General aviation in Europe
Encyclopedia
General aviation
(GA) has been defined as a civil aircraft
operation other than a commercial air transport
flight operating to a schedule. Although the International Civil Aviation Organization
(ICAO) excludes any form of remunerated aviation from its definition, some commercial operations are often included within the scope of General Aviation (GA). General aviation refers to all flights other than military
and scheduled airline flights, both private
and commercial
.
and powered parachute
s to large, non-scheduled cargo jet
flights. The sector operates business jet
s, rotorcraft
, piston
and jet-engined fixed-wing aircraft
, gliders of all descriptions, and lighter than air
craft. Other commercial GA activities are aerial work, such as surveying
and air ambulances
, and flight training
.
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The International Civil Aviation Organization defines general aviation as "an aircraft operation other than a commercial air transport operation or an aerial work operation." It defines commercial air transport
(CAT) as "an aircraft operation involving the transport of passengers, cargo or mail for remuneration or hire", and aerial work as "an aircraft operation in which an aircraft is used for specialized services such as agriculture, construction, photography, surveying, observation and patrol, search and rescue, aerial advertisement, etc."
Organisations in the United Kingdom
(UK) describe GA in less restrictive terms that include elements of commercial aviation
. The British Business and General Aviation Association interprets it to be "all aeroplane and helicopter flying except that performed by the major airlines and the Armed Services". The General Aviation Awareness Council applies the description "all Civil Aviation operations other than scheduled air services and non-scheduled air transport operations for remuneration or hire". For the purposes of a strategic review of GA in the UK, the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) defined the scope of GA as "a civil aircraft operation other than a commercial air transport flight operating to a schedule", and considered it necessary to depart from the ICAO definition and include aerial work and minor CAT operations.
The major part of the General Aviation is the Sport and Recreational Aviation.
26,000 GA aircraft registered.
between 1.25 and 1.35 million hours flown.
28,000 Private Pilot Licence holders (for 47,000 Licences in total),
10,000 certified glider pilots. Some of the 19,000 pilots who hold professional licences are also engaged in GA activities.
more than 1,800 aerodrome
s and landing sites, ranging in size from large regional airports to farm strips, over 80 per cent of GA activity is conducted at 134 of the larger aerodromes.
There are an estimated 27,000 civil aircraft registered in the UK, 96 per cent of which are engaged in GA activities.
In 2005 the GA fleet comprised 9,000 fixed-wing aircraft, 4,100 microlights, 1,300 helicopters, 1,800 airships/balloons, 2,500 gliders and some 7,000 hang gliders.
Estimates put the number of foreign-registered GA aircraft based in the UK at 900.
, pilot licensing, the rules for the movement of aircraft and equipment to be carried.
In 2003 the European Aviation Safety Agency
(EASA) was established as the central EU regulator, taking over responsibility for legislating airworthiness and environmental regulation from the national authorities. Proposed developments seek to establish EASA as the single authority throughout the EU, taking over from individual member states the power to regulate all aviation other than that specifically excluded from the scope of EASA.
The EASA launched a working group to update of the regulation. This MDM.032 working group was tasked with developing a concept for better regulation in General Aviation.
European Light Aircraft (ELA).
The main focus is on standards of airworthiness
and pilot licensing, and the objective is to promote high standards of safety. At the lighter end of the GA spectrum some regulatory authority is devolved to representative bodies, with gliding
currently in transition from a self-regulatory model to more formal governance by EASA.
Airspace
regulation necessary to protect an increasing number of commercial air transport (CAT) operations has reduced the area in which GA flights can be freely conducted. The growth in CAT is also making access to larger airports more difficult for the GA sector, and smaller aerodromes are vulnerable to closure and re-development for more profitable uses. The UK planning system
has no remit to consider the national significance of GA public transport operations, and generally does not favour the development of smaller aerodromes catering to the GA market.
associated with traditional GA, but the main area of growth over the last 20 years has been in the use of more affordable aircraft, such as microlights
, amateur built
aeroplanes, and smaller helicopters. The most important recent developments for small aircraft been the introduction of advanced avionics
(including GPS
) that were formerly found only in large airliner
s, and the introduction of composite material
s to make small aircraft lighter and faster. Ultralight
and homebuilt aircraft
have also become increasingly popular for recreational use, since in most countries that allow private aviation they are much less expensive than certified aircraft.
and the NAA
s supports and encourages the collection of light aircraft accident data in order to provide more in-depth statistics and analysis.
