Carangoides
Encyclopedia
Carangoides is a genus
of tropical to subtropical marine
fishes in the jack family, Carangidae
. They are small to large sized, deep bodied fish characterised by a certain gill raker
and jaw
morphology
, often appearing very similar to jacks in the genus Caranx
. They inhabit the subtropical and tropical regions of the Indian
, Pacific and Atlantic Ocean
s, often occupying coastal areas including reef
s, bay
s and estuaries, rarely venturing far offshore. They are all predatory fishes, taking a variety of smaller fishes, crustacean
s and cephalopod
s as prey. The genus was first erected in 1851 by Pieter Bleeker
for an unknown taxon
and currently contains 21 species. Many make up significant proportions of various fisheries, although they have had a number of Ciguatera
cases attributed to them.
. A number of recent phylogenetic studies on the family has placed Carangoides in the subfamily Caranginae (or tribe Carangini), being most closely related to the genera Alectis
, Atropus
, Selene and Uraspis.
Carangoides was created by Pieter Bleeker in 1851 to accommodate a species of carangid fish, although the species he created the genus for is unknown. To rectify this, Caranx praeustus was selected to be the type species
of the genus. Carangid classification was initially very difficult, with many genera and species described, many of which were synonym
ous. Later reviews of the family eventually placed 21 species into Carangoides, leaving a number of genera synonymous with it. Carangoides takes priority over these other genera because its type species, Caranx praeustus, was described by an unknown author before the other species and genera were erected. The species of the genus are often referred to as jacks or trevallies, and sometimes more specifically as 'island jacks'. The name Carangoides is derived from the French
carangue, meaning 'fish of the Caribbean
'.
is in two parts, the first consisting of spines, and the second of one or two spines followed by a number of soft rays. The anal fin has detached spines preceding a long soft ray section headed by up to two spines. The caudal fin is large and forked and the pectoral fin is large, usually longer than the head. All species have scutes on the posterior section of their lateral line
.
The genus is defined as having gill raker
s of normal length and shape, with a total number of gill rakers between 21 and 37 on the first gill arch. Both upper and lower jaw
s have a band of teeth present and the breast is naked ventrally to completely scaled.
The species are often dull in coloration, mostly being silver, getting darker dorsally and lighter ventrally. Often they have green or blue tinges to their body, but fade rapidly after death. A few such as the orangespotted trevally
have far more brilliant coloration, incorporating bright orange and yellow spotting. The fins are usually hyaline
to grey, and occasionally blue or yellow.
and Atlantic Ocean
s. They occur on the coastlines of countries in this range, although are most prolific in the Indo-Pacific region, having high species densities around South East Asia, Indonesia
and northern Australia
.
Most species are coastal in nature, inhabiting continental shelf marine environments including reef
s, bay
s, sandflats, lagoon
s and even estuaries.
The species of Carangoides are mostly schooling in nature, becoming more solitary with age. They are all predatory, taking a variety of fish, cephalopod
s and crustacean
s. Like all of the Carangidae, they are non guarding, oviparous fishes that display differing reproductive traits and timing between species.
All of the species are of minor to significant importance to fisheries, with some also being of interest to recreational fishermen
. Like all jacks and trevallies, they can be caught on a variety of baits and lures, and with some members reaching 1 m in length, are considered formidable game fish
. They are generally considered to be excellent to fair table fish
, although there have been a number of ciguatera
poisonings linked to the species of this genus. As with all tropical fish, consuming smaller fish carries a lesser risk of being affected by the disease, with larger fish having accumulated more of the toxin.
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
of tropical to subtropical marine
Marine (ocean)
Marine is an umbrella term. As an adjective it is usually applicable to things relating to the sea or ocean, such as marine biology, marine ecology and marine geology...
fishes in the jack family, Carangidae
Carangidae
Carangidae is a family of fish which includes the jacks, pompanos, jack mackerels, and scads.They are marine fish found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans...
