Abundances of the elements (data page)
Encyclopedia
Earth bulk continental crust and upper continental crust
- C1 — Crust: CRC Handbook
- C2 — Crust: Kaye & LabyT. H. LabyThomas Howell Laby, FRS, was an Australian physicist and chemist, Professor of Natural Philosophy, University of Melbourne 1915–1942. Along with G. W. C...
- C3 — Crust: Greenwood
- C4 — Crust: Ahrens (Taylor)
- C5 — Crust: Ahrens (Wänke)
- C6 — Crust: Ahrens (Weaver)
- U1 — Upper crust: Ahrens (Taylor)
- U2 — Upper crust: Ahrens (Shaw)
Mass fraction, in kg/kg.
| C1 | C2 | C3 | C4 | C5 | C6 | U1 | U2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01 H hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen is the chemical element with atomic number 1. It is represented by the symbol H. With an average atomic weight of , hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant chemical element, constituting roughly 75% of the Universe's chemical elemental mass. Stars in the main sequence are mainly... |
1.40×10−3 | 1.520×10−3 | ||||||
| 02 He helium Helium Helium is the chemical element with atomic number 2 and an atomic weight of 4.002602, which is represented by the symbol He. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas that heads the noble gas group in the periodic table... |
8×10−9 | |||||||
| 03 Li lithium Lithium Lithium is a soft, silver-white metal that belongs to the alkali metal group of chemical elements. It is represented by the symbol Li, and it has the atomic number 3. Under standard conditions it is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element. Like all alkali metals, lithium is highly... |
2.0×10−5 | 2.0×10−5 | 1.8×10−5 | 1.3×10−5 | 1.37×10−5 | 2.0×10−5 | 2.2×10−5 | |
| 04 Be beryllium Beryllium Beryllium is the chemical element with the symbol Be and atomic number 4. It is a divalent element which occurs naturally only in combination with other elements in minerals. Notable gemstones which contain beryllium include beryl and chrysoberyl... |
2.8×10−6 | 2.0×10−6 | 2×10−6 | 1.500×10−6 | 3.000×10−6 | |||
| 05 B boron Boron Boron is the chemical element with atomic number 5 and the chemical symbol B. Boron is a metalloid. Because boron is not produced by stellar nucleosynthesis, it is a low-abundance element in both the solar system and the Earth's crust. However, boron is concentrated on Earth by the... |
1.0×10−5 | 7.0×10−6 | 9×10−6 | 1.0000×10−5 | 1.5000×10−5 | |||
| 06 C carbon Carbon Carbon is the chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds... |
2.00×10−4 | 1.80×10−4 | 3.76×10−3 | |||||
| 07 N nitrogen Nitrogen Nitrogen is a chemical element that has the symbol N, atomic number of 7 and atomic mass 14.00674 u. Elemental nitrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, and mostly inert diatomic gas at standard conditions, constituting 78.08% by volume of Earth's atmosphere... |
1.9×10−5 | 2.0×10−5 | 1.9×10−5 | |||||
| 08 O oxygen Oxygen Oxygen is the element with atomic number 8 and represented by the symbol O. Its name derives from the Greek roots ὀξύς and -γενής , because at the time of naming, it was mistakenly thought that all acids required oxygen in their composition... |
4.61×10−1 | 3.7×10−1 | 4.55000×10−1 | |||||
| 09 F fluorine Fluorine Fluorine is the chemical element with atomic number 9, represented by the symbol F. It is the lightest element of the halogen column of the periodic table and has a single stable isotope, fluorine-19. At standard pressure and temperature, fluorine is a pale yellow gas composed of diatomic... |
5.85×10−4 | 4.6×10−4 | 5.44×10−4 | 5.25×10−4 | ||||
| 10 Ne neon Neon Neon is the chemical element that has the symbol Ne and an atomic number of 10. Although a very common element in the universe, it is rare on Earth. A colorless, inert noble gas under standard conditions, neon gives a distinct reddish-orange glow when used in either low-voltage neon glow lamps or... |
5×10−9 | |||||||
| 11 Na sodium Sodium Sodium is a chemical element with the symbol Na and atomic number 11. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal and is a member of the alkali metals; its only stable isotope is 23Na. It is an abundant element that exists in numerous minerals, most commonly as sodium chloride... |
2.36×10−2 | 2.3×10−2 | 2.2700×10−2 | 2.3000×10−2 | 2.4400×10−2 | 3.1000×10−2 | 2.89×10−2 | 2.57×10−2 |
| 12 Mg magnesium Magnesium Magnesium is a chemical element with the symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and common oxidation number +2. It is an alkaline earth metal and the eighth most abundant element in the Earth's crust and ninth in the known universe as a whole... |
2.33×10−2 | 2.8×10−2 | 2.7640×10−2 | 3.20×10−2 | 2.37×10−2 | 1.69×10−2 | 1.33×10−2 | 1.35×10−2 |
| 13 Al aluminium Aluminium Aluminium or aluminum is a silvery white member of the boron group of chemical elements. It has the symbol Al, and its atomic number is 13. It is not soluble in water under normal circumstances.... |
8.23×10−2 | 8.0×10−2 | 8.3000×10−2 | 8.4100×10−2 | 8.3050×10−2 | 8.5200×10−2 | 8.0400×10−2 | 7.7400×10−2 |
| 14 Si silicon Silicon Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and atomic number 14. A tetravalent metalloid, it is less reactive than its chemical analog carbon, the nonmetal directly above it in the periodic table, but more reactive than germanium, the metalloid directly below it in the table... |
2.82×10−1 | 2.7×10−1 | 2.72000×10−1 | 2.677×10−1 | 2.81×10−1 | 2.95×10−1 | 3.08×10−1 | 3.04×10−1 |
| 15 P phosphorus Phosphorus Phosphorus is the chemical element that has the symbol P and atomic number 15. A multivalent nonmetal of the nitrogen group, phosphorus as a mineral is almost always present in its maximally oxidized state, as inorganic phosphate rocks... |
1.05×10−3 | 1.0×10−3 | 1.120×10−3 | 7.63×10−4 | 8.30×10−4 | |||
| 16 S sulfur Sulfur Sulfur or sulphur is the chemical element with atomic number 16. In the periodic table it is represented by the symbol S. It is an abundant, multivalent non-metal. Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with chemical formula S8. Elemental sulfur is a bright yellow... |
3.50×10−4 | 3.0×10−4 | 3.40×10−4 | 8.81×10−4 | ||||
| 17 Cl chlorine Chlorine Chlorine is the chemical element with atomic number 17 and symbol Cl. It is the second lightest halogen, found in the periodic table in group 17. The element forms diatomic molecules under standard conditions, called dichlorine... |
1.45×10−4 | 1.9×10−4 | 1.26×10−4 | 1.900×10−3 | ||||
| 18 Ar argon Argon Argon is a chemical element represented by the symbol Ar. Argon has atomic number 18 and is the third element in group 18 of the periodic table . Argon is the third most common gas in the Earth's atmosphere, at 0.93%, making it more common than carbon dioxide... |
3.5×10−6 | |||||||
| 19 K potassium Potassium Potassium is the chemical element with the symbol K and atomic number 19. Elemental potassium is a soft silvery-white alkali metal that oxidizes rapidly in air and is very reactive with water, generating sufficient heat to ignite the hydrogen emitted in the reaction.Potassium and sodium are... |
2.09×10−2 | 1.7×10−2 | 1.8400×10−2 | 9.100×10−3 | 1.7600×10−2 | 1.7000×10−2 | 2.8000×10−2 | 2.5700×10−2 |
| 20 Ca calcium Calcium Calcium is the chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. It has an atomic mass of 40.078 amu. Calcium is a soft gray alkaline earth metal, and is the fifth-most-abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust... |
4.15×10−2 | 5.1×10−2 | 4.6600×10−2 | 5.2900×10−2 | 4.9200×10−2 | 3.4000×10−2 | 3.0000×10−2 | 2.9500×10−2 |
| 21 Sc scandium Scandium Scandium is a chemical element with symbol Sc and atomic number 21. A silvery-white metallic transition metal, it has historically been sometimes classified as a rare earth element, together with yttrium and the lanthanoids... |
2.2×10−5 | 2.2×10−5 | 2.5×10−5 | 3.0×10−5 | 2.14×10−5 | 1.1×10−5 | 7×10−6 | |
| 22 Ti titanium Titanium Titanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ti and atomic number 22. It has a low density and is a strong, lustrous, corrosion-resistant transition metal with a silver color.... |
5.65×10−3 | 8.6×10−3 | 6.320×10−3 | 5.400×10−3 | 5.250×10−3 | 3.600×10−3 | 3.000×10−3 | 3.120×10−3 |
| 23 V vanadium Vanadium Vanadium is a chemical element with the symbol V and atomic number 23. It is a hard, silvery gray, ductile and malleable transition metal. The formation of an oxide layer stabilizes the metal against oxidation. The element is found only in chemically combined form in nature... |
1.20×10−4 | 1.7×10−4 | 1.36×10−4 | 2.30×10−4 | 1.34×10−4 | 6.0×10−5 | 5.3×10−5 | |
| 24 Cr chromium Chromium Chromium is a chemical element which has the symbol Cr and atomic number 24. It is the first element in Group 6. It is a steely-gray, lustrous, hard metal that takes a high polish and has a high melting point. It is also odorless, tasteless, and malleable... |
1.02×10−4 | 9.6×10−5 | 1.22×10−4 | 1.85×10−4 | 1.46×10−4 | 5.6×10−5 | 3.5×10−5 | 3.5×10−5 |
| 25 Mn manganese Manganese Manganese is a chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. It has the atomic number 25. It is found as a free element in nature , and in many minerals... |
9.50×10−4 | 1.0×10−3 | 1.060×10−3 | 1.400×10−3 | 8.47×10−4 | 1.000×10−3 | 6.00×10−4 | 5.27×10−4 |
| 26 Fe iron Iron Iron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe and atomic number 26. It is a metal in the first transition series. It is the most common element forming the planet Earth as a whole, forming much of Earth's outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth's crust... |
5.63×10−2 | 5.8×10−2 | 6.2000×10−2 | 7.07×10−2 | 4.92×10−2 | 3.8×10−2 | 3.50×10−2 | 3.09×10−2 |
| 27 Co cobalt Cobalt Cobalt is a chemical element with symbol Co and atomic number 27. It is found naturally only in chemically combined form. The free element, produced by reductive smelting, is a hard, lustrous, silver-gray metal.... |
2.5×10−5 | 2.8×10−5 | 2.9×10−5 | 2.9×10−5 | 2.54×10−5 | 1.0×10−5 | 1.2×10−5 | |
| 28 Ni nickel Nickel Nickel is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Nickel belongs to the transition metals and is hard and ductile... |
8.4×10−5 | 7.2×10−5 | 9.9×10−5 | 1.05×10−4 | 6.95×10−5 | 3.5×10−5 | 2×10−5 | 1.9×10−5 |
| 29 Cu copper Copper Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu and atomic number 29. It is a ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Pure copper is soft and malleable; an exposed surface has a reddish-orange tarnish... |
6.0×10−5 | 5.8×10−5 | 6.8×10−5 | 7.5×10−5 | 4.7×10−5 | 2.5×10−5 | 1.4×10−5 | |
| 30 Zn zinc Zinc Zinc , or spelter , is a metallic chemical element; it has the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. It is the first element in group 12 of the periodic table. Zinc is, in some respects, chemically similar to magnesium, because its ion is of similar size and its only common oxidation state is +2... |
7.0×10−5 | 8.2×10−5 | 7.6×10−5 | 8.0×10−5 | 7.6×10−5 | 7.1×10−5 | 5.2×10−5 | |
