Water (data page) - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

This page provides supplementary data of the properties of water

Water (properties)

Water is the most abundant compound on Earth's surface, covering about 70%. In nature, it exists in liquid, solid, and gaseous states. It is in dynamic equilibrium between the liquid and gas states at standard temperature and pressure. At room temperature, it is a tasteless and odorless liquid,...

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Further comprehensive authoritative data can be found at the NIST Webbook page on thermophysical properties of fluids.

Structure and properties

Structure and properties
Index of refraction, n_D	1.333 at 20 °C
Dielectric constant Dielectric constant The relative permittivity of a material under given conditions reflects the extent to which it concentrates electrostatic lines of flux. In technical terms, it is the ratio of the amount of electrical energy stored in a material by an applied voltage, relative to that stored in a vacuum...	88.00 ε₀ at 0 °C 86.04 ε₀ at 5 °C 84.11 ε₀ at 10 °C 82.22 ε₀ at 15 °C 80.36 ε₀ at 20 °C 78.54 ε₀ at 25 °C 76.75 ε₀ at 30 °C 75.00 ε₀ at 35 °C 73.28 ε₀ at 40 °C 71.59 ε₀ at 45 °C 69.94 ε₀ at 50 °C 66.74 ε₀ at 60 °C 63.68 ε₀ at 70 °C 60.76 ε₀ at 80 °C 57.98 ε₀ at 90 °C 55.33 ε₀ at 100 °C
Bond strength	492.215 kJ/mol O–H bond dissociation energy
Bond length Bond length - Explanation :Bond length is related to bond order, when more electrons participate in bond formation the bond will get shorter. Bond length is also inversely related to bond strength and the bond dissociation energy, as a stronger bond will be shorter...	95.87 pm (equilibrium)
Bond angle	104.4776° (equilibrium)
Magnetic susceptibility Magnetic susceptibility In electromagnetism, the magnetic susceptibility \chi_m is a dimensionless proportionality constant that indicates the degree of magnetization of a material in response to an applied magnetic field...	−9.04 × 10⁻⁶ volume SI Si Si, si, or SI may refer to :- Measurement, mathematics and science :* International System of Units , the modern international standard version of the metric system... units

Thermodynamic properties

Phase behavior
Triple point Triple point In thermodynamics, the triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which the three phases of that substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium...	273.16 K (0.01 °C), 611.73 Pa
Critical point Critical point (thermodynamics) In physical chemistry, thermodynamics, chemistry and condensed matter physics, a critical point, also called a critical state, specifies the conditions at which a phase boundary ceases to exist...	647 K (374 °C), 22.1 MPa
Std enthalpy change of fusion, Δ_fusH^o	6.01 kJ/mol
Std entropy change of fusion Standard entropy change of fusion The entropy of fusion is the increase in entropy when melting a substance. This is always positive since the degree of disorder increases in the transition from an organized crystalline solid to the disorganized structure of a liquid... , Δ_fusS^o	22.0 J/(mol·K)
Std enthalpy change of vaporization Standard enthalpy change of vaporization The enthalpy of vaporization, , also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the energy required to transform a given quantity of a substance into a gas at a given pressure .It is often measured at the normal boiling point of a substance; although tabulated values are usually... , Δ_vapH^o	40.68 kJ/mol
Std entropy change of vaporization Standard entropy change of vaporization The entropy of vaporization is the increase in entropy when vaporizing a substance. This is always positive since the degree of disorder increases in the transition from an organized crystalline solid or a slightly less organized liquid to the extremely disorganized structure of a gas... , Δ_vapS^o	108.9 J/(mol·K)
Std enthalpy change of sublimation, Δ_subH^o	46.70 kJ/mol
Std entropy change of sublimation, Δ_subS^o	130.9 J/(mol·K)
Molal freezing point constant Freezing-point depression Freezing-point depression describes the phenomenon in which the freezing point of a liquid is depressed when another compound is added, meaning that a solution has a lower freezing point than a pure solvent. This happens whenever a non-volatile solute is added to a pure solvent, such as water...	−1.858 °C kg/mol
Molal boiling point constant Boiling-point elevation Boiling-point elevation describes the phenomenon that the boiling point of a liquid will be higher when another compound is added, meaning that a solution has a higher boiling point than a pure solvent. This happens whenever a non-volatile solute, such as a salt, is added to a pure solvent, such...	0.512 °C kg/mol
Solid properties
Std enthalpy change of formation Standard enthalpy change of formation The standard enthalpy of formation or standard heat of formation of a compound is the change of enthalpy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states... , Δ_fH^o_solid	−291.83 kJ/mol
Standard molar entropy Standard molar entropy In chemistry, the standard molar entropy is the entropy content of one mole of substance, under standard conditions .... , S^o_solid	41 J/(mol K)
Heat capacity Heat capacity Heat capacity , or thermal capacity, is the measurable physical quantity that characterizes the amount of heat required to change a substance's temperature by a given amount... , c_p	12.2 J/(mol K) at −200 °C 15.0 J/(mol K) at −180 °C 17.3 J/(mol K) at −160 °C 19.8 J/(mol K) at −140 °C 24.8 J/(mol K) at −100 °C 29.6 J/(mol K) at −60 °C 32.77 J/(mol K) at −38.3 °C 33.84 J/(mol K) at −30.6 °C 35.20 J/(mol K) at −20.8 °C 36.66 J/(mol K) at −11.0 °C 37.19 J/(mol K) at −4.9 °C 37.84 J/(mol K) at −2.2 °C
Liquid properties
Std enthalpy change of formation Standard enthalpy change of formation The standard enthalpy of formation or standard heat of formation of a compound is the change of enthalpy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states... , Δ_fH^o_liquid	−285.83 kJ/mol
Standard molar entropy Standard molar entropy In chemistry, the standard molar entropy is the entropy content of one mole of substance, under standard conditions .... , S^o_liquid	69.95 J/(mol K)
Heat capacity Heat capacity Heat capacity , or thermal capacity, is the measurable physical quantity that characterizes the amount of heat required to change a substance's temperature by a given amount... , c_p	75.97 J/(mol K) at 0 °C 75.42 J/(mol K) at 10 °C 75.33 J/(mol K) at 20 °C 75.28 J/(mol K) at 25 °C 75.26 J/(mol K) at 30 °C 75.26 J/(mol K) at 40 °C 75.30 J/(mol K) at 50 °C 75.37 J/(mol K) at 60 °C 75.46 J/(mol K) at 70 °C 75.58 J/(mol K) at 80 °C 75.74 J/(mol K) at 90 °C 75.94 J/(mol K) at 100 °C
Gas properties
Std enthalpy change of formation Standard enthalpy change of formation The standard enthalpy of formation or standard heat of formation of a compound is the change of enthalpy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states... , Δ_fH^o_gas	−241.83 kJ/mol
Standard molar entropy Standard molar entropy In chemistry, the standard molar entropy is the entropy content of one mole of substance, under standard conditions .... , S^o_gas	188.84 J/(mol K)
Heat capacity Heat capacity Heat capacity , or thermal capacity, is the measurable physical quantity that characterizes the amount of heat required to change a substance's temperature by a given amount... , c_p	36.5 J/(mol K) at 100 °C 36.1 J/(mol K) at 200 °C 36.2 J/(mol K) at 400 °C 37.9 J/(mol K) at 700 °C 41.4 J/(mol K) at 1000 °C
Heat capacity Heat capacity Heat capacity , or thermal capacity, is the measurable physical quantity that characterizes the amount of heat required to change a substance's temperature by a given amount... , c_v	27.5 J/(mol K) at 100 °C 27.6 J/(mol K) at 200 °C 27.8 J/(mol K) at 400 °C 29.5 J/(mol K) at 700 °C 33.1 J/(mol K) at 1000 °C
Heat capacity ratio Heat capacity ratio The heat capacity ratio or adiabatic index or ratio of specific heats, is the ratio of the heat capacity at constant pressure to heat capacity at constant volume . It is sometimes also known as the isentropic expansion factor and is denoted by \gamma or \kappa . The latter symbol kappa is... , γ = c_p/c_v	1.324 at 100 °C 1.310 at 200 °C 1.301 at 400 °C 1.282 at 700 °C 1.252 at 1000 °C
van der Waals' constants Van der Waals equation The van der Waals equation is an equation of state for a fluid composed of particles that have a non-zero volume and a pairwise attractive inter-particle force It was derived by Johannes Diderik van der Waals in 1873, who received the Nobel prize in 1910 for "his work on the equation of state for...	a = 553.6 L² kPa/mol² b = 0.03049 liter per mole