. They are small to large sized, deep bodied fish characterised by a certain gill raker
Gill raker
Gill rakers in fish are bony or cartilaginous processes that project from the branchial arch and are involved with filter feeding tiny prey. They are not to be confused with the gill filaments that compose the bony part of the gill. Rakers are usually present in two rows, projecting from both the...
and jaw
Jaw
The jaw is any opposable articulated structure at the entrance of the mouth, typically used for grasping and manipulating food. The term jaws is also broadly applied to the whole of the structures constituting the vault of the mouth and serving to open and close it and is part of the body plan of...
morphology
Morphology (biology)
In biology, morphology is a branch of bioscience dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features....
, often appearing very similar to jacks in the genus Caranx
Caranx
Caranx is a genus of tropical to subtropical marine fish in the jack family Carangidae, commonly known as jacks, trevallies and kingfishes. They are moderate to large sized, deep bodied fishes which are distinguished from other carangid genera by specific gill raker, fin ray and dentition...
. They inhabit the subtropical and tropical regions of the Indian
Indian Ocean
The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's oceanic divisions, covering approximately 20% of the water on the Earth's surface. It is bounded on the north by the Indian Subcontinent and Arabian Peninsula ; on the west by eastern Africa; on the east by Indochina, the Sunda Islands, and...
, Pacific and Atlantic Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's oceanic divisions. With a total area of about , it covers approximately 20% of the Earth's surface and about 26% of its water surface area...
s, often occupying coastal areas including reef
Reef
In nautical terminology, a reef is a rock, sandbar, or other feature lying beneath the surface of the water ....
s, bay
Bay
A bay is an area of water mostly surrounded by land. Bays generally have calmer waters than the surrounding sea, due to the surrounding land blocking some waves and often reducing winds. Bays also exist as an inlet in a lake or pond. A large bay may be called a gulf, a sea, a sound, or a bight...
s and estuaries, rarely venturing far offshore. They are all predatory fishes, taking a variety of smaller fishes, crustacean
Crustacean
Crustaceans form a very large group of arthropods, usually treated as a subphylum, which includes such familiar animals as crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill and barnacles. The 50,000 described species range in size from Stygotantulus stocki at , to the Japanese spider crab with a leg span...
s and cephalopod
Cephalopod
A cephalopod is any member of the molluscan class Cephalopoda . These exclusively marine animals are characterized by bilateral body symmetry, a prominent head, and a set of arms or tentacles modified from the primitive molluscan foot...
s as prey. The genus was first erected in 1851 by Pieter Bleeker
Pieter Bleeker
Pieter Bleeker was a Dutch medical doctor and ichthyologist, famous for his work on the fishes of East Asia – Atlas Ichthyologique des Orientales Neerlandaises – which was published 1862–1877....
for an unknown taxon
Taxon
|thumb|270px|[[African elephants]] form a widely-accepted taxon, the [[genus]] LoxodontaA taxon is a group of organisms, which a taxonomist adjudges to be a unit. Usually a taxon is given a name and a rank, although neither is a requirement...
and currently contains 21 species. Many make up significant proportions of various fisheries, although they have had a number of Ciguatera
Ciguatera
Ciguatera is a foodborne illness caused by eating certain reef fishes whose flesh is contaminated with toxins originally produced by dinoflagellates such as Gambierdiscus toxicus which lives in tropical and subtropical waters. These dinoflagellates adhere to coral, algae and seaweed, where they are...
cases attributed to them.
Taxonomy
The genus Carangoides is one of 31 genera in the jack and horse mackerel family, Carangidae, which are Perciform fishes in the suborder PercoideiPercoidei
Percoidei is one of eighteen suborders of bony fish in the order Perciformes. Many commercially harvested fish species are contained in this suborder, including the snappers, jacks, whitings, groupers, bass, perches and porgies.-Divisions:...
. A number of recent phylogenetic studies on the family has placed Carangoides in the subfamily Caranginae (or tribe Carangini), being most closely related to the genera Alectis
Alectis
Alectis is a genus of fish in the family Carangidae containing three extant species, all of which are large marine fishes. They are commonly known as threadfish, diamond trevallies and occasionally pompanos, although they have no close affiliation with the true pompano genus.-Taxonomy:Alectis is...