In the UK, there were 27 fatal accidents involving GA aircraft in 2007, resulting in the loss of 48 lives. These compare with 16 accidents claiming a total of 19 lives the previous year, and although the 2007 statistics are higher than average, they are not exceptional.
General aviation
General aviation is one of the two categories of civil aviation. It refers to all flights other than military and scheduled airline and regular cargo flights, both private and commercial. General aviation flights range from gliders and powered parachutes to large, non-scheduled cargo jet flights...
(GA) has been defined as a civil aircraft
Aircraft
An aircraft is a vehicle that is able to fly by gaining support from the air, or, in general, the atmosphere of a planet. An aircraft counters the force of gravity by using either static lift or by using the dynamic lift of an airfoil, or in a few cases the downward thrust from jet engines.Although...
operation other than a commercial air transport
Airline
An airline provides air transport services for traveling passengers and freight. Airlines lease or own their aircraft with which to supply these services and may form partnerships or alliances with other airlines for mutual benefit...
flight operating to a schedule. Although the International Civil Aviation Organization
International Civil Aviation Organization
The International Civil Aviation Organization , pronounced , , is a specialized agency of the United Nations. It codifies the principles and techniques of international air navigation and fosters the planning and development of international air transport to ensure safe and orderly growth...
(ICAO) excludes any form of remunerated aviation from its definition, some commercial operations are often included within the scope of General Aviation (GA). General aviation refers to all flights other than military
Military aviation
Military aviation is the use of aircraft and other flying machines for the purposes of conducting or enabling warfare, including national airlift capacity to provide logistical supply to forces stationed in a theater or along a front. Air power includes the national means of conducting such...
and scheduled airline flights, both private
Private aviation
Private aviation is the part of civil aviation that does not include flying for hire. In most countries, private flights are always general aviation flights, but the opposite is not true: many general aviation flights are commercial in that the pilot is hired and paid...
and commercial
Commercial aviation
Commercial aviation is the part of civil aviation that involves operating aircraft for hire to transport passengers or cargo...
.
Definitions
General aviation flights range from glidersGlider aircraft
Glider aircraft are heavier-than-air craft that are supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of the air against their lifting surfaces, and whose free flight does not depend on an engine. Mostly these types of aircraft are intended for routine operation without engines, though engine failure can...
and powered parachute
Powered parachute
A powered parachute is a parachute with motor and wheels. The aircraft's airspeed is typically about 25–35 mph . PPCs operate safely at heights ranging from a few feet off the ground to altitudes as high as 18,000+ feet...
s to large, non-scheduled cargo jet
Jet aircraft
A jet aircraft is an aircraft propelled by jet engines. Jet aircraft generally fly much faster than propeller-powered aircraft and at higher altitudes – as high as . At these altitudes, jet engines achieve maximum efficiency over long distances. The engines in propeller-powered aircraft...
flights. The sector operates business jet
Business jet
Business jet, private jet or, colloquially, bizjet is a term describing a jet aircraft, usually of smaller size, designed for transporting groups of up to 19 business people or wealthy individuals...
s, rotorcraft
Rotorcraft
A rotorcraft or rotary wing aircraft is a heavier-than-air flying machine that uses lift generated by wings, called rotor blades, that revolve around a mast. Several rotor blades mounted to a single mast are referred to as a rotor. The International Civil Aviation Organization defines a rotorcraft...
, piston
Reciprocating engine
A reciprocating engine, also often known as a piston engine, is a heat engine that uses one or more reciprocating pistons to convert pressure into a rotating motion. This article describes the common features of all types...
and jet-engined fixed-wing aircraft
Fixed-wing aircraft
A fixed-wing aircraft is an aircraft capable of flight using wings that generate lift due to the vehicle's forward airspeed. Fixed-wing aircraft are distinct from rotary-wing aircraft in which wings rotate about a fixed mast and ornithopters in which lift is generated by flapping wings.A powered...
