First Army (Ottoman Empire)
Encyclopedia
The First Army or First Guards Army of the Ottoman Empire
(Turkish
: Birinci Ordu or Hassa Ordusu) was one of the field armies
of the Ottoman Army. It was formed in the middle 19th century during Ottoman military reforms.
. It was composed of:
and the establishment of the Second Constitutional Era
on July 3, 1908, new government initiate a major military reform. Army headquarters were modernized. Its operational area was Constantinople
and the Bosporus
, and it had units in Europe and Asia Minor. It commanded the following active divisions: The First Army also had inspectorate functions for four Redif (reserve) divisions:
in 1911 was structured as such:
and Kavaklı Mustafa Fevzi Pasha
hold a secret meeting in Constantinople. They prepared a report called "Trio Oath" (Üçler Misâkı) and decided to establish army inspectorate for the defense of homeland. In late April, Kavaklı Mustafa Fevzi Pasha submitted this report to the Minister of War Şakir Pasha. On April 30, 1919, the War Ministry and Sultan Mehmed VI
ratified the decision about the establishing of army inspectorates that had been accepted by the Chief of General Staff And then the First Army Troops Inspectorate (stationed in Constantinople, Kavaklı Mustafa Fevzi Pasha
), the Yildirim Troops Inspectorate (stationed in Konya, Mersinli Cemal Pasha
, later Second Army Inspectorate) Inspectorate, the Ninth Army Troops Inspectorate (stationed in Erzurum, Mustafa Kemal Pasha
, later Third Army Inspectorate) was formed. Additionally, the Rumeli Military Troops Inspectorate (Nureddin Pasha
) would be established and the XIII Corps
would be under the direction of the Ministry of War. In May 1919, the army inspectorate was structured as follows:
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman EmpireIt was usually referred to as the "Ottoman Empire", the "Turkish Empire", the "Ottoman Caliphate" or more commonly "Turkey" by its contemporaries...
(Turkish
Turkish language
Turkish is a language spoken as a native language by over 83 million people worldwide, making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Its speakers are located predominantly in Turkey and Northern Cyprus with smaller groups in Iraq, Greece, Bulgaria, the Republic of Macedonia, Kosovo,...
: Birinci Ordu or Hassa Ordusu) was one of the field armies
Field army
A Field Army, or Area Army, usually referred to simply as an Army, is a term used by many national military forces for a military formation superior to a corps and beneath an army group....
of the Ottoman Army. It was formed in the middle 19th century during Ottoman military reforms.
Order of Battle, 1877
In 1877, it was stationed in SelimiyeSelimiye Barracks
Selimiye Barracks, also known as Scutari Barracks is a Turkish army barracks located in the Üsküdar district on the Asian part of Istanbul, Turkey...
. It was composed of:
- InfantryInfantryInfantrymen are soldiers who are specifically trained for the role of fighting on foot to engage the enemy face to face and have historically borne the brunt of the casualties of combat in wars. As the oldest branch of combat arms, they are the backbone of armies...
: Seven line regiments and seven rifle battalion.- 1st Regular Infantry Division (Birinci Nizamiye Fırkası)
- 2nd Regular Infantry Division (İkinci Nizamiye Fırkası)
- CavalryCavalryCavalry or horsemen were soldiers or warriors who fought mounted on horseback. Cavalry were historically the third oldest and the most mobile of the combat arms...
: Five line regiments and one Cossack brigade.- Cavalry Division (Süvari Fırkası)
- ArtilleryArtilleryOriginally applied to any group of infantry primarily armed with projectile weapons, artillery has over time become limited in meaning to refer only to those engines of war that operate by projection of munitions far beyond the range of effect of personal weapons...
: Nine field and three hourse batteries, one İhtiyat regiment.- Artillery Division (Topçu Fırkası)
- EngineerMilitary engineerIn military science, engineering refers to the practice of designing, building, maintaining and dismantling military works, including offensive, defensive and logistical structures, to shape the physical operating environment in war...
