Crime in Switzerland
Encyclopedia
In Switzerland
, the police registered a total of 553,421 criminal offenses in 2009, including 51 killings and 185 attempted murders. There were 666 cases of rape
. In the same year, 94,574 adults (85% of them male, 47.4% of them Swiss citizens) were convicted under Swiss criminal law. 57.3% of convictions were for traffic offences.
In the same year, 15,064 minors (78.3% of them male, 68.2% of them of Swiss nationality, 76.3% aged between 15 and 18) were convicted.
Conviction
s for infliction of bodily harm
have steadily increased throughout the 1990s and 2000s, with 23 convictions for serious injury and 831 for light injury in 1990 as opposed to 78 and 2,342, respectively, in 2005. Convictions for rape have also slightly increased, fluctuating between 61 and 100 cases per year in the period 1985 to 1995, but between 100 and 113 cases in the period 2000 to 2005. Consistent with these trends, convictions for threats or violence directed against officials has consistently risen in the same period, from 348 in 1990 to 891 in 2003.
(Swiss criminal law, abbreviated as StGB) or the Strassenverkehrsgesetz (abbr. SVG, Swiss traffic laws).
s, one third of them on remand
(or 79 in 100,000, comparable to the ratio in France
; the USA has 740, Germany
has 30 and Iceland
has 29 in 100,000), 31% of them Swiss citizens, 69% resident foreigners or illegal immigrants; excluding remand: 36% Swiss or 32 in 100,000, 64% foreigners or 160 in 100,000.
") is significantly higher (by a factor 3.7 counting convictions under criminal law in 2003).
In 1997, there were for the first time more foreigners than Swiss among the convicts under criminal law (out of a fraction of 20.6% of the total population at the time). In 1999, the Federal Department of Justice and Police ordered a study regarding delinquency and nationality (Arbeitsgruppe "Ausländerkriminalität"), which in its final report (2001) found that a conviction rate under criminal law about 12 times higher among asylum seekers (4%), while the conviction rate among other resident foreigners was about twice as high (0.6%) compared to Swiss citizens (0.3%).
In 2010 for the first time was a statistic published which listed delinquency by nationality (based on 2009 data).
To avoid distortions due to demographic structure, only the male population aged between 18 and 34 was considered for each group. From this study it became clear that crime rate is highly correlated on the country of origin of the various migrant groups.
Thus, immigrants from Germany
, France
and Austria
had a significantly lower crime rate than Swiss citizens (60% to 80%), while immigrants from Angola
, Nigeria
and Algeria
had a crime rate of above 600% of that of Swiss population.
In between these extremes were immigrants from Former Yugoslavia
, with crime rates of between 210% and 300% of the Swiss value.
The full report listed 24 nationalities plus the crime rate of Swiss citizens (fixed at 100%), and the average value of all foreign citizens combined, at 160%. Commentators expressed surprise at the clear geographical structure of the list, giving, in decreasing order, Africa, the Middle East
and the Balkans
, Southern Europe
and Western
and Central Europe
.
The Federal Statistics Office published the study with the caveat that the sizes of the groups under comparison vary considerably.
For example, the net impact of a crime rate increased by 530% among 500 Angolans will still be five times smaller than a crime rate increased by 30% among 46'000 Portuguese.
On 28 November 2010, 53% of voters approved a new, tougher deportation
law. This law, proposed by the Swiss People's Party
, called for the automatic expulsion of non-Swiss offenders convicted of a number of crimes, including murder, breaking and entry and even welfare fraud. As the proposal makes deportation mandatory, it denies judges any judicial discretion over deportation. An alternative proposal, that included case by case reviews and integration measures, was rejected by 54% of voters.
Switzerland
Switzerland name of one of the Swiss cantons. ; ; ; or ), in its full name the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe,Or Central Europe depending on the definition....
, the police registered a total of 553,421 criminal offenses in 2009, including 51 killings and 185 attempted murders. There were 666 cases of rape
Rape
Rape is a type of sexual assault usually involving sexual intercourse, which is initiated by one or more persons against another person without that person's consent. The act may be carried out by physical force, coercion, abuse of authority or with a person who is incapable of valid consent. The...
. In the same year, 94,574 adults (85% of them male, 47.4% of them Swiss citizens) were convicted under Swiss criminal law. 57.3% of convictions were for traffic offences.
