The Central Philippine languages are the most geographically widespread demonstrated group of languages in the Philippines

Philippines

The Philippines , officially known as the Republic of the Philippines , is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam...

, being spoken in southern Luzon

Luzon

Luzon is the largest island in the Philippines. It is located in the northernmost region of the archipelago, and is also the name for one of the three primary island groups in the country centered on the Island of Luzon...

, Visayas

Visayas

The Visayas or Visayan Islands and locally known as Kabisay-an gid, is one of the three principal geographical divisions of the Philippines, along with Mindanao and Luzon. It consists of several islands, primarily surrounding the Visayan Sea, although the Visayas are considered the northeast...

, Mindanao

Mindanao

Mindanao is the second largest and easternmost island in the Philippines. It is also the name of one of the three island groups in the country, which consists of the island of Mindanao and smaller surrounding islands. The other two are Luzon and the Visayas. The island of Mindanao is called The...

, and Sulu. They are also the most populous, including Tagalog

Tagalog language

Tagalog is an Austronesian language spoken as a first language by a third of the population of the Philippines and as a second language by most of the rest. It is the first language of the Philippine region IV and of Metro Manila...

 (and Filipino

Filipino language

This move has drawn much criticism from other regional groups.In 1987, a new constitution introduced many provisions for the language.Article XIV, Section 6, omits any mention of Tagalog as the basis for Filipino, and states that:...

), Bikol

Bikol language

Central Bicolano , is one of the individual languages of the Bikol languages. It belongs to Coastal Bikol. It is spoken in Bicol Region of the Philippines .-Bikol-Naga:...

, and the major Visayan languages Cebuano

Cebuano language

Cebuano, referred to by most of its speakers as Bisaya , is an Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines by about 20 million people mostly in the Central Visayas. It is the most widely spoken of the languages within the so-named Bisayan subgroup and is closely related to other Filipino...

, Hiligaynon

Hiligaynon language

Hiligaynon, often referred to as Ilonggo, is an Austronesian language spoken in the Western Visayas region of the Philippines.Hiligaynon is concentrated in the provinces of Iloilo, Negros Occidental and Capiz but is also spoken in the other provinces of the Panay Island group, including Antique,...

, Waray-Waray

Waray-Waray language

Wáray-Wáray or Samarnon is a language spoken in the provinces of Samar, Northern Samar, Eastern Samar, and in some parts of the Leyte and Biliran in the Philippines...

, Kinaray-a

Kinaray-a language

Kinaray-a is an Austronesian language spoken mainly in Antique Province in the Philippines. It is also spoken in Iloilo province, the south of Capiz Province, and certain villages in Mindanao that trace their roots to Antique Province or Kinaray-a speaking areas of Iloilo and Capiz Provinces...

, and Tausug

Tausug language

Tausūg is a language spoken in the province of Sulu in the Philippines, in Malaysia, and in Indonesia by the Tausūg people....

, with forty-some languages altogether. http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=92361

Overview

The languages are generally subdivided as follows (Languages in italics refer to a single language):

• Bikol
  Bikol languages
  The Bikol languages are a group of Central Philippine languages spoken particularly on the Bicol Peninsula on the island of Luzon and parts of Catanduanes and Burias Island, Masbate Province...
  
   (8 language in the Bicol Peninsula
  Bicol Peninsula
  Bicol is a peninsula of the Philippines. It is located on Luzon Island and is part of Bicol Region. The active Mayon Volcano is here....
  
  )
• Mansakan
  Mansakan languages
  The Mansakan languages are a group of languages spoken in the Philippines. Davawenyo is the principal native language of the Davao region, though there is a high degree of bilingualism in Cebuano.-Overview:The Mansakan languages are:*Davawenyo*Eastern...
  
   (11 languages of the Davao Region
  Davao Region
  Davao Region / Southern Mindanao, designated as Region XI, is one of the regions of the Philippines, located on the southeastern portion of Mindanao. Davao Region consists of four provinces, namely: Compostela Valley, Davao del Norte, Davao Oriental, and Davao del Sur. The region encloses the Davao...
  
  )
• Tagalog
  Tagalog language
  Tagalog is an Austronesian language spoken as a first language by a third of the population of the Philippines and as a second language by most of the rest. It is the first language of the Philippine region IV and of Metro Manila...
  
   (at least 3 dialects found in southern Luzon)
• Visayan
  Visayan languages
  The Visayan languages of the Philippines, along with Tagalog and Bikol, are part of the Central Philippine languages...
  