: One sapper company, eight companies of engineers, one company of artificers.- Engineer regiment (İstihkâm Alayı) x 2
Order of Battle, 1908
After the Young Turk RevolutionYoung Turk Revolution
The Young Turk Revolution of 1908 reversed the suspension of the Ottoman parliament by Sultan Abdul Hamid II, marking the onset of the Second Constitutional Era...
and the establishment of the Second Constitutional Era
Second Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)
The Second Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire began shortly after Sultan Abdülhamid II restored the constitutional monarchy after the 1908 Young Turk Revolution. The period established many political groups...
on July 3, 1908, new government initiate a major military reform. Army headquarters were modernized. Its operational area was Constantinople
Istanbul
Istanbul , historically known as Byzantium and Constantinople , is the largest city of Turkey. Istanbul metropolitan province had 13.26 million people living in it as of December, 2010, which is 18% of Turkey's population and the 3rd largest metropolitan area in Europe after London and...
and the Bosporus
Bosporus
The Bosphorus or Bosporus , also known as the Istanbul Strait , is a strait that forms part of the boundary between Europe and Asia. It is one of the Turkish Straits, along with the Dardanelles...
, and it had units in Europe and Asia Minor. It commanded the following active divisions: The First Army also had inspectorate functions for four Redif (reserve) divisions:
- First Army Headquarters:
- 1st Infantry Division (Birinci Fırka)
- 2nd Infantry Division (İkinci Fırka)
- 1st Cavalry Division (Birinci Süvari Fırkası)
- 1st Artillery Division (Birinci Topçu Fırkası)
- Chataldja Fortified Area Command (Çatalca Müstahkem Mevkii Komutanlığı)
- Redif divisions of the First Army (name of the division denotes its location)
- 1st Bursa Reserve Infantry Division (Birinci Bursa Redif Fırkası)
- 2nd KastamonuKastamonuKastamonu is the capital district of the Kastamonu Province, Turkey. According to the 2000 census, population of the district is 102,059 of which 64,606 live in the urban center of Kastamonu. The district covers an area of , and the town lies at an elevation of...
Reserve Infantry Division (İkinci Kastamonu Redif Fırkası) - 3rd AnkaraAnkaraAnkara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after Istanbul. The city has a mean elevation of , and as of 2010 the metropolitan area in the entire Ankara Province had a population of 4.4 million....
Reserve Infantry Division (Üçüncü Ankara Redif Fırkası) - 4th KayseriKayseriKayseri is a large and industrialized city in Central Anatolia, Turkey. It is the seat of Kayseri Province. The city of Kayseri, as defined by the boundaries of Kayseri Metropolitan Municipality, is structurally composed of five metropolitan districts, the two core districts of Kocasinan and...
Reserve Infantry Division (Dördüncü Kayseri Redif Fırkası)
Order of Battle, 1911
With further reorganizations of the Ottoman Army, to include the creation of corps level headquarters, by 1911 the Army was headquartered in Harbiye. The Army before the First Balkan WarFirst Balkan War
The First Balkan War, which lasted from October 1912 to May 1913, pitted the Balkan League against the Ottoman Empire. The combined armies of the Balkan states overcame the numerically inferior and strategically disadvantaged Ottoman armies and achieved rapid success...
in 1911 was structured as such:
- Army Headquarters, Harbiye, Constantinople
- I CorpsI Corps (Ottoman Empire)The I Corps of the Ottoman Empire was one of the corps of the Ottoman Army. It was formed in the early 20th century during Ottoman military reforms.- Order of Battle, 1911 :...
, Harbiye, Constantinople (Ferik Zeki Pasha)- 1st Infantry Division, Harbiye, Constantinople (Colonel Hasan İzzet BeyHasan IzzetHasan Izzet Pasha was a general of the Ottoman Empire.-Early life:...
) - 2nd Infantry Division, Selimiye, Constantinople (Mirliva Prens Aziz Pasha)
- 3rd Infantry Division, Pangaltı, Constantinople (Mirliva Osman Pasha)
- War AcademyKara Harp OkuluThe Turkish Military Academy, , is a four year co-educational military academy located in the center of Ankara. Its mission is to develop cadets mentally and physically for service as commissioned officers in the Turkish Army...
, Harbiye, Constantinople - Bosporus Fortified Area Command, BosporusBosporusThe Bosphorus or Bosporus , also known as the Istanbul Strait , is a strait that forms part of the boundary between Europe and Asia. It is one of the Turkish Straits, along with the Dardanelles...
, Constantinople
- 1st Infantry Division, Harbiye, Constantinople (Colonel Hasan İzzet Bey
- II CorpsII Corps (Ottoman Empire)The II Corps of the Ottoman Empire was one of the corps of the Ottoman Army. It was formed in the early 20th century during Ottoman military reforms.- Order of Battle, 1911 :...