Liquid physical properties

Velocity of sound in water Velocity of Sound Velocity of Sound is an album by The Apples in Stereo. It was the group's fifth album, released in October 2002. The American release has an orange album cover, while the European version is green and the Japanese version is blue...
c in distilled water at 25 °C	1498 m/s
c at other temperatures	1403 m/s at 0 °C 1427 m/s at 5 °C 1447 m/s at 10 °C 1481 m/s at 20 °C 1507 m/s at 30 °C 1526 m/s at 40 °C 1541 m/s at 50 °C 1552 m/s at 60 °C 1555 m/s at 70 °C 1555 m/s at 80 °C 1550 m/s at 90 °C 1543 m/s at 100 °C
Density Density The mass density or density of a material is defined as its mass per unit volume. The symbol most often used for density is ρ . In some cases , density is also defined as its weight per unit volume; although, this quantity is more properly called specific weight...
0.99984 g/cm³ at 0 °C	0.98804 g/cm³ at 50 °C
0.99997 g/cm³ at 4 °C	0.98570 g/cm³ at 55 °C
0.99996 g/cm³ at 5 °C	0.98321 g/cm³ at 60 °C
0.99970 g/cm³ at 10 °C	0.98056 g/cm³ at 65 °C
0.99910 g/cm³ at 15 °C	0.97778 g/cm³ at 70 °C
0.99820 g/cm³ at 20 °C	0.97486 g/cm³ at 75 °C
0.99704 g/cm³ at 25 °C	0.97180 g/cm³ at 80 °C
0.99564 g/cm³ at 30 °C	0.96862 g/cm³ at 85 °C
0.99403 g/cm³ at 35 °C	0.96531 g/cm³ at 90 °C
0.99221 g/cm³ at 40 °C	0.96189 g/cm³ at 95 °C
0.99022 g/cm³ at 45 °C	0.95835 g/cm³ at 100 °C
Viscosity Viscosity Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid which is being deformed by either shear or tensile stress. In everyday terms , viscosity is "thickness" or "internal friction". Thus, water is "thin", having a lower viscosity, while honey is "thick", having a higher viscosity...
η = 1.7921 mPa·s (cP Poise The poise is the unit of dynamic viscosity in the centimetre gram second system of units. It is named after Jean Louis Marie Poiseuille .... ) at 0 °C	η = 0.5494 mPa·s at 50 °C
η = 1.5188 mPa·s at 5 °C	η = 0.5064 mPa·s at 55 °C
η = 1.3077 mPa·s at 10 °C	η = 0.4688 mPa·s at 60 °C
η = 1.1404 mPa·s at 15 °C	η = 0.4355 mPa·s at 65 °C
η = 1.0050 mPa·s at 20 °C	η = 0.4061 mPa·s at 70 °C
η = 0.8937 mPa·s at 25 °C	η = 0.3799 mPa·s at 75 °C
η = 0.8007 mPa·s at 30 °C	η = 0.3635 mPa·s at 80 °C
η = 0.7225 mPa·s at 35 °C	η = 0.3355 mPa·s at 85 °C
η = 0.6560 mPa·s at 40 °C	η = 0.3165 mPa·s at 90 °C
η = 0.5988 mPa·s at 45 °C	η = 0.2994 mPa·s at 95 °C
	η = 0.2838 mPa·s at 100 °C
Surface tension Surface tension Surface tension is a property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force. It is revealed, for example, in floating of some objects on the surface of water, even though they are denser than water, and in the ability of some insects to run on the water surface...
75.64 dyn Dyn Dyn or DYN may refer to:* DYN * Dyne, unit of force* DynDNS... /cm at 0 °C	69.56 dyn/cm at 40 °C
74.92 dyn/cm at 5 °C	68.74 dyn/cm at 45 °C
74.22 dyn/cm at 10 °C	67.91 dyn/cm at 50 °C
73.49 dyn/cm at 15 °C	66.18 dyn/cm at 60 °C
72.75 dyn/cm at 20 °C	64.42 dyn/cm at 70 °C
71.97 dyn/cm at 25 °C	62.61 dyn/cm at 80 °C
71.18 dyn/cm at 30 °C	60.75 dyn/cm at 90 °C
70.38 dyn/cm at 35 °C	58.85 dyn/cm at 100 °C

**Electrical conductivity of highly-purified water at saturation pressure**
Temperature, °C	Conductivity, μS/m
0.01	1.15
25	5.50
100	76.5
200	299
300	241

Water/steam equilibrium properties

Vapor pressure formula for steam in equilibrium with liquid water:

log₁₀(P) = A − B / (T – C)

where P is equilibrium vapor pressure in kPa

Pascal (unit)

The pascal is the SI derived unit of pressure, internal pressure, stress, Young's modulus and tensile strength, named after the French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer, and philosopher Blaise Pascal. It is a measure of force per unit area, defined as one newton per square metre...