   (18 languages in and around the Sibuyan
  Sibuyan Sea
  The Sibuyan Sea is a small sea in the Philippines that separates the Visayas from the northern Philippine island of Luzon.-Description:It is bounded by the island of Panay to the south, Mindoro to the west, Masbate to the east, and to the north Marinduque and the Bicol Peninsula of Luzon Island.The...
  
   and Visayan Sea
  Visayan Sea
  The Visayan Sea is a sea in the Philippines, surrounded by the islands of the Visayas, Eastern Visayas and Western Visayas located to the east and west, while the Central Visayas is located to the south...
  
  s, including northern Mindanao)

There are in addition several Aeta

Aeta

The Aeta , Agta or Ayta are an indigenous people who live in scattered, isolated mountainous parts of Luzon, Philippines. They are considered to be Negritos, who are dark to very dark brown-skinned and tend to have features such as a small stature, small frame, curly to kinky afro-like textured...

 hill-tribal languages of uncertain affiliation: Ata, Sorsogon, Tayabas, Karolanos, Magahat, and Sulod.

Most of the Central Philippine languages in fact form a dialect continuum

Dialect continuum

A dialect continuum, or dialect area, was defined by Leonard Bloomfield as a range of dialects spoken across some geographical area that differ only slightly between neighboring areas, but as one travels in any direction, these differences accumulate such that speakers from opposite ends of the...

 and cannot be sharply distinguished as separate languages. For instance, in the Sorsogon

Sorsogon

Sorsogon is a province of the Philippines located in the Bicol Region; it is the southernmost province in Luzon and is subdivided into fourteen municipalities and one city. Its capital is Sorsogon City and borders the province of Albay to the north...

 and Masbate

Masbate

Masbate is an island province of the Philippines located in the Bicol Region. Its capital is Masbate City and consists of three major islands: Masbate, Ticao and Burias.-History:...

 regions of the Philippines

Philippines

The Philippines , officially known as the Republic of the Philippines , is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam...

, the Bikol

Bikol languages

The Bikol languages are a group of Central Philippine languages spoken particularly on the Bicol Peninsula on the island of Luzon and parts of Catanduanes and Burias Island, Masbate Province...

 and Visayan

Visayan languages

The Visayan languages of the Philippines, along with Tagalog and Bikol, are part of the Central Philippine languages...

 languages transition into each other, forming the Bisakol languages. Blust (2009) notes that the relatively low diversity found among the Visayan languages is due to recent population expansions.

Gray, et. al. (2008)

A 2008 analysis of the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database supported the following structure, with Palawanic as the closest external branch:

• Palawanic
  Palawanic languages
  The Palawanic languages are the languages spoken on the islands of Mindoro, Palawan, and nearby islets in the Philippines.The languages are,*South Mangyan*Kalamian–Palawan**Kalamian**Palawan...
  
  
• Central Philippine
  • Tagalog
    Tagalog language
    Tagalog is an Austronesian language spoken as a first language by a third of the population of the Philippines and as a second language by most of the rest. It is the first language of the Philippine region IV and of Metro Manila...
    
    
  • Bikol–Visayan (80% confidence)
    • Bikol
      Bikol languages
      The Bikol languages are a group of Central Philippine languages spoken particularly on the Bicol Peninsula on the island of Luzon and parts of Catanduanes and Burias Island, Masbate Province...
      
      
    • Visaya–Mansakan
      • Visayan
        Visayan languages
        The Visayan languages of the Philippines, along with Tagalog and Bikol, are part of the Central Philippine languages...
        
        
      • Mansakan
        Mansakan languages
        The Mansakan languages are a group of languages spoken in the Philippines. Davawenyo is the principal native language of the Davao region, though there is a high degree of bilingualism in Cebuano.-Overview:The Mansakan languages are:*Davawenyo*Eastern...
        
        

The Bikol–Visayan connection was assigned an 80% confidence. Visaya–Mansakan, Palawan–Central, and Central Philippine itself were fully supported.

Zorc (1977)

The expanded tree of the Central Philippine languages below is given in David Zorc's 1977 Ph.D. dissertation (Zorc 1977:33). The Visayan subgrouping is Zorc's own work, while the Bikol subgrouping is from McFarland (1974) and the Mansakan subgrouping from Gallman (1974).

Individual languages are marked by italics, and primary branches by bold italics.

