Carl Ruggles
Encyclopedia
Charles "Carl" Sprague Ruggles (March 11, 1876 – October 24, 1971) was an American
composer
of the American Five
group. He wrote finely crafted pieces using "dissonant
counterpoint
", a term coined by Charles Seeger
to describe Ruggles' music. His method of atonal
counterpoint was based on a non-serial
technique of avoiding repeating a pitch class
until a generally fixed number such as eight pitch classes intervened. He wrote painstakingly slowly so his output is quite small.
Famous for his prickly personality, Ruggles was nonetheless friends with Henry Cowell
, Edgard Varèse
, Charles Ives
, Ruth Crawford Seeger
, and Charles Seeger. His students include James Tenney
and Merton Brown
. Conductor
Michael Tilson Thomas
has championed Ruggles' music, recording the complete works with the Buffalo Philharmonic and occasionally performing Sun-Treader with the San Francisco Symphony
. Ruggles was also a prolific painter, selling hundreds of paintings during his lifetime.
, Massachusetts
in 1876. His mother died at an early age and he was raised mainly by his grandmother. Ruggles' father, Nathaniel, was rumored to have a gambling problem and lost most of the family's inherited wealth. Carl was never very close to his father and never saw him from the age of 29 onwards. He teutonized his name to 'Carl' at an early age (partially due to his great admiration for German
composers, especially Richard Wagner
and Richard Strauss
), and though he never legally changed it, signed all documents and works in his adult life “Carl Ruggles”. Carl began taking violin
lessons at the age of four with a local itinerant music teacher. He continued playing and gave performances on the violin, which were usually received well. Carl was appointed director of the YMCA
orchestra in 1892. A review said “A musical program of entertainment was rendered in the church, each number of which received hearty applause. Master Charles Ruggles' violin selections were rendered with much feeling and delicacy. He captivated the audience by his manly bearing, and is evidently at home in the concert room.”
In 1899, C.W. Thompson & Co. published Ruggles' first compositions. They were three songs titled How Can I Be Blythe and Glad, At Sea and Maiden with Thy Mouth of Roses. The first song is one of two surviving compositions from his early days; all others are presumed to have been destroyed by Ruggles himself. Eventually Ruggles had to work to support himself as his family's financial situation worsened. He worked a number of odd jobs and started to teach violin and music theory privately. Unfortunately the latter did not provide much income or success. In 1902 he started writing music criticism for the Belmont
Tribune and the Watertown Tribune. This continued until July 1903. Ruggles' reviews are characteristically brash: He did not hesitate to express his opinion, laudatory or not.
In 1906, he met his future wife, Charlotte Snell, a contralto
. Ruggles began a search for steady employment so he and Charlotte could marry. This led him to Winona, Minnesota
to work for the Mar D'Mar School of Music as a violin teacher. He became active as a soloist as well as eventually directing the Winona Symphony Orchestra. In the meantime, Charlotte joined him as a vocal teacher at Mar d'Mar. Ruggles continued to direct the symphony after the music school closed. Charlotte then was a choir mistress at the First Baptist
church and Ruggles was hired to conduct the YMCA orchestra and glee club
. They also took private students.
In 1912 Ruggles moved to New York
and began writing an opera
based on the German play “The Sunken Bell” by Gerhart Hauptmann
. It would prove to be a long process and due to both Ruggles's sluggish composing and anti-German sentiment
(as a result of World War I
), he never finished the opera. Ruggles continued to compose, supplementing his income by giving composition lessons. For his son's fourth birthday in 1919 he wrote Toys for soprano
and piano
; this was the first piece he wrote in his atonal
, contrapuntal
style. He continued to live and compose in New York until 1938, when he began teaching composition at the University of Miami
until 1943. He then moved to a converted schoolhouse
in Vermont
where he spent his time revising compositions and painting. Known for his profanity, Ruggles was also anti-semitic; for example, he wrote to Henry Cowell
about, "that filthy bunch of Juilliard Jews...cheap, without dignity, and with little or no talent," especially picking on Arthur Berger
. One-time friend Lou Harrison
dissociated himself from Ruggles after the 1949 performance of Angels because of the older composer's racism
, noting specifically a luncheon at Pennsylvania Station
in New York at which Ruggles shouted anti-black and anti-semitic slurs.