| 31 Ga gallium Gallium Gallium is a chemical element that has the symbol Ga and atomic number 31. Elemental gallium does not occur in nature, but as the gallium salt in trace amounts in bauxite and zinc ores. A soft silvery metallic poor metal, elemental gallium is a brittle solid at low temperatures. As it liquefies... |
1.9×10−5 | 1.7×10−5 | 1.9×10−5 | 1.8×10−5 | 1.86×10−5 | 1.7×10−5 | 1.4×10−5 | |
| 32 Ge germanium Germanium Germanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ge and atomic number 32. It is a lustrous, hard, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors tin and silicon. The isolated element is a semiconductor, with an appearance most similar to elemental silicon.... |
1.5×10−6 | 1.3×10−6 | 1.5×10−6 | 1.6×10−6 | 1.32×10−6 | 1.6×10−6 | ||
| 33 As arsenic Arsenic Arsenic is a chemical element with the symbol As, atomic number 33 and relative atomic mass 74.92. Arsenic occurs in many minerals, usually in conjunction with sulfur and metals, and also as a pure elemental crystal. It was first documented by Albertus Magnus in 1250.Arsenic is a metalloid... |
1.8×10−6 | 2.0×10−6 | 1.8×10−6 | 1.0×10−6 | 2.03×10−6 | 1.5×10−6 | ||
| 34 Se selenium Selenium Selenium is a chemical element with atomic number 34, chemical symbol Se, and an atomic mass of 78.96. It is a nonmetal, whose properties are intermediate between those of adjacent chalcogen elements sulfur and tellurium... |
5×10−8 | 5×10−8 | 5×10−8 | 5×10−8 | 1.53×10−7 | 5×10−8 | ||
| 35 Br bromine Bromine Bromine ") is a chemical element with the symbol Br, an atomic number of 35, and an atomic mass of 79.904. It is in the halogen element group. The element was isolated independently by two chemists, Carl Jacob Löwig and Antoine Jerome Balard, in 1825–1826... |
2.4×10−6 | 4.0×10−6 | 2.5×10−6 | 6.95×10−6 | ||||
| 36 Kr krypton Krypton Krypton is a chemical element with the symbol Kr and atomic number 36. It is a member of Group 18 and Period 4 elements. A colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas, krypton occurs in trace amounts in the atmosphere, is isolated by fractionally distilling liquified air, and is often used with other... |
1×10−10 | |||||||
| 37 Rb rubidium Rubidium Rubidium is a chemical element with the symbol Rb and atomic number 37. Rubidium is a soft, silvery-white metallic element of the alkali metal group. Its atomic mass is 85.4678. Elemental rubidium is highly reactive, with properties similar to those of other elements in group 1, such as very rapid... |
9.0×10−5 | 7.0×10−5 | 7.8×10−5 | 3.2×10−5 | 7.90×10−5 | 6.1×10−5 | 1.12×10−4 | 1.10×10−4 |
| 38 Sr strontium Strontium Strontium is a chemical element with the symbol Sr and the atomic number 38. An alkaline earth metal, strontium is a soft silver-white or yellowish metallic element that is highly reactive chemically. The metal turns yellow when exposed to air. It occurs naturally in the minerals celestine and... |
3.70×10−4 | 4.5×10−4 | 3.84×10−4 | 2.60×10−4 | 2.93×10−4 | 5.03×10−4 | 3.50×10−4 | 3.16×10−4 |
| 39 Y yttrium Yttrium Yttrium is a chemical element with symbol Y and atomic number 39. It is a silvery-metallic transition metal chemically similar to the lanthanides and it has often been classified as a "rare earth element". Yttrium is almost always found combined with the lanthanides in rare earth minerals and is... |
3.3×10−5 | 3.5×10−7 | 3.1×10−5 | 2.0×10−5 | 1.4×10−5 | 2.2×10−5 | 2.1×10−5 | |
| 40 Zr zirconium Zirconium Zirconium is a chemical element with the symbol Zr and atomic number 40. The name of zirconium is taken from the mineral zircon. Its atomic mass is 91.224. It is a lustrous, grey-white, strong transition metal that resembles titanium... |
1.65×10−4 | 1.4×10−4 | 1.62×10−4 | 1.00×10−4 | 2.10×10−4 | 1.90×10−4 | 2.40×10−4 | |
| 41 Nb niobium Niobium Niobium or columbium , is a chemical element with the symbol Nb and atomic number 41. It's a soft, grey, ductile transition metal, which is often found in the pyrochlore mineral, the main commercial source for niobium, and columbite... |
2.0×10−5 | 2.0×10−5 | 2.0×10−5 | 1.1000×10−5 | 1.3000×10−5 | 2.5000×10−5 | 2.6000×10−5 | |
| 42 Mo molybdenum Molybdenum Molybdenum , is a Group 6 chemical element with the symbol Mo and atomic number 42. The name is from Neo-Latin Molybdaenum, from Ancient Greek , meaning lead, itself proposed as a loanword from Anatolian Luvian and Lydian languages, since its ores were confused with lead ores... |
1.2×10−6 | 1.2×10−6 | 1.2×10−6 | 1.000×10−6 | 1.500×10−6 | |||
| 43 Tc technetium Technetium Technetium is the chemical element with atomic number 43 and symbol Tc. It is the lowest atomic number element without any stable isotopes; every form of it is radioactive. Nearly all technetium is produced synthetically and only minute amounts are found in nature... |
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| 44 Ru ruthenium Ruthenium Ruthenium is a chemical element with symbol Ru and atomic number 44. It is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table. Like the other metals of the platinum group, ruthenium is inert to most chemicals. The Russian scientist Karl Ernst Claus discovered the element... |
1×10−9 | 1×10−10 | ||||||
| 45 Rh rhodium Rhodium Rhodium is a chemical element that is a rare, silvery-white, hard and chemically inert transition metal and a member of the platinum group. It has the chemical symbol Rh and atomic number 45. It is composed of only one isotope, 103Rh. Naturally occurring rhodium is found as the free metal, alloyed... |
1×10−9 | 1×10−10 | ||||||
| 46 Pd palladium Palladium Palladium is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Pd and an atomic number of 46. It is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston. He named it after the asteroid Pallas, which was itself named after the epithet of the Greek goddess Athena, acquired... |
1.5×10−8 | 3×10−9 | 1.5×10−8 | 1.0×10−9 | 5×10−10 | |||
| 47 Ag silver Silver Silver is a metallic chemical element with the chemical symbol Ag and atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it has the highest electrical conductivity of any element and the highest thermal conductivity of any metal... |
7.5×10−8 | 8×10−8 | 8×10−8 | 8.0×10−8 | 6.95×10−8 | 5.0×10−8 | ||
| 48 Cd cadmium Cadmium Cadmium is a chemical element with the symbol Cd and atomic number 48. This soft, bluish-white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12, zinc and mercury. Similar to zinc, it prefers oxidation state +2 in most of its compounds and similar to mercury it shows a low... |
1.5×10−7 | 1.8×10−7 | 1.6×10−7 | 9.8×10−8 | 1.00×10−7 | 9.8×10−8 | ||
| 49 In indium Indium Indium is a chemical element with the symbol In and atomic number 49. This rare, very soft, malleable and easily fusible post-transition metal is chemically similar to gallium and thallium, and shows the intermediate properties between these two... |
2.5×10−7 | 2×10−7 | 2.4×10−7 | 5.0×10−8 | 6.95×10−8 | 5.0×10−8 | ||
| 50 Sn tin Tin Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn and atomic number 50. It is a main group metal in group 14 of the periodic table. Tin shows chemical similarity to both neighboring group 14 elements, germanium and lead and has two possible oxidation states, +2 and the slightly more stable +4... |
2.3×10−6 | 1.5×10−6 | 2.1×10−6 | 2.500×10−6 | 5.500×10−6 | |||
| 51 Sb antimony Antimony Antimony is a toxic chemical element with the symbol Sb and an atomic number of 51. A lustrous grey metalloid, it is found in nature mainly as the sulfide mineral stibnite... |
2×10−7 | 2×10−7 | 2×10−7 | 2.00×10−7 | 2.03×10−7 | 2.00×10−7 | ||
| 52 Te tellurium | 1×10−9 | 1×10−9 | 2.03×10−9 | |||||
| 53 I iodine Iodine Iodine is a chemical element with the symbol I and atomic number 53. The name is pronounced , , or . The name is from the , meaning violet or purple, due to the color of elemental iodine vapor.... |
4.5×10−7 | 5×10−7 | 4.6×10−7 | 1.540×10−6 | ||||
| 54 Xe xenon Xenon Xenon is a chemical element with the symbol Xe and atomic number 54. The element name is pronounced or . A colorless, heavy, odorless noble gas, xenon occurs in the Earth's atmosphere in trace amounts... |
3×10−11 | |||||||
| 55 Cs caesium Caesium Caesium or cesium is the chemical element with the symbol Cs and atomic number 55. It is a soft, silvery-gold alkali metal with a melting point of 28 °C , which makes it one of only five elemental metals that are liquid at room temperature... |
3×10−6 | 1.6×10−6 | 2.6×10−6 | 1.000×10−6 | 1.310×10−6 | 3.700×10−6 | ||
| 56 Ba barium Barium Barium is a chemical element with the symbol Ba and atomic number 56. It is the fifth element in Group 2, a soft silvery metallic alkaline earth metal. Barium is never found in nature in its pure form due to its reactivity with air. Its oxide is historically known as baryta but it reacts with... |
4.25×10−4 | 3.8×10−4 | 3.90×10−4 | 2.50000×10−4 | 5.42000×10−4 | 7.07000×10−4 | 5.50000×10−4 | 1.070000×10−3 |
| 57 La lanthanum Lanthanum Lanthanum is a chemical element with the symbol La and atomic number 57.Lanthanum is a silvery white metallic element that belongs to group 3 of the periodic table and is the first element of the lanthanide series. It is found in some rare-earth minerals, usually in combination with cerium and... |
3.9×10−5 | 5.0×10−5 | 3.5×10−5 | 1.6000×10−5 | 2.9000×10−5 | 2.8000×10−5 | 3.0000×10−5 | 3.200×10−6 |
| 58 Ce cerium Cerium Cerium is a chemical element with the symbol Ce and atomic number 58. It is a soft, silvery, ductile metal which easily oxidizes in air. Cerium was named after the dwarf planet . Cerium is the most abundant of the rare earth elements, making up about 0.0046% of the Earth's crust by weight... |
6.65×10−5 | 8.3×10−5 | 6.6×10−5 | 3.3000×10−5 | 5.4200×10−5 | 5.7000×10−5 | 6.4000×10−5 | 6.5000×10−5 |
| 59 Pr praseodymium Praseodymium Praseodymium is a chemical element that has the symbol Pr and atomic number 59. Praseodymium is a soft, silvery, malleable and ductile metal in the lanthanide group. It is too reactive to be found in native form, and when artificially prepared, it slowly develops a green oxide coating.The element... |
9.2×10−6 | 1.3×10−5 | 9.1×10−6 | 3.900×10−6 | 7.100×10−6 | |||
| 60 Nd neodymium Neodymium Neodymium is a chemical element with the symbol Nd and atomic number 60. It is a soft silvery metal that tarnishes in air. Neodymium was discovered in 1885 by the Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach. It is present in significant quantities in the ore minerals monazite and bastnäsite... |
4.15×10−5 | 4.4×10−5 | 4.0×10−5 | 1.6000×10−5 | 2.5400×10−5 | 2.3000×10−5 | 2.6000×10−5 | 2.6000×10−5 |
| 61 Pm promethium Promethium Promethium is a chemical element with the symbol Pm and atomic number 61. It is notable for being the only exclusively radioactive element besides technetium that is followed by chemical elements with stable isotopes.- Prediction :... |