, and T is temperature in kelvin

Kelvin

The kelvin is a unit of measurement for temperature. It is one of the seven base units in the International System of Units and is assigned the unit symbol K. The Kelvin scale is an absolute, thermodynamic temperature scale using as its null point absolute zero, the temperature at which all...

s.

for T = 273 K to 333 K: A = 7.2326; B = 1750.286; C = 38.1

for T = 333 K to 423 K: A = 7.0917; B = 1668.21; C = 45.1

Steam table
Temp.	Pressure	H of liquid	Δ_vapH	Δ_vapW	ρ of vapor
0 °C	0.612 kPa	0.00 J/g	2496.5 J/g	126.0 J/g	0.004845 kg/m³
10 °C	1.227 kPa	42.0 J/g	2473.5 J/g	130.5 J/g	0.009398 kg/m³
20 °C	2.536 kPa	83.8 J/g	2450.9 J/g	135.1 J/g	0.01728 kg/m³
30 °C	4.242 kPa	125.6 J/g	2427.9 J/g	139.7 J/g	0.03036 kg/m³
40 °C	7.370 kPa	167.2 J/g	2404.9 J/g	144.2 J/g	0.05107 kg/m³
50 °C	12.33 kPa	209.0 J/g	2381.4 J/g	148.7 J/g	0.08285 kg/m³
60 °C	19.90 kPa	250.8 J/g	2357.6 J/g	153.0 J/g	0.1300 kg/m³
70 °C	31.15 kPa	292.7 J/g	2332.9 J/g	157.3 J/g	0.1979 kg/m³
80 °C	46.12 kPa	334.6 J/g	2307.7 J/g	161.5 J/g	0.2931 kg/m³
90 °C	70.10 kPa	376.6 J/g	2282.6 J/g	165.5 J/g	0.4232 kg/m³
100 °C	101.32 kPa	419.0 J/g	2256.3 J/g	169.4 J/g	0.5974 kg/m³
110 °C	143.27 kPa	460.8 J/g	2229.5 J/g	173.1 J/g	0.8264 kg/m³
120 °C	198.50 kPa	503.2 J/g	2201.4 J/g	176.7 J/g	1.121 kg/m³
130 °C	270.13 kPa	545.8 J/g	2172.5 J/g	180.2 J/g	1.497 kg/m³
140 °C	361.4 kPa	588.5 J/g	2142.8 J/g	183.2 J/g	1.967 kg/m³
150 °C	476.0 kPa	631.5 J/g	2111.8 J/g	186.1 J/g	2.548 kg/m³
160 °C	618.1 kPa	674.7 J/g	2080.0 J/g	188.7 J/g	3.263 kg/m³
170 °C	792.0 kPa	718.5 J/g	2047.0 J/g	190.6 J/g	4.023 kg/m³
180 °C	1002.7 kPa	762.5 J/g	2012.2 J/g	192.8 J/g	5.165 kg/m³
190 °C	1254.9 kPa	807.0 J/g	1975.8 J/g	194.5 J/g	6.402 kg/m³
200 °C	1554.3 kPa	851.9 J/g	1937.3 J/g	195.6 J/g	7.868 kg/m³
210 °C	1907.9 kPa	897.5 J/g	1897.5 J/g	196.3 J/g	9.606 kg/m³
221.1 °C	2369.8 kPa	948.5 J/g	1850.2 J/g	196.6 J/g	11.88 kg/m³
229.4 °C	2769.6 kPa	987.9 J/g	1812.5 J/g	196.2 J/g	13.87 kg/m³
240.6 °C	3381.1 kPa	1040.6 J/g	1759.4 J/g	195.1 J/g	16.96 kg/m³
248.9 °C	3904.1 kPa	1080.3 J/g	1715.8 J/g	193.7 J/g	19.66 kg/m³
260.0 °C	4695.9 kPa	1134.8 J/g	1653.9 J/g	190.8 J/g	23.84 kg/m³
271.1 °C	5603.4 kPa	1195.9 J/g	1586.5 J/g	186.9 J/g	28.83 kg/m³
279.4 °C	6366.5 kPa	1240.7 J/g	1532.5 J/g	183.3 J/g	33.18 kg/m³
290.6 °C	7506.2 kPa	1302.3 J/g	1456.3 J/g	177.4 J/g	39.95 kg/m³
298.9 °C	8463.9 kPa	1350.0 J/g	1394.8 J/g	172.2 J/g	45.93 kg/m³
310.0 °C	9878.0 kPa	1415.7 J/g	1307.7 J/g	164.2 J/g	55.25 kg/m³
321.1 °C	11461 kPa	1483.9 J/g	1212.7 J/g	154.5 J/g	66.58 kg/m³
329.4 °C	12785 kPa	1537.9 J/g	1133.2 J/g	145.6 J/g	76.92 kg/m³
340.6 °C	14727 kPa	1617.9 J/g	1007.6 J/g	130.9 J/g	94.25 kg/m³
348.9 °C	16331 kPa	1687.0 J/g	892.0 J/g	117.0 J/g	111.5 kg/m³
360.0 °C	18682 kPa	1797.0 J/g	694.0 J/g	91.0 J/g	145.3 kg/m³
371.1 °C	21349 kPa	1968.3 J/g	365.0 J/g	47.0 J/g	214.5 kg/m³
374.4 °C	22242 kPa	2151.2 J/g	0 J/g	0 J/g	306.8 kg/m³
Temp.	Pressure	H of liquid	Δ_vapH	Δ_vapW	ρ of vapor

Data in the table above is given for water-steam equilibria at various temperatures over the entire temperature range at which liquid water can exist. Pressure of the equilibrium is given in the second column in kPa

Pascal (unit)

. The third column is the heat content of each gram of the liquid phase relative to water at 0 °C. The fourth column is the heat of vaporization of each gram of liquid that changes to vapor. The fifth column is the PV work done by each gram of liquid that changes to vapor. The sixth column is the density of the vapor.