, Atropus
Cleftbelly trevally
The cleftbelly trevally, Atropus atropos is a species of tropical marine fish of the jack family, Carangidae. The species inhabits coastal waters throughout the Indo-West Pacific region from South Africa in the west to Japan in the east, often found near the water's surface...
, Selene and Uraspis.
Carangoides was created by Pieter Bleeker in 1851 to accommodate a species of carangid fish, although the species he created the genus for is unknown. To rectify this, Caranx praeustus was selected to be the type species
Type species
In biological nomenclature, a type species is both a concept and a practical system which is used in the classification and nomenclature of animals and plants. The value of a "type species" lies in the fact that it makes clear what is meant by a particular genus name. A type species is the species...
of the genus. Carangid classification was initially very difficult, with many genera and species described, many of which were synonym
Synonym
Synonyms are different words with almost identical or similar meanings. Words that are synonyms are said to be synonymous, and the state of being a synonym is called synonymy. The word comes from Ancient Greek syn and onoma . The words car and automobile are synonyms...
ous. Later reviews of the family eventually placed 21 species into Carangoides, leaving a number of genera synonymous with it. Carangoides takes priority over these other genera because its type species, Caranx praeustus, was described by an unknown author before the other species and genera were erected. The species of the genus are often referred to as jacks or trevallies, and sometimes more specifically as 'island jacks'. The name Carangoides is derived from the French
French language
French is a Romance language spoken as a first language in France, the Romandy region in Switzerland, Wallonia and Brussels in Belgium, Monaco, the regions of Quebec and Acadia in Canada, and by various communities elsewhere. Second-language speakers of French are distributed throughout many parts...
carangue, meaning 'fish of the Caribbean
Caribbean
The Caribbean is a crescent-shaped group of islands more than 2,000 miles long separating the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, to the west and south, from the Atlantic Ocean, to the east and north...
'.
Species
The following is a list of all extant species in the genus Carangoides according to FishBaseFishBase
FishBase is a comprehensive database of information about fish species . It is the largest and most extensively accessed online database on adult finfish on the web...
- Genus Carangoides
- Longfin trevallyLongfin trevallyThe longfin trevally, Carangoides armatus , is a species of inshore marine fish in the jack family, Carangidae. The species is common in tropical to subtropical waters of the Indo-Pacific, ranging from South Africa in the west to Japan in the east, typically inhabiting inshore reefs and bays...
, Carangoides armatus (RüppellEduard RüppellWilhelm Peter Eduard Simon Rüppell was a German naturalist and explorer. Rüppell is occasionally transliterated to "Rueppell" for the English alphabet....
, 1830). - Orangespotted trevallyOrangespotted trevallyThe orangespotted trevally, Carangoides bajad is a species of inshore marine fish in the jack family, Carangidae. The species is fairly common in tropical to subtropical waters of the Indo-Pacific, ranging from Madagascar in the west to Japan in the east, typically inhabiting inshore reefs...
, Carangoides bajad (ForsskålPeter ForsskålPeter Forsskål, sometimes spelled Pehr Forsskål, Peter Forskaol, Petrus Forskål or Pehr Forsskåhl, was a Swedish explorer, orientalist, naturalist and an apostle of Carl Linnaeus.-Early life:...
, 1775). - Yellow jackYellow jackThe yellow jack, Carangoides bartholomaei , is a species of offshore marine fish in the jack family, Carangidae. It is one of only two representatives of its genus present in the Atlantic Ocean, inhabiting waters off the east coast of the Americas from Massachusetts in the north to Brazil in the...
, Carangoides bartholomaei (CuvierGeorges CuvierGeorges Chrétien Léopold Dagobert Cuvier or Jean Léopold Nicolas Frédéric Cuvier , known as Georges Cuvier, was a French naturalist and zoologist...
, 1833). - Longnose trevallyLongnose trevallyThe longnose trevally, Carangoides chrysophrys , is a species of inshore marine fish in the jack family, Carangidae...