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| 62 Sm samarium Samarium Samarium is a chemical element with the symbol Sm, atomic number 62 and atomic weight 150.36. It is a moderately hard silvery metal which readily oxidizes in air. Being a typical member of the lanthanide series, samarium usually assumes the oxidation state +3... |
7.05×10−6 | 7.7×10−6 | 7.0×10−6 | 3.500×10−6 | 5.590×10−6 | 4.100×10−6 | 4.500×10−6 | 4.500×10−6 |
| 63 Eu europium Europium Europium is a chemical element with the symbol Eu and atomic number 63. It is named after the continent of Europe. It is a moderately hard silvery metal which readily oxidizes in air and water... |
2.0×10−6 | 2.2×10−6 | 2.1×10−6 | 1.100×10−6 | 1.407×10−6 | 1.090×10−6 | 8.80×10−7 | 9.40×10−7 |
| 64 Gd gadolinium Gadolinium Gadolinium is a chemical element with the symbol Gd and atomic number 64. It is a silvery-white, malleable and ductile rare-earth metal. It is found in nature only in combined form. Gadolinium was first detected spectroscopically in 1880 by de Marignac who separated its oxide and is credited with... |
6.2×10−6 | 6.3×10−6 | 6.1×10−6 | 3.300×10−6 | 8.140×10−6 | 3.800×10−6 | 2.800×10−6 | |
| 65 Tb terbium Terbium Terbium is a chemical element with the symbol Tb and atomic number 65. It is a silvery-white rare earth metal that is malleable, ductile and soft enough to be cut with a knife... |
1.2×10−6 | 1.0×10−6 | 1.2×10−6 | 6.00×10−7 | 1.020×10−6 | 5.30×10−7 | 6.40×10−7 | 4.80×10−7 |
| 66 Dy dysprosium Dysprosium Dysprosium is a chemical element with the symbol Dy and atomic number 66. It is a rare earth element with a metallic silver luster. Dysprosium is never found in nature as a free element, though it is found in various minerals, such as xenotime... |
5.2×10−6 | 8.5×10−6 | 3.700×10−6 | 6.102×10−6 | 3.500×10−6 | |||
| 67 Ho holmium Holmium Holmium is a chemical element with the symbol Ho and atomic number 67. Part of the lanthanide series, holmium is a rare earth element. Its oxide was first isolated from rare earth ores in 1878 and the element was named after the city of Stockholm.... |
1.3×10−6 | 1.6×10−6 | 1.3×10−6 | 7.80×10−7 | 1.860×10−6 | 8.00×10−7 | 6.20×10−7 | |
| 68 Er erbium Erbium Erbium is a chemical element in the lanthanide series, with the symbol Er and atomic number 68. A silvery-white solid metal when artificially isolated, natural erbium is always found in chemical combination with other elements on Earth... |
3.5×10−6 | 3.6×10−6 | 3.5×10−6 | 2.200×10−6 | 3.390×10−6 | 2.300×10−6 | ||
| 69 Tm thulium Thulium Thulium is a chemical element that has the symbol Tm and atomic number 69. Thulium is the second least abundant of the lanthanides . It is an easily workable metal with a bright silvery-gray luster... |
5.2×10−7 | 5.2×10−7 | 5×10−7 | 3.20×10−7 | 2.40×10−7 | 3.30×10−7 | ||
| 70 Yb ytterbium Ytterbium Ytterbium is a chemical element with the symbol Yb and atomic number 70. A soft silvery metallic element, ytterbium is a rare earth element of the lanthanide series and is found in the minerals gadolinite, monazite, and xenotime. The element is sometimes associated with yttrium or other related... |
3.2×10−6 | 3.4×10−6 | 3.1×10−6 | 2.200×10−6 | 3.390×10−6 | 1.530×10−6 | 2.200×10−6 | 1.500×10−6 |
| 71 Lu lutetium | 8×10−7 | 8×10−7 | 3.00×10−7 | 5.76×10−7 | 2.30×10−7 | 3.20×10−7 | 2.30×10−7 | |
| 72 Hf hafnium Hafnium Hafnium is a chemical element with the symbol Hf and atomic number 72. A lustrous, silvery gray, tetravalent transition metal, hafnium chemically resembles zirconium and is found in zirconium minerals. Its existence was predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869. Hafnium was the penultimate stable... |
3.0×10−6 | 4×10−6 | 2.8×10−6 | 3.000×10−6 | 3.460×10−6 | 4.700×10−6 | 5.800×10−6 | 5.800×10−6 |
| 73 Ta tantalum Tantalum Tantalum is a chemical element with the symbol Ta and atomic number 73. Previously known as tantalium, the name comes from Tantalus, a character in Greek mythology. Tantalum is a rare, hard, blue-gray, lustrous transition metal that is highly corrosion resistant. It is part of the refractory... |
2.0×10−6 | 2.4×10−6 | 1.7×10−6 | 1.000×10−6 | 2.203×10−6 | 2.200×10−6 | ||
| 74 W tungsten Tungsten Tungsten , also known as wolfram , is a chemical element with the chemical symbol W and atomic number 74.A hard, rare metal under standard conditions when uncombined, tungsten is found naturally on Earth only in chemical compounds. It was identified as a new element in 1781, and first isolated as... |
1.25×10−6 | 1.0×10−6 | 1.2×10−6 | 1.000×10−6 | 1.310×10−6 | 2.000×10−6 | ||
| 75 Re rhenium Rhenium Rhenium is a chemical element with the symbol Re and atomic number 75. It is a silvery-white, heavy, third-row transition metal in group 7 of the periodic table. With an average concentration of 1 part per billion , rhenium is one of the rarest elements in the Earth's crust. The free element has... |
7×10−10 | 4×10−10 | 7×10−10 | 5×10−10 | 1.02×10−9 | 5×10−10 | ||
| 76 Os osmium Osmium Osmium is a chemical element with the symbol Os and atomic number 76. Osmium is a hard, brittle, blue-gray or blue-blacktransition metal in the platinum family, and is the densest natural element. Osmium is twice as dense as lead. The density of osmium is , slightly greater than that of iridium,... |
1.5×10−9 | 2×10−10 | 5×10−9 | 1.02×10−9 | ||||
| 77 Ir iridium Iridium Iridium is the chemical element with atomic number 77, and is represented by the symbol Ir. A very hard, brittle, silvery-white transition metal of the platinum family, iridium is the second-densest element and is the most corrosion-resistant metal, even at temperatures as high as 2000 °C... |
1×10−9 | 2×10−10 | 1×10−9 | 1×10−10 | 1.02×10−9 | 2×10−11 | ||
| 78 Pt platinum Platinum Platinum is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Pt and an atomic number of 78. Its name is derived from the Spanish term platina del Pinto, which is literally translated into "little silver of the Pinto River." It is a dense, malleable, ductile, precious, gray-white transition metal... |
5×10−9 | 1×10−8 | ||||||
| 79 Au gold Gold Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au and an atomic number of 79. Gold is a dense, soft, shiny, malleable and ductile metal. Pure gold has a bright yellow color and luster traditionally considered attractive, which it maintains without oxidizing in air or water. Chemically, gold is a... |
4×10−9 | 2×10−9 | 4×10−9 | 3.0×10−9 | 4.07×10−9 | 1.8×10−9 | ||
| 80 Hg mercury Mercury (element) Mercury is a chemical element with the symbol Hg and atomic number 80. It is also known as quicksilver or hydrargyrum... |
8.5×10−8 | 2×10−8 | 8×10−8 | |||||
| 81 Tl thallium Thallium Thallium is a chemical element with the symbol Tl and atomic number 81. This soft gray poor metal resembles tin but discolors when exposed to air. The two chemists William Crookes and Claude-Auguste Lamy discovered thallium independently in 1861 by the newly developed method of flame spectroscopy... |
8.5×10−7 | 4.7×10−7 | 7×10−7 | 3.60×10−7 | 7.50×10−7 | 5.20×10−7 | ||
| 82 Pb lead Lead Lead is a main-group element in the carbon group with the symbol Pb and atomic number 82. Lead is a soft, malleable poor metal. It is also counted as one of the heavy metals. Metallic lead has a bluish-white color after being freshly cut, but it soon tarnishes to a dull grayish color when exposed... |
1.4×10−5 | 1.0×10−5 | 1.3×10−5 | 8.000×10−6 | 1.5000×10−5 | 2.0000×10−5 | 1.7000×10−5 | |
| 83 Bi bismuth Bismuth Bismuth is a chemical element with symbol Bi and atomic number 83. Bismuth, a trivalent poor metal, chemically resembles arsenic and antimony. Elemental bismuth may occur naturally uncombined, although its sulfide and oxide form important commercial ores. The free element is 86% as dense as lead... |
8.5×10−9 | 4×10−9 | 8×10−9 | 6.0×10−8 | 1.27×10−7 | |||
| 84 Po polonium Polonium Polonium is a chemical element with the symbol Po and atomic number 84, discovered in 1898 by Marie Skłodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie. A rare and highly radioactive element, polonium is chemically similar to bismuth and tellurium, and it occurs in uranium ores. Polonium has been studied for... |
2×10−16 | |||||||
| 85 At astatine Astatine Astatine is a radioactive chemical element with the symbol At and atomic number 85. It occurs on the Earth only as the result of decay of heavier elements, and decays away rapidly, so much less is known about this element than its upper neighbors in the periodic table... |
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| 86 Rn radon Radon Radon is a chemical element with symbol Rn and atomic number 86. It is a radioactive, colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas, occurring naturally as the decay product of uranium or thorium. Its most stable isotope, 222Rn, has a half-life of 3.8 days... |
4×10−19 | |||||||
| 87 Fr francium Francium Francium is a chemical element with symbol Fr and atomic number 87. It was formerly known as eka-caesium and actinium K.Actually the least unstable isotope, francium-223 It has the lowest electronegativity of all known elements, and is the second rarest naturally occurring element... |
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| 88 Ra radium Radium Radium is a chemical element with atomic number 88, represented by the symbol Ra. Radium is an almost pure-white alkaline earth metal, but it readily oxidizes on exposure to air, becoming black in color. All isotopes of radium are highly radioactive, with the most stable isotope being radium-226,... |
9×10−13 | |||||||
| 89 Ac actinium Actinium Actinium is a radioactive chemical element with the symbol Ac and atomic number 89, which was discovered in 1899. It was the first non-primordial radioactive element to be isolated. Polonium, radium and radon were observed before actinium, but they were not isolated until 1902... |
5.5×10−16 | |||||||
| 90 Th thorium Thorium Thorium is a natural radioactive chemical element with the symbol Th and atomic number 90. It was discovered in 1828 and named after Thor, the Norse god of thunder.... |
9.6×10−6 | 5.8×10−6 | 8.1×10−6 | 3.500×10−6 | 5.700×10−6 | 1.0700×10−5 | 1.0000×10−5 | |
| 91 Pa protactinium Protactinium Protactinium is a chemical element with the symbol Pa and atomic number 91. It is a dense, silvery-gray metal which readily reacts with oxygen, water vapor and inorganic acids. It forms various chemical compounds where protactinium is usually present in the oxidation state +5, but can also assume... |
1.4×10−12 | |||||||
| 92 U uranium Uranium Uranium is a silvery-white metallic chemical element in the actinide series of the periodic table, with atomic number 92. It is assigned the chemical symbol U. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons... |
2.7×10−6 | 1.6×10−6 | 2.3×10−6 | 9.10×10−7 | 1.200×10−6 | 1.300×10−6 | 2.800×10−6 | 2.500×10−6 |
Sea water
- W1 — CRC Handbook
- W2 — Kaye & Laby
Mass per volume fraction, in kg/L.