, gliders of all descriptions, and lighter than air
Aerostat
An aerostat is a craft that remains aloft primarily through the use of buoyant lighter than air gases, which impart lift to a vehicle with nearly the same overall density as air. Aerostats include free balloons, airships, and moored balloons...
craft. Other commercial GA activities are aerial work, such as surveying
Aerial survey
Aerial survey is a geomatics method of collecting information by using aerial photography, LiDAR or from remote sensing imagery using other bands of the electromagnetic spectrum, such as infrared, gamma, or ultraviolet. It can also refer to the chart or map made by analysing a region from the air...
and air ambulances
Air Ambulances in the United Kingdom
There are a number of air ambulance services in the United Kingdom using either helicopters or fixed-wing aircraft. Thirty helicopters, all operated by commercial companies and funded by charitable organisations, cover England and Wales...
, and flight training
Flight training
Flight training is a course of study used when learning to pilot an aircraft. The overall purpose of primary and intermediate flight training is the acquisition and honing of basic airmanship skills....
.
Airline
An airline provides air transport services for traveling passengers and freight. Airlines lease or own their aircraft with which to supply these services and may form partnerships or alliances with other airlines for mutual benefit...
(CAT) as "an aircraft operation involving the transport of passengers, cargo or mail for remuneration or hire", and aerial work as "an aircraft operation in which an aircraft is used for specialized services such as agriculture, construction, photography, surveying, observation and patrol, search and rescue, aerial advertisement, etc."
Organisations in the United Kingdom
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
(UK) describe GA in less restrictive terms that include elements of commercial aviation
Commercial aviation
Commercial aviation is the part of civil aviation that involves operating aircraft for hire to transport passengers or cargo...
. The British Business and General Aviation Association interprets it to be "all aeroplane and helicopter flying except that performed by the major airlines and the Armed Services". The General Aviation Awareness Council applies the description "all Civil Aviation operations other than scheduled air services and non-scheduled air transport operations for remuneration or hire". For the purposes of a strategic review of GA in the UK, the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) defined the scope of GA as "a civil aircraft operation other than a commercial air transport flight operating to a schedule", and considered it necessary to depart from the ICAO definition and include aerial work and minor CAT operations.
The major part of the General Aviation is the Sport and Recreational Aviation.
UK
Facts 2005:26,000 GA aircraft registered.
between 1.25 and 1.35 million hours flown.
28,000 Private Pilot Licence holders (for 47,000 Licences in total),
10,000 certified glider pilots. Some of the 19,000 pilots who hold professional licences are also engaged in GA activities.
more than 1,800 aerodrome
Aerodrome
An aerodrome, airdrome or airfield is a term for any location from which aircraft flight operations take place, regardless of whether they involve cargo, passengers or neither...
s and landing sites, ranging in size from large regional airports to farm strips, over 80 per cent of GA activity is conducted at 134 of the larger aerodromes.
In 2005 the GA fleet comprised 9,000 fixed-wing aircraft, 4,100 microlights, 1,300 helicopters, 1,800 airships/balloons, 2,500 gliders and some 7,000 hang gliders.
Estimates put the number of foreign-registered GA aircraft based in the UK at 900.
Regulation
The objective of regulation is to "promote high standards of safety in all aspects of aviation". Efforts focus on assuring appropriate standards of airworthinessAirworthiness
Airworthiness is a term used to describe whether an aircraft has been certified as suitable for safe flight. Certification is initially conferred by a Certificate of Airworthiness from a National Airworthiness Authority, and is maintained by performing required maintenance actions by a licensed...
, pilot licensing, the rules for the movement of aircraft and equipment to be carried.
In 2003 the European Aviation Safety Agency
European Aviation Safety Agency
The European Aviation Safety Agency is an agency of the European Union with offices in Cologne, Germany, which has been given regulatory and executive tasks in the field of civilian aviation safety. It was created on 15 July 2002, and it reached full functionality in 2008, taking over functions...
(EASA) was established as the central EU regulator, taking over responsibility for legislating airworthiness and environmental regulation from the national authorities. Proposed developments seek to establish EASA as the single authority throughout the EU, taking over from individual member states the power to regulate all aviation other than that specifically excluded from the scope of EASA.
The EASA launched a working group to update of the regulation. This MDM.032 working group was tasked with developing a concept for better regulation in General Aviation.
European Light Aircraft (ELA).