In the same year, 15,064 minors (78.3% of them male, 68.2% of them of Swiss nationality, 76.3% aged between 15 and 18) were convicted.
Conviction
Conviction
In law, a conviction is the verdict that results when a court of law finds a defendant guilty of a crime.The opposite of a conviction is an acquittal . In Scotland and in the Netherlands, there can also be a verdict of "not proven", which counts as an acquittal...
s for infliction of bodily harm
Bodily harm
Bodily harm is a legal term of art used in the definition of both statutory and common law offences in Australia, Canada, England and Wales and other common law jurisdictions. It is a synonym for injury or bodily injury and similar expressions, though it may be used with a precise and limited...
have steadily increased throughout the 1990s and 2000s, with 23 convictions for serious injury and 831 for light injury in 1990 as opposed to 78 and 2,342, respectively, in 2005. Convictions for rape have also slightly increased, fluctuating between 61 and 100 cases per year in the period 1985 to 1995, but between 100 and 113 cases in the period 2000 to 2005. Consistent with these trends, convictions for threats or violence directed against officials has consistently risen in the same period, from 348 in 1990 to 891 in 2003.
Types of convictions
The number of convictions in the last five years is given in the following table. Each class of crime references the relevant section of the StrafgesetzbuchStrafgesetzbuch (Switzerland)
The Strafgesetzbuch is the Criminal Code in Swiss law. The original version was created on 21 December 1937. It entered into force on 1 January 1942...
(Swiss criminal law, abbreviated as StGB) or the Strassenverkehrsgesetz (abbr. SVG, Swiss traffic laws).
| Year | Total Convictions | Homicide(Art. 111,112,113,116 StGB) | Serious Bodily Injury(Art. 122 StGB) | Minor Bodily Injury (Art. 123 StGB) | Sexual Contact with Children (Art. 187 StGB) | Rape(Art. 190 StGB) | Theft(Art. 139 StGB) | Robbery (Art. 140 StGB) | Receiving Stolen Goods (Art. 160 StGB) | Embezzlement (Art. 138 StGB) | Fraud (Art. 146 StGB) | Narcotics Possession | Major Violation of Traffic Laws (Art. 90 SVG) | Drunk Driving (Art. 91 Abs. 1 Satz 2 SVG) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2005 | 85,605 | 93 | 94 | 2,459 | 413 | 109 | 6,557 | 489 | 1,262 | 910 | 1,484 | 2,846 | 22,163 | 15,776 |
| 2006 | 90,592 | 95 | 105 | 2,523 | 382 | 131 | 6,569 | 553 | 1,196 | 880 | 1,521 | 2,616 | 21,599 | 18,439 |
| 2007 | 84,665 | 93 | 88 | 2,248 | 380 | 135 | 5,979 | 522 | 922 | 807 | 1,607 | 2,462 | 21,431 | 17,355 |
| 2008 | 93,024 | 95 | 133 | 2,635 | 415 | 133 | 6,345 | 522 | 905 | 848 | 1,665 | 2,606 | 25,339 | 17,836 |
| 2009 | 94,574 | 84 | 118 | 2,578 | 366 | 108 | 6,947 | 514 | 924 | 820 | 1,506 | 2,708 | 25,434 | 16,708 |
Historic conviction rates
The historic conviction rates are given in the following chart:| Year | | Total Convictions | Criminal Convictions | Narcotics Convictions | Traffic Convictions | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Male | Swiss | Total | Male | Swiss | Total | Male | Swiss | ||
| 1985 | 46,437 | 21,736 | 81.5% | 67.3% | 3,824 | 83.9% | 72.6% | 21,033 | 92.4% | 77.3% |
| 1990 | 54,879 | 21,167 | 80.4% | 58.2% | 4,156 | 84.9% | 63.8% | 26,471 | 91.5% | 70.4% |
| 1995 | 60,955 | 18,571 | 83.5% | 55.0% | 5,415 | 87.0% | 56.2% | 32,565 | 89.6% | 66.5% |
| 2000 | 68,526 | 21,052 | 85.6% | 49.2% | 5,661 | 87.5% | 42.4% | 38,082 | 88.1% | 63.0% |
| 2005 | 85,605 | 28,224 | 85.1% | 48.9% | 5,824 | 89.2% | 40.6% | 46,696 | 87.2% | 57.8% |
| 2006 | 90,592 | 28,656 | 85.2% | 49.5% | 5,668 | 88.4% | 42.8% | 51,326 | 87.0% | 57.2% |
| 2007 | 84,665 | 25,910 | 85.2% | 51.1% | 5,264 | 88.7% | 41.4% | 49,483 | 87.0% | 55.8% |
| 2008 | 93,024 | 28,214 | 84.8% | 50.6% | 5,621 | 89.7% | 42.0% | 54,845 | 86.4% | 54.6% |
| 2009 | 94,574 | 29,045 | 84.9% | 48.1% | 5,669 | 89.5% | 39.9% | 54,231 | 86.4% | 54.5% |
- 2008 and 2009 conviction numbers may not include convictions overturned on appeal.