, Carangoides chrysophrys (Cuvier, 1833). - Carangoides ciliariusCarangoides ciliariusCarangoides ciliarius is a dubious species of marine fish in the jack and horse mackerel family, Carangidae. The validity of the species has been questioned by a number of authors, with many concluding it is a synonym of the similar Carangoides armatus, commonly known as the longfin trevally...
(Rüppell, 1830). - Coastal trevallyCoastal trevallyThe coastal trevally, Carangoides coeruleopinnatus is a species of inshore marine fish in the jack family Carangidae...
, Carangoides coeruleopinnatus (Rüppell, 1830). - Shadow trevallyShadow trevallyThe shadow trevally, Carangoides dinema is a species of inshore marine fish in the jack family Carangidae...
, Carangoides dinema BleekerPieter BleekerPieter Bleeker was a Dutch medical doctor and ichthyologist, famous for his work on the fishes of East Asia – Atlas Ichthyologique des Orientales Neerlandaises – which was published 1862–1877....
, 1851. - Whitefin trevallyWhitefin trevallyThe whitefin trevally, Carangoides equula is a species of deep water offshore fish in the jack family Carangidae. The species inhabits the tropical to temperate waters of the Indo-pacific and Central Pacific, ranging from South Africa in the west to Hawaii in the east...
, Carangoides equula (TemminckCoenraad Jacob TemminckCoenraad Jacob Temminck was a Dutch aristocrat and zoologist.Temminck was the first director of the National Natural History Museum at Leiden from 1820 until his death. His Manuel d'ornithologie, ou Tableau systematique des oiseaux qui se trouvent en Europe was the standard work on European birds...
& SchlegelHermann SchlegelHermann Schlegel was a German ornithologist and herpetologist.-Early life and education:Schlegel was born at Altenburg, the son of a brassfounder. His father collected butterflies, which stimulated Schlegel's interest in natural history...
, 1844). - Blue trevallyBlue trevallyThe blue trevally, Carangoides ferdau is a common widespread species of pelagic marine fish classified in the jack family, Carangidae...
, Carangoides ferdau (Forsskål, 1775). - Yellowspotted trevallyYellowspotted trevallyThe yellowspotted trevally, Carangoides fulvoguttatus is a widespread species of large inshore marine fish in the jack family Carangidae. The yellowspotted trevally inhabits the tropical and subtropical waters of the Indo-west Pacific region, from South Africa in the west to Japan and Australia in...
, Carangoides fulvoguttatus (Forsskål, 1775). - BludgerBludger (fish)The bludger, Carangoides gymnostethus , is a widespread species of large marine fish in the jack family, Carangidae...
, Carangoides gymnostethus (Cuvier, 1833).
- Bumpnose trevallyBumpnose trevallyThe bumpnose trevally, Carangoides hedlandensis is a species of relatively small inshore marine fish classified in the jack family Carangidae...
, Carangoides hedlandensis (Whitley, 1934). - Duskyshoulder trevallyDuskyshoulder trevallyThe duskyshoulder trevally, Carangoides humerosus , is a species of small inshore marine fish in the jack family, Carangidae. The duskyshoulder trevally is distributed through the eastern Indian and western Pacific Oceans, ranging from eastern India to northern Australia and Taiwan...
, Carangoides humerosus (McCulloch, 1915). - Malabar trevallyMalabar trevallyThe Malabar trevally, Carangoides malabaricus, is a species of large inshore marine fish of the jack family, Carangidae...
, Carangoides malabaricus (BlochMarcus Elieser BlochMarcus Elieser Bloch was a German medical doctor and naturalist. He is generally considered one of the most important ichthyologists of the 18th century.- Life :...
& SchneiderJohann Gottlob SchneiderJohann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider was a German classicist and naturalist.-Biography:Schneider was born at Collm in Saxony...
, 1801). - Coachwhip trevallyCoachwhip trevallyThe coachwhip trevally, Carangoides oblongus is a species of inshore marine fish classified in the jack family Carangidae. The coachwhip trevally is distributed through the Indo-west Pacific region, ranging from South Africa in the west to Fiji and Japan in the east...
, Carangoides oblongus (Cuvier, 1833). - Island trevallyIsland trevallyThe island trevally, Carangoides orthogrammus , is a widespread species of offshore marine fish classified in the jack family Carangidae...