The main focus is on standards of airworthiness
Airworthiness
Airworthiness is a term used to describe whether an aircraft has been certified as suitable for safe flight. Certification is initially conferred by a Certificate of Airworthiness from a National Airworthiness Authority, and is maintained by performing required maintenance actions by a licensed...
and pilot licensing, and the objective is to promote high standards of safety. At the lighter end of the GA spectrum some regulatory authority is devolved to representative bodies, with gliding
Gliding
Gliding is a recreational activity and competitive air sport in which pilots fly unpowered aircraft known as gliders or sailplanes using naturally occurring currents of rising air in the atmosphere to remain airborne. The word soaring is also used for the sport.Gliding as a sport began in the 1920s...
currently in transition from a self-regulatory model to more formal governance by EASA.
Airspace
Airspace
Airspace means the portion of the atmosphere controlled by a country above its territory, including its territorial waters or, more generally, any specific three-dimensional portion of the atmosphere....
regulation necessary to protect an increasing number of commercial air transport (CAT) operations has reduced the area in which GA flights can be freely conducted. The growth in CAT is also making access to larger airports more difficult for the GA sector, and smaller aerodromes are vulnerable to closure and re-development for more profitable uses. The UK planning system
Town and country planning in the United Kingdom
Town and Country Planning is the land use planning system governments use to balance economic development and environmental quality. Each country of the United Kingdom has its own planning system that is responsible for town and country planning devolved to the Northern Ireland Assembly, the...
has no remit to consider the national significance of GA public transport operations, and generally does not favour the development of smaller aerodromes catering to the GA market.
Evolution of the activity
The single most common class of aircraft is the fixed-wing light aircraftLight aircraft
A light aircraft is an aircraft that has a maximum gross take-off weight of or less.Many aircraft used commercially for freight, sightseeing, photography and scheduled flights are light aircraft.Examples of light aircraft include:...
associated with traditional GA, but the main area of growth over the last 20 years has been in the use of more affordable aircraft, such as microlights
Ultralight aviation
The term "ultralight aviation" refers to light-weight, 1- or 2-person airplanes., also called microlight aircraft in the UK, India and New Zealand...
, amateur built
Homebuilt aircraft
Also known as amateur-built aircraft or kit planes, homebuilt aircraft are constructed by persons for whom this is not a professional activity. These aircraft may be constructed from "scratch," from plans, or from assembly kits.-Overview:...
aeroplanes, and smaller helicopters. The most important recent developments for small aircraft been the introduction of advanced avionics
Avionics
Avionics are electronic systems used on aircraft, artificial satellites and spacecraft.Avionic systems include communications, navigation, the display and management of multiple systems and the hundreds of systems that are fitted to aircraft to meet individual roles...
(including GPS
Global Positioning System
The Global Positioning System is a space-based global navigation satellite system that provides location and time information in all weather, anywhere on or near the Earth, where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites...
) that were formerly found only in large airliner
Airliner
An airliner is a large fixed-wing aircraft for transporting passengers and cargo. Such aircraft are operated by airlines. Although the definition of an airliner can vary from country to country, an airliner is typically defined as an aircraft intended for carrying multiple passengers in commercial...
s, and the introduction of composite material
Composite material
Composite materials, often shortened to composites or called composition materials, are engineered or naturally occurring materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties which remain separate and distinct at the macroscopic or...
s to make small aircraft lighter and faster. Ultralight
Ultralight aviation
The term "ultralight aviation" refers to light-weight, 1- or 2-person airplanes., also called microlight aircraft in the UK, India and New Zealand...
and homebuilt aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Also known as amateur-built aircraft or kit planes, homebuilt aircraft are constructed by persons for whom this is not a professional activity. These aircraft may be constructed from "scratch," from plans, or from assembly kits.-Overview:...
have also become increasingly popular for recreational use, since in most countries that allow private aviation they are much less expensive than certified aircraft.
GA Safety in Europe
About three accidents per day are reported in Europe. As the reporting of every GA accidents and incidents is not mandatory everywhere, these figures may be higher. However, most major accidents are likely to be reflected due to involvement of outside authorities. The EASAEASA
EASA may refer to:* European Aviation Safety Agency* English Academy of Southern Africa* European Architecture Students Assembly* European Association of Social Anthropologists...
and the NAA
NAA
NAA can refer to:* 1-naphthaleneacetic acid - synthetic auxin * N-Acetylaspartate, a neurochemical often imaged in magnetic resonance spectroscopy* NAA, a radio station in Cutler, Maine, operated by the United States Navy...
s supports and encourages the collection of light aircraft accident data in order to provide more in-depth statistics and analysis.