Ruggles died in Bennington, Vermont on October 24, 1971 due to old age and complications resulting from pneumonia
.
; either way he never analyzed other composers' pieces. Since the majority of his early works (before Toys) are destroyed, we can only speculate on their compositional style. Reviews suggest similarities to late 19th century Romanticism
.
His dissonant
, contrapuntal
style was similar to Arnold Schoenberg
's although he did not employ the same twelve tone system
. He used a method similar to (and perhaps influenced by) Charles Seeger
's dissonant counterpoint and generally avoided repeating a pitch class
within 8 notes. He also never used sprechstimme
in any of the songs he composed although he admired Schoenberg's Pierrot Lunaire
. He only composed ten pieces due to his lengthy composition and revision process. He did, however, paint hundreds of paintings over the course of his lifetime and he was offered the opportunity to have one-man shows (which he turned down).
Sun-treader, his best known work, was scored for a large orchestra
. It was inspired by the poem Pauline by Robert Browning
, particularly the line “Sun-treader, light and life be thine forever!” The most common intervals in the piece are minor seconds
, perfect fourth
s and augmented fourths. One group of pitch classes he uses is fourths in sequence where the respective notes are either 13 or 11 semitones apart; the other is three notes which are chromatically related (though often separated by an octave). Another distinctive feature of Sun-treader is the presence of 'waves', both in dynamics and pitch. Pitches will start low, then rise up to a climax, then descend again. Within the ascent (and descent) there are small descents (and ascents) leading to a self-similar (fractal
) overall structure.
Ruggles's music is published by Theodore Presser Company
.
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
composer
Composer
A composer is a person who creates music, either by musical notation or oral tradition, for interpretation and performance, or through direct manipulation of sonic material through electronic media...
of the American Five
American Five
The American Five was a group of modernist American composers consisting of Charles Ives, John J. Becker, Wallingford Riegger, Henry Cowell, and Carl Ruggles. It was known for its modernist and often dissonant compositions which broke away from European compositional styles to create a distinctly...
group. He wrote finely crafted pieces using "dissonant
Consonance and dissonance
In music, a consonance is a harmony, chord, or interval considered stable, as opposed to a dissonance , which is considered to be unstable...
counterpoint
Counterpoint
In music, counterpoint is the relationship between two or more voices that are independent in contour and rhythm and are harmonically interdependent . It has been most commonly identified in classical music, developing strongly during the Renaissance and in much of the common practice period,...
", a term coined by Charles Seeger
Charles Seeger
Charles Seeger, Jr. was a noted musicologist, composer, and teacher. He was the father of iconic American folk singer Pete Seeger .-Life:...
to describe Ruggles' music. His method of atonal
Atonality
Atonality in its broadest sense describes music that lacks a tonal center, or key. Atonality in this sense usually describes compositions written from about 1908 to the present day where a hierarchy of pitches focusing on a single, central tone is not used, and the notes of the chromatic scale...
counterpoint was based on a non-serial
Serialism
In music, serialism is a method or technique of composition that uses a series of values to manipulate different musical elements. Serialism began primarily with Arnold Schoenberg's twelve-tone technique, though his contemporaries were also working to establish serialism as one example of...
technique of avoiding repeating a pitch class
Pitch class
In music, a pitch class is a set of all pitches that are a whole number of octaves apart, e.g., the pitch class C consists of the Cs in all octaves...
until a generally fixed number such as eight pitch classes intervened. He wrote painstakingly slowly so his output is quite small.
Famous for his prickly personality, Ruggles was nonetheless friends with Henry Cowell
Henry Cowell
Henry Cowell was an American composer, music theorist, pianist, teacher, publisher, and impresario. His contribution to the world of music was summed up by Virgil Thomson, writing in the early 1950s:...
, Edgard Varèse
Edgard Varèse
Edgard Victor Achille Charles Varèse, , whose name was also spelled Edgar Varèse , was an innovative French-born composer who spent the greater part of his career in the United States....