Melting point of ice at various pressures

Data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed., p. 2390

Pressure kPa KPA KPA may refer to:* Kenya Ports Authority* Kiln phosphoric acid, a dry process to produce phosphoric acid at high temperature in a kiln* Kilopascal , a unit of pressure* Known-plaintext attack, a method of cryptanalysis* Korean People's Army...	Temp. °C
101.325	0.0
32950	−2.5
60311	−5.0
87279	−7.5
113267	−10.0
138274	−12.5
159358	−15.0
179952	−17.5
200251	−20.0
215746	−22.1

Table of various forms of ice

Properties of various forms of ice Ice Ice is water frozen into the solid state. Usually ice is the phase known as ice Ih, which is the most abundant of the varying solid phases on the Earth's surface. It can appear transparent or opaque bluish-white color, depending on the presence of impurities or air inclusions...
Ice form	Density g/cm³	Crystal structure	Triple points	TP temp °C	TP pressure MPa
I_h Ice Ih thumb\|Photograph showing details of an ice cube under magnification. Ice Ih is the form of ice commonly seen on earth.Ice Ih is the hexagonal crystal form of ordinary ice, or frozen water. Virtually all ice in the biosphere is ice Ih, with the exception only of a small amount of ice Ic which is...	0.92	hexagonal Hexagonal crystal system In crystallography, the hexagonal crystal system is one of the 7 crystal systems, the hexagonal lattice system is one of the 7 lattice systems, and the hexagonal crystal family is one of the 6 crystal families...	Lq, Vap, I_h	0.01	0.000612
			Lq, I_h, III	−22.0	207.5
			I_h, II, III	−34.7	212.9
I_c Ice Ic Ice Ic is a metastable cubic crystalline variant of ice. The oxygen atoms are arranged in a diamond structure. It is produced at temperatures between 130 and 220 K , and can exist up to 240 K, when it transforms into ice Ih. It may occasionally be present in the upper atmosphere.Ordinary water ice...	0.92	cubic Cubic crystal system In crystallography, the cubic crystal system is a crystal system where the unit cell is in the shape of a cube. This is one of the most common and simplest shapes found in crystals and minerals....
II Ice II Ice II is a rhombohedral crystalline form of ice with highly ordered structure. It is formed from ice Ih by compressing it at temperature of 198 K at 300 MPa or by decompressing ice V. When heated it undergoes transformation to ice III....	1.17	rhombohedral Rhombohedral crystal system In crystallography, the trigonal crystal system is one of the seven crystal systems, and the rhombohedral lattice system is one of the seven lattice systems...	I_h, II, III	−34.7	212.9
			II, III, V	−24.3	344.3
			II, V, VI	−55 (est)	620
III Ice III Ice III is a form of solid matter which consists of tetragonal crystalline ice, formed by cooling water down to at . It is the least dense of the high-pressure water phases, with a density of . The proton-ordered form of is ice IX....	1.14	tetragonal Tetragonal crystal system In crystallography, the tetragonal crystal system is one of the 7 lattice point groups. Tetragonal crystal lattices result from stretching a cubic lattice along one of its lattice vectors, so that the cube becomes a rectangular prism with a square base and height .There are two tetragonal Bravais...	Lq, I_h, III	−22.0	207.5
			Lq, III, V	−17	346.3
			I_h, II, III	−34.7	212.9
			II, III, V	−24.3	344.3
IV	1.27	rhombohedral
V	1.23	monoclinic Monoclinic crystal system In crystallography, the monoclinic crystal system is one of the 7 lattice point groups. A crystal system is described by three vectors. In the monoclinic system, the crystal is described by vectors of unequal length, as in the orthorhombic system. They form a rectangular prism with a...	Lq, III, V	−17	346.3
			Lq, V, VI	0.16	625.9
			II, III, V	−24.3	344.3
			II, V, VI	−55 (est)	620
VI	1.31	tetragonal	Lq, V, VI	0.16	625.9
			Lq, VI, VII	81.6	2200
			II, V, VI	−55 (est)	620
			VI, VII, VIII	≈5	2100
VII Ice VII Ice VII is a cubic crystalline form of ice. It has a triple point with liquid water and Ice VI at 355 K and 2.216 GPa, with the melt line extending to at least 715 K and 10 GPa. It can also be reached in the solid state by increasing the pressure on ice VI at ambient temperature. Like the majority...	1.50	cubic	Lq, VI, VII	81.6	2200
			VI, VII, VIII	≈5	2100
			VII, VIII, X	−173	62000
VIII Ice VIII Ice VIII is a tetragonal crystalline form of ice formed from ice VII by cooling it below 5 °C. It is more ordered than ice VII, since the hydrogen atoms assume fixed positions....	1.46	tetragonal	VI, VII, VIII	≈5	2100
	1.46	tetragonal	VII, VIII, X	−173	62000
IX Ice IX Ice IX is a form of solid water stable at temperatures below 140 K and pressures between 200 and 400 MPa. It has a tetragonal crystal lattice and a density of 1.16 g/cm³, 26% higher than ordinary ice. It is formed by cooling ice III from 208 K to 165 K...	1.16	tetragonal
X	2.46	cubic	VII, VIII, X	−173	62000
XI^‡	0.92	orthorhombic Orthorhombic crystal system In crystallography, the orthorhombic crystal system is one of the seven lattice point groups. Orthorhombic lattices result from stretching a cubic lattice along two of its orthogonal pairs by two different factors, resulting in a rectangular prism with a rectangular base and height , such that a,...	Vap, I_h, XI	−201.5	0 (expected)
XII Ice XII Ice XII is a metastable, dense, crystalline phase of solid water, a type of ice. Ice XII was first reported in 1996 by C. Lobban, J.L. Finney and W.F. Kuhs and, after initial caution, was properly identified in 1998....	1.29	tetragonal
XIII	1.23	monoclinic
XIV	1.29	orthorhombic

^‡Ice XI triple point is theoretical and has never been obtained

Phase diagram

Water with dissolved NaCl

Properties of water-NaCl mixtures
NaCl, wt%	T_eq, °C	ρ, g/cm³	n	η, mPa·s
0	0	0.99984	1.333	1.002
0.5	−0.3	1.0018	1.3339	1.011
1	−0.59	1.0053	1.3347	1.02
2	−1.19	1.0125	1.3365	1.036
3	−1.79	1.0196	1.3383	1.052
4	−2.41	1.0268	1.34	1.068
5	−3.05	1.034	1.3418	1.085
6	−3.7	1.0413	1.3435	1.104
7	−4.38	1.0486	1.3453	1.124
8	−5.08	1.0559	1.347	1.145
9	−5.81	1.0633	1.3488	1.168
10	−6.56	1.0707	1.3505	1.193
12	−8.18	1.0857	1.3541	1.25
14	−9.94	1.1008	1.3576	1.317
16	−11.89	1.1162	1.3612	1.388
18	−14.04	1.1319	1.3648	1.463
20	−16.46	1.1478	1.3684	1.557
22	−19.18	1.164	1.3721	1.676
23.3	−21.1
23.7	−17.3
24.9	−11.1
26.1	−2.7
26.28	0
26.32	10
26.41	20
26.45	25
26.52	30
26.67	40
26.84	50
27.03	60
27.25	70
27.5	80
27.78	90
28.05	100

Note: ρ is density, n is refractive index at 589 nm and η is viscosity, all at 20 °C; T_eq is the equilibrium temperature between two phases: ice/liquid solution for T_eq < 0-0.1 and NaCl/liquid solution for T_eq above 0.1 °C.