• Tagalog
  Tagalog language
  Tagalog is an Austronesian language spoken as a first language by a third of the population of the Philippines and as a second language by most of the rest. It is the first language of the Philippine region IV and of Metro Manila...
  
  
  • Standard Filipino
    Filipino language
    This move has drawn much criticism from other regional groups.In 1987, a new constitution introduced many provisions for the language.Article XIV, Section 6, omits any mention of Tagalog as the basis for Filipino, and states that:...
    
    
  • Marinduque
    Marinduque
    In 1945, combined American and Philippine Commonwealth troops attacked from the Japanese Troops liberated to the Battle of Marinduque in the Second World War.-Archaeology:...
    
    
  • Lubang
    Lubang Island
    Lubang Island is the largest island in the Lubang Group of Islands, an archipelago which lies to the northwest of the northern end of Mindoro in the Philippines. The Lubang Islands are about southwest of Manila. There are seven islands in the group, The island is divided into two municipalities. ...
    
    
• Bikol
  Bikol languages
  The Bikol languages are a group of Central Philippine languages spoken particularly on the Bicol Peninsula on the island of Luzon and parts of Catanduanes and Burias Island, Masbate Province...
  
  
  • Pandan
    Pandan Bikol
    Pandan Bikol or Northern Catanduanes Bicolano is one of the three groups of the Bikol languages. It is spoken in Pandan and northeastern portion of Catanduanes....
    
     (North Catanduanes
    Catanduanes
    Catanduanes is an island province of the Philippines located in the Bicol Region in Luzon. Its capital is Virac and the province lies to the east of Camarines Sur across Maqueda Channel. As of 2007, the population of the province is 232,757 people.-Etymology:"Isla de Cobos" was Catanduanes' first...
    
    )
  • Inland Bikol
    • Iriga (Rinconada)
      • Buhi
        Buhi, Camarines Sur
        Buhi, a town in the province of Camarines Sur, Philippines. According to the 2007 census, it has a population of 70,756 people.According to the Guinness Book of World Records, Lake Buhi is home to the world's smallest edible fish locally known as "Sinarapan" .Notable Buhinons include Victor Wood...
        
         (Buhi'non)
        • Libon
          Libon, Albay
          Libon is a 1st class municipality in the province of Albay, Philippines. According to the 2007 census, it has a population of 68,846 people in 12,572 households. Libon is known regionally as the "Rice Granary of Albay"....
          
          
          • Oas
            Oas, Albay
            Oas is now reclassified as First Class municipality in the province of Albay, Philippines . According to the 2007 census, it has a population of 63,888 people in 11,715 households.-Economy:The town's economy is generally agricultural...
            
             (West Miraya)
          • Daraga
            Daraga, Albay
            Daraga is a 1st class municipality in the province of Albay, Philippines.According to the 2007 census, it has a population of 110,625 people in 20,082 households.-History:February 1, 1814 was Mayon's deadliest eruption....
            
             (East Miraya)
  • Coastal Bikol
    • Naga
      Naga City
      The City of Naga is a first class independent component city in the Philippines...
      
       (Standard Bikol), Legazpi, and Partido
    • Virac
      Virac, Catanduanes
      Virac is a 1st class municipality in the province of Catanduanes, Philippines. It is the capital municipality of the province and the third largest town with a land area of 188 km2...
      
       (South Catanduanes
      Catanduanes
      Catanduanes is an island province of the Philippines located in the Bicol Region in Luzon. Its capital is Virac and the province lies to the east of Camarines Sur across Maqueda Channel. As of 2007, the population of the province is 232,757 people.-Etymology:"Isla de Cobos" was Catanduanes' first...
      
      )
• Visayan
  Visayan languages
  The Visayan languages of the Philippines, along with Tagalog and Bikol, are part of the Central Philippine languages...
  
  
  • 1. South (spoken on the eastern coast of Mindanao
    Mindanao
    Mindanao is the second largest and easternmost island in the Philippines. It is also the name of one of the three island groups in the country, which consists of the island of Mindanao and smaller surrounding islands. The other two are Luzon and the Visayas. The island of Mindanao is called The...
    
    )
    • Butuan–Tausug
      • Tausug
        Tausug language
        Tausūg is a language spoken in the province of Sulu in the Philippines, in Malaysia, and in Indonesia by the Tausūg people....
        