, Tekfur DağıTekirdagTekirdağ , the ancient Bisanthi , is a city in Eastern Thrace, in the European part of Turkey. Tekirdağ is the capital of Tekirdağ Province, felt by the local people to be a quieter and more pleasant town than the industrial centre of Çorlu, which it administers. The city population as of 2009 was...
(Mirliva Şevket Turgut Pasha)- 4th Infantry Division, Tekfur Dağı
- 5th Infantry Division, Gallipoli
- 6th Infantry Division, Izmir
- Dardanelles Fortified Area CommandDardanelles Fortified Area CommandThe Dardanelles Fortified Area Command or Mediterranean Strait Fortified Area Command or Çanakkale Fortified Area Command was the Ottoman fortified area...
, ÇanakkaleÇanakkaleÇanakkale is a town and seaport in Turkey, in Çanakkale Province, on the southern coast of the Dardanelles at their narrowest point. The population of the town is 106,116 . The mayor is Ülgür Gökhan ....
- III CorpsIII Corps (Ottoman Empire)The III Corps of the Ottoman Empire was one of the corps of the Ottoman Army. It was formed in the early 20th century during Ottoman military reforms.- Order of Battle, 1911 :...
, Kırk KiliseKirklareliKırklareli is the capital of Kırklareli Province in Eastern Thrace, on the European part of Turkey. The province has a coastline on the Black Sea. There is a Jewish community.-Name:It is not clearly known when the city was founded, nor under what name...
- 7th Infantry Division, Kırk Kilise
- 8th Infantry Division, ÇorluÇorluÇorlu is a northwestern Turkish city in inland Eastern Thrace that falls under the administration of the Province of Tekirdağ. It is a rapidly developing industrial center built on flatland located off the E80 highway between Istanbul and Turkey's border with Greece and Bulgaria. As of the 2000...
- 9th Infantry Division, BabaeskiBabaeskiBabaeski is a town and district of Kırklareli Province in the Marmara region of Turkey. The countyship has a population of 27,712 and the total area of the district is 652 km².-Name:...
- IV CorpsIV Corps (Ottoman Empire)The IV Corps of the Ottoman Empire was one of the corps of the Ottoman Army. It was formed in the early 20th century during Ottoman military reforms...
, AdrianopleEdirneEdirne is a city in Eastern Thrace, the northwestern part of Turkey, close to the borders with Greece and Bulgaria. Edirne served as the capital city of the Ottoman Empire from 1365 to 1453, before Constantinople became the empire's new capital. At present, Edirne is the capital of the Edirne...
(Ferik Ahmet Abuk Pasha)- 10th Infantry Division, Adrianople
- 11th Infantry Division, Dedeağaç
- 12th Infantry Division, Gümülcine
- Adrianople Fortified Area Command, Adrianople
Order of Battle, August 1914
In August 1914, the army was structured as follows:- I CorpsI Corps (Ottoman Empire)The I Corps of the Ottoman Empire was one of the corps of the Ottoman Army. It was formed in the early 20th century during Ottoman military reforms.- Order of Battle, 1911 :...
- 1st Division, 2nd Division, 3rd Division
- II CorpsII Corps (Ottoman Empire)The II Corps of the Ottoman Empire was one of the corps of the Ottoman Army. It was formed in the early 20th century during Ottoman military reforms.- Order of Battle, 1911 :...
- 4th Division, 5th Division, 6th Division
- III CorpsIII Corps (Ottoman Empire)The III Corps of the Ottoman Empire was one of the corps of the Ottoman Army. It was formed in the early 20th century during Ottoman military reforms.- Order of Battle, 1911 :...
- 7th Division, 8th Division, 9th Division
- 1st Cavalry Brigade
Order of Battle, November 1914
In November 1914, the army was structured as follows:- I CorpsI Corps (Ottoman Empire)The I Corps of the Ottoman Empire was one of the corps of the Ottoman Army. It was formed in the early 20th century during Ottoman military reforms.- Order of Battle, 1911 :...
- 1st Division, 2nd Division, 3rd Division
- II CorpsII Corps (Ottoman Empire)The II Corps of the Ottoman Empire was one of the corps of the Ottoman Army. It was formed in the early 20th century during Ottoman military reforms.- Order of Battle, 1911 :...
- 4th Division, 5th Division, 6th Division
- III CorpsIII Corps (Ottoman Empire)The III Corps of the Ottoman Empire was one of the corps of the Ottoman Army. It was formed in the early 20th century during Ottoman military reforms.- Order of Battle, 1911 :...