Self ionization

°C	−35	0	25	60	300 (~50 MPa)
pK_w	17	14.9	14.0	13.0	12

Spectral data

UV-Vis

λ_max

? nm

Nanometre

A nanometre is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one billionth of a metre. The name combines the SI prefix nano- with the parent unit name metre .The nanometre is often used to express dimensions on the atomic scale: the diameter...

Extinction coefficient

Molar absorptivity

The molar absorption coefficient, molar extinction coefficient, or molar absorptivity, is a measurement of how strongly a chemical species absorbs light at a given wavelength...

, ε

Infrared

Infrared light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength longer than that of visible light, measured from the nominal edge of visible red light at 0.74 micrometres , and extending conventionally to 300 µm...

Major absorption bands

vapor:	ν₁ = 3657.05,	ν₂ = 1594.75,	ν₃ = 3755.93	cm Centimetre A centimetre is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one hundredth of a metre, which is the SI base unit of length. Centi is the SI prefix for a factor of . Hence a centimetre can be written as or — meaning or respectively... ⁻¹
liquid:	ν₁ = 3280,	ν₂ = 1644,	ν₃ = 3490	cm Centimetre A centimetre is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one hundredth of a metre, which is the SI base unit of length. Centi is the SI prefix for a factor of . Hence a centimetre can be written as or — meaning or respectively... ⁻¹
hexagonal ice:	ν₁ = 3085,	ν₂ = 1650,	ν₃ = 3220	cm Centimetre A centimetre is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one hundredth of a metre, which is the SI base unit of length. Centi is the SI prefix for a factor of . Hence a centimetre can be written as or — meaning or respectively... ⁻¹

NMR

NMR spectroscopy

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy, is a research technique that exploits the magnetic properties of certain atomic nuclei to determine physical and chemical properties of atoms or the molecules in which they are contained...

Proton NMR

Proton NMR is the application of nuclear magnetic resonance in NMR spectroscopy with respect to hydrogen-1 nuclei within the molecules of a substance, in order to determine the structure of its molecules. In samples where natural hydrogen is used, practically all of the hydrogen consists of the...

4.79 ppm in D₂O ; 1.56 ppm in CDCl₃ ; 0.40 ppm in C₆D₆ ; 4.87 in CD₃OD

Carbon-13 NMR

Carbon-13 NMR is the application of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to carbon. It is analogous to proton NMR and allows the identification of carbon atoms in an organic molecule just as proton NMR identifies hydrogen atoms...

N/A

Other NMR data

Mass spectrometry

Mass spectrometry is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles.It is used for determining masses of particles, for determining the elemental composition of a sample or molecule, and for elucidating the chemical structures of molecules, such as peptides and...

Masses of
main fragments

----

Additional data translated from German "Wasser (Stoffdaten)" page

The data that follows was copied and translated from the German language Wikipedia version of this page (which has moved to here). It provides supplementary physical, thermodynamic, and vapor pressure data, some of which is redundant with data in the tables above, and some of which is additional.

Physical and thermodynamic tables

In the following tables, values are temperature dependent and to a lesser degree pressure dependent, and are arranged by state of aggregation (s=solid, lq=liquid, g=gas), which are clearly a function of temperature and pressure. All of the data were computed from data given in "Formulation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for Scientific and General Use" (1984). This applies to:

T – temperature in degrees Celsius
Celsius
Celsius is a scale and unit of measurement for temperature. It is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius , who developed a similar temperature scale two years before his death...
V – specific volume
Specific volume
In thermodynamics, the specific volume of a substance is the ratio of the substance's volume to its mass. It is the reciprocal of density:In thermodynamics, the specific volume of a substance is the ratio of the substance's volume to its mass...

in decimeter³ per kilogram (1 dm³ is equivalent to 1 liter)
H – specific enthalpy in kJ
Joule
The joule ; symbol J) is a derived unit of energy or work in the International System of Units. It is equal to the energy expended in applying a force of one newton through a distance of one metre , or in passing an electric current of one ampere through a resistance of one ohm for one second...

per kilogram
U – specific internal energy in kJ per kilogram
S – specific entropy
Entropy
Entropy is a thermodynamic property that can be used to determine the energy available for useful work in a thermodynamic process, such as in energy conversion devices, engines, or machines. Such devices can only be driven by convertible energy, and have a theoretical maximum efficiency when...

in kJ per kilogram-kelvin
c_p – specific heat capacity at constant pressure in kJ per kilogram-kelvin
γ – Thermal expansion coefficient as 10⁻³ per kelvin
λ – Heat conductivity in milliwatt per meter-kelvin
η – Viscosity
Viscosity
Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a fluid which is being deformed by either shear or tensile stress. In everyday terms , viscosity is "thickness" or "internal friction". Thus, water is "thin", having a lower viscosity, while honey is "thick", having a higher viscosity...

in micropascal
Pascal (unit)
The pascal is the SI derived unit of pressure, internal pressure, stress, Young's modulus and tensile strength, named after the French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer, and philosopher Blaise Pascal. It is a measure of force per unit area, defined as one newton per square metre...

-seconds (1 cP
Poise
The poise is the unit of dynamic viscosity in the centimetre gram second system of units. It is named after Jean Louis Marie Poiseuille ....

= 1000 µPa·s)
σ – surface tension
Surface tension
Surface tension is a property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force. It is revealed, for example, in floating of some objects on the surface of water, even though they are denser than water, and in the ability of some insects to run on the water surface...

in millinewtons per meter (equivalent to dyn/cm)

Standard conditions

In the following table, material data are given for standard pressure of 0.1 MPa

Pascal (unit)

(equivalent to 1 bar). Up to 99.63 °C (the boiling point of water at 0.1 MPa), at this pressure water exists as a liquid. Above that, it exists as water vapor. Note that the boiling point of 100.0 °C is at a pressure of 0.101325 MPa (1 atm

Atmosphere (unit)

The standard atmosphere is an international reference pressure defined as 101325 Pa and formerly used as unit of pressure. For practical purposes it has been replaced by the bar which is 105 Pa...

), which is the average atmospheric pressure.

