privately- and state-owned educational institutions. St. Joseph's Convent School at Tuet receives no government aid and has the largest number of students in the world for a school of its type (over 12,000). The state-run school is the Government Model Higher Secondary School For Boys, the oldest school in Kollam. The district has a total of 128 educational institutions under the Department of Higher Education. the Meenakshi Vilasam Government Vocational Higher Secondary School

Meenakshi Vilasam Government Vocational Higher Secondary School

Meenakshi Vilasam Government Vocational Higher Secondary School is a school located in Punthalathazham, India. It was situated near Peroor Karunallur Bhagavathi Temple in the name Kalluvilla Pvt School. In 1944, it was under Y.M.V.A Library. Kunjan Pillai was the manager and H.M. Hereafter, school...

(MVGVHSS) is one of the oldest schools in the district, with over 1,000 students.
S.N. Polytechnic

Sree Narayana Poly (SN Poly) Technic College (S N P T C), Kottiyam

Sree Narayana Polytechnic College Sree Narayana Polytechnic College Sree Narayana Polytechnic College (Malayalam: ശ്രീ നാരായണ പോളിടെക് നിക്ക് (S.N.P.T.C) in Kottiyam near Kollam,Kerala in South India, named after the great Saint and social reformer “Sree Narayana Guru”, has contributed many eminent...

is a nodal polytechnic

Institute of technology

Institute of technology is a designation employed in a wide range of learning institutions awarding different types of degrees and operating often at variable levels of the educational system...

in the district. SNPTC was founded in 1957 by the Sri Narayana Trusts, Kollam under the initiative of its secretary (R. Sankar, former chief minister of Kerala).
Kollam has one kendriya vidyalaya and three other CBSE schools. Schools in Kerala follow both the English and Malayalam methods of education. Kollam has ten professional engineering colleges and two medical colleges. It has 17 arts and science colleges, 11 teacher-training colleges and 7 nursing schools.

Industry

Kollam district is moderately industrialized. Two government enterprises (the Indian Rare Earths Limited

Indian Rare Earths Limited

Indian Rare Earths Limited ' is a government-owned corporation in India based in Mumbai. It was incorporated as a private limited company and jointly owned by the Government of India and Government of Travancore Cochin. Government of India took control of IREL in 1963 under the administrative...

in Chavara

Chavara

and Parvathi Mills) are among the industries in Kollam. Kerala Ceramics Ltd. (Kundara), Kerala Electrical and Allied Engineering Company (Kundara), Kerala Premo Pipe Factory (Chavara), Kerala Minerals and Metals Limited (Chavara), United Electrical Industries-Kollam and Kerala Agro-Fruit Products in Punalur

Punalur

are state-government-owned companies. Private-sector industries include Thomas Stephen & Co. (Kollam), Floorco (Paravur), Cooperative Spinning Mill (Chathannur) and Punalur Paper Mills (Punalur). Nearly 2,000 SSI enterprises

Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises

The Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises , a branch of the Government of India, is the apex body for formulation and administration of the rules and regulations and laws relating to Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in India...

have been registered in the district.

Kerala Minerals and Metals

Kerala Minerals and Metals

Kerala Minerals and Metals Ltd is an integrated titanium dioxide manufacturing public sector undertaking in Kerala, India. Its operations comprise mining, mineral separation, synthetic rutile and pigment-production plants...

(KMML), a Government of Kerala undertaking located on the beaches of Shankaramangalam (Chavara), produces high-grade chemical compounds of titanium such as titanium dioxide pigment, hafnium

Hafnium

Hafnium is a chemical element with the symbol Hf and atomic number 72. A lustrous, silvery gray, tetravalent transition metal, hafnium chemically resembles zirconium and is found in zirconium minerals. Its existence was predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869. Hafnium was the penultimate stable...

ore, sillimanite

Sillimanite

Sillimanite is an alumino-silicate mineral with the chemical formula Al2SiO5. Sillimanite is named after the American chemist Benjamin Silliman . It was first described in 1824 for an occurrence in Chester, Middlesex County, Connecticut, USA....

and monazite

Monazite

Monazite is a reddish-brown phosphate mineral containing rare earth metals. It occurs usually in small isolated crystals. There are actually at least four different kinds of monazite, depending on relative elemental composition of the mineral:...

. These chemicals are used in paints, welding electrodes, ceramics and foundries.
Indian Rare Earths Limited

Indian Rare Earths Limited

, a Government of India undertaking under the Department of Atomic Energy which incorporated on 18 August 1950, has four production plants: Minerals Divisions at Chavara

Chavara

and Manavalakurichi

Manavalakurichi

Manavalakurichi is a panchayat town in Kanniyakumari district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.anavalakurichi is located at . It has an average elevation of 0 metres .-Demographics:...

and an OSCOM

OsCommerce

osCommerce is an e-commerce and online store-management software program. It can be used on any web server that has PHP and MySQL installed. It is available as free software under the GNU General Public License.-History:...

and Rare Earths Division at Aluva

Aluva

Aluva , is a suburb of the city of Kochi, situated north of the city center and a municipality in Ernakulam district, Kerala, India. Aluva is also a major industrial center of the state....