| W1 | W2 | |
|---|---|---|
| 01 H hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen is the chemical element with atomic number 1. It is represented by the symbol H. With an average atomic weight of , hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant chemical element, constituting roughly 75% of the Universe's chemical elemental mass. Stars in the main sequence are mainly... |
1.08×10−1 | 1.1×10−1 |
| 02 He helium Helium Helium is the chemical element with atomic number 2 and an atomic weight of 4.002602, which is represented by the symbol He. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas that heads the noble gas group in the periodic table... |
7×10−12 | 7.2×10−12 |
| 03 Li lithium Lithium Lithium is a soft, silver-white metal that belongs to the alkali metal group of chemical elements. It is represented by the symbol Li, and it has the atomic number 3. Under standard conditions it is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element. Like all alkali metals, lithium is highly... |
1.8×10−7 | 1.7×10−7 |
| 04 Be beryllium Beryllium Beryllium is the chemical element with the symbol Be and atomic number 4. It is a divalent element which occurs naturally only in combination with other elements in minerals. Notable gemstones which contain beryllium include beryl and chrysoberyl... |
5.6×10−12 | 6×10−13 |
| 05 B boron Boron Boron is the chemical element with atomic number 5 and the chemical symbol B. Boron is a metalloid. Because boron is not produced by stellar nucleosynthesis, it is a low-abundance element in both the solar system and the Earth's crust. However, boron is concentrated on Earth by the... |
4.44×10−6 | 4.4×10−6 |
| 06 C carbon Carbon Carbon is the chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds... |
2.8×10−5 | 2.8×10−5 |
| 07 N nitrogen Nitrogen Nitrogen is a chemical element that has the symbol N, atomic number of 7 and atomic mass 14.00674 u. Elemental nitrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, and mostly inert diatomic gas at standard conditions, constituting 78.08% by volume of Earth's atmosphere... |
5×10−7 | 1.6×10−5 |
| 08 O oxygen Oxygen Oxygen is the element with atomic number 8 and represented by the symbol O. Its name derives from the Greek roots ὀξύς and -γενής , because at the time of naming, it was mistakenly thought that all acids required oxygen in their composition... |
8.57×10−1 | 8.8×10−1 |
| 09 F fluorine Fluorine Fluorine is the chemical element with atomic number 9, represented by the symbol F. It is the lightest element of the halogen column of the periodic table and has a single stable isotope, fluorine-19. At standard pressure and temperature, fluorine is a pale yellow gas composed of diatomic... |
1.3×10−6 | 1.3×10−6 |
| 10 Ne neon Neon Neon is the chemical element that has the symbol Ne and an atomic number of 10. Although a very common element in the universe, it is rare on Earth. A colorless, inert noble gas under standard conditions, neon gives a distinct reddish-orange glow when used in either low-voltage neon glow lamps or... |
1.2×10−10 | 1.2×10−10 |
| 11 Na sodium Sodium Sodium is a chemical element with the symbol Na and atomic number 11. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal and is a member of the alkali metals; its only stable isotope is 23Na. It is an abundant element that exists in numerous minerals, most commonly as sodium chloride... |
1.08×10−2 | 1.1×10−2 |
| 12 Mg magnesium Magnesium Magnesium is a chemical element with the symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and common oxidation number +2. It is an alkaline earth metal and the eighth most abundant element in the Earth's crust and ninth in the known universe as a whole... |
1.29×10−3 | 1.3×10−3 |
| 13 Al aluminium Aluminium Aluminium or aluminum is a silvery white member of the boron group of chemical elements. It has the symbol Al, and its atomic number is 13. It is not soluble in water under normal circumstances.... |
2×10−9 | 1×10−9 |
| 14 Si silicon Silicon Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and atomic number 14. A tetravalent metalloid, it is less reactive than its chemical analog carbon, the nonmetal directly above it in the periodic table, but more reactive than germanium, the metalloid directly below it in the table... |
2.2×10−6 | 2.9×10−6 |
| 15 P phosphorus Phosphorus Phosphorus is the chemical element that has the symbol P and atomic number 15. A multivalent nonmetal of the nitrogen group, phosphorus as a mineral is almost always present in its maximally oxidized state, as inorganic phosphate rocks... |
6×10−8 | 8.8×10−8 |
| 16 S sulfur Sulfur Sulfur or sulphur is the chemical element with atomic number 16. In the periodic table it is represented by the symbol S. It is an abundant, multivalent non-metal. Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with chemical formula S8. Elemental sulfur is a bright yellow... |
9.05×10−4 | 9.0×10−4 |
| 17 Cl chlorine Chlorine Chlorine is the chemical element with atomic number 17 and symbol Cl. It is the second lightest halogen, found in the periodic table in group 17. The element forms diatomic molecules under standard conditions, called dichlorine... |
1.94×10−2 | 1.9×10−2 |
| 18 Ar argon Argon Argon is a chemical element represented by the symbol Ar. Argon has atomic number 18 and is the third element in group 18 of the periodic table . Argon is the third most common gas in the Earth's atmosphere, at 0.93%, making it more common than carbon dioxide... |
4.5×10−7 | 4.5×10−7 |
| 19 K potassium Potassium Potassium is the chemical element with the symbol K and atomic number 19. Elemental potassium is a soft silvery-white alkali metal that oxidizes rapidly in air and is very reactive with water, generating sufficient heat to ignite the hydrogen emitted in the reaction.Potassium and sodium are... |
3.99×10−4 | 3.9×10−4 |
| 20 Ca calcium Calcium Calcium is the chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. It has an atomic mass of 40.078 amu. Calcium is a soft gray alkaline earth metal, and is the fifth-most-abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust... |
4.12×10−4 | 4.1×10−4 |
| 21 Sc scandium Scandium Scandium is a chemical element with symbol Sc and atomic number 21. A silvery-white metallic transition metal, it has historically been sometimes classified as a rare earth element, together with yttrium and the lanthanoids... |
6×10−13 | < 4×10−12 |
| 22 Ti titanium Titanium Titanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ti and atomic number 22. It has a low density and is a strong, lustrous, corrosion-resistant transition metal with a silver color.... |
1×10−9 | 1×10−9 |
| 23 V vanadium Vanadium Vanadium is a chemical element with the symbol V and atomic number 23. It is a hard, silvery gray, ductile and malleable transition metal. The formation of an oxide layer stabilizes the metal against oxidation. The element is found only in chemically combined form in nature... |
2.5×10−9 | 1.9×10−9 |
| 24 Cr chromium Chromium Chromium is a chemical element which has the symbol Cr and atomic number 24. It is the first element in Group 6. It is a steely-gray, lustrous, hard metal that takes a high polish and has a high melting point. It is also odorless, tasteless, and malleable... |
3×10−10 | 2×10−10 |
| 25 Mn manganese Manganese Manganese is a chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. It has the atomic number 25. It is found as a free element in nature , and in many minerals... |
2×10−10 | 1.9×10−9 |
| 26 Fe iron Iron Iron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe and atomic number 26. It is a metal in the first transition series. It is the most common element forming the planet Earth as a whole, forming much of Earth's outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth's crust... |
2×10−9 | 3.4×10−9 |
| 27 Co cobalt Cobalt Cobalt is a chemical element with symbol Co and atomic number 27. It is found naturally only in chemically combined form. The free element, produced by reductive smelting, is a hard, lustrous, silver-gray metal.... |
2×10−11 | 3.9×10−10 |
| 28 Ni nickel Nickel Nickel is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Nickel belongs to the transition metals and is hard and ductile... |
5.6×10−10 | 6.6×10−9 |
| 29 Cu copper Copper Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu and atomic number 29. It is a ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Pure copper is soft and malleable; an exposed surface has a reddish-orange tarnish... |
2.5×10−10 | 2.3×10−8 |
| 30 Zn zinc Zinc Zinc , or spelter , is a metallic chemical element; it has the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. It is the first element in group 12 of the periodic table. Zinc is, in some respects, chemically similar to magnesium, because its ion is of similar size and its only common oxidation state is +2... |
4.9×10−9 | 1.1×10−8 |
| 31 Ga gallium Gallium Gallium is a chemical element that has the symbol Ga and atomic number 31. Elemental gallium does not occur in nature, but as the gallium salt in trace amounts in bauxite and zinc ores. A soft silvery metallic poor metal, elemental gallium is a brittle solid at low temperatures. As it liquefies... |
3×10−11 | 3×10−11 |
| 32 Ge germanium Germanium Germanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ge and atomic number 32. It is a lustrous, hard, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors tin and silicon. The isolated element is a semiconductor, with an appearance most similar to elemental silicon.... |
5×10−11 | 6×10−11 |
| 33 As arsenic Arsenic Arsenic is a chemical element with the symbol As, atomic number 33 and relative atomic mass 74.92. Arsenic occurs in many minerals, usually in conjunction with sulfur and metals, and also as a pure elemental crystal. It was first documented by Albertus Magnus in 1250.Arsenic is a metalloid... |
3.7×10−9 | 2.6×10−9 |
| 34 Se selenium Selenium Selenium is a chemical element with atomic number 34, chemical symbol Se, and an atomic mass of 78.96. It is a nonmetal, whose properties are intermediate between those of adjacent chalcogen elements sulfur and tellurium... |
2×10−10 | 9.0×10−11 |
| 35 Br bromine Bromine Bromine ") is a chemical element with the symbol Br, an atomic number of 35, and an atomic mass of 79.904. It is in the halogen element group. The element was isolated independently by two chemists, Carl Jacob Löwig and Antoine Jerome Balard, in 1825–1826... |
6.73×10−5 | 6.7×10−5 |
| 36 Kr krypton Krypton Krypton is a chemical element with the symbol Kr and atomic number 36. It is a member of Group 18 and Period 4 elements. A colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas, krypton occurs in trace amounts in the atmosphere, is isolated by fractionally distilling liquified air, and is often used with other... |
2.1×10−10 | 2.1×10−10 |
| 37 Rb rubidium Rubidium Rubidium is a chemical element with the symbol Rb and atomic number 37. Rubidium is a soft, silvery-white metallic element of the alkali metal group. Its atomic mass is 85.4678. Elemental rubidium is highly reactive, with properties similar to those of other elements in group 1, such as very rapid... |
1.2×10−7 | 1.2×10−7 |
| 38 Sr strontium Strontium Strontium is a chemical element with the symbol Sr and the atomic number 38. An alkaline earth metal, strontium is a soft silver-white or yellowish metallic element that is highly reactive chemically. The metal turns yellow when exposed to air. It occurs naturally in the minerals celestine and... |
7.9×10−6 | 8.1×10−6 |
| 39 Y yttrium Yttrium Yttrium is a chemical element with symbol Y and atomic number 39. It is a silvery-metallic transition metal chemically similar to the lanthanides and it has often been classified as a "rare earth element". Yttrium is almost always found combined with the lanthanides in rare earth minerals and is... |
1.3×10−11 | 1.3×10−12 |
| 40 Zr zirconium Zirconium Zirconium is a chemical element with the symbol Zr and atomic number 40. The name of zirconium is taken from the mineral zircon. Its atomic mass is 91.224. It is a lustrous, grey-white, strong transition metal that resembles titanium... |
3×10−11 | 2.6×10−11 |
| 41 Nb niobium Niobium Niobium or columbium , is a chemical element with the symbol Nb and atomic number 41. It's a soft, grey, ductile transition metal, which is often found in the pyrochlore mineral, the main commercial source for niobium, and columbite... |
1×10−11 | 1.5×10−11 |
| 42 Mo molybdenum Molybdenum Molybdenum , is a Group 6 chemical element with the symbol Mo and atomic number 42. The name is from Neo-Latin Molybdaenum, from Ancient Greek , meaning lead, itself proposed as a loanword from Anatolian Luvian and Lydian languages, since its ores were confused with lead ores... |
1×10−8 | 1.0×10−8 |
| 43 Tc technetium Technetium Technetium is the chemical element with atomic number 43 and symbol Tc. It is the lowest atomic number element without any stable isotopes; every form of it is radioactive. Nearly all technetium is produced synthetically and only minute amounts are found in nature... |
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| 44 Ru ruthenium Ruthenium Ruthenium is a chemical element with symbol Ru and atomic number 44. It is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table. Like the other metals of the platinum group, ruthenium is inert to most chemicals. The Russian scientist Karl Ernst Claus discovered the element... |
7×10−13 | |
| 45 Rh rhodium Rhodium Rhodium is a chemical element that is a rare, silvery-white, hard and chemically inert transition metal and a member of the platinum group. It has the chemical symbol Rh and atomic number 45. It is composed of only one isotope, 103Rh. Naturally occurring rhodium is found as the free metal, alloyed... |
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| 46 Pd palladium Palladium Palladium is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Pd and an atomic number of 46. It is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston. He named it after the asteroid Pallas, which was itself named after the epithet of the Greek goddess Athena, acquired... |