- 7th Division, 8th Division, 9th Division
- IV CorpsIV Corps (Ottoman Empire)The IV Corps of the Ottoman Empire was one of the corps of the Ottoman Army. It was formed in the early 20th century during Ottoman military reforms...
- 10th Division, 11th Division, 12th Division
- 19th Division
- 20th Division
- 1st Cavalry Brigade
Order of Battle, Late April 1915
In Late April 1915, the army was structured as follows:- I CorpsI Corps (Ottoman Empire)The I Corps of the Ottoman Empire was one of the corps of the Ottoman Army. It was formed in the early 20th century during Ottoman military reforms.- Order of Battle, 1911 :...
- 1st Division, 2nd Division
- II CorpsII Corps (Ottoman Empire)The II Corps of the Ottoman Empire was one of the corps of the Ottoman Army. It was formed in the early 20th century during Ottoman military reforms.- Order of Battle, 1911 :...
- 4th Division, 5th Division, 6th Division
- IV CorpsIV Corps (Ottoman Empire)The IV Corps of the Ottoman Empire was one of the corps of the Ottoman Army. It was formed in the early 20th century during Ottoman military reforms...
- 10th Division, 12th Division
- 20th Division
- 1st Cavalry Brigade
Order of Battle, Late Summer 1915, January 1916
In Late Summer 1915, January 1916, the army was structured as follows:- 1st Division
- 20th Division
- 1st Cavalry Brigade
Order of Battle, August 1916
In August 1916, the army was structured as follows:- 1st Cavalry Brigade
- 49th Division
Order of Battle, December 1916
In December 1916, the army was structured as follows:- I CorpsI Corps (Ottoman Empire)The I Corps of the Ottoman Empire was one of the corps of the Ottoman Army. It was formed in the early 20th century during Ottoman military reforms.- Order of Battle, 1911 :...
- 14th Division, 16th Division
- 1st Cavalry Brigade
Order of Battle, August 1917
In August 1917, the army was structured as follows:- I CorpsI Corps (Ottoman Empire)The I Corps of the Ottoman Empire was one of the corps of the Ottoman Army. It was formed in the early 20th century during Ottoman military reforms.- Order of Battle, 1911 :...
- 42nd Division
- 1st Cavalry Brigade
Order of Battle, January 1918
In January 1918, the army was structured as follows:- I CorpsI Corps (Ottoman Empire)The I Corps of the Ottoman Empire was one of the corps of the Ottoman Army. It was formed in the early 20th century during Ottoman military reforms.- Order of Battle, 1911 :...
- 42nd Division
- 1st Cavalry Brigade
- 15th Division
- 25th Division
Order of Battle, June 1918
In June 1918, the army was structured as follows:- I CorpsI Corps (Ottoman Empire)The I Corps of the Ottoman Empire was one of the corps of the Ottoman Army. It was formed in the early 20th century during Ottoman military reforms.- Order of Battle, 1911 :...
- 42nd Division
- 1st Cavalry Brigade
- 25th Division
Order of Battle, September 1918
In September 1918, the army was structured as follows:- I CorpsI Corps (Ottoman Empire)The I Corps of the Ottoman Empire was one of the corps of the Ottoman Army. It was formed in the early 20th century during Ottoman military reforms.- Order of Battle, 1911 :...
- 42nd Division
- 1st Cavalry Brigade
First Army Troops Inspectorate, May 1919
In April 1919, Şevket Turgut Pasha, Cevat PashaCevat Çobanli
Cevat Çobanlı was a military commander of the Ottoman Army, War Minister of the Ottoman Empire and a general of Turkish Army.-Family and schools:...
and Kavaklı Mustafa Fevzi Pasha
Fevzi Çakmak
Mustafa Fevzi Çakmak was a Turkish soldier , politician. Minister of War of the Ottoman Empire, National Defence Minister, Prime minister of Ankara government, the second Chief of the General Staff of the Army of the Grand National Assembly and the first Chief of the General Staff of the Republic of...
hold a secret meeting in Constantinople. They prepared a report called "Trio Oath" (Üçler Misâkı) and decided to establish army inspectorate for the defense of homeland. In late April, Kavaklı Mustafa Fevzi Pasha submitted this report to the Minister of War Şakir Pasha. On April 30, 1919, the War Ministry and Sultan Mehmed VI
Mehmed VI
Mehmet VI was the 36th and last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, reigning from 1918 to 1922...
ratified the decision about the establishing of army inspectorates that had been accepted by the Chief of General Staff And then the First Army Troops Inspectorate (stationed in Constantinople, Kavaklı Mustafa Fevzi Pasha
Fevzi Çakmak
Mustafa Fevzi Çakmak was a Turkish soldier , politician. Minister of War of the Ottoman Empire, National Defence Minister, Prime minister of Ankara government, the second Chief of the General Staff of the Army of the Grand National Assembly and the first Chief of the General Staff of the Republic of...