. IREL is a pioneer in the mining and separation of heavy minerals (such as ilmenite

Ilmenite

Ilmenite is a weakly magnetic titanium-iron oxide mineral which is iron-black or steel-gray. It is a crystalline iron titanium oxide . It crystallizes in the trigonal system, and it has the same crystal structure as corundum and hematite....

, rutile

Rutile

Rutile is a mineral composed primarily of titanium dioxide, TiO2.Rutile is the most common natural form of TiO2. Two rarer polymorphs of TiO2 are known:...

, zircon

Zircon

Zircon is a mineral belonging to the group of nesosilicates. Its chemical name is zirconium silicate and its corresponding chemical formula is ZrSiO4. A common empirical formula showing some of the range of substitution in zircon is 1–x4x–y...

, sillimanite

Sillimanite

, garnet

Garnet

The garnet group includes a group of minerals that have been used since the Bronze Age as gemstones and abrasives. The name "garnet" may come from either the Middle English word gernet meaning 'dark red', or the Latin granatus , possibly a reference to the Punica granatum , a plant with red seeds...

and monazite

Monazite

) from sand. IREL also conducts research and development in mining and minerals.

United Electrical Industries Ltd. (UNILEC) is a public-sector company under the government of Kerala. This ISO 9001:2000-certified company produces electromechanical meters for domestic and industrial use. This company, unique in Kerala, can produce one lakh

Lakh

A lakh is a unit in the Indian numbering system equal to one hundred thousand . It is widely used both in official and other contexts in Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar and is often used in Indian English.-Usage:...

meters per month.

Technopark–Kollam

A business park (known as Technopark–Kollam) on the banks of Ashtamudi Lake (near Kundara) is nearing completion as of 2011. The park is in a 40 acres (16.2 ha) Special Economic Zone (SEZ). It is expected to create 10,000 jobs within its first three years of operation. An iconic building has been constructed on the lake, along with a boat terminal for commuter boats from other parts of Kollam city.

Construction status is:

SEZ Notification issued
The site office open
Work on canal embankment begun
Work on first phase of IT building (100000 square feet (9,290.3 m²)) begun
Land development (compound wall, internal roads) in progress
110 kV substation work order awarded to Siemens India Ltd
Work on water supply and distribution system in progress

Cashew industry

The cashew industry is centralised in this district. Kollam is approved by the central government as a "centre of cashew industry". Most workers in this industry are women; among them, a majority comes from the poorer sections of the society. There are several cashew-processing units in the district. The Kerala State Cashew Development Corporation Ltd, a Government of Kerala undertaking, has its headquarters in Kollam and serves as a model agency for the cashew-processing industry. The corporation has 30 cashew factories and employs more than 20,000 workers. Another government organisation in this field is CAPEX, which is part of the cooperative sector and has 10 cashew factories. Coir production, handloom industry, clay and wood-based industries contribute to the industrial health of the region.

Forests and wildlife

According to Government of Kerala estimates 81438 hectares (314.4 sq mi) of land is under forest cover, mainly in the eastern portion of the district (including the Thenmala, Punalur and a portion of the Achencoil forest divisions). The Thenmala Range, Aryankavu Range and Shendurney Sanctuary comprise the Thenmala division and the Achencoil, Kallar and Kanayar Ranges make up the Achencoil division. The Pathanapuram and Anchal Ranges constitute the Punalur division.

The Shenduruny wildlife sanctuary, 66 kilometres (41 mi) from Kollam, is situated on the southern part of the Western Ghats (8°50' and 8°55'N; 77°5'and 77°15'E) in the Pathanapuram taluk of the district. The name "Shenduruny" is derived from the name of a tree species locally called "Shenkuruny" or "Chenkuruny" (Gluta travancorica), a tree mainly found in this area. An artificial lake of about 26 square kilometres (10 sq mi) has developed following construction of a dam across the Kulathupuzha

Kulathupuzha

Kulathupuzha is a village in the Kollam district of Kerala state, India. This town is situated on the Thiruvananthapuram - Shenkottai road. Kulathupuzha is 62 km away from Thiruvananthapuram and 64 km away from Kollam....

River. Remnants of Stone Age

Stone Age

The Stone Age is a broad prehistoric period, lasting about 2.5 million years , during which humans and their predecessor species in the genus Homo, as well as the earlier partly contemporary genera Australopithecus and Paranthropus, widely used exclusively stone as their hard material in the...

culture from a large cave situated at the northwestern part of the Shenduruny River was excavated from this sanctuary. These remains belong to the Mesolithic

Mesolithic

The Mesolithic is an archaeological concept used to refer to certain groups of archaeological cultures defined as falling between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic....

period.