        
      • Butuanon
        Butuanon language
        Butuanon is an Austronesian language spoken in Agusan del Norte and Agusan del Sur, with some native speakers in Misamis Oriental and Surigao del Norte. According to an article in the Manila Times, as of 2007 Butuanon is spoken by fewer than 500 youngsters in Butuan itself.Butuanon is very closely...
        
        
    • Surigao
      • Surigaonon
        Surigaonon language
        Surigaonon is a local Philippine language spoken by Surigaonon people in the province of Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, and some portion of Agusan del Norte especially the towns near the Mainit Lake...
        
        , Jaun-Jaun, Kantilan, Naturalis
  • 2. Cebuan (spoken in Cebu
    Cebu
    Cebu is a province in the Philippines, consisting of Cebu Island and 167 surrounding islands. It is located to the east of Negros, to the west of Leyte and Bohol islands...
    
    , Bohol
    Bohol
    Bohol is an island province of the Philippines located in the Central Visayas region, consisting of Bohol Island and 75 minor surrounding islands. Its capital is Tagbilaran City. With a land area of and a coastline long, Bohol is the tenth largest island of the Philippines...
    
    , western Leyte
    Leyte
    Leyte is a province of the Philippines located in the Eastern Visayas region. Its capital is Tacloban City and occupies the northern three-quarters of the Leyte Island. Leyte is located west of Samar Island, north of Southern Leyte and south of Biliran...
    
    , northern Mindanao
    Mindanao
    Mindanao is the second largest and easternmost island in the Philippines. It is also the name of one of the three island groups in the country, which consists of the island of Mindanao and smaller surrounding islands. The other two are Luzon and the Visayas. The island of Mindanao is called The...
    
    , and eastern Negros
    Negros
    Negros is an island of the Philippines located in the Visayas, at . It is the third largest island in the country, with a land area of 13,328 km²...
    
    )
    • Cebuan
      • Cebuano
        Cebuano language
        Cebuano, referred to by most of its speakers as Bisaya , is an Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines by about 20 million people mostly in the Central Visayas. It is the most widely spoken of the languages within the so-named Bisayan subgroup and is closely related to other Filipino...
        
        , Boholano
        Boholano language
        Boholano is a variant of Cebuano spoken in the province of Bohol in the Philippines and eastern parts of Southern Leyte...
        
        , Leyte
  • 3. Central (spoken across most of the Visayan region)
    • Warayan
      • Waray–Samar
        • Waray
          Waray-Waray language
          Wáray-Wáray or Samarnon is a language spoken in the provinces of Samar, Northern Samar, Eastern Samar, and in some parts of the Leyte and Biliran in the Philippines...
          
          , Samar-Leyte
        • Northern Samar
          Samar
          Samar, formerly and also known as Western Samar, is a province in the Philippines located in the Eastern Visayas region. Its capital is Catbalogan City and covers the western portion of Samar as well as several islands in the Samar Sea located to the west of the mainland...
          
          
      • Gubat (South Sorsogon
        Sorsogon
        Sorsogon is a province of the Philippines located in the Bicol Region; it is the southernmost province in Luzon and is subdivided into fourteen municipalities and one city. Its capital is Sorsogon City and borders the province of Albay to the north...
        
        )
    • Peripheral
      • Sorsogon
        Sorsogon
        Sorsogon is a province of the Philippines located in the Bicol Region; it is the southernmost province in Luzon and is subdivided into fourteen municipalities and one city. Its capital is Sorsogon City and borders the province of Albay to the north...
        
         (North), Masbate
      • Camotes
        Camotes Islands
        The Camotes Islands are a group of islands that form part of the province of Cebu, in the Philippines. The island group is located east of Cebu Island, southwest of Leyte Island, and north of Bohol Island....
        
        
      • Bantayan
        Bantayan Island
        Bantayan Island is in the Visayan Sea, Philippines, located just west off the northern tip of Cebu Island. The island, politically a part of the Province of Cebu, is about wide by long, with a total population of 120,101, as of the 2000 census. It is also the main and largest island of the...
        
        
      • Hiligaynon
        Hiligaynon language
        Hiligaynon, often referred to as Ilonggo, is an Austronesian language spoken in the Western Visayas region of the Philippines.Hiligaynon is concentrated in the provinces of Iloilo, Negros Occidental and Capiz but is also spoken in the other provinces of the Panay Island group, including Antique,...
        
         (Ilonggo), Capiznon, Kawayan
    • Romblon
      Romblon
      Romblon is an island province of the Philippines located in the MIMAROPA region. It lies south of Marinduque and Quezon, east of Mindoro, north of Aklan and Capiz, and west of Masbate. Its capital is also named Romblon....
      