In the UK, there were 27 fatal accidents involving GA aircraft in 2007, resulting in the loss of 48 lives. These compare with 16 accidents claiming a total of 19 lives the previous year, and although the 2007 statistics are higher than average, they are not exceptional.
European General Aviation associations
| Flag Flag A flag is a piece of fabric with a distinctive design that is usually rectangular and used as a symbol, as a signaling device, or decoration. The term flag is also used to refer to the graphic design employed by a flag, or to its depiction in another medium.The first flags were used to assist... |
Member States |
National Aero Clubs |
Micro-light associations |
Gliding associations |
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EU-27 | europe-airsports.fai.org | EMF | * | .eu .eu .eu is the country code top-level domain for the European Union . Launched 7 December 2005, the domain is available for organisations in and residents of EU member states. The TLD is administered by EURid, a consortium consisting of the national ccTLD registry operators of Belgium, Sweden, Italy... |
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Austria Austria Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country of roughly 8.4 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the... |
Austrian Aero Club | -- | -- | .at .at .at is the Internet country code top-level domain for Austria. It is administered by .The .at top-level domain has a number of second-level domains... |
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Belgium Belgium Belgium , officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO.Belgium is also a member of, or affiliated to, many... |
Aero Club Royal de Belgique | -- | -- | .be .be .be is the Internet country code top-level domain for Belgium. The domain became active in 1989 and was administrated by Pierre Verbaeten of the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. In 2000, the control of the TLD was transferred to DNS Belgium... |
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Bulgaria Bulgaria Bulgaria , officially the Republic of Bulgaria , is a parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional republic in Southeast Europe. The country borders Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, as well as the Black Sea to the east... |
- | Bulgarian Association of Light Aviation | -- | .bg .bg The domain name .bg is the country code top-level domain in the Domain Name System of the Internet for Bulgaria. It is currently operated by Register.bg.... |
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Cyprus Cyprus Cyprus , officially the Republic of Cyprus , is a Eurasian island country, member of the European Union, in the Eastern Mediterranean, east of Greece, south of Turkey, west of Syria and north of Egypt. It is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea.The earliest known human activity on the... |
Cyprus Airsports Federation | -- | -- | .cy .cy .cy is the country code top-level domain for Cyprus. Registration is limited to residents of Cyprus or companies and organizations registered with the government there; the personal or business registration number is required on registration... |
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Czech Republic Czech Republic The Czech Republic is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Poland to the northeast, Slovakia to the east, Austria to the south, and Germany to the west and northwest.... |
Aero Club of the Czech Republic | Light Aircraft Association of the Czech Republic | -- | .cz .cz .cz is the country code top-level domain for the Czech Republic. It is administered by CZ.NIC. Registrations must be ordered via accredited domain name registrars.Before the split in 1993 former Czechoslovakia used domain .cs.... |
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Denmark Denmark Denmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. The countries of Denmark and Greenland, as well as the Faroe Islands, constitute the Kingdom of Denmark . It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark... |
Denmark Royal Danish Aero Club | Danish Ultra Light Union (DULFU) | -- | .dk .dk .dk is the country code top-level domain for Denmark. The supervision of the .dk top-level domain is handled exclusively by DK Hostmaster. Any new .dk domain name has to be applied for via an approved registrator. Then the domain name applicant can ask the registrator to manage his domain name or... |
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Estonia Estonia Estonia , officially the Republic of Estonia , is a state in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia , and to the east by Lake Peipsi and the Russian Federation . Across the Baltic Sea lies... |
- | -- | -- | .ee .ee .ee is the Internet country code top-level domain of Estonia, operated by Estonian Internet Foundation.-Second-Level Domain Names:* .com.ee -- companies as defined in the Commercial Code* .pri.ee -- individuals... |
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Finland Finland Finland , officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.Around 5.4 million people reside... |
Finnish Aeronautical Association | Experimental ja Ultrakevyt Toimikunta (EUT) Finland | -- | .fi .fi .fi is the Internet country code top-level domain for Finland. It is operated by FICORA, the Finnish Communications Regulatory Authority.... |
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France France The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France... |