This tropical rain forest has a wide variety of wildlife, and some endangered species are found here. Species found in the sanctuary include bonnet

Bonnet Macaque

The bonnet macaque is a macaque endemic to southern India. Its distribution is limited by the Indian Ocean on three sides and the Godavari and Tapti Rivers along with a related competing species of rhesus macaque in the north....

and lion-tailed macaque

Lion-tailed Macaque

The lion-tailed macaque is an Old World monkey that is endemic to the Western Ghats of South India.-Physical Characteristics:...

s, Nilgiri langur

Nilgiri Langur

The Nilgiri langur is a lutung found in the Nilgiri Hills of the Western Ghats in South India. Its range also includes Kodagu in Karnataka,Kodayar Hills in Tamil Nadu and many other hilly areas in Kerala and Tamil nadu. This primate has glossy black fur on its body and golden brown fur on its head...

, gaur

Gaur

The gaur , also called Indian bison, is a large bovine native to South Asia and Southeast Asia. The species is listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List since 1986 as the population decline in parts of the species' range is likely to be well over 70% over the last three generations...

(or Indian bison), sambar deer, muntjac

Muntjac

Muntjac, also known as Barking Deer and Mastreani Deer, are small deer of the genus Muntiacus. Muntjac are the oldest known deer, appearing 15–35 million years ago, with remains found in Miocene deposits in France, Germany and Poland....

(or barking deer), Indian Spotted Chevrotain

Indian Spotted Chevrotain

The Indian Spotted Chevrotain is a species of even-toed ungulate in the Tragulidae family found in India and possibly Nepal. It has a body length of 23 in , with a tail length of 1 in ; it weighs around 7 lb . It lives in rainforests and is nocturnal...

(or mouse deer), wild boar, Indian elephant

Indian Elephant

The Indian Elephant is one of three recognized subspecies of the Asian elephant, and native to mainland Asia. Since 1986, Elephas maximus has been listed as endangered by IUCN as the population has declined by at least 50% over the last three generations, estimated to be 60–75 years...

and different species of squirrel

Squirrel

Squirrels belong to a large family of small or medium-sized rodents called the Sciuridae. The family includes tree squirrels, ground squirrels, chipmunks, marmots , flying squirrels, and prairie dogs. Squirrels are indigenous to the Americas, Eurasia, and Africa and have been introduced to Australia...

s, such as the Indian giant

Indian Giant Squirrel

The Indian giant squirrel, or Malabar giant squirrel, is a large tree squirrel species genus Ratufa native to India. It is a large-bodied diurnal, arboreal, and herbivorous squirrel found in South Asia.-Description:...

and Indian palm squirrel

Indian Palm Squirrel

The Indian Palm Squirrel also known as Three-Striped Palm Squirrel, is a species of rodent in the Sciuridae family that can be easily domesticated and kept as pets. It is found naturally in India and Sri Lanka...

Agriculture

The district has a total cultivated area of 218267 hectares (842.7 sq mi). Paddy, tapioca, coconut, rubber, pepper, banana, mango and cashews are the prominent crops. The average per-family holding of farmland is 0.21 hectares (2,100 m²). 70 percent of the district's labor force is engaged in agriculture or allied activities.

Agricultural production in Kollam district
Products	Area under cultivation (ha)	Production (in tonnes)
Rice	11,457	24,204
Pepper	10,633	3,235
Ginger	612	\|1,648
Cashewnut	4,663	3,043
Tapioca	24,065	556,140
Coconut	71,310	411 million
Arecanut	2,502	1,710
Rubber	36,797	48,386

Irrigation

Two major rivers, the Kallada and Ithikkara, flow through Kollam. The Kallada Irrigation Project (KIP) uses water from the Kallada for irrigation. The project consists of a dam at Thenmala, from which water is diverted for irrigation.

Fishing

The western portion of Kollam is bordered by the Arabian Sea. Kollam's coastline is 37.3 kilometres (23.2 mi), 6.3 percent of Kerala's total coastline. Neendakara

Neendakara

Neendakara is a village in Kollam district 9 km north of Kollam city in Kerala, India. It is Kollam district's intermediate fishing port....

and Sakthikulangara are important fishing villages. There are an estimated 26 villages whose livelihood depends entirely on fishing. Cheriazheekkal, Alappad

Alappad

Alappad is a coastal village in the Kollam District of the Indian state Kerala. It is situated on a narrow strip of land sandwiched between the Arabian Sea a few pecies of ham and the TS Canal - the village is approximately 16 km long and its narrowest point is as thin as 33 meters...