Age at conviction
The age of the individuals at the time of their convictions is given in this chart:| Year | 18-19 | 20-24 | 25-29 | 30-34 | 35-39 | 40-44 | 45-49 | 50-59 | 60+ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1985 | 8.5% | 27.6% | 19.1% | 13.1% | 10.2% | 7.3% | 5.2% | 6.1% | 3.0% |
| 1990 | 7.0% | 26.1% | 20.3% | 14.4% | 9.8% | 7.5% | 5.4% | 6.2% | 3.4% |
| 1995 | 5.2% | 22.5% | 21.9% | 15.8% | 11.1% | 7.7% | 6.0% | 6.9% | 3.0% |
| 2000 | 6.3% | 20.7% | 18.0% | 16.1% | 12.2% | 9.1% | 6.5% | 7.7% | 3.3% |
| 2005 | 7.5% | 21.5% | 15.9% | 14.3% | 12.2% | 9.9% | 6.9% | 8.0% | 3.8% |
| 2006 | 7.2% | 20.9% | 15.7% | 13.8% | 12.5% | 10.3% | 7.3% | 8.4% | 3.9% |
| 2007 | 7.2% | 20.7% | 15.3% | 13.0% | 12.1% | 10.6% | 7.8% | 8.9% | 4.4% |
| 2008 | 7.6% | 20.6% | 15.0% | 12.3% | 12.2% | 10.5% | 7.8% | 9.3% | 4.6% |
| 2009 | 6.8% | 21.0% | 15.5% | 12.5% | 11.7% | 10.0% | 8.0% | 9.4% | 5.1% |
- 2008 and 2009 conviction numbers may not include convictions overturned on appeal.
Prisons
At the end of 2006, 5,888 people were interned in Swiss prisonPrison
A prison is a place in which people are physically confined and, usually, deprived of a range of personal freedoms. Imprisonment or incarceration is a legal penalty that may be imposed by the state for the commission of a crime...
s, one third of them on remand
Detention of suspects
The detention of suspects is the process of keeping a person who has been arrested in a police-cell, remand prison or other detention centre before trial or sentencing. One criticism of pretrial detention is that eventual acquittal can be a somewhat hollow victory, in that there is no way to...
(or 79 in 100,000, comparable to the ratio in France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
; the USA has 740, Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
has 30 and Iceland
Iceland
Iceland , described as the Republic of Iceland, is a Nordic and European island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Iceland also refers to the main island of the country, which contains almost all the population and almost all the land area. The country has a population...
has 29 in 100,000), 31% of them Swiss citizens, 69% resident foreigners or illegal immigrants; excluding remand: 36% Swiss or 32 in 100,000, 64% foreigners or 160 in 100,000.
Immigrant criminality
The crime rate among resident foreigners ("immigrant criminalityImmigrant criminality
Immigration and crime refers to perceived or actual relationships between crime and immigration.-Worldwide:The Handbook of Crime Correlates , a review of studies of correlates with crime, states that most studies on immigrants have found higher rates of crime...
") is significantly higher (by a factor 3.7 counting convictions under criminal law in 2003).
In 1997, there were for the first time more foreigners than Swiss among the convicts under criminal law (out of a fraction of 20.6% of the total population at the time). In 1999, the Federal Department of Justice and Police ordered a study regarding delinquency and nationality (Arbeitsgruppe "Ausländerkriminalität"), which in its final report (2001) found that a conviction rate under criminal law about 12 times higher among asylum seekers (4%), while the conviction rate among other resident foreigners was about twice as high (0.6%) compared to Swiss citizens (0.3%).