      
      • Romblomanon
        Romblomanon language
        Romblomanon is a Visayan language spoken, along with the Asi and Onhan languages, in the province of Romblon in the Philippines. The language is also called Ini, Tiyad Ini, Basi, Niromblon, Sibuyanon, and Bisaya....
        
        
  • 4. Banton/Odiongan (spoken in northwestern Romblon
    Romblon
    Romblon is an island province of the Philippines located in the MIMAROPA region. It lies south of Marinduque and Quezon, east of Mindoro, north of Aklan and Capiz, and west of Masbate. Its capital is also named Romblon....
    
     Province)
    • Banton
      Asi language
      The Asi language is a Visayan language spoken, along with the Romblomanon and Onhan languages, in the province of Romblon, Philippines. The language is also known as Bantoanon, Calatravanhon, Odionganon, Sibalenhon, Simaranhon, and Bisaya.Specifically, it is spoken on the following islands within...
      
      
      • Banton
        Banton, Romblon
        Banton is a 5th class municipality in the province of Romblon, Philippines. According to the 2000 census, it has a population of 6,769 people in 1,478 households...
        
        , Odionganon
        Odiongan, Romblon
        Odiongan is a 2nd class municipality in the province of Romblon, Philippines. According to the 2000 census, it has a population of 39,069 people in 8,624 households...
        
        , Sibale
        Maestro de Campo Island
        Maestro de Campo Island or in some records Maestre de Campo Island is the westernmost island in the province of Romblon in the Philippines. It has one municipality named Concepcion. The island is also called Sibale and its inhabitants call themselves Sibalenhons...
        
        
  • 5. West
    • Aklan (spoken in northern Panay
      Panay
      Panay may refer to*Panay Island*Panay *Panay, Capiz*Panay River*Panay Gulf* USS Panay *Panay incident...
      
      )
      • Aklanon
    • Kinarayan (spoken in Panay
      Panay
      Panay may refer to*Panay Island*Panay *Panay, Capiz*Panay River*Panay Gulf* USS Panay *Panay incident...
      
      )
      • Pandan, Kinaray-a
        Kinaray-a language
        Kinaray-a is an Austronesian language spoken mainly in Antique Province in the Philippines. It is also spoken in Iloilo province, the south of Capiz Province, and certain villages in Mindanao that trace their roots to Antique Province or Kinaray-a speaking areas of Iloilo and Capiz Provinces...
        
        , Gimaras
        Guimaras
        Guimaras is an island province of the Philippines located in the Western Visayas region. Among the smallest provinces, its capital is Jordan. The island is located in the Panay Gulf, between the islands of Panay and Negros...
        
        
    • North-Central (spoken on Tablas Island
      Tablas Island
      Tablas is the largest of the islands that comprise the province of Romblon in the Philippines.Odiongan, on the west central coast of the island, is a major port and the largest municipality of Romblon in terms of population...
      
       and the southern tip of Mindoro
      Mindoro
      Mindoro is the seventh-largest island in the Philippines. It is located off the coast of Luzon, and northeast of Palawan. The southern coast of Mindoro forms the northeastern extremum of the Sulu Sea.-History:...
      
      )
      • Bulalakaw, Dispoholnon, Looknon
        Looc, Romblon
        Looc is a 4th class municipality in the province of Romblon, Philippines. According to the 2000 census, it has a population of 19,898 people in 4,262 households.- Local officials :-Population of Looc at various times:...
        
        , Alcantaranon
        Alcantara, Romblon
        Alcantara is a fifth class municipality in the province of Romblon, Philippines. According to the 2000 census, it has a population of 14,144 people in 2,905 households.-Barangays:Alcantara is politically subdivided into 12 barangays:* Bonlao* Calagonsao...
        
        
    • Kuyan (spoken in the archipelagos west of Panay
      Panay
      Panay may refer to*Panay Island*Panay *Panay, Capiz*Panay River*Panay Gulf* USS Panay *Panay incident...
      
       and Romblon
      Romblon
      Romblon is an island province of the Philippines located in the MIMAROPA region. It lies south of Marinduque and Quezon, east of Mindoro, north of Aklan and Capiz, and west of Masbate. Its capital is also named Romblon....
      