FNA | Fédération Française de Planeur Ultra-léger Motorisé | -- | .fr .fr .fr is the country code top-level domain in the Domain Name System of the Internet for France. Along with .re and .tf, it is administered by AFNIC.The .fr top-level domain is divided into a number of second-level domains:... |
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Germany Germany Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate... |
German Aero Club | Deutscher Ultraleichtflugverband e.V. | -- | .de .de .de is the country code top-level domain for the Federal Republic of Germany. DENIC does not require specific second-level domains, as it is the case with the .uk domain range which require .co.uk domain for example.The name is based on the first two letters of the German name for Germany... |
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Greece Greece Greece , officially the Hellenic Republic , and historically Hellas or the Republic of Greece in English, is a country in southeastern Europe.... |
Hellenic Aeronautical and Airsports Federation | -- | -- | .gr .gr .gr is the country code top-level domain for Greece. Registrations are processed via accredited registrars and domain names in Greek characters may also be registered.-Second level domains:There are eight official second level domains:... |
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Hungary Hungary Hungary , officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine and Romania to the east, Serbia and Croatia to the south, Slovenia to the southwest and Austria to the west. The... |
Hungarian Aeronautical Association | -- | -- | .hu .hu .hu is the Internet country code top-level domain for Hungary. Registrations are processed via accredited registrars.-Second-Level Domain Names:* .co.hu* .2000.hu* .erotika.hu* .jogasz.hu* .sex.hu* .video.hu... |
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National Aero Club of Ireland | -- | -- | .ie .ie .ie is the Internet country code top-level domain for the Republic of Ireland. Registration is open to registrants located in, or with a significant connection to any part of the island, including Northern Ireland.... |
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Italy Italy Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and... |
Aero Club of Italy | -- | -- | .it .it .it is the Internet country code top-level domain for Italy.Because it is also the English word it, and many words end with -it, this can commonly used in the construction of domain hacks, such as play.it , write.it or swimsu.it.There are a number of reserved second-level domain names, for... |
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Latvia Latvia Latvia , officially the Republic of Latvia , is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Estonia , to the south by Lithuania , to the east by the Russian Federation , to the southeast by Belarus and shares maritime borders to the west with Sweden... |
Latvian Aero Club | -- | -- | .lv .lv .lv is the Internet country code top-level domain for Latvia.Registration is permitted at the second level, and this is the form of registration currently encouraged by the registry; however, registrations are also accepted at the third level beneath a number of subdomains:* .com.lv - commercial... |
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Lithuania Lithuania Lithuania , officially the Republic of Lithuania is a country in Northern Europe, the biggest of the three Baltic states. It is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, whereby to the west lie Sweden and Denmark... |
Lithuanian Aero Club | -- | -- | .lt .lt .lt is the Internet country code top-level domain for Lithuania.-External links:* *... |
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Luxembourg Luxembourg Luxembourg , officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg , is a landlocked country in western Europe, bordered by Belgium, France, and Germany. It has two principal regions: the Oesling in the North as part of the Ardennes massif, and the Gutland in the south... |
Luxemburg Aeronautic Federation | -- | -- | .lu .lu .lu is the Internet country code top-level domain for Luxembourg. .lu domains are administered by Restena. Since February 1, 2010, the administrative contact no longer needs to be based in Luxembourg.... |
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Malta Malta Malta , officially known as the Republic of Malta , is a Southern European country consisting of an archipelago situated in the centre of the Mediterranean, south of Sicily, east of Tunisia and north of Libya, with Gibraltar to the west and Alexandria to the east.Malta covers just over in... |
- | -- | -- | .mt .mt .mt is the Internet country code top-level domain for Malta. It is sometimes used for Montana related websites.- Second-level domains :Registrations are at the third level beneath these names:* com.mt: commercial entities... |
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Netherlands Kingdom of the Netherlands The Kingdom of the Netherlands is a sovereign state and constitutional monarchy with territory in Western Europe and in the Caribbean. The four parts of the Kingdom—Aruba, Curaçao, the Netherlands, and Sint Maarten—are referred to as "countries", and participate on a basis of equality... |