, Charles Ives
Charles Ives
Charles Edward Ives was an American modernist composer. He is one of the first American composers of international renown, though Ives' music was largely ignored during his life, and many of his works went unperformed for many years. Over time, Ives came to be regarded as an "American Original"...
, Ruth Crawford Seeger
Ruth Crawford Seeger
Ruth Crawford Seeger , born Ruth Porter Crawford, was a modernist composer and an American folk music specialist.-Life:...
, and Charles Seeger. His students include James Tenney
James Tenney
James Tenney was an American composer and influential music theorist.-Biography:Tenney was born in Silver City, New Mexico, and grew up in Arizona and Colorado. He attended the University of Denver, the Juilliard School of Music, Bennington College and the University of Illinois...
and Merton Brown
Merton Brown
Merton Brown was a composer who studied with Wallingford Riegger and Carl Ruggles. He often collaborated with choreographers including former Martha Graham dancer Matti Haim, José Limón, and Thomas Hewitt....
. Conductor
Conducting
Conducting is the art of directing a musical performance by way of visible gestures. The primary duties of the conductor are to unify performers, set the tempo, execute clear preparations and beats, and to listen critically and shape the sound of the ensemble...
Michael Tilson Thomas
Michael Tilson Thomas
Michael Tilson Thomas is an American conductor, pianist and composer. He is currently music director of the San Francisco Symphony, and artistic director of the New World Symphony Orchestra.-Early years:...
has championed Ruggles' music, recording the complete works with the Buffalo Philharmonic and occasionally performing Sun-Treader with the San Francisco Symphony
San Francisco Symphony
The San Francisco Symphony is an orchestra based in San Francisco, California. Since 1980, the orchestra has performed at the Louise M. Davies Symphony Hall. The San Francisco Symphony Youth Orchestra and the San Francisco Symphony Chorus are part of the organization...
. Ruggles was also a prolific painter, selling hundreds of paintings during his lifetime.
Biography
Carl Ruggles was born in MarionMarion, Massachusetts
Marion is a town in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 5,123 at the 2000 census.For geographic and demographic information on the village of Marion Center, please see the article Marion Center, Massachusetts.-History:...
, Massachusetts
Massachusetts
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. As of the 2010...
in 1876. His mother died at an early age and he was raised mainly by his grandmother. Ruggles' father, Nathaniel, was rumored to have a gambling problem and lost most of the family's inherited wealth. Carl was never very close to his father and never saw him from the age of 29 onwards. He teutonized his name to 'Carl' at an early age (partially due to his great admiration for German
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
composers, especially Richard Wagner
Richard Wagner
Wilhelm Richard Wagner was a German composer, conductor, theatre director, philosopher, music theorist, poet, essayist and writer primarily known for his operas...
and Richard Strauss
Richard Strauss
Richard Georg Strauss was a leading German composer of the late Romantic and early modern eras. He is known for his operas, which include Der Rosenkavalier and Salome; his Lieder, especially his Four Last Songs; and his tone poems and orchestral works, such as Death and Transfiguration, Till...
), and though he never legally changed it, signed all documents and works in his adult life “Carl Ruggles”. Carl began taking violin
Violin
The violin is a string instrument, usually with four strings tuned in perfect fifths. It is the smallest, highest-pitched member of the violin family of string instruments, which includes the viola and cello....
lessons at the age of four with a local itinerant music teacher. He continued playing and gave performances on the violin, which were usually received well. Carl was appointed director of the YMCA
YMCA
The Young Men's Christian Association is a worldwide organization of more than 45 million members from 125 national federations affiliated through the World Alliance of YMCAs...
orchestra in 1892. A review said “A musical program of entertainment was rendered in the church, each number of which received hearty applause. Master Charles Ruggles' violin selections were rendered with much feeling and delicacy. He captivated the audience by his manly bearing, and is evidently at home in the concert room.”