      , as well as the southern tip of Mindoro
      Mindoro
      Mindoro is the seventh-largest island in the Philippines. It is located off the coast of Luzon, and northeast of Palawan. The southern coast of Mindoro forms the northeastern extremum of the Sulu Sea.-History:...
      
      )
      • Datagnon, Santa Teresa, Semirara
      • Kuyonon
        Cuyonon language
        Cuyonon is a language spoken on the coast of Palawan, and the Cuyo Islands in the Philippines.-External links:*, cuyonon.org...
        
        
• Mansakan
  Mansakan languages
  The Mansakan languages are a group of languages spoken in the Philippines. Davawenyo is the principal native language of the Davao region, though there is a high degree of bilingualism in Cebuano.-Overview:The Mansakan languages are:*Davawenyo*Eastern...
  
  
  • North Mansakan
    • Kamayo (North) and Kamayo (South)
  • Davaw
    • Davawenyo (Davaweño)
  • Eastern Mansakan
    • Isamal
    • Caraga (Karaga)
    • Kabasagan, Boso, Mansaka, Mandayan
  • Western Mansakan
    • Kalagan and Tagakaolo
• Mamanwa
  Mamanwa language
  The Mamanwa language is a Central Philippine language spoken in the provinces of Agusan del Norte and Surigao in Mindanao, Philippines. It had about 5,000 speakers as of 1990....
  
  
  • Mamanwa
    Mamanwa language
    The Mamanwa language is a Central Philippine language spoken in the provinces of Agusan del Norte and Surigao in Mindanao, Philippines. It had about 5,000 speakers as of 1990....
    
    

Gallman (1997)

Andrew Gallman (1997:4, 103) classifies the Central Philippine languages as follows:

• Tagalog
• Bikol
• South Central Philippine (Bisayan)
  • West Bisayan
  • Banton
  • Central Bisayan
  • Cebuan
  • East Mindanao
    • North East Mindanao
      • Cebuano (?)
      • Mamanwa
      • Surigaonon
      • Butuanon-Tausug
    • Central East Mindanao
      • Kamayo
      • Davawenyo Banganga
      • Davawenyo Digos
    • South East Mindanao
      • Mandaya Kabasagan
      • Mandaya Caraga
      • Mansaka, Mandaya Maragusan, Mandaya Boso
        • (Branch)
          • Mandaya Islam
          • Kalagan Kaagan, Kalagan Tagakaulu

Greater Central Philippine (Blust)

notes that the central and southern Philippines has low linguistic diversity. He expands the Central Philippine branch with South Mangyan

South Mangyan languages

The South Mangyan languages are one of two small clusters of languages spoken by the Mangyan people of Mindoro Island in the Philippines.The languages are Buhid, Tawbuid, and Hanuno'o....

, Palawan

Palawan languages

The Palawan languages are the languages of the island of Palawan and nearby islets in the Philippines.They are Palawano , Aborlan Tagbanwa , Palawan Batak and Cuyonon, originating in the nearby island of Cuyo.A 2008 analysis of the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database found moderate...

, Mindanao

Mindanao languages

The Mindanao or Southern Philippine languages are one of the few established large groups of languages in the Philippines, with two dozen closely languages of Mindanao....

, and Gorontalo–Mongondow languages, the latter found in northern Sulawesi

Sulawesi

Sulawesi is one of the four larger Sunda Islands of Indonesia and is situated between Borneo and the Maluku Islands. In Indonesia, only Sumatra, Borneo, and Papua are larger in territory, and only Java and Sumatra have larger Indonesian populations.- Etymology :The Portuguese were the first to...

. (See Philippine languages

Philippine languages

The Philippine languages are a 1991 proposal by Robert Blust that all the languages of the Philippines and northern Sulawesi—except Sama–Bajaw and a few languages of Palawan—form a subfamily of Austronesian languages...

.) The 2008 study fully supported a similar group that included South Mindanao

South Mindanao languages

The South Mindanao languages are a group of languages spoken by the Bagobo, B'laan, T'boli, and Tiruray peoples of the southern coast of Mindanao Island in the Philippines. The languages are,*Bagobo *Bilic: Blaan, Tboli*Tiruray...

 and Kalamian

Kalamian languages

The Kalamian languages are a small cluster of languages spoken in the Philippines, grouping together Kalamian Tagbanwa and Agutaynen. These are among the few languages of the Philippines which continue to be written in indigenous scripts, though mostly for poetry.-Classification:Adelaar and...

, but excluded Gorontalo–Mongondow.