, Carangoides orthogrammus (JordanDavid Starr JordanDavid Starr Jordan, Ph.D., LL.D. was a leading eugenicist, ichthyologist, educator and peace activist. He was president of Indiana University and Stanford University.-Early life and education:...
& Gilbert, 1882). - Threadfin jackThreadfin jackThe threadfin jack, Carangoides otrynter , is a species of coastal marine fish in the jack family Carangidae. The species inhabits the tropical waters of the eastern Pacific Ocean from Baja California in the north, south to Ecuador and the Galapagos Islands...
, Carangoides otrynter (Jordan & Gilbert, 1883). - Barcheek trevallyBarcheek trevallyThe barcheek trevally, Carangoides plagiotaenia , is a species of moderately large marine fish of the jack family Carangidae...
, Carangoides plagiotaenia Bleeker, 1857. - Brownback trevallyBrownback trevallyThe brownback trevally, Carangoides praeustus , is a species of small inshore marine fish classified in the jack family, Carangidae. The brownback trevally is distributed in two populations through the tropical waters of the Indo-west Pacific region, ranging from the Persian Gulf east to India,...
, Carangoides praeustus (Anonymous [Bennett], 1830). - Bar jackBar jackThe bar jack, Carangoides ruber is a common species of inshore marine fish classified in the jack family, Carangidae...
, Carangoides ruber (Bloch, 1793). - Imposter trevallyImposter trevallyThe imposter trevally, Carangoides talamparoides is a species of small coastal marine fish in the jack family Carangidae. The imposter trevally is distributed through the tropical waters of Indian and west Pacific oceans, from the Gulf of Oman in the west to Japan and Australia in the east...
, Carangoides talamparoides Bleeker, 1852.
- Longfin trevally
Description
In their general morphology, the species of Carangoides are very similar to a number of other carangid genera, especially Caranx. They grow to a range of sizes, most attaining a length less than 50 cm, although the largest fish of the genus reaching at least 1 m and over 65 kg in weight. They have a relatively deep, compressed body, with the dorsal profile usually far more convex than the ventral, with a tapering posterior. The dorsal finDorsal fin
A dorsal fin is a fin located on the backs of various unrelated marine and freshwater vertebrates, including most fishes, marine mammals , and the ichthyosaurs...
is in two parts, the first consisting of spines, and the second of one or two spines followed by a number of soft rays. The anal fin has detached spines preceding a long soft ray section headed by up to two spines. The caudal fin is large and forked and the pectoral fin is large, usually longer than the head. All species have scutes on the posterior section of their lateral line
Lateral line
The lateral line is a sense organ in aquatic organisms , used to detect movement and vibration in the surrounding water. Lateral lines are usually visible as faint lines running lengthwise down each side, from the vicinity of the gill covers to the base of the tail...
.
The genus is defined as having gill raker
Gill raker
Gill rakers in fish are bony or cartilaginous processes that project from the branchial arch and are involved with filter feeding tiny prey. They are not to be confused with the gill filaments that compose the bony part of the gill. Rakers are usually present in two rows, projecting from both the...
s of normal length and shape, with a total number of gill rakers between 21 and 37 on the first gill arch. Both upper and lower jaw
Jaw
The jaw is any opposable articulated structure at the entrance of the mouth, typically used for grasping and manipulating food. The term jaws is also broadly applied to the whole of the structures constituting the vault of the mouth and serving to open and close it and is part of the body plan of...
s have a band of teeth present and the breast is naked ventrally to completely scaled.
The species are often dull in coloration, mostly being silver, getting darker dorsally and lighter ventrally. Often they have green or blue tinges to their body, but fade rapidly after death. A few such as the orangespotted trevally
Orangespotted trevally
The orangespotted trevally, Carangoides bajad is a species of inshore marine fish in the jack family, Carangidae. The species is fairly common in tropical to subtropical waters of the Indo-Pacific, ranging from Madagascar in the west to Japan in the east, typically inhabiting inshore reefs...
have far more brilliant coloration, incorporating bright orange and yellow spotting. The fins are usually hyaline
Hyaline
The term hyaline denotes a substance with a glass-like appearance.-Histopathology:In histopathological medical usage, a hyaline substance appears glassy and pink after being stained with haematoxylin and eosin — usually it is an acellular, proteinaceous material...
to grey, and occasionally blue or yellow.