In 1899, C.W. Thompson & Co. published Ruggles' first compositions. They were three songs titled How Can I Be Blythe and Glad, At Sea and Maiden with Thy Mouth of Roses. The first song is one of two surviving compositions from his early days; all others are presumed to have been destroyed by Ruggles himself. Eventually Ruggles had to work to support himself as his family's financial situation worsened. He worked a number of odd jobs and started to teach violin and music theory privately. Unfortunately the latter did not provide much income or success. In 1902 he started writing music criticism for the Belmont
Belmont, Massachusetts
Belmont is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, a suburb of Boston. The population was 24,729 at the 2010 census.- History :Belmont was founded on March 18, 1859 by former citizens of, and land from the bordering towns of Watertown, to the south; Waltham, to the west; and Arlington, then...
Tribune and the Watertown Tribune. This continued until July 1903. Ruggles' reviews are characteristically brash: He did not hesitate to express his opinion, laudatory or not.
In 1906, he met his future wife, Charlotte Snell, a contralto
Contralto
Contralto is the deepest female classical singing voice, with the lowest tessitura, falling between tenor and mezzo-soprano. It typically ranges between the F below middle C to the second G above middle C , although at the extremes some voices can reach the E below middle C or the second B above...
. Ruggles began a search for steady employment so he and Charlotte could marry. This led him to Winona, Minnesota
Winona, Minnesota
Winona is a city in and the county seat of Winona County, in the U.S. State of Minnesota. Located in picturesque bluff country on the Mississippi River, its most noticeable physical landmark is Sugar Loaf....
to work for the Mar D'Mar School of Music as a violin teacher. He became active as a soloist as well as eventually directing the Winona Symphony Orchestra. In the meantime, Charlotte joined him as a vocal teacher at Mar d'Mar. Ruggles continued to direct the symphony after the music school closed. Charlotte then was a choir mistress at the First Baptist
Baptist
Baptists comprise a group of Christian denominations and churches that subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers , and that it must be done by immersion...
church and Ruggles was hired to conduct the YMCA orchestra and glee club
Glee club
A glee club is a musical group or choir group, historically of male voices but also of female or mixed voices, which traditionally specializes in the singing of short songs—glees—by trios or quartets. In the late 19th Century it was very popular in most schools and was made a tradition...
. They also took private students.
In 1912 Ruggles moved to New York
New York City
New York is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. New York exerts a significant impact upon global commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and...
and began writing an opera
Opera
Opera is an art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text and musical score, usually in a theatrical setting. Opera incorporates many of the elements of spoken theatre, such as acting, scenery, and costumes and sometimes includes dance...
based on the German play “The Sunken Bell” by Gerhart Hauptmann
Gerhart Hauptmann
Gerhart Hauptmann was a German dramatist and novelist who received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1912.-Life and work:...
. It would prove to be a long process and due to both Ruggles's sluggish composing and anti-German sentiment
Anti-German sentiment
Anti-German sentiment is defined as an opposition to or fear of Germany, its inhabitants, and the German language. Its opposite is Germanophilia.-Russia:...
(as a result of World War I
World War I
World War I , which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939, and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918...
), he never finished the opera. Ruggles continued to compose, supplementing his income by giving composition lessons. For his son's fourth birthday in 1919 he wrote Toys for soprano
Soprano
A soprano is a voice type with a vocal range from approximately middle C to "high A" in choral music, or to "soprano C" or higher in operatic music. In four-part chorale style harmony, the soprano takes the highest part, which usually encompasses the melody...
and piano
Piano
The piano is a musical instrument played by means of a keyboard. It is one of the most popular instruments in the world. Widely used in classical and jazz music for solo performances, ensemble use, chamber music and accompaniment, the piano is also very popular as an aid to composing and rehearsal...
; this was the first piece he wrote in his atonal
Atonality
Atonality in its broadest sense describes music that lacks a tonal center, or key. Atonality in this sense usually describes compositions written from about 1908 to the present day where a hierarchy of pitches focusing on a single, central tone is not used, and the notes of the chromatic scale...