In 2010 for the first time was a statistic published which listed delinquency by nationality (based on 2009 data).
To avoid distortions due to demographic structure, only the male population aged between 18 and 34 was considered for each group. From this study it became clear that crime rate is highly correlated on the country of origin of the various migrant groups.
Thus, immigrants from Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
, France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
and Austria
Austria
Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country of roughly 8.4 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the...
had a significantly lower crime rate than Swiss citizens (60% to 80%), while immigrants from Angola
Angola
Angola, officially the Republic of Angola , is a country in south-central Africa bordered by Namibia on the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the north, and Zambia on the east; its west coast is on the Atlantic Ocean with Luanda as its capital city...
, Nigeria
Nigeria
Nigeria , officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising 36 states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in...
and Algeria
Algeria
Algeria , officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria , also formally referred to as the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of Northwest Africa with Algiers as its capital.In terms of land area, it is the largest country in Africa and the Arab...
had a crime rate of above 600% of that of Swiss population.
In between these extremes were immigrants from Former Yugoslavia
Former Yugoslavia
The former Yugoslavia is a term used to describe the present day states which succeeded the collapse of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia....
, with crime rates of between 210% and 300% of the Swiss value.
The full report listed 24 nationalities plus the crime rate of Swiss citizens (fixed at 100%), and the average value of all foreign citizens combined, at 160%. Commentators expressed surprise at the clear geographical structure of the list, giving, in decreasing order, Africa, the Middle East
Middle East
The Middle East is a region that encompasses Western Asia and Northern Africa. It is often used as a synonym for Near East, in opposition to Far East...
and the Balkans
Balkans
The Balkans is a geopolitical and cultural region of southeastern Europe...
, Southern Europe
Southern Europe
The term Southern Europe, at its most general definition, is used to mean "all countries in the south of Europe". However, the concept, at different times, has had different meanings, providing additional political, linguistic and cultural context to the definition in addition to the typical...
and Western
Western Europe
Western Europe is a loose term for the collection of countries in the western most region of the European continents, though this definition is context-dependent and carries cultural and political connotations. One definition describes Western Europe as a geographic entity—the region lying in the...
and Central Europe
Central Europe
Central Europe or alternatively Middle Europe is a region of the European continent lying between the variously defined areas of Eastern and Western Europe...
.
The Federal Statistics Office published the study with the caveat that the sizes of the groups under comparison vary considerably.
For example, the net impact of a crime rate increased by 530% among 500 Angolans will still be five times smaller than a crime rate increased by 30% among 46'000 Portuguese.
| rank | country of origin | crime rate (relative value) |
registered population (thousands) |
male young adults (thousands) |
| 1 | Angola Angola Angola, officially the Republic of Angola , is a country in south-central Africa bordered by Namibia on the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the north, and Zambia on the east; its west coast is on the Atlantic Ocean with Luanda as its capital city... |
6.3 | 4.4 | 0.54 |
| 2 | Nigeria Nigeria Nigeria , officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising 36 states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in... |
6.2 | 2.9 | 1.5 |
| 3 | Algeria Algeria Algeria , officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria , also formally referred to as the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of Northwest Africa with Algiers as its capital.In terms of land area, it is the largest country in Africa and the Arab... |
6.0 | 4.1 | 1.2 |
| 4 | Côte d'Ivoire Côte d'Ivoire The Republic of Côte d'Ivoire or Ivory Coast is a country in West Africa. It has an area of , and borders the countries Liberia, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso and Ghana; its southern boundary is along the Gulf of Guinea. The country's population was 15,366,672 in 1998 and was estimated to be... |
5.9 | 1.7 | 0.44 |
| 5 | Dominican Republic Dominican Republic The Dominican Republic is a nation on the island of La Hispaniola, part of the Greater Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean region. The western third of the island is occupied by the nation of Haiti, making Hispaniola one of two Caribbean islands that are shared by two countries... |