, Pandarathuruthu, Puthenthura, Neendakara, Thangasseri, Eravipuram

Eravipuram

and Paravoor are among the prominent fishing villages.
One-third of Kerala's fish production (including 60 percent of its prawn

Prawn

Prawns are decapod crustaceans of the sub-order Dendrobranchiata. There are 540 extant species, in seven families, and a fossil record extending back to the Devonian...

catch) is contributed by Kollam, whose average fish production is estimated at 5,275 tonnes. Nearly 3,000 mechanized boats operate out of its fishing harbour.

Animal husbandry

Kollam district has one of the largest livestock populations in Kerala. Cattle are reared chiefly for dairy farming

Dairy farming

Dairy farming is a class of agricultural, or an animal husbandry, enterprise, for long-term production of milk, usually from dairy cows but also from goats and sheep, which may be either processed on-site or transported to a dairy factory for processing and eventual retail sale.Most dairy farms...

. According to the 2000 animal census, Kollam has an estimated population of 182,434 cows, 6162 buffalo, 131,714 goats and 1,034 pigs. In poultry, the district ranks third in Kerala.

Transportation

Kollam is well-connected to all parts of the state by bus and train service. It is also connected to neighboring states by frequent bus service operated by the Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) and Indian Railways

Indian Railways

Indian Railways , abbreviated as IR , is a departmental undertaking of Government of India, which owns and operates most of India's rail transport. It is overseen by the Ministry of Railways of the Government of India....

. Kollam has no airport; the nearest airport is Trivandrum International Airport, about 65 kilometres (40.4 mi) away. The district has a good railway network, with 22 stations and about 132 kilometres (82 mi) of track.

Railway stations in Kollam
Ochira	Karunagapally	Shastamkotta
Mandrothuruthu	Perinadu	Kollam
Eravipuram	Paravoor	Kilikolloor
Chanthanathoppu	Perinadu	Kundara
Kundara East	Ezhukone	Kottarakara
Kura	Aavaniswaram	Punaloor
Edaman	Ottakkal	Thenmala
Kazhuthurutty	Edappalayam	Aryankkavu

The district is well-connected to other parts of Kerala and India by National Highways

Indian highways

The National Highways Network of India, is a network of highways that is managed and maintained by agencies of the Government of India. These highways measured over as of 2010, including over of limited-access Expressways....

47, 220 and 208. The state highway—Main Central Road (MC Road) and Punalur

Punalur

-Pathanamthitta-Muvattupuzha

Muvattupuzha

Muvattupuzha is a municipality in Ernakulam district in the Indian state of Kerala. It is a junction of three districts namely Ernakulam, Kottayam and Idukki. The town is bordered by Kottayam district on southern side and Idukki district on eastern side approximately 20 km from the town...

(Main Eastern Highway)—connects Kollam with other districts.
Intra-state road transportation is served by the KSRTC

Kerala State Road Transport Corporation

Kerala State Road Transport Corporation is the state-run bus company in Kerala, India. It is one of the oldest state run public bus transport services in India.-History:...

and private companies. Indian Railways also operates shuttle services between Kollam and the neighbouring districts of Thiruvananthapuram

Thiruvananthapuram

Thiruvananthapuram , formerly known as Trivandrum, is the capital of the Indian state of Kerala and the headquarters of the Thiruvananthapuram District. It is located on the west coast of India near the extreme south of the mainland...

, Kottayam

Kottayam

and Alappuzha

Alappuzha

. There is also a shuttle service between Kollam and Ernakulam

Ernakulam

Ernakulam refers to the downtown area or the western part of the mainland of Kochi city in Kerala, India. The city is the most urban part of Kochi and has lent its name to the Ernakulam district. Ernakulam is called the commercial capital of the state of Kerala and is a main nerve of business in...

.
Interstate bus service operates from the Kollam Transport and Kottarakkara Transport bus stations.

Kollam is connected by inland waterways to Thiruvananthapuram and Alappuzha. These waterways are also attractions and scenic tourist destinations in the area. The Kerala State Water Transport Department (KSWTD) had an operating centre near the KSRTC bus stand; however, it is no longer operating boat service from Kollam to Alappuzha. However, round-trip chain-boat service from Kollam to Astamudi via Thopilkadavu, Kureepuzha, Kavanadu and Sampranikodi is to begin this year. Tourists may hire motorised country boats with amenities (kettavulam in Malayalam).

External links

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Climate

Demographics

Administration

District administration

Police administration

Taluks

Lok Sabha constituencies

Assembly constituencies

Religion

Hindu worship

Ashram

Christian worship

Muslim worship

Health

Tourism

Education

Industry

Technopark–Kollam

Cashew industry

Forests and wildlife

Agriculture

Irrigation

Fishing

Animal husbandry

Transportation

See also

External links