Water/steam data table at standard pressure (0.1 MPa Pascal (unit) The pascal is the SI derived unit of pressure, internal pressure, stress, Young's modulus and tensile strength, named after the French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer, and philosopher Blaise Pascal. It is a measure of force per unit area, defined as one newton per square metre... )
T °C		V dm³/kg	H kJ/kg	U kJ/kg	S kJ/(kg·K)	c_p kJ/(kg·K)	γ 10⁻³/K	λ mW / (m·K)	η µPa·s	σ ^‡ mN/m
0	lq	1.0002	0.06	−0.04	−0.0001	4.228	−0.080	561.0	1792	75.65
5		1.0000	21.1	21.0	0.076	4.200	0.011	570.6	1518	74.95
10		1.0003	42.1	42.0	0.151	4.188	0.087	580.0	1306	74.22
15		1.0009	63.0	62.9	0.224	4.184	0.152	589.4	1137	73.49
20		1.0018	83.9	83.8	0.296	4.183	0.209	598.4	1001	72.74
25		1.0029	104.8	104.7	0.367	4.183	0.259	607.2	890.4	71.98
30		1.0044	125.8	125.7	0.437	4.183	0.305	615.5	797.7	71.20
35		1.0060	146.7	146.6	0.505	4.183	0.347	623.3	719.6	70.41
40		1.0079	167.6	167.5	0.572	4.182	0.386	630.6	653.3	69.60
45		1.0099	188.5	188.4	0.638	4.182	0.423	637.3	596.3	68.78
50		1.0121	209.4	209.3	0.704	4.181	0.457	643.6	547.1	67.95
60		1.0171	251.2	251.1	0.831	4.183	0.522	654.4	466.6	66.24
70		1.0227	293.1	293.0	0.955	4.187	0.583	663.1	404.1	64.49
80		1.0290	335.0	334.9	1.075	4.194	0.640	670.0	354.5	62.68
90		1.0359	377.0	376.9	1.193	4.204	0.696	675.3	314.6	60.82
99.63	lq	1.0431	417.5	417.4	1.303	4.217	0.748	679.0	283.0	58.99
99.63	g	1694.3	2675	2505	7.359	2.043	2.885	25.05	12.26	–
100	g	1696.1	2675	2506	7.361	2.042	2.881	25.08	12.27	58.92
200		2172.3	2874	2657	7.833	1.975	2.100	33.28	16.18	37.68
300		2638.8	3073	2810	8.215	2.013	1.761	43.42	20.29	14.37
500		3565.5	3488	3131	8.834	2.135	1.297	66.970	28.57	–
750		4721.0	4043	3571	9.455	2.308	0.978	100.30	38.48	–
1000		5875.5	4642	4054	9.978	2.478	0.786	136.3	47.66	–
^‡ The values for surface tension for the liquid section of the table are for a liquid/air interface. Values for the gas section of the table are for a liquid/saturated steam interface.

Triple point

In the following table, material data are given with a pressure of 611.7 Pa

Pascal (unit)

(equivalent to 0.006117 bar). Up to a temperature of 0.01 °C, the triple point

Triple point

In thermodynamics, the triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which the three phases of that substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium...

of water, water normally exists as ice, except for supercooled water, for which one data point is tabulated here. At the triple point, ice can exist together with both liquid water and vapor. At higher temperatures, the data are for water vapor only.

Water/steam data table at triple point pressure (0.0006117 MPa Pascal (unit) The pascal is the SI derived unit of pressure, internal pressure, stress, Young's modulus and tensile strength, named after the French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer, and philosopher Blaise Pascal. It is a measure of force per unit area, defined as one newton per square metre... )
T °C		V dm³/kg	H kJ/kg	U kJ/kg	S kJ/(kg·K)	c_p kJ/(kg·K)	γ 10⁻³/K	λ mW / (m·K)	η µPa·s
0	lq	1.0002	−0.04	−0.04	−0.0002	4.339	−0.081	561.0	1792
0.01	s	1.0908	−333.4	−333.4	−1.221	1.93	0.1	2.2	–
	lq	1.0002	0.0	0	0	4.229	−0.080	561.0	1791
	g	205986	2500	2374	9.154	1.868	3.672	17.07	9.22
5	g	209913	2509	2381	9.188	1.867	3.605	17.33	9.34
10		213695	2519	2388	9.222	1.867	3.540	17.60	9.46
15		217477	2528	2395	9.254	1.868	3.478	17.88	9.59
20		221258	2537	2402	9.286	1.868	3.417	18.17	9.73
25		225039	2547	2409	9.318	1.869	3.359	18.47	9.87
30		228819	2556	2416	9.349	1.869	3.304	18.78	10.02
35		232598	2565	2423	9.380	1.870	3.249	19.10	10.17
40		236377	2575	2430	9.410	1.871	3.197	19.43	10.32
45		240155	2584	2437	9.439	1.872	3.147	19.77	10.47
50		243933	2593	2444	9.469	1.874	3.098	20.11	10.63
60		251489	2612	2459	9.526	1.876	3.004	20.82	10.96
70		259043	2631	2473	9.581	1.880	2.916	21.56	11.29
80		266597	2650	2487	9.635	1.883	2.833	22.31	11.64
90		274150	2669	2501	9.688	1.887	2.755	23.10	11.99
100		281703	2688	2515	9.739	1.891	2.681	23.90	12.53
200		357216	2879	2661	10.194	1.940	2.114	32.89	16.21
300		432721	3076	2811	10.571	2.000	1.745	43.26	20.30
500		583725	3489	3132	11.188	2.131	1.293	66.90	28.57
750		772477	4043	3571	11.808	2.307	0.977	100.20	38.47
1000		961227	4642	4054	12.331	2.478	0.785	136.30	47.66

Saturated vapor pressure

The following table is based on different, complementary sources and approximation formulas, whose values are of various quality and accuracy. The values in the temperature range of −100 °C to 100 °C were inferred from D. Sunday (1982) and are quite uniform and exact. The values in the temperature range of the boiling point of the water up to the critical point (100 °C to 374 °C), are drawn from different sources and are substantially less accurate, hence they should be understood and used also only as approximate values.

To use the values correctly, consider the following points:

The values apply only to smooth interfaces and in the absence other gases or gas mixtures such as air. Hence they apply only to pure phases and need a correction factor for systems in which air is present.
The values were not computed according formulas widely used in the US, but using somewhat more exact formulas (see below), which can also be used to compute further values in the appropriate temperature ranges.
The saturated vapor pressure over water in the temperature range of −100 °C to −50 °C is only extrapolated [Translator's note: Supercooled liquid water is not known to exist below −42 °C].
The values have various units (Pa, hPa or bar), which must be considered when reading them.

Formulas

The table values for −100 °C to 100 °C were computed by the following formulas, where T is in kelvins and vapor pressures, P_w and P_i, are in pascals

Pascal (unit)

.