, contrapuntal
Counterpoint
In music, counterpoint is the relationship between two or more voices that are independent in contour and rhythm and are harmonically interdependent . It has been most commonly identified in classical music, developing strongly during the Renaissance and in much of the common practice period,...
style. He continued to live and compose in New York until 1938, when he began teaching composition at the University of Miami
University of Miami
The University of Miami is a private, non-sectarian university founded in 1925 with its main campus in Coral Gables, Florida, a medical campus in Miami city proper at Civic Center, and an oceanographic research facility on Virginia Key., the university currently enrolls 15,629 students in 12...
until 1943. He then moved to a converted schoolhouse
One-room school
One-room schools were commonplace throughout rural portions of various countries including the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom, Ireland and Spain in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In most rural and small town schools, all of the students met in a single room...
in Vermont
Vermont
Vermont is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The state ranks 43rd in land area, , and 45th in total area. Its population according to the 2010 census, 630,337, is the second smallest in the country, larger only than Wyoming. It is the only New England...
where he spent his time revising compositions and painting. Known for his profanity, Ruggles was also anti-semitic; for example, he wrote to Henry Cowell
Henry Cowell
Henry Cowell was an American composer, music theorist, pianist, teacher, publisher, and impresario. His contribution to the world of music was summed up by Virgil Thomson, writing in the early 1950s:...
about, "that filthy bunch of Juilliard Jews...cheap, without dignity, and with little or no talent," especially picking on Arthur Berger
Arthur Berger
Arthur Victor Berger was an American composer who has been described as a New Mannerist.-Biography:Born in New York City, of Jewish descent, Berger studied as an undergraduate at New York University, during which time he joined the Young Composer's Group, as a graduate student under Walter Piston...
. One-time friend Lou Harrison
Lou Harrison
Lou Silver Harrison was an American composer. He was a student of Henry Cowell, Arnold Schoenberg, and K. P. H. Notoprojo Lou Silver Harrison (May 14, 1917 – February 2, 2003) was an American composer. He was a student of Henry Cowell, Arnold Schoenberg, and K. P. H. Notoprojo Lou Silver Harrison...
dissociated himself from Ruggles after the 1949 performance of Angels because of the older composer's racism
Racism
Racism is the belief that inherent different traits in human racial groups justify discrimination. In the modern English language, the term "racism" is used predominantly as a pejorative epithet. It is applied especially to the practice or advocacy of racial discrimination of a pernicious nature...
, noting specifically a luncheon at Pennsylvania Station
Pennsylvania Station (New York City)
Pennsylvania Station—commonly known as Penn Station—is the major intercity train station and a major commuter rail hub in New York City. It is one of the busiest rail stations in the world, and a hub for inbound and outbound railroad traffic in New York City. The New York City Subway system also...
in New York at which Ruggles shouted anti-black and anti-semitic slurs.
Ruggles died in Bennington, Vermont on October 24, 1971 due to old age and complications resulting from pneumonia
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung—especially affecting the microscopic air sacs —associated with fever, chest symptoms, and a lack of air space on a chest X-ray. Pneumonia is typically caused by an infection but there are a number of other causes...
.
Music
Ruggles' compositional style was apparently “trial and error. He sat at the piano and moved his fingers around, listened hard to the sounds... shouting out some of the lines.” According to Ruggles himself, he never learned any music theoryMusic theory
Music theory is the study of how music works. It examines the language and notation of music. It seeks to identify patterns and structures in composers' techniques across or within genres, styles, or historical periods...
; either way he never analyzed other composers' pieces. Since the majority of his early works (before Toys) are destroyed, we can only speculate on their compositional style. Reviews suggest similarities to late 19th century Romanticism
Romanticism
Romanticism was an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe, and gained strength in reaction to the Industrial Revolution...
.
His dissonant
Consonance and dissonance
In music, a consonance is a harmony, chord, or interval considered stable, as opposed to a dissonance , which is considered to be unstable...
, contrapuntal
Counterpoint
In music, counterpoint is the relationship between two or more voices that are independent in contour and rhythm and are harmonically interdependent . It has been most commonly identified in classical music, developing strongly during the Renaissance and in much of the common practice period,...
style was similar to Arnold Schoenberg
Arnold Schoenberg
Arnold Schoenberg was an Austrian composer, associated with the expressionist movement in German poetry and art, and leader of the Second Viennese School...
's although he did not employ the same twelve tone system
Twelve-tone technique
Twelve-tone technique is a method of musical composition devised by Arnold Schoenberg...