), the Yildirim Troops Inspectorate (stationed in Konya, Mersinli Cemal Pasha
Cemal Mersinli
Cemal Mersinli also known as Mehmed Djemal Pasha, Mersinli Djemal, Djemal Kuchuk, or the lesser Djemal - October 7, 1941; Ankara) was a general of the Ottoman Army and the Turkish Army...
, later Second Army Inspectorate) Inspectorate, the Ninth Army Troops Inspectorate (stationed in Erzurum, Mustafa Kemal Pasha
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was an Ottoman and Turkish army officer, revolutionary statesman, writer, and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of the Republic of Turkey....
, later Third Army Inspectorate) was formed. Additionally, the Rumeli Military Troops Inspectorate (Nureddin Pasha
Nureddin Pasha
Nureddin Pasha , often called Bearded Nureddin , was a Turkish military officer, who served in the Ottoman Empire during World War I and in the Turkish army during the Greco-Turkish War...
) would be established and the XIII Corps
XIII Corps (Ottoman Empire)
The XIII Corps of the Ottoman Empire was one of the corps of the Ottoman Army. It was formed in the early 20th century during Ottoman military reforms.-Order of Battle, 1911 :...
would be under the direction of the Ministry of War. In May 1919, the army inspectorate was structured as follows:
- First Army Troops Inspectorate (Birinci Ordu Kıt'aatı Müfettişliği, Constantinople, Inspector: FerikFerik (rank)Ferik was a military rank of the Ottoman Army. It is translated as Major General or Lieutenant General . It was superior to a Mirliva and junior to a Birinci Ferik .The title of Ferik was abolished with Act No...
Kavaklı Mustafa Fevzi PashaFevzi ÇakmakMustafa Fevzi Çakmak was a Turkish soldier , politician. Minister of War of the Ottoman Empire, National Defence Minister, Prime minister of Ankara government, the second Chief of the General Staff of the Army of the Grand National Assembly and the first Chief of the General Staff of the Republic of...
)- I CorpsI Corps (Ottoman Empire)The I Corps of the Ottoman Empire was one of the corps of the Ottoman Army. It was formed in the early 20th century during Ottoman military reforms.- Order of Battle, 1911 :...
(Adrianople, MiralayColonelColonel , abbreviated Col or COL, is a military rank of a senior commissioned officer. It or a corresponding rank exists in most armies and in many air forces; the naval equivalent rank is generally "Captain". It is also used in some police forces and other paramilitary rank structures...
Cafer Tayyar BeyCafer Tayyar EğilmezCafer Tayyar Eğilmez was an officer of the Ottoman Army and the general of the Turkish Army.-External lınks:* Zülal Keleş, , Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi, Sayı 44, Cilt: XV, Temmuz 1999....
)- 49th Division
- 60th Division
- XIV CorpsXIV Corps (Ottoman Empire)The XIV Corps of the Ottoman Empire was one of the corps of the Ottoman Army. It was formed in the early 20th century during Ottoman military reforms.-Order of Battle, 1911 :...
(Tekfurdağı, MirlivaMirlivaMirliva or Mîr-i livâ was a military rank of the Ottoman Army. It corresponds to a Brigadier General or Major General . Mirliva is a compound word composed of Mir and Liva...
Yusuf Izzet Pasha)- 55th Division
- 61st Division
- XVII CorpsXVII Corps (Ottoman Empire)The XVII Corps of the Ottoman Empire was one of the corps of the Ottoman Army. It was formed during the World War I.- Order of Battle, October 17, 1912 :...
(Smyrna, Mirliva Ali Nadir Pasha, transferred to the Yildirim Army Troops Inspectorate after the Occupation of Smyrna)- 56th Division
- 57th Division
- XXV CorpsXXV Corps (Ottoman Empire)The XXV Corps of the Ottoman Empire was one of the corps of the Ottoman Army. It was formed in Constantinople, Dersaâdet after the Armistice of Mudros....