KNVvL, Royal Netherlands Aeronautical Association | -- | -- | .nl .nl .nl is the Internet country code top-level domain for the Netherlands. Registrations are processed via a network of participants. It is one of the more popular ccTLDs, ranked 3rd in the quarterly VeriSign Domain Name Industry Brief of May 2011 for the first quarter of 2011, after .de and .uk.It... |
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Poland Poland Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north... |
Aero Club of Poland | -- | -- | .pl .pl .pl is the Internet country code top-level domain for Poland, administered by NASK, Polish research and development organization. It is one of the founding members of CENTR.- History :... |
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Portugal Portugal Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the... |
Aero Club de Portugal (AeCP) | Associação Portuguesa de Aviação Ultraleve (APAU) | -- | .pt .pt .pt is the Internet country code top-level domain for Portugal and is managed by the Fundação para a Computação Científica Nacional .It has the following second-level domains:* .com.pt: no restrictions; online registration* .edu.pt: education... |
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Romania Romania Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea... |
Romanian Aeroclub | - | -- | .ro .ro .ro is the Internet country code top-level domain for Romania. It is administered by the National Institute for R&D in Informatics. As of December 2007, about 250,000 domains were registered under the .ro domain. In June 2008 there were around 6.8 million Google results for the .ro domain... |
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Slovakia Slovakia The Slovak Republic is a landlocked state in Central Europe. It has a population of over five million and an area of about . Slovakia is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south... |
- | -- | -- | .sk .sk .sk is the Internet country code top-level domain for Slovakia. It is administered by SK-NIC a.s. Registrations are only allowed to local entities.Before the split in 1993 former Czechoslovakia used domain .cs.-External links:* * *... |
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Slovenia Slovenia Slovenia , officially the Republic of Slovenia , is a country in Central and Southeastern Europe touching the Alps and bordering the Mediterranean. Slovenia borders Italy to the west, Croatia to the south and east, Hungary to the northeast, and Austria to the north, and also has a small portion of... |
- | -- | -- | .si .si .si is the Internet country code top-level domain for Slovenia. It is administered by the ARNES, the Academic and Research Network of Slovenia. The registry has reached 80,000 domain names on 19. May 2010-External links:* * *... |
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Spain Spain Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula... |
Royal Aero Club of Spain | -- | -- | .es .es .es is the country code top-level domain for Spain. It is administered by the Network Information Center of Spain.Registrations are permitted at the second level or at the third level beneath various generic second level categories. Some qualifications and restrictions apply to third-level... |
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Sweden Sweden Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund.... |
Swedish Airsports Association | -- | -- | .se .se .se is the Internet country code top-level domain for Sweden . The top domain is operated by .SE , but domains must be registered through one of the approved registrars. .SE is a foundation and is managed on the basis of its charter of foundation and its statutes... |
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United Kingdom United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages... |
Royal Aero Club of the United Kingdom | -- | -- | .uk .uk .uk is the Internet country code top-level domain for the United Kingdom. , it is the fourth most popular top-level domain worldwide , with over 9.5 million registrations.... |
Gliding associations
| Country | Associations |
|---|---|
| Europe | EGU |
| Austria | Austrian Aero-Club - Section Gliding |
| Belgium | Belgian Gliding Federation |
| Bulgaria | |
| Cyprus | |
| Czech Republic | Aero Club of Czech Republic |
| Denmark | Dansk Svaeveflyver Union |
| Estonia | |
| Finland | Finnish Aeronautical Association |
| France | Fédération Française de Vol à Voile |
| Germany | Deutscher Aero Club e.V. / German Aero Club e.V. Sportfachgruppe Segelflug / Gliding Section |
| Greece | |
| Hungary | |
| Iceland* | |
| Ireland | Irish Gliding and Soaring Association |
| Italy | Federazione Italiana di Volo a Vela |
| Latvia | |
| Liechtenstein | |
| Lithuania | |
| Luxembourg | Fédération Aéronautique Luxembourgeoise |
| Malta | |
| Vozduhoplovna Federacija na Makedonija | |
| Netherlands | Royal Neth. Aeronautical Association - Gliding Department |
| Norway* | Norsk Aero Klubb - Seilflyseksjonen |
| Poland | Aero Club of Poland |
| Portugal | |
| Romania | Romanian Aeroclub |
| Slovakia | Slovak National Aeroclub |
| Sweden | Swedish Soaring Federation |
| Switzerland* | Aéro-Club der Schweiz |
| Slovenia | Letalska Zveza Slovenija - Gliding Section |
| Spain | |
| Turkiye | Turkish Aeronautical Association |
| United Kingdom | British Gliding Association British Gliding Association The British Gliding Association is the governing body for gliding in the United Kingdom. Gliding in the United Kingdom operates through 85 gliding clubs which have 2,310 gliders and 9,462 full flying members , though a further 17,000 people have gliding air-experience flights each year.-History:A... |