Over liquid water

log_e(P_w) = –6094.4642 T⁻¹ + 21.1249952 – 2.724552×10⁻² T + 1.6853396×10⁻⁵ T² + 2.4575506 log_e(T)

For temperature range: 173.15 K to 373.15 K or equivalently −100 °C to 100 °C

Over ice

log_e(P_i) = –5504.4088 T⁻¹ – 3.5704628 – 1.7337458×10⁻² T + 6.5204209×10⁻⁶ T² + 6.1295027 log_e(T)

For temperature range: 173.15 K to 273.15 K or equivalently −100 °C to 0 °C

At triple point

An important basic value, which is not registered in the table, is the saturated vapor pressure at the triple point

Triple point

In thermodynamics, the triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which the three phases of that substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium...

of water. The internationally accepted value according to measurements of Guildner, Johnson and Jones (1976) amounts to:

P_w(t_tp = 0.01 °C) = 611.657 Pa

Pascal (unit)

± 0.010 Pa

Pascal (unit)

at (1-α) = 99%

Values of saturated vapor pressure of water
Temp. T in °C	P_i(T) over ice in Pa Pascal (unit) The pascal is the SI derived unit of pressure, internal pressure, stress, Young's modulus and tensile strength, named after the French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer, and philosopher Blaise Pascal. It is a measure of force per unit area, defined as one newton per square metre...	P_w(T) over water in Pa Pascal (unit) The pascal is the SI derived unit of pressure, internal pressure, stress, Young's modulus and tensile strength, named after the French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer, and philosopher Blaise Pascal. It is a measure of force per unit area, defined as one newton per square metre...		Temp. T in °C	P_w(T) over water in hPa Pascal (unit) The pascal is the SI derived unit of pressure, internal pressure, stress, Young's modulus and tensile strength, named after the French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer, and philosopher Blaise Pascal. It is a measure of force per unit area, defined as one newton per square metre...		Temp. T in °C	P(T) in bar Bar (unit) The bar is a unit of pressure equal to 100 kilopascals, and roughly equal to the atmospheric pressure on Earth at sea level. Other units derived from the bar are the megabar , kilobar , decibar , centibar , and millibar...		Temp. T in °C	P(T) in bar Bar (unit) The bar is a unit of pressure equal to 100 kilopascals, and roughly equal to the atmospheric pressure on Earth at sea level. Other units derived from the bar are the megabar , kilobar , decibar , centibar , and millibar...	Temp. T in °C	P(T) in bar Bar (unit) The bar is a unit of pressure equal to 100 kilopascals, and roughly equal to the atmospheric pressure on Earth at sea level. Other units derived from the bar are the megabar , kilobar , decibar , centibar , and millibar...
−100	0.0013957	0.0036309		0	6.11213		100	1.01		200	15.55	300	85.88
−99	0.0017094	0.0044121		1	6.57069		101	1.05		201	15.88	301	87.09
−98	0.0020889	0.0053487		2	7.05949		102	1.09		202	16.21	302	88.32
−97	0.0025470	0.0064692		3	7.58023		103	1.13		203	16.55	303	89.57
−96	0.0030987	0.0078067		4	8.13467		104	1.17		204	16.89	304	90.82
−95	0.0037617	0.0093996		5	8.72469		105	1.21		205	17.24	305	92.09
−94	0.0045569	0.011293		6	9.35222		106	1.25		206	17.60	306	93.38
−93	0.0055087	0.013538		7	10.0193		107	1.30		207	17.96	307	94.67
−92	0.0066455	0.016195		8	10.7280		108	1.34		208	18.32	308	95.98
−91	0.0080008	0.019333		9	11.4806		109	1.39		209	18.70	309	97.31
−90	0.0096132	0.023031		10	12.2794		110	1.43		210	19.07	310	98.65
−89	0.011528	0.027381		11	13.1267		111	1.48		211	19.46	311	100.00
−88	0.013797	0.032489		12	14.0251		112	1.53		212	19.85	312	101.37
−87	0.016482	0.038474		13	14.9772		113	1.58		213	20.25	313	102.75
−86	0.019653	0.045473		14	15.9856		114	1.64		214	20.65	314	104.15
−85	0.02339	0.053645		15	17.0532		115	1.69		215	21.06	315	105.56
−84	0.027788	0.063166		16	18.1829		116	1.75		216	21.47	316	106.98
−83	0.032954	0.074241		17	19.3778		117	1.81		217	21.89	317	108.43
−82	0.039011	0.087101		18	20.6409		118	1.86		218	22.32	318	109.88
−81	0.046102	0.10201		19	21.9757		119	1.93		219	22.75	319	111.35
−80	0.054388	0.11925		20	23.3854		120	1.99		220	23.19	320	112.84
−79	0.064057	0.13918		21	24.8737		121	2.05		221	23.64	321	114.34
−78	0.075320	0.16215		22	26.4442		122	2.12		222	24.09	322	115.86
−77	0.088419	0.18860		23	28.1006		123	2.18		223	24.55	323	117.39
−76	0.10363	0.21901		24	29.8470		124	2.25		224	25.02	324	118.94
−75	0.12127	0.25391		25	31.6874		125	2.32		225	25.49	325	120.51
−74	0.14168	0.29390		26	33.6260		126	2.40		226	25.98	326	122.09
−73	0.16528	0.33966		27	35.6671		127	2.47		227	26.46	327	123.68
−72	0.19252	0.39193		28	37.8154		128	2.55		228	26.96	328	125.30
−71	0.22391	0.45156		29	40.0754		129	2.62		229	27.46	329	126.93
−70	0.26004	0.51948		30	42.4520		130	2.70		230	27.97	330	128.58
−69	0.30156	0.59672		31	44.9502		131	2.78		231	28.48	331	130.24
−68	0.34921	0.68446		32	47.5752		132	2.87		232	29.01	332	131.92
−67	0.40383	0.78397		33	50.3322		133	2.95		233	29.54	333	133.62
−66	0.46633	0.89668		34	53.2267		134	3.04		234	30.08	334	135.33
−65	0.53778	1.0242		35	56.2645		135	3.13		235	30.62	335	137.07
−64	0.61933	1.1682		36	59.4513		136	3.22		236	31.18	336	138.82
−63	0.71231	1.3306		37	62.7933		137	3.32		237	31.74	337	140.59
−62	0.81817	1.5136		38	66.2956		138	3.42		238	32.31	338	142.37
−61	0.93854	1.7195		39	69.9675		139	3.51		239	32.88	339	144.18
−60	1.0753	1.9509		40	73.8127		140	3.62		240	33.47	340	146.00