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| 47 Ag silver Silver Silver is a metallic chemical element with the chemical symbol Ag and atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it has the highest electrical conductivity of any element and the highest thermal conductivity of any metal... |
4×10−11 | 2.8×10−10 |
| 48 Cd cadmium Cadmium Cadmium is a chemical element with the symbol Cd and atomic number 48. This soft, bluish-white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12, zinc and mercury. Similar to zinc, it prefers oxidation state +2 in most of its compounds and similar to mercury it shows a low... |
1.1×10−10 | 1.1×10−10 |
| 49 In indium Indium Indium is a chemical element with the symbol In and atomic number 49. This rare, very soft, malleable and easily fusible post-transition metal is chemically similar to gallium and thallium, and shows the intermediate properties between these two... |
2×10−8 | |
| 50 Sn tin Tin Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn and atomic number 50. It is a main group metal in group 14 of the periodic table. Tin shows chemical similarity to both neighboring group 14 elements, germanium and lead and has two possible oxidation states, +2 and the slightly more stable +4... |
4×10−12 | 8.1×10−10 |
| 51 Sb antimony Antimony Antimony is a toxic chemical element with the symbol Sb and an atomic number of 51. A lustrous grey metalloid, it is found in nature mainly as the sulfide mineral stibnite... |
2.4×10−10 | 3.3×10−10 |
| 52 Te tellurium | ||
| 53 I iodine Iodine Iodine is a chemical element with the symbol I and atomic number 53. The name is pronounced , , or . The name is from the , meaning violet or purple, due to the color of elemental iodine vapor.... |
6×10−8 | 6.4×10−8 |
| 54 Xe xenon Xenon Xenon is a chemical element with the symbol Xe and atomic number 54. The element name is pronounced or . A colorless, heavy, odorless noble gas, xenon occurs in the Earth's atmosphere in trace amounts... |
5×10−11 | 4.7×10−11 |
| 55 Cs caesium Caesium Caesium or cesium is the chemical element with the symbol Cs and atomic number 55. It is a soft, silvery-gold alkali metal with a melting point of 28 °C , which makes it one of only five elemental metals that are liquid at room temperature... |
3×10−10 | 3.0×10−10 |
| 56 Ba barium Barium Barium is a chemical element with the symbol Ba and atomic number 56. It is the fifth element in Group 2, a soft silvery metallic alkaline earth metal. Barium is never found in nature in its pure form due to its reactivity with air. Its oxide is historically known as baryta but it reacts with... |
1.3×10−8 | 2.1×10−8 |
| 57 La lanthanum Lanthanum Lanthanum is a chemical element with the symbol La and atomic number 57.Lanthanum is a silvery white metallic element that belongs to group 3 of the periodic table and is the first element of the lanthanide series. It is found in some rare-earth minerals, usually in combination with cerium and... |
3.4×10−12 | 3.4×10−12 |
| 58 Ce cerium Cerium Cerium is a chemical element with the symbol Ce and atomic number 58. It is a soft, silvery, ductile metal which easily oxidizes in air. Cerium was named after the dwarf planet . Cerium is the most abundant of the rare earth elements, making up about 0.0046% of the Earth's crust by weight... |
1.2×10−12 | 1.2×10−12 |
| 59 Pr praseodymium Praseodymium Praseodymium is a chemical element that has the symbol Pr and atomic number 59. Praseodymium is a soft, silvery, malleable and ductile metal in the lanthanide group. It is too reactive to be found in native form, and when artificially prepared, it slowly develops a green oxide coating.The element... |
6.4×10−13 | 6.4×10−13 |
| 60 Nd neodymium Neodymium Neodymium is a chemical element with the symbol Nd and atomic number 60. It is a soft silvery metal that tarnishes in air. Neodymium was discovered in 1885 by the Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach. It is present in significant quantities in the ore minerals monazite and bastnäsite... |
2.8×10−12 | 2.8×10−12 |
| 61 Pm promethium Promethium Promethium is a chemical element with the symbol Pm and atomic number 61. It is notable for being the only exclusively radioactive element besides technetium that is followed by chemical elements with stable isotopes.- Prediction :... |
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| 62 Sm samarium Samarium Samarium is a chemical element with the symbol Sm, atomic number 62 and atomic weight 150.36. It is a moderately hard silvery metal which readily oxidizes in air. Being a typical member of the lanthanide series, samarium usually assumes the oxidation state +3... |
4.5×10−13 | 4.5×10−13 |
| 63 Eu europium Europium Europium is a chemical element with the symbol Eu and atomic number 63. It is named after the continent of Europe. It is a moderately hard silvery metal which readily oxidizes in air and water... |
1.3×10−13 | 1.3×10−13 |
| 64 Gd gadolinium Gadolinium Gadolinium is a chemical element with the symbol Gd and atomic number 64. It is a silvery-white, malleable and ductile rare-earth metal. It is found in nature only in combined form. Gadolinium was first detected spectroscopically in 1880 by de Marignac who separated its oxide and is credited with... |
7×10−13 | 7.0×10−13 |
| 65 Tb terbium Terbium Terbium is a chemical element with the symbol Tb and atomic number 65. It is a silvery-white rare earth metal that is malleable, ductile and soft enough to be cut with a knife... |
1.4×10−13 | 1.4×10−12 |
| 66 Dy dysprosium Dysprosium Dysprosium is a chemical element with the symbol Dy and atomic number 66. It is a rare earth element with a metallic silver luster. Dysprosium is never found in nature as a free element, though it is found in various minerals, such as xenotime... |
9.1×10−13 | 9.1×10−13 |
| 67 Ho holmium Holmium Holmium is a chemical element with the symbol Ho and atomic number 67. Part of the lanthanide series, holmium is a rare earth element. Its oxide was first isolated from rare earth ores in 1878 and the element was named after the city of Stockholm.... |
2.2×10−13 | 2.2×10−13 |
| 68 Er erbium Erbium Erbium is a chemical element in the lanthanide series, with the symbol Er and atomic number 68. A silvery-white solid metal when artificially isolated, natural erbium is always found in chemical combination with other elements on Earth... |
8.7×10−13 | 8.7×10−12 |
| 69 Tm thulium Thulium Thulium is a chemical element that has the symbol Tm and atomic number 69. Thulium is the second least abundant of the lanthanides . It is an easily workable metal with a bright silvery-gray luster... |
1.7×10−13 | 1.7×10−13 |
| 70 Yb ytterbium Ytterbium Ytterbium is a chemical element with the symbol Yb and atomic number 70. A soft silvery metallic element, ytterbium is a rare earth element of the lanthanide series and is found in the minerals gadolinite, monazite, and xenotime. The element is sometimes associated with yttrium or other related... |
8.2×10−13 | 8.2×10−13 |
| 71 Lu lutetium | 1.5×10−13 | 1.5×10−13 |
| 72 Hf hafnium Hafnium Hafnium is a chemical element with the symbol Hf and atomic number 72. A lustrous, silvery gray, tetravalent transition metal, hafnium chemically resembles zirconium and is found in zirconium minerals. Its existence was predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869. Hafnium was the penultimate stable... |
7×10−12 | < 8×10−12 |
| 73 Ta tantalum Tantalum Tantalum is a chemical element with the symbol Ta and atomic number 73. Previously known as tantalium, the name comes from Tantalus, a character in Greek mythology. Tantalum is a rare, hard, blue-gray, lustrous transition metal that is highly corrosion resistant. It is part of the refractory... |
2×10−12 | < 2.5×10−12 |
| 74 W tungsten Tungsten Tungsten , also known as wolfram , is a chemical element with the chemical symbol W and atomic number 74.A hard, rare metal under standard conditions when uncombined, tungsten is found naturally on Earth only in chemical compounds. It was identified as a new element in 1781, and first isolated as... |
1×10−10 | < 1×10−12 |
| 75 Re rhenium Rhenium Rhenium is a chemical element with the symbol Re and atomic number 75. It is a silvery-white, heavy, third-row transition metal in group 7 of the periodic table. With an average concentration of 1 part per billion , rhenium is one of the rarest elements in the Earth's crust. The free element has... |
4×10−12 | |
| 76 Os osmium Osmium Osmium is a chemical element with the symbol Os and atomic number 76. Osmium is a hard, brittle, blue-gray or blue-blacktransition metal in the platinum family, and is the densest natural element. Osmium is twice as dense as lead. The density of osmium is , slightly greater than that of iridium,... |
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| 77 Ir iridium Iridium Iridium is the chemical element with atomic number 77, and is represented by the symbol Ir. A very hard, brittle, silvery-white transition metal of the platinum family, iridium is the second-densest element and is the most corrosion-resistant metal, even at temperatures as high as 2000 °C... |
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| 78 Pt platinum Platinum Platinum is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Pt and an atomic number of 78. Its name is derived from the Spanish term platina del Pinto, which is literally translated into "little silver of the Pinto River." It is a dense, malleable, ductile, precious, gray-white transition metal... |
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| 79 Au gold Gold Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au and an atomic number of 79. Gold is a dense, soft, shiny, malleable and ductile metal. Pure gold has a bright yellow color and luster traditionally considered attractive, which it maintains without oxidizing in air or water. Chemically, gold is a... |
4×10−12 | 1.1×10−11 |
| 80 Hg mercury Mercury (element) Mercury is a chemical element with the symbol Hg and atomic number 80. It is also known as quicksilver or hydrargyrum... |
3×10−11 | 1.5×10−10 |
| 81 Tl thallium Thallium Thallium is a chemical element with the symbol Tl and atomic number 81. This soft gray poor metal resembles tin but discolors when exposed to air. The two chemists William Crookes and Claude-Auguste Lamy discovered thallium independently in 1861 by the newly developed method of flame spectroscopy... |
1.9×10−11 | |
| 82 Pb lead Lead Lead is a main-group element in the carbon group with the symbol Pb and atomic number 82. Lead is a soft, malleable poor metal. It is also counted as one of the heavy metals. Metallic lead has a bluish-white color after being freshly cut, but it soon tarnishes to a dull grayish color when exposed... |
3×10−11 | 3×10−11 |
| 83 Bi bismuth Bismuth Bismuth is a chemical element with symbol Bi and atomic number 83. Bismuth, a trivalent poor metal, chemically resembles arsenic and antimony. Elemental bismuth may occur naturally uncombined, although its sulfide and oxide form important commercial ores. The free element is 86% as dense as lead... |
2×10−11 | 2×10−11 |
| 84 Po polonium Polonium Polonium is a chemical element with the symbol Po and atomic number 84, discovered in 1898 by Marie Skłodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie. A rare and highly radioactive element, polonium is chemically similar to bismuth and tellurium, and it occurs in uranium ores. Polonium has been studied for... |
1.5×10−20 | |
| 85 At astatine Astatine Astatine is a radioactive chemical element with the symbol At and atomic number 85. It occurs on the Earth only as the result of decay of heavier elements, and decays away rapidly, so much less is known about this element than its upper neighbors in the periodic table... |
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| 86 Rn radon Radon Radon is a chemical element with symbol Rn and atomic number 86. It is a radioactive, colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas, occurring naturally as the decay product of uranium or thorium. Its most stable isotope, 222Rn, has a half-life of 3.8 days... |
6×10−22 | |
| 87 Fr francium Francium Francium is a chemical element with symbol Fr and atomic number 87. It was formerly known as eka-caesium and actinium K.Actually the least unstable isotope, francium-223 It has the lowest electronegativity of all known elements, and is the second rarest naturally occurring element... |
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| 88 Ra radium Radium Radium is a chemical element with atomic number 88, represented by the symbol Ra. Radium is an almost pure-white alkaline earth metal, but it readily oxidizes on exposure to air, becoming black in color. All isotopes of radium are highly radioactive, with the most stable isotope being radium-226,... |
8.9×10−17 | |
| 89 Ac actinium Actinium Actinium is a radioactive chemical element with the symbol Ac and atomic number 89, which was discovered in 1899. It was the first non-primordial radioactive element to be isolated. Polonium, radium and radon were observed before actinium, but they were not isolated until 1902... |
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| 90 Th thorium Thorium Thorium is a natural radioactive chemical element with the symbol Th and atomic number 90. It was discovered in 1828 and named after Thor, the Norse god of thunder.... |
1×10−12 | 1.5×10−12 |
| 91 Pa protactinium Protactinium Protactinium is a chemical element with the symbol Pa and atomic number 91. It is a dense, silvery-gray metal which readily reacts with oxygen, water vapor and inorganic acids. It forms various chemical compounds where protactinium is usually present in the oxidation state +5, but can also assume... |
5×10−17 | |
| 92 U uranium Uranium Uranium is a silvery-white metallic chemical element in the actinide series of the periodic table, with atomic number 92. It is assigned the chemical symbol U. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons... |
3.2×10−9 | 3.3×10−9 |
Sun and solar system
- S1 — Sun: Kaye & Laby
- Y1 — Solar system: Kaye & Laby
- Y2 — Solar system: Ahrens, with uncertainty s (%)
Atom mole fraction relative to silicon = 1.