. He used a method similar to (and perhaps influenced by) Charles Seeger
Charles Seeger
Charles Seeger, Jr. was a noted musicologist, composer, and teacher. He was the father of iconic American folk singer Pete Seeger .-Life:...
's dissonant counterpoint and generally avoided repeating a pitch class
Pitch class
In music, a pitch class is a set of all pitches that are a whole number of octaves apart, e.g., the pitch class C consists of the Cs in all octaves...
within 8 notes. He also never used sprechstimme
Sprechgesang
Sprechgesang and Sprechstimme are musical terms used to refer to an expressionist vocal technique between singing and speaking. Though sometimes used interchangeably, sprechgesang is a term directly related to the operatic recitative manner of singing , whereas sprechstimme is...
in any of the songs he composed although he admired Schoenberg's Pierrot Lunaire
Pierrot Lunaire
Dreimal sieben Gedichte aus Albert Girauds 'Pierrot lunaire' , commonly known simply as Pierrot Lunaire, Op. 21 , is a melodrama by Arnold Schoenberg...
. He only composed ten pieces due to his lengthy composition and revision process. He did, however, paint hundreds of paintings over the course of his lifetime and he was offered the opportunity to have one-man shows (which he turned down).
Sun-treader, his best known work, was scored for a large orchestra
Orchestra
An orchestra is a sizable instrumental ensemble that contains sections of string, brass, woodwind, and percussion instruments. The term orchestra derives from the Greek ορχήστρα, the name for the area in front of an ancient Greek stage reserved for the Greek chorus...
. It was inspired by the poem Pauline by Robert Browning
Robert Browning
Robert Browning was an English poet and playwright whose mastery of dramatic verse, especially dramatic monologues, made him one of the foremost Victorian poets.-Early years:...
, particularly the line “Sun-treader, light and life be thine forever!” The most common intervals in the piece are minor seconds
Semitone
A semitone, also called a half step or a half tone, is the smallest musical interval commonly used in Western tonal music, and it is considered the most dissonant when sounded harmonically....
, perfect fourth
Perfect fourth
In classical music from Western culture, a fourth is a musical interval encompassing four staff positions , and the perfect fourth is a fourth spanning five semitones. For example, the ascending interval from C to the next F is a perfect fourth, as the note F lies five semitones above C, and there...
s and augmented fourths. One group of pitch classes he uses is fourths in sequence where the respective notes are either 13 or 11 semitones apart; the other is three notes which are chromatically related (though often separated by an octave). Another distinctive feature of Sun-treader is the presence of 'waves', both in dynamics and pitch. Pitches will start low, then rise up to a climax, then descend again. Within the ascent (and descent) there are small descents (and ascents) leading to a self-similar (fractal
Fractal
A fractal has been defined as "a rough or fragmented geometric shape that can be split into parts, each of which is a reduced-size copy of the whole," a property called self-similarity...
) overall structure.
Ruggles's music is published by Theodore Presser Company
Theodore Presser Company
The Theodore Presser Company is an American music publishing and distribution company located in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania and formerly based in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. It is the oldest continuing music publisher in the United States.-Theodore Presser:...
.
List of completed compositions
- Toys (1919), song for soprano and piano
- Angels (1921), for muted brass. (Originally for six trumpets. In 1940, Ruggles rescored the work for trumpets and trombones.)
- Men (1921), for orchestra
- Vox Clamans in Deserto (1923), for soprano and orchestra
- Men and Mountains (1924), for orchestra
- Portals (1925), for string orchestra
- Sun-Treader (1931), for large orchestra - at 16 minutes, Ruggles' longest and best-known work
- Evocations (1943), a set of four pieces, existing in two versions, for orchestra and for solo piano
- Organum (1947), for orchestra
- Exaltation (1958), his last completed work, a hymn dedicated to the memory of his wife.
Sources
- Miller, Leta E. and Lieberman, Frederic (1998). Lou Harrison: Composing a World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-511022-6
- Slottow, Stephen P. (2008). "A Vast Simplicity: The Music of Carl Ruggles". Pendragon Press.
- Ziffrin, Marilyn J., (1994). "Carl Ruggles: composer, painter and storyteller". Urbana, University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-02042-1