(Constantinople, Mirliva Ali Sait PashaAli Sait AkbaytoganAli Sait Akbaytogan, also known as Ali Said Pasha was an officer of the Ottoman Army and the general of the Turkish Army.-See also:*List of high-ranking commanders of the Turkish War of Independence...
)- 1st Division
- 10th Caucasian Division
- I Corps
Commanders
- Müşir (Field MarshalField MarshalField Marshal is a military rank. Traditionally, it is the highest military rank in an army.-Etymology:The origin of the rank of field marshal dates to the early Middle Ages, originally meaning the keeper of the king's horses , from the time of the early Frankish kings.-Usage and hierarchical...
) Hasan Rıza PashaHasan Riza PashaHasan Riza Pasha was a general in the Ottoman Army. The son of Namik Pasha, Vali of Baghdad, he was born in Baghdad. He entered the Ottoman Military Academy in 1892 and graduated on March 13, 1895....
(September 6, 1843-February 3, 1847) - Müşir Mehmet Rüşdi Pasha (February 3, 1847-March 1849)
- Müşir Mahmut Pasha (March 1849-Aug 7, 1852)
- Müşir Mehmet Selim Pasha (August 8, 1852-May 15, 1853, May 1855-November 1857)
- Müşir Mehmet Reşit Pasha (September 1854-May 1855)
- Müşir Mehmet Vasıf PashaMehmet Vasıf Pasha GürcüMehmet Vasıf Pasa Gürcü was an Ottoman field-marshal and administrator of Georgian descent.According to the memoirs of the Russian general Nikolay Muravyov, Vasıf was a Georgian from the Guria province, born in the village Chokhlati and originally surnamed Gudjabidze. He was sold as a slave at...
(November 1856-September 4, 1857, -1860) - Müşir Namık Pasha (July 1860-September 1861)
- Müşir Mehmet Fuat Pasha (September 1861-June 1863)
- Müşir Hüseyin Avni Pasha (June 1863-20 Aralık 1865)
- Müşir Abdülkerim Nadir Pasha (December 20, 1865-June 3, 1868)
- Müşir Ömer Lütfi Pasha (June 4, 1868-December 3, 1869)
- Müşir Mehmet İzzet Pasha (December 4, 1869-August 27, 1870, January1873-February 1873)
- Müşir Ahmet Esat Pasha (August 27, 1870-September 1, 1871)
- Şehzade Yusuf İzzettin Efendi (September 1, 1871-January 1873)
- Müşir Mehmet Redif Pasha (February 1873-June 1876)
- Müşir Derviş İbrahim Pasha (June 1876-June 1877)
- Ferik Hüseyin Hüsnü Pasha (June 1877-March 1878)
- Müşir Osman Nuri Pasha (March 1878-July 12, 1880)
- Müşir İsmail Hakkı Pasha (July 12, 1880–1881)
- Müşir Mehmet Rauf Pasha (1881–1908)
- Ferik Ömer Yaver Pasha (August 24, 1909-June 3, 1910)
- Ferik Zeki Pasha (June 4, 1910-March 1, 1911)
- Mirliva Mahmut Şevket Pasha (March 2, 1911-August 30, 1912)
- Müşir Abdullah Pasha (August 31, 1912–1913)
- Müşir Otto Liman von SandersOtto Liman von SandersGeneralleutnant Otto Liman von Sanders was a German general who served as adviser and military commander for the Ottoman Empire during World War I.-Biography:...
(August 3, 1914-April 2, 1915) - Müşir Colmar Freiherr von der GoltzColmar Freiherr von der GoltzWilhelm Leopold Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz also known as Goltz Pasha, was a Prussian Field Marshal and military writer.-Military career:...
(April 2, 1915-October 5, 1915) - Mirliva Mehmet Esat PashaMehmet Esat BülkatMehmed Esad Pasha , known as Mehmet Esat Bülkat after 1934, was an Ottoman general active during the First Balkan War, where he led the Yanya Corps, and in World War I, where he was the senior Ottoman commander in the Dardanelles Campaign.- Life :Mehmed Esad was born into an Albanian family in...
(October 12, 1915-February 17, 1918)
External links
- Haşim Söylemez, "Birinci Ordu, kıt’a dur!", Aksiyon, Sayı: 778 / Tarih: 2 Kasım 2009.