| S1 | Y1 | Y2 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 01 H hydrogen Hydrogen Hydrogen is the chemical element with atomic number 1. It is represented by the symbol H. With an average atomic weight of , hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant chemical element, constituting roughly 75% of the Universe's chemical elemental mass. Stars in the main sequence are mainly... |
2.8×104 | 2.8×104* | 2.79×104 |
| 02 He helium Helium Helium is the chemical element with atomic number 2 and an atomic weight of 4.002602, which is represented by the symbol He. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, inert, monatomic gas that heads the noble gas group in the periodic table... |
2.7×103 | 2.7×103* | 2.72×103 |
| 03 Li lithium Lithium Lithium is a soft, silver-white metal that belongs to the alkali metal group of chemical elements. It is represented by the symbol Li, and it has the atomic number 3. Under standard conditions it is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element. Like all alkali metals, lithium is highly... |
4.0×10−7 | 5.7×10−5 | 5.71×10−5 (9.2%) |
| 04 Be beryllium Beryllium Beryllium is the chemical element with the symbol Be and atomic number 4. It is a divalent element which occurs naturally only in combination with other elements in minerals. Notable gemstones which contain beryllium include beryl and chrysoberyl... |
4.0×10−7 | 7.0×10−7 | 7.30×10−7 (9.5%) |
| 05 B boron Boron Boron is the chemical element with atomic number 5 and the chemical symbol B. Boron is a metalloid. Because boron is not produced by stellar nucleosynthesis, it is a low-abundance element in both the solar system and the Earth's crust. However, boron is concentrated on Earth by the... |
1.1×10−5 | 2.1×10−5 | 2.12×10−5 (10%) |
| 06 C carbon Carbon Carbon is the chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds... |
1.0×101 | 1.0×101* | 1.01×101 |
| 07 N nitrogen Nitrogen Nitrogen is a chemical element that has the symbol N, atomic number of 7 and atomic mass 14.00674 u. Elemental nitrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, and mostly inert diatomic gas at standard conditions, constituting 78.08% by volume of Earth's atmosphere... |
3.1×100 | 3.1×100* | 3.13×100 |
| 08 O oxygen Oxygen Oxygen is the element with atomic number 8 and represented by the symbol O. Its name derives from the Greek roots ὀξύς and -γενής , because at the time of naming, it was mistakenly thought that all acids required oxygen in their composition... |
2.4×101 | 2.4×101* | 2.38×101 (10%) |
| 09 F fluorine Fluorine Fluorine is the chemical element with atomic number 9, represented by the symbol F. It is the lightest element of the halogen column of the periodic table and has a single stable isotope, fluorine-19. At standard pressure and temperature, fluorine is a pale yellow gas composed of diatomic... |
about 1.0×10−3 | 8.5×10−4 | 8.43×10−4 (15%) |
| 10 Ne neon Neon Neon is the chemical element that has the symbol Ne and an atomic number of 10. Although a very common element in the universe, it is rare on Earth. A colorless, inert noble gas under standard conditions, neon gives a distinct reddish-orange glow when used in either low-voltage neon glow lamps or... |
3.0×100 | 3.0×100* | 3.44×100 (14%) |
| 11 Na sodium Sodium Sodium is a chemical element with the symbol Na and atomic number 11. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal and is a member of the alkali metals; its only stable isotope is 23Na. It is an abundant element that exists in numerous minerals, most commonly as sodium chloride... |
6.0×10−2 | 5.7×10−2 | 5.74×10−2 (7.1%) |
| 12 Mg magnesium Magnesium Magnesium is a chemical element with the symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and common oxidation number +2. It is an alkaline earth metal and the eighth most abundant element in the Earth's crust and ninth in the known universe as a whole... |
1.0×100 | 1.1×100 | 1.074×100 (3.8%) |
| 13 Al aluminium Aluminium Aluminium or aluminum is a silvery white member of the boron group of chemical elements. It has the symbol Al, and its atomic number is 13. It is not soluble in water under normal circumstances.... |
8.3×10−2 | 8.5×10−2 | 8.49×10−2 (3.6%) |
| 14 Si silicon Silicon Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and atomic number 14. A tetravalent metalloid, it is less reactive than its chemical analog carbon, the nonmetal directly above it in the periodic table, but more reactive than germanium, the metalloid directly below it in the table... |
1.0×100 | 1.0×100 | 1.0×100 (4.4%) |
| 15 P phosphorus Phosphorus Phosphorus is the chemical element that has the symbol P and atomic number 15. A multivalent nonmetal of the nitrogen group, phosphorus as a mineral is almost always present in its maximally oxidized state, as inorganic phosphate rocks... |
8.0×10−3 | 1.0×10−2 | 1.04×10−2 (10%) |
| 16 S sulfur Sulfur Sulfur or sulphur is the chemical element with atomic number 16. In the periodic table it is represented by the symbol S. It is an abundant, multivalent non-metal. Under normal conditions, sulfur atoms form cyclic octatomic molecules with chemical formula S8. Elemental sulfur is a bright yellow... |
4.5×10−1 | 5.2×10−1 | 5.15×10−1 (13%) |
| 17 Cl chlorine Chlorine Chlorine is the chemical element with atomic number 17 and symbol Cl. It is the second lightest halogen, found in the periodic table in group 17. The element forms diatomic molecules under standard conditions, called dichlorine... |
about 9.0×10−3 | 5.2×10−3 | 5.24×10−3 (15%) |
| 18 Ar argon Argon Argon is a chemical element represented by the symbol Ar. Argon has atomic number 18 and is the third element in group 18 of the periodic table . Argon is the third most common gas in the Earth's atmosphere, at 0.93%, making it more common than carbon dioxide... |
1.0×10−1* | 1.0×10−1* | 1.01×10−1 (6%) |
| 19 K potassium Potassium Potassium is the chemical element with the symbol K and atomic number 19. Elemental potassium is a soft silvery-white alkali metal that oxidizes rapidly in air and is very reactive with water, generating sufficient heat to ignite the hydrogen emitted in the reaction.Potassium and sodium are... |
3.7×10−3 | 3.8×10−3 | 3.77×10−3 (7.7%) |
| 20 Ca calcium Calcium Calcium is the chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. It has an atomic mass of 40.078 amu. Calcium is a soft gray alkaline earth metal, and is the fifth-most-abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust... |
6.4×10−2 | 6.1×10−2 | 6.11×10−2 (7.1%) |
| 21 Sc scandium Scandium Scandium is a chemical element with symbol Sc and atomic number 21. A silvery-white metallic transition metal, it has historically been sometimes classified as a rare earth element, together with yttrium and the lanthanoids... |
3.5×10−5 | 3.4×10−5 | 3.42×10−5 (8.6%) |
| 22 Ti titanium Titanium Titanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ti and atomic number 22. It has a low density and is a strong, lustrous, corrosion-resistant transition metal with a silver color.... |
2.7×10−3 | 2.4×10−3 | 2.40×10−3 (5.0%) |
| 23 V vanadium Vanadium Vanadium is a chemical element with the symbol V and atomic number 23. It is a hard, silvery gray, ductile and malleable transition metal. The formation of an oxide layer stabilizes the metal against oxidation. The element is found only in chemically combined form in nature... |
2.8×10−4 | 2.9×10−4 | 2.93×10−4 (5.1%) |
| 24 Cr chromium Chromium Chromium is a chemical element which has the symbol Cr and atomic number 24. It is the first element in Group 6. It is a steely-gray, lustrous, hard metal that takes a high polish and has a high melting point. It is also odorless, tasteless, and malleable... |
1.3×10−2 | 1.3×10−2 | 1.35×10−2 (7.6%) |
| 25 Mn manganese Manganese Manganese is a chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. It has the atomic number 25. It is found as a free element in nature , and in many minerals... |
6.9×10−3 | 9.5×10−3 | 9.55×10−3 (9.6%) |
| 26 Fe iron Iron Iron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe and atomic number 26. It is a metal in the first transition series. It is the most common element forming the planet Earth as a whole, forming much of Earth's outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth's crust... |
9.0×10−1 | 9.0×10−1 | 9.00×10−1 (2.7%) |
| 27 Co cobalt Cobalt Cobalt is a chemical element with symbol Co and atomic number 27. It is found naturally only in chemically combined form. The free element, produced by reductive smelting, is a hard, lustrous, silver-gray metal.... |
2.3×10−3 | 2.3×10−3 | 2.25×10−3 (6.6%) |
| 28 Ni nickel Nickel Nickel is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Ni and atomic number 28. It is a silvery-white lustrous metal with a slight golden tinge. Nickel belongs to the transition metals and is hard and ductile... |
5.0×10−2 | 5.0×10−2 | 4.93×10−2 (5.1%) |
| 29 Cu copper Copper Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu and atomic number 29. It is a ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Pure copper is soft and malleable; an exposed surface has a reddish-orange tarnish... |
4.5×10−4 | 5.2×10−4 | 5.22×10−4 (11%) |
| 30 Zn zinc Zinc Zinc , or spelter , is a metallic chemical element; it has the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. It is the first element in group 12 of the periodic table. Zinc is, in some respects, chemically similar to magnesium, because its ion is of similar size and its only common oxidation state is +2... |
1.1×10−3 | 1.3×10−3 | 1.26×10−3 (4.4%) |
| 31 Ga gallium Gallium Gallium is a chemical element that has the symbol Ga and atomic number 31. Elemental gallium does not occur in nature, but as the gallium salt in trace amounts in bauxite and zinc ores. A soft silvery metallic poor metal, elemental gallium is a brittle solid at low temperatures. As it liquefies... |
2.1×10−5 | 3.8×10−5 | 3.78×10−5 (6.9%) |
| 32 Ge germanium Germanium Germanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ge and atomic number 32. It is a lustrous, hard, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors tin and silicon. The isolated element is a semiconductor, with an appearance most similar to elemental silicon.... |
7.2×10−5 | 1.2×10−4 | 1.19×10−4 (9.6%) |
| 33 As arsenic Arsenic Arsenic is a chemical element with the symbol As, atomic number 33 and relative atomic mass 74.92. Arsenic occurs in many minerals, usually in conjunction with sulfur and metals, and also as a pure elemental crystal. It was first documented by Albertus Magnus in 1250.Arsenic is a metalloid... |
6.6×10−6 | 6.56×10−6 (12%) | |
| 34 Se selenium Selenium Selenium is a chemical element with atomic number 34, chemical symbol Se, and an atomic mass of 78.96. It is a nonmetal, whose properties are intermediate between those of adjacent chalcogen elements sulfur and tellurium... |
6.3×10−5 | 6.21×10−5 (6.4%) | |
| 35 Br bromine Bromine Bromine ") is a chemical element with the symbol Br, an atomic number of 35, and an atomic mass of 79.904. It is in the halogen element group. The element was isolated independently by two chemists, Carl Jacob Löwig and Antoine Jerome Balard, in 1825–1826... |
1.2×10−5 | 1.18×10−5 (19%) | |
| 36 Kr krypton Krypton Krypton is a chemical element with the symbol Kr and atomic number 36. It is a member of Group 18 and Period 4 elements. A colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas, krypton occurs in trace amounts in the atmosphere, is isolated by fractionally distilling liquified air, and is often used with other... |