5.8 | 5.9 | 1.0 |
| 6 | Sri Lanka Sri Lankans in Switzerland Sri Lankans in Switzerland refer to Sri Lankans living in Switzerland. There are about 46,000 to 55,000 Swiss of Sri Lankan origin and Sri Lankan expatriates are living in Switzerland.Most of them are ethnic Tamils.-History:... |
4.7 | 31 | 4.4 |
| 7 | Congo (Kinshasa) | 4.7 | 5.8 | 0.78 |
| 8 | Cameroon Cameroon Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon , is a country in west Central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Cameroon's coastline lies on the... |
4.4 | 4.3 | 0.97 |
| 9 | Morocco Morocco Morocco , officially the Kingdom of Morocco , is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of more than 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², and also primarily administers the disputed region of the Western Sahara... |
4.3 | 7.4 | 1.6 |
| 10 | Tunisia Tunisia Tunisia , officially the Tunisian RepublicThe long name of Tunisia in other languages used in the country is: , is the northernmost country in Africa. It is a Maghreb country and is bordered by Algeria to the west, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Its area... |
4.2 | 6.3 | 2.1 |
| 11 | Iraq Iraq Iraq ; officially the Republic of Iraq is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert.... |
3.7 | 8.0 | 2.9 |
| 12 | Colombia Colombia Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia , is a unitary constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments. The country is located in northwestern South America, bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the... |
3.2 | 4.2 | 0.71 |
| 13 | Turkey Turks in Switzerland Turks in Switzerland are Swiss citizens of Turkish origin. Over the last two decades, there has been a significant increase in the diversity of culture, language and customs in the Swiss population... |
3.2 | 73 | 16 |
| 14 | the former Serbia and Montenegro Serbia and Montenegro Serbia and Montenegro was a country in southeastern Europe, formed from two former republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia : Serbia and Montenegro. Following the breakup of Yugoslavia, it was established in 1992 as a federation called the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia... (includes Kosovo) |
3.1 | 188 | 36 |
| 15 | Brazil Brazil Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people... |
3.0 | 17 | 2.5 |
| 16 | Egypt Egypt Egypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: , is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world... |
2.7 | 2.1 | 0.81 |
| 17 | Croatia Croatia Croatia , officially the Republic of Croatia , is a unitary democratic parliamentary republic in Europe at the crossroads of the Mitteleuropa, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. The country is divided into 20 counties and the city of Zagreb. Croatia covers ... |
2.4 | 35 | 5.0 |
| 18 | Bosnia and Herzegowina | 2.3 | 37 | 6.2 |
| 19 | Republic of Macedonia Republic of Macedonia Macedonia , officially the Republic of Macedonia , is a country located in the central Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe. It is one of the successor states of the former Yugoslavia, from which it declared independence in 1991... |
2.3 | 60 | 12 |
| total foreign national population | 1.6 | 1,714 | 330 | |
| 20 | Portugal Portugal Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the... |
1.3 | 213 | 46 |
| 21 | Italy Italian immigration to Switzerland Italian immigration to Switzerland began on a large scale in the late 19th century, although most of the immigrants that reached the country in that period eventually returned to Italy after the rise of Fascism... |
1.2 | 294 | 49 |
| 22 | Switzerland | 1.0 | 6,072 | 710 |
| 23 | Austria Austria Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country of roughly 8.4 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the... |
0.8 | 38 | 5.8 |
| 24 | France France The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France... |
0.7 | 95 | 21 |
| 25 | Germany Germany Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate... |
0.6 | 266 | 62 |
On 28 November 2010, 53% of voters approved a new, tougher deportation
Deportation
Deportation means the expulsion of a person or group of people from a place or country. Today it often refers to the expulsion of foreign nationals whereas the expulsion of nationals is called banishment, exile, or penal transportation...
law. This law, proposed by the Swiss People's Party
Swiss People's Party
The Swiss People's Party , also known as the Democratic Union of the Centre , is a conservative political party in Switzerland. Chaired by Toni Brunner, but spearheaded by Christoph Blocher, the party is the largest party in the Federal Assembly, with 58 members of the National Council and 6 of...
, called for the automatic expulsion of non-Swiss offenders convicted of a number of crimes, including murder, breaking and entry and even welfare fraud. As the proposal makes deportation mandatory, it denies judges any judicial discretion over deportation. An alternative proposal, that included case by case reviews and integration measures, was rejected by 54% of voters.