−59	1.2303	2.2106		41	77.8319		141	3.72		241	34.06	341	147.84
−58	1.4060	2.5018		42	82.0536		142	3.82		242	34.66	342	149.71
−57	1.6049	2.8277		43	86.4633		143	3.93		243	35.27	343	151.58
−56	1.8296	3.1922		44	91.0757		144	4.04		244	35.88	344	153.48
−55	2.0833	3.5993		45	95.8984		145	4.16		245	36.51	345	155.40
−54	2.3694	4.0535		46	100.939		146	4.27		246	37.14	346	157.34
−53	2.6917	4.5597		47	106.206		147	4.39		247	37.78	347	159.30
−52	3.0542	5.1231		48	111.708		148	4.51		248	38.43	348	161.28
−51	3.4618	5.7496		49	117.452		149	4.64		249	39.09	349	163.27
−50	3.9193	6.4454		50	123.4478		150	4.76		250	39.76	350	165.29
−49	4.4324	7.2174		51	129.7042		151	4.89		251	40.44	351	167.33
−48	5.0073	8.0729		52	136.2304		152	5.02		252	41.12	352	169.39
−47	5.6506	9.0201		53	143.0357		153	5.16		253	41.81	353	171.47
−46	6.3699	10.068		54	150.1298		154	5.29		254	42.52	354	173.58
−45	7.1732	11.225		55	157.5226		155	5.43		255	43.23	355	175.70
−44	8.0695	12.503		56	165.2243		156	5.58		256	43.95	356	177.85
−43	9.0685	13.911		57	173.2451		157	5.72		257	44.68	357	180.02
−42	10.181	15.463		58	181.5959		158	5.87		258	45.42	358	182.21
−41	11.419	17.170		59	190.2874		159	6.03		259	46.16	359	184.43
−40	12.794	19.048		60	199.3309		160	6.18		260	46.92	360	186.66
−39	14.321	21.110		61	208.7378		161	6.34		261	47.69	361	188.93
−38	16.016	23.372		62	218.5198		162	6.50		262	48.46	362	191.21
−37	17.893	25.853	63	228.6888	163	6.67	263	49.25	363	193.52
−36	19.973	28.570	64	239.2572	164	6.84	264	50.05	364	195.86
−35	22.273	31.544	65	250.2373	165	7.01	265	50.85	365	198.22
−34	24.816	34.795	66	261.6421	166	7.18	266	51.67	366	200.61
−33	27.624	38.347	67	273.4845	167	7.36	267	52.49	367	203.02
−32	30.723	42.225	68	285.7781	168	7.55	268	53.33	368	205.47
−31	34.140	46.453	69	298.5363	169	7.73	269	54.17	369	207.93
−30	37.903	51.060	70	311.7731	170	7.92	270	55.03	370	210.43
−29	42.046	56.077	71	325.5029	171	8.11	271	55.89	371	212.96
−28	46.601	61.534	72	339.7401	172	8.31	272	56.77	372	215.53
−27	51.607	67.466	73	354.4995	173	8.51	273	57.66	373	218.13
−26	57.104	73.909	74	369.7963	174	8.72	274	58.56	374	220.64
−25	63.134	80.902	75	385.6459	175	8.92	275	59.46	374.15	221.20
−24	69.745	88.485	76	402.0641	176	9.14	276	60.38
−23	76.987	96.701	77	419.0669	177	9.35	277	61.31
−22	84.914	105.60	78	436.6708	178	9.57	278	62.25
−21	93.584	115.22	79	454.8923	179	9.80	279	63.20
−20	103.06	125.63	80	473.7485	180	10.03	280	64.17
−19	113.41	136.88	81	493.2567	181	10.26	281	65.14
−18	124.70	149.01	82	513.4345	182	10.50	282	66.12
−17	137.02	162.11	83	534.3000	183	10.74	283	67.12
−16	150.44	176.23	84	555.8714	184	10.98	284	68.13
−15	165.06	191.44	85	578.1673	185	11.23	285	69.15
−14	180.97	207.81	86	601.2068	186	11.49	286	70.18
−13	198.27	225.43	87	625.0090	187	11.75	287	71.22
−12	217.07	244.37	88	649.5936	188	12.01	288	72.27
−11	237.49	264.72	89	674.9806	189	12.28	289	73.34
−10	259.66	286.57	90	701.1904	190	12.55	290	74.42
−9	283.69	310.02	91	728.2434	191	12.83	291	75.51
−8	309.75	335.16	92	756.1608	192	13.11	292	76.61
−7	337.97	362.10	93	784.9639	193	13.40	293	77.72
−6	368.52	390.95	94	814.6743	194	13.69	294	78.85
−5	401.58	421.84	95	845.3141	195	13.99	295	79.99
−4	437.31	454.88	96	876.9057	196	14.29	296	81.14
−3	475.92	490.19	97	909.4718	197	14.60	297	82.31
−2	517.62	527.93	98	943.0355	198	14.91	298	83.48
−1	562.62	568.22	99	977.6203	199	15.22	299	84.67
0	611.153	611.213	100	1013.25	200	15.55	300	85.88
Temp. T in °C	P_i(T) over ice in Pa Pascal (unit) The pascal is the SI derived unit of pressure, internal pressure, stress, Young's modulus and tensile strength, named after the French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer, and philosopher Blaise Pascal. It is a measure of force per unit area, defined as one newton per square metre...	P_w(T) over water in Pa Pascal (unit) The pascal is the SI derived unit of pressure, internal pressure, stress, Young's modulus and tensile strength, named after the French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer, and philosopher Blaise Pascal. It is a measure of force per unit area, defined as one newton per square metre...	Temp. T in °C	P_w(T) over water in hPa Pascal (unit) The pascal is the SI derived unit of pressure, internal pressure, stress, Young's modulus and tensile strength, named after the French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer, and philosopher Blaise Pascal. It is a measure of force per unit area, defined as one newton per square metre...	Temp. T in °C	P(T) in bar Bar (unit) The bar is a unit of pressure equal to 100 kilopascals, and roughly equal to the atmospheric pressure on Earth at sea level. Other units derived from the bar are the megabar , kilobar , decibar , centibar , and millibar...	Temp. T in °C	P(T) in bar Bar (unit) The bar is a unit of pressure equal to 100 kilopascals, and roughly equal to the atmospheric pressure on Earth at sea level. Other units derived from the bar are the megabar , kilobar , decibar , centibar , and millibar...	Temp. T in °C	P(T) in bar Bar (unit) The bar is a unit of pressure equal to 100 kilopascals, and roughly equal to the atmospheric pressure on Earth at sea level. Other units derived from the bar are the megabar , kilobar , decibar , centibar , and millibar...

External links

Microwave Spectrum (by NIST)
Compilation of properties, with citations by Martin Chaplin, London South Bank University.

Disclaimer

Except where noted otherwise, data relate to standard ambient temperature and pressure.

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.