4.8×10−5 | 4.50×10−5 (18%) | |
| 37 Rb rubidium Rubidium Rubidium is a chemical element with the symbol Rb and atomic number 37. Rubidium is a soft, silvery-white metallic element of the alkali metal group. Its atomic mass is 85.4678. Elemental rubidium is highly reactive, with properties similar to those of other elements in group 1, such as very rapid... |
1.1×10−5 | 7.0×10−6 | 7.09×10−6 (6.6%) |
| 38 Sr strontium Strontium Strontium is a chemical element with the symbol Sr and the atomic number 38. An alkaline earth metal, strontium is a soft silver-white or yellowish metallic element that is highly reactive chemically. The metal turns yellow when exposed to air. It occurs naturally in the minerals celestine and... |
2.2×10−5 | 2.4×10−5 | 2.35×10−5 (8.1%) |
| 39 Y yttrium Yttrium Yttrium is a chemical element with symbol Y and atomic number 39. It is a silvery-metallic transition metal chemically similar to the lanthanides and it has often been classified as a "rare earth element". Yttrium is almost always found combined with the lanthanides in rare earth minerals and is... |
4.9×10−6 | 4.6×10−6 | 4.64×10−6 (6.0%) |
| 40 Zr zirconium Zirconium Zirconium is a chemical element with the symbol Zr and atomic number 40. The name of zirconium is taken from the mineral zircon. Its atomic mass is 91.224. It is a lustrous, grey-white, strong transition metal that resembles titanium... |
1.12×10−5 | 1.14×10−5 | 1.14×10−5 (6.4%) |
| 41 Nb niobium Niobium Niobium or columbium , is a chemical element with the symbol Nb and atomic number 41. It's a soft, grey, ductile transition metal, which is often found in the pyrochlore mineral, the main commercial source for niobium, and columbite... |
7.0×10−7 | 7.0×10−7 | 6.98×10−7 (1.4%) |
| 42 Mo molybdenum Molybdenum Molybdenum , is a Group 6 chemical element with the symbol Mo and atomic number 42. The name is from Neo-Latin Molybdaenum, from Ancient Greek , meaning lead, itself proposed as a loanword from Anatolian Luvian and Lydian languages, since its ores were confused with lead ores... |
2.3×10−6 | 2.6×10−6 | 2.55×10−6 (5.5%) |
| 43 Tc technetium Technetium Technetium is the chemical element with atomic number 43 and symbol Tc. It is the lowest atomic number element without any stable isotopes; every form of it is radioactive. Nearly all technetium is produced synthetically and only minute amounts are found in nature... |
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| 44 Ru ruthenium Ruthenium Ruthenium is a chemical element with symbol Ru and atomic number 44. It is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table. Like the other metals of the platinum group, ruthenium is inert to most chemicals. The Russian scientist Karl Ernst Claus discovered the element... |
1.9×10−6 | 1.9×10−6 | 1.86×10−6 (5.4%) |
| 45 Rh rhodium Rhodium Rhodium is a chemical element that is a rare, silvery-white, hard and chemically inert transition metal and a member of the platinum group. It has the chemical symbol Rh and atomic number 45. It is composed of only one isotope, 103Rh. Naturally occurring rhodium is found as the free metal, alloyed... |
4.0×10−7 | 3.4×10−7 | 3.44×10−7 (8%) |
| 46 Pd palladium Palladium Palladium is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Pd and an atomic number of 46. It is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston. He named it after the asteroid Pallas, which was itself named after the epithet of the Greek goddess Athena, acquired... |
1.4×10−6 | 1.4×10−6 | 1.39×10−6 (6.6%) |
| 47 Ag silver Silver Silver is a metallic chemical element with the chemical symbol Ag and atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it has the highest electrical conductivity of any element and the highest thermal conductivity of any metal... |
about 2.0×10−7 | 4.9×10−7 | 4.86×10−7 (2.9%) |
| 48 Cd cadmium Cadmium Cadmium is a chemical element with the symbol Cd and atomic number 48. This soft, bluish-white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12, zinc and mercury. Similar to zinc, it prefers oxidation state +2 in most of its compounds and similar to mercury it shows a low... |
2.0×10−6 | 1.6×10−6 | 1.61×10−6 (6.5%) |
| 49 In indium Indium Indium is a chemical element with the symbol In and atomic number 49. This rare, very soft, malleable and easily fusible post-transition metal is chemically similar to gallium and thallium, and shows the intermediate properties between these two... |
about 1.3×10−6 | 1.9×10−7 | 1.84×10−7 (6.4%) |
| 50 Sn tin Tin Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn and atomic number 50. It is a main group metal in group 14 of the periodic table. Tin shows chemical similarity to both neighboring group 14 elements, germanium and lead and has two possible oxidation states, +2 and the slightly more stable +4... |
about 3.0×10−6 | 3.9×10−6 | 3.82×10−6 (9.4%) |
| 51 Sb antimony Antimony Antimony is a toxic chemical element with the symbol Sb and an atomic number of 51. A lustrous grey metalloid, it is found in nature mainly as the sulfide mineral stibnite... |
about 3.0×10−7 | 3.1×10−7 | 3.09×10−7 (18%) |
| 52 Te tellurium | 4.9×10−6 | 4.81×10−6 (10%) | |
| 53 I iodine Iodine Iodine is a chemical element with the symbol I and atomic number 53. The name is pronounced , , or . The name is from the , meaning violet or purple, due to the color of elemental iodine vapor.... |
9.0×10−7 | 9.00×10−7 (21%) | |
| 54 Xe xenon Xenon Xenon is a chemical element with the symbol Xe and atomic number 54. The element name is pronounced or . A colorless, heavy, odorless noble gas, xenon occurs in the Earth's atmosphere in trace amounts... |
4.8×10−6 | 4.70×10−6 (20%) | |
| 55 Cs caesium Caesium Caesium or cesium is the chemical element with the symbol Cs and atomic number 55. It is a soft, silvery-gold alkali metal with a melting point of 28 °C , which makes it one of only five elemental metals that are liquid at room temperature... |
3.7×10−7 | 3.72×10−7 (5.6%) | |
| 56 Ba barium Barium Barium is a chemical element with the symbol Ba and atomic number 56. It is the fifth element in Group 2, a soft silvery metallic alkaline earth metal. Barium is never found in nature in its pure form due to its reactivity with air. Its oxide is historically known as baryta but it reacts with... |
3.8×10−6 | 4.5×10−6 | 4.49×10−6 (6.3%) |
| 57 La lanthanum Lanthanum Lanthanum is a chemical element with the symbol La and atomic number 57.Lanthanum is a silvery white metallic element that belongs to group 3 of the periodic table and is the first element of the lanthanide series. It is found in some rare-earth minerals, usually in combination with cerium and... |
5.0×10−7 | 4.4×10−7 | 4.46×10−7 (2.0%) |
| 58 Ce cerium Cerium Cerium is a chemical element with the symbol Ce and atomic number 58. It is a soft, silvery, ductile metal which easily oxidizes in air. Cerium was named after the dwarf planet . Cerium is the most abundant of the rare earth elements, making up about 0.0046% of the Earth's crust by weight... |
1.0×10−6 | 1.1×10−6 | 1.136×10−6 (1.7%) |
| 59 Pr praseodymium Praseodymium Praseodymium is a chemical element that has the symbol Pr and atomic number 59. Praseodymium is a soft, silvery, malleable and ductile metal in the lanthanide group. It is too reactive to be found in native form, and when artificially prepared, it slowly develops a green oxide coating.The element... |
1.4×10−7 | 1.7×10−7 | 1.669×10−7 (2.4%) |
| 60 Nd neodymium Neodymium Neodymium is a chemical element with the symbol Nd and atomic number 60. It is a soft silvery metal that tarnishes in air. Neodymium was discovered in 1885 by the Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach. It is present in significant quantities in the ore minerals monazite and bastnäsite... |
9.0×10−7 | 8.3×10−7 | 8.279×10−7 (1.3%) |
| 61 Pm promethium Promethium Promethium is a chemical element with the symbol Pm and atomic number 61. It is notable for being the only exclusively radioactive element besides technetium that is followed by chemical elements with stable isotopes.- Prediction :... |
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| 62 Sm samarium Samarium Samarium is a chemical element with the symbol Sm, atomic number 62 and atomic weight 150.36. It is a moderately hard silvery metal which readily oxidizes in air. Being a typical member of the lanthanide series, samarium usually assumes the oxidation state +3... |
3.0×10−7 | 2.6×10−7 | 2.582×10−7 (1.3%) |
| 63 Eu europium Europium Europium is a chemical element with the symbol Eu and atomic number 63. It is named after the continent of Europe. It is a moderately hard silvery metal which readily oxidizes in air and water... |
9.0×10−8 | 9.7×10−8 | 9.73×10−8 (1.6%) |
| 64 Gd gadolinium Gadolinium Gadolinium is a chemical element with the symbol Gd and atomic number 64. It is a silvery-white, malleable and ductile rare-earth metal. It is found in nature only in combined form. Gadolinium was first detected spectroscopically in 1880 by de Marignac who separated its oxide and is credited with... |
3.7×10−7 | 3.3×10−7 | 3.30×10−7 (1.4%) |
| 65 Tb terbium Terbium Terbium is a chemical element with the symbol Tb and atomic number 65. It is a silvery-white rare earth metal that is malleable, ductile and soft enough to be cut with a knife... |
about 2.0×10−8 | 6.0×10−8 | 6.03×10−8 (2.2%) |
| 66 Dy dysprosium Dysprosium Dysprosium is a chemical element with the symbol Dy and atomic number 66. It is a rare earth element with a metallic silver luster. Dysprosium is never found in nature as a free element, though it is found in various minerals, such as xenotime... |
3.5×10−7 | 4.0×10−7 | 3.942×10−7 (1.4%) |
| 67 Ho holmium Holmium Holmium is a chemical element with the symbol Ho and atomic number 67. Part of the lanthanide series, holmium is a rare earth element. Its oxide was first isolated from rare earth ores in 1878 and the element was named after the city of Stockholm.... |
about 5.0×10−8 | 8.9×10−8 | 8.89×10−8 (2.4%) |
| 68 Er erbium Erbium Erbium is a chemical element in the lanthanide series, with the symbol Er and atomic number 68. A silvery-white solid metal when artificially isolated, natural erbium is always found in chemical combination with other elements on Earth... |
2.4×10−7 | 2.5×10−7 | 2.508×10−7 (1.3%) |
| 69 Tm thulium Thulium Thulium is a chemical element that has the symbol Tm and atomic number 69. Thulium is the second least abundant of the lanthanides . It is an easily workable metal with a bright silvery-gray luster... |
about 3.0×10−8 | 3.8×10−8 | 3.78×10−8 (2.3%) |
| 70 Yb ytterbium Ytterbium Ytterbium is a chemical element with the symbol Yb and atomic number 70. A soft silvery metallic element, ytterbium is a rare earth element of the lanthanide series and is found in the minerals gadolinite, monazite, and xenotime. The element is sometimes associated with yttrium or other related... |
3.4×10−7 | 2.5×10−7 | 2.479×10−7 (1.6%) |
| 71 Lu lutetium | about 1.5×10−7 | 3.7×10−8 | 3.67×10−8 (1.3%) |
| 72 Hf hafnium Hafnium Hafnium is a chemical element with the symbol Hf and atomic number 72. A lustrous, silvery gray, tetravalent transition metal, hafnium chemically resembles zirconium and is found in zirconium minerals. Its existence was predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869. Hafnium was the penultimate stable... |
2.1×10−7 | 1.5×10−7 | 1.54×10−7 [(1.9%)] |