Distribution and habitat
The species of Carangoides are distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical oceans of the world, occupying the Pacific, IndianIndian Ocean
The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's oceanic divisions, covering approximately 20% of the water on the Earth's surface. It is bounded on the north by the Indian Subcontinent and Arabian Peninsula ; on the west by eastern Africa; on the east by Indochina, the Sunda Islands, and...
and Atlantic Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's oceanic divisions. With a total area of about , it covers approximately 20% of the Earth's surface and about 26% of its water surface area...
s. They occur on the coastlines of countries in this range, although are most prolific in the Indo-Pacific region, having high species densities around South East Asia, Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia , officially the Republic of Indonesia , is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 13,000 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an...
and northern Australia
Northern Australia
The term northern Australia is generally known to include two State and Territories, being Queensland and the Northern Territory . The part of Western Australia north of latitude 26° south—a definition widely used in law and State government policy—is also usually included...
.
Most species are coastal in nature, inhabiting continental shelf marine environments including reef
Reef
In nautical terminology, a reef is a rock, sandbar, or other feature lying beneath the surface of the water ....
s, bay
Bay
A bay is an area of water mostly surrounded by land. Bays generally have calmer waters than the surrounding sea, due to the surrounding land blocking some waves and often reducing winds. Bays also exist as an inlet in a lake or pond. A large bay may be called a gulf, a sea, a sound, or a bight...
s, sandflats, lagoon
Lagoon
A lagoon is a body of shallow sea water or brackish water separated from the sea by some form of barrier. The EU's habitat directive defines lagoons as "expanses of shallow coastal salt water, of varying salinity or water volume, wholly or partially separated from the sea by sand banks or shingle,...
s and even estuaries.
Biology and fisheries
Cephalopod
A cephalopod is any member of the molluscan class Cephalopoda . These exclusively marine animals are characterized by bilateral body symmetry, a prominent head, and a set of arms or tentacles modified from the primitive molluscan foot...
s and crustacean
Crustacean
Crustaceans form a very large group of arthropods, usually treated as a subphylum, which includes such familiar animals as crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill and barnacles. The 50,000 described species range in size from Stygotantulus stocki at , to the Japanese spider crab with a leg span...
s. Like all of the Carangidae, they are non guarding, oviparous fishes that display differing reproductive traits and timing between species.
All of the species are of minor to significant importance to fisheries, with some also being of interest to recreational fishermen
Angling
Angling is a method of fishing by means of an "angle" . The hook is usually attached to a fishing line and the line is often attached to a fishing rod. Fishing rods are usually fitted with a fishing reel that functions as a mechanism for storing, retrieving and paying out the line. The hook itself...
. Like all jacks and trevallies, they can be caught on a variety of baits and lures, and with some members reaching 1 m in length, are considered formidable game fish
Game fish
Game fish are fish pursued for sport by recreational anglers. They can be freshwater or marine fish. Game fish can be eaten after being caught, though increasingly anglers practise catch and release to improve fish populations. Some game fish are also targeted commercially, particularly...
. They are generally considered to be excellent to fair table fish
Fish (food)
Fish is a food consumed by many species, including humans. The word "fish" refers to both the animal and to the food prepared from it. Fish has been an important source of protein for humans throughout recorded history.-Terminology:...
, although there have been a number of ciguatera
Ciguatera
Ciguatera is a foodborne illness caused by eating certain reef fishes whose flesh is contaminated with toxins originally produced by dinoflagellates such as Gambierdiscus toxicus which lives in tropical and subtropical waters. These dinoflagellates adhere to coral, algae and seaweed, where they are...
poisonings linked to the species of this genus. As with all tropical fish, consuming smaller fish carries a lesser risk of being affected by the disease, with larger fish having accumulated more of the toxin.