| 73 Ta tantalum Tantalum Tantalum is a chemical element with the symbol Ta and atomic number 73. Previously known as tantalium, the name comes from Tantalus, a character in Greek mythology. Tantalum is a rare, hard, blue-gray, lustrous transition metal that is highly corrosion resistant. It is part of the refractory... |
3.8×10−8 | 2.07×10−8 (1.8%) | |
| 74 W tungsten Tungsten Tungsten , also known as wolfram , is a chemical element with the chemical symbol W and atomic number 74.A hard, rare metal under standard conditions when uncombined, tungsten is found naturally on Earth only in chemical compounds. It was identified as a new element in 1781, and first isolated as... |
about 3.6×10−7 | 1.3×10−7 | 1.33×10−7 (5.1%) |
| 75 Re rhenium Rhenium Rhenium is a chemical element with the symbol Re and atomic number 75. It is a silvery-white, heavy, third-row transition metal in group 7 of the periodic table. With an average concentration of 1 part per billion , rhenium is one of the rarest elements in the Earth's crust. The free element has... |
5.0×10−8 | 5.17×10−8 (9.4%) | |
| 76 Os osmium Osmium Osmium is a chemical element with the symbol Os and atomic number 76. Osmium is a hard, brittle, blue-gray or blue-blacktransition metal in the platinum family, and is the densest natural element. Osmium is twice as dense as lead. The density of osmium is , slightly greater than that of iridium,... |
8.0×10−7 | 6.7×10−7 | 6.75×10−7 (6.3%) |
| 77 Ir iridium Iridium Iridium is the chemical element with atomic number 77, and is represented by the symbol Ir. A very hard, brittle, silvery-white transition metal of the platinum family, iridium is the second-densest element and is the most corrosion-resistant metal, even at temperatures as high as 2000 °C... |
6.0×10−7 | 6.6×10−7 | 6.61×10−7 (6.1%) |
| 78 Pt platinum Platinum Platinum is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Pt and an atomic number of 78. Its name is derived from the Spanish term platina del Pinto, which is literally translated into "little silver of the Pinto River." It is a dense, malleable, ductile, precious, gray-white transition metal... |
about 1.8×10−6 | 1.34×10−6 | 1.34×10−6 (7.4%) |
| 79 Au gold Gold Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au and an atomic number of 79. Gold is a dense, soft, shiny, malleable and ductile metal. Pure gold has a bright yellow color and luster traditionally considered attractive, which it maintains without oxidizing in air or water. Chemically, gold is a... |
about 3.0×10−7 | 1.9×10−7 | 1.87×10−7 (15%) |
| 80 Hg mercury Mercury (element) Mercury is a chemical element with the symbol Hg and atomic number 80. It is also known as quicksilver or hydrargyrum... |
3.4×10−7 | 3.40×10−7 (12%) | |
| 81 Tl thallium Thallium Thallium is a chemical element with the symbol Tl and atomic number 81. This soft gray poor metal resembles tin but discolors when exposed to air. The two chemists William Crookes and Claude-Auguste Lamy discovered thallium independently in 1861 by the newly developed method of flame spectroscopy... |
about 2.0×10−7 | 1.9×10−7 | 1.84×10−7 (9.4%) |
| 82 Pb lead Lead Lead is a main-group element in the carbon group with the symbol Pb and atomic number 82. Lead is a soft, malleable poor metal. It is also counted as one of the heavy metals. Metallic lead has a bluish-white color after being freshly cut, but it soon tarnishes to a dull grayish color when exposed... |
2.0×10−6 | 3.1×10−6 | 3.15×10−6 (7.8%) |
| 83 Bi bismuth Bismuth Bismuth is a chemical element with symbol Bi and atomic number 83. Bismuth, a trivalent poor metal, chemically resembles arsenic and antimony. Elemental bismuth may occur naturally uncombined, although its sulfide and oxide form important commercial ores. The free element is 86% as dense as lead... |
1.4×10−7 | 1.44×10−7 (8.2%) | |
| 84 Po polonium Polonium Polonium is a chemical element with the symbol Po and atomic number 84, discovered in 1898 by Marie Skłodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie. A rare and highly radioactive element, polonium is chemically similar to bismuth and tellurium, and it occurs in uranium ores. Polonium has been studied for... |
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| 85 At astatine Astatine Astatine is a radioactive chemical element with the symbol At and atomic number 85. It occurs on the Earth only as the result of decay of heavier elements, and decays away rapidly, so much less is known about this element than its upper neighbors in the periodic table... |
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| 86 Rn radon Radon Radon is a chemical element with symbol Rn and atomic number 86. It is a radioactive, colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas, occurring naturally as the decay product of uranium or thorium. Its most stable isotope, 222Rn, has a half-life of 3.8 days... |
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| 87 Fr francium Francium Francium is a chemical element with symbol Fr and atomic number 87. It was formerly known as eka-caesium and actinium K.Actually the least unstable isotope, francium-223 It has the lowest electronegativity of all known elements, and is the second rarest naturally occurring element... |
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| 88 Ra radium Radium Radium is a chemical element with atomic number 88, represented by the symbol Ra. Radium is an almost pure-white alkaline earth metal, but it readily oxidizes on exposure to air, becoming black in color. All isotopes of radium are highly radioactive, with the most stable isotope being radium-226,... |
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| 89 Ac actinium Actinium Actinium is a radioactive chemical element with the symbol Ac and atomic number 89, which was discovered in 1899. It was the first non-primordial radioactive element to be isolated. Polonium, radium and radon were observed before actinium, but they were not isolated until 1902... |
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| 90 Th thorium Thorium Thorium is a natural radioactive chemical element with the symbol Th and atomic number 90. It was discovered in 1828 and named after Thor, the Norse god of thunder.... |
5.0×10−8 | 4.5×10−8 | 3.35×10−8 (5.7%) |
| 91 Pa protactinium Protactinium Protactinium is a chemical element with the symbol Pa and atomic number 91. It is a dense, silvery-gray metal which readily reacts with oxygen, water vapor and inorganic acids. It forms various chemical compounds where protactinium is usually present in the oxidation state +5, but can also assume... |
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| 92 U uranium Uranium Uranium is a silvery-white metallic chemical element in the actinide series of the periodic table, with atomic number 92. It is assigned the chemical symbol U. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons... |
1.8×10−8 | 9.00×10−9 (8.4%) |
CRC Handbook
From these sources in an online version of David R. Lide (ed.), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and PhysicsCRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
The CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics is in its 92nd edition . It is sometimes nicknamed the 'Rubber Bible' or the 'Rubber Book', as CRC originally stood for "Chemical Rubber Company"....
, 85th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005). Section 14, Geophysics, Astronomy, and Acoustics; Abundance of Elements in the Earth's Crust and in the Sea:
- R.S. Carmichael (ed.), CRC Practical Handbook of Physical Properties of Rocks and Minerals, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, (1989).
- I. Bodek et al., Environmental Inorganic Chemistry, Pergamon Press, New York, (1988).
- A.B. Ronov, A.A. Yaroshevsky, Earth's Crust Geochemistry, in Encyclopedia of Geochemistry and Environmental Sciences, R.W. Fairbridge (ed.), Van Nostrand, New York, (1969).
- Estimated abundance of the elements in the continental crust (C1) and in seawater near the surface (W1). The median values of reported measurements are given. Concentrations of the less abundant elements may vary with location by several orders of magnitude.
Kaye & Laby
National Physical Laboratory, Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical & Chemical Constants (2005). Section 3.1.3, Abundances of the elements, B.E.J. Pagel- Abundances in sea water (W2) and in crustal rocks (C2) from:
- K.K. Turekian (1970) in McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and TechnologyMcGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and TechnologyThe McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology isan English-language multivolume encyclopedia, specifically focused on scientific and technical subjects, and published by McGraw-Hill. The most recent edition in print is the tenth edition, copyright 2007 , comprising twenty volumes...
, 4, 627.
- K.K. Turekian (1970) in McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology
- For the sun (S1) and the solar system (Y1) from:
- N. Grevesse, E. Anders, J. Waddington (ed.) in Cosmic Abundances of Matter, Amer. Inst. Phys., New York, p. 1. (1988).
- Except solar iron abundance from:
- H. Holweger, A. Bard, A. Kock, M. Kock, Astron. Astrophys., 249, 545. (1991).
- Accuracy of the solar abundances varies between ± 10% and a factor of two, values more uncertain than that are marked with "about". The solar system abundances are mainly derived from carbonaceous chondrite meteorites and are assumed generally accurate to ±10% or better. Solar system abundances based on other sources are marked with asterisks (*).
Greenwood
A. Earnshaw, N. Greenwood, Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, (1997). ISBN 0-7506-3365-4 Appendix 4, Abundance of Elements in Crustal Rocks.- From this source with some modifications and additions of later data:
- W.S. Fyfe, Geochemistry, Oxford University Press, (1974).
- Further referring to:
- C.K. Jorgensen, Comments Astrophys. 17, 49-101 (1993).
- Values are subject to various geological assumptions but assumed acceptable as an indication of elemental abundance in crustal rocks (C3).
Ahrens
Thomas J. Ahrens (ed.), Global Earth Physics : A Handbook of Physical Constants, American Geophysical Union (1995). ISBN 0-87590-851-9 Composition of the Solar System, Planets, Meteorites, and Major Terrestrial Reservoirs, Horton E. Newsom. Tables 1, 14, 15.- Bulk continental crust (C4) and upper continental crust (U1) from:
- S.R. Taylor, S.M. McLennan, The continental crust: Its composition and evolution, Blackwell Sci. Publ., Oxford, 330 pp. (1985).
- Upper continental crust (U2) from:
- D.M. Shaw, J. Dostal, R.R. Keays, Additional estimates of continental surface Precambrian shield composition in Canada, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 40, 73-83, (1976).
- Bulk continental crust (C5) from:
- H. Wänke, G. Dreibus, E. Jagoutz, Mantle chemistry and accretion history of the Earth, in Archean Geochemistry, A. Kröner, G.N. Hanson, A.M. Goodwin (eds.), pp. l-24, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, (1984).
- Bulk continental crust (C6) from:
- B.L. Weaver, J. Tamey, Major and trace element composition of the continental lithosphere, in Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 15, H.N. Pollack, V.R. Murthy (eds.) pp. 39-68, Pergamon, Oxford, (1984).
- Solar system (Y2) from:
- E. Anders, N. Grevesse, Abundances of the elements: Meteoritic and solar, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 53, 197-214, (1989).