WD40 repeat
Encyclopedia
The WD40 repeat is a short structural motif
of approximately 40 amino acid
s , often terminating in a tryptophan
-aspartic acid
(W-D) dipeptide. Several of these repeats are combined to form a type of protein domain
called the WD domain.
s and are implicated in a variety of functions ranging from signal transduction
and transcription regulation
to cell cycle
control, autophagy
and apoptosis
. The underlying common function of all WD-repeat proteins is coordinating multi-protein complex assemblies, where the repeating units serve as a rigid scaffold for protein interactions. The specificity of the proteins is determined by the sequences outside the repeats themselves. Examples of such complexes are G protein
s (beta subunit is a beta-propeller), TAFII
transcription factor, and E3 ubiquitin ligase.
Structural motif
In a chain-like biological molecule, such as a protein or nucleic acid, a structural motif is a supersecondary structure, which appears also in a variety of other molecules...
of approximately 40 amino acid
Amino acid
Amino acids are molecules containing an amine group, a carboxylic acid group and a side-chain that varies between different amino acids. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen...
s , often terminating in a tryptophan
Tryptophan
Tryptophan is one of the 20 standard amino acids, as well as an essential amino acid in the human diet. It is encoded in the standard genetic code as the codon UGG...
-aspartic acid
Aspartic acid
Aspartic acid is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HOOCCHCH2COOH. The carboxylate anion, salt, or ester of aspartic acid is known as aspartate. The L-isomer of aspartate is one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids, i.e., the building blocks of proteins...
(W-D) dipeptide. Several of these repeats are combined to form a type of protein domain
Protein domain
A protein domain is a part of protein sequence and structure that can evolve, function, and exist independently of the rest of the protein chain. Each domain forms a compact three-dimensional structure and often can be independently stable and folded. Many proteins consist of several structural...
called the WD domain.
Structure
WD-containing proteins have 4 to 16 repeating units, all of which are thought to form a circularised beta-propeller structure (see figure to the right).Function
WD-repeat proteins are a large family found in all eukaryoteEukaryote
A eukaryote is an organism whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within membranes. Eukaryotes may more formally be referred to as the taxon Eukarya or Eukaryota. The defining membrane-bound structure that sets eukaryotic cells apart from prokaryotic cells is the nucleus, or nuclear...
s and are implicated in a variety of functions ranging from signal transduction
Signal transduction
Signal transduction occurs when an extracellular signaling molecule activates a cell surface receptor. In turn, this receptor alters intracellular molecules creating a response...
and transcription regulation
Transcriptional regulation
Transcriptional regulation is the change in gene expression levels by altering transcription rates. -Regulation of transcription:Regulation of transcription controls when transcription occurs and how much RNA is created...
to cell cycle
Cell cycle
The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the series of events that takes place in a cell leading to its division and duplication . In cells without a nucleus , the cell cycle occurs via a process termed binary fission...
control, autophagy
Autophagy
In cell biology, autophagy, or autophagocytosis, is a catabolic process involving the degradation of a cell's own components through the lysosomal machinery. It is a tightly regulated process that plays a normal part in cell growth, development, and homeostasis, helping to maintain a balance...
and apoptosis
Apoptosis
Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death that may occur in multicellular organisms. Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes and death. These changes include blebbing, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, and chromosomal DNA fragmentation...
. The underlying common function of all WD-repeat proteins is coordinating multi-protein complex assemblies, where the repeating units serve as a rigid scaffold for protein interactions. The specificity of the proteins is determined by the sequences outside the repeats themselves. Examples of such complexes are G protein
G protein
G proteins are a family of proteins involved in transmitting chemical signals outside the cell, and causing changes inside the cell. They communicate signals from many hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling factors. G protein-coupled receptors are transmembrane receptors...
s (beta subunit is a beta-propeller), TAFII
General transcription factor
General transcription factors or basal transcription factors are protein transcription factors that have been shown to be important in the transcription of class II genes to mRNA templates...
transcription factor, and E3 ubiquitin ligase.
Examples
Human genes encoding proteins containing this domain include:- AAASAAAS (gene)Aladin also known as adracalin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AAAS gene [achalasia, adrenocortical insufficiency, alacrimia ].- Clinical significance :...
, AAMPAAMP (gene)Angio-associated, migratory cell protein, also known as AAMP, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the AAMP gene.- Function :The gene product is an immunoglobulin-type protein...
, AHI1AHI1Jouberin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AHI1 gene.-Further reading:...
, AMBRA1, APAF1APAF1Apoptotic protease activating factor 1, also known as APAF1, is a human homolog of C. elegans CED-4 gene. APAF-1 and CED-4 homologs have been found in all currently sequenced animal genomes.-Function:...
, ARPC1AARPC1AActin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 1A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARPC1A gene.-Further reading:...
, ARPC1BARPC1BActin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 1B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARPC1B gene.-Further reading:...
, ATG16L1ATG16L1Autophagy-related protein 16-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ATG16L1 gene.-Function:Autophagy is the major intracellular degradation system delivering cytoplasmic components to lysosomes, and it accounts for degradation of most long-lived proteins and some organelles...
, - BOP1BOP1-Further reading:...
, BRWD1BRWD1Bromodomain and WD repeat-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BRWD1 gene.-Further reading:...
, BRWD2BRWD2Bromodomain and WD repeat-containing protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BRWD2 gene.-Further reading:...
, BRWD3BRWD3Bromodomain and WD repeat-containing protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BRWD3 gene.-Further reading:...
, BTRCBTRCBTRC may refer to:*Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission, an independent commission of Bangladesh Government*Beta-transducin repeat containing, a human gene*Blacksburg Tactical Research Center, an American game publishing company...
, BUB3BUB3Mitotic checkpoint protein BUB3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BUB3 gene.Bub3 is a protein involved with the regulation of the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint ; though BUB3 is non-essential in yeast, it is essential in higher eukaryotes...
, - C6orf11, CDC20CDC20The cell-division cycle protein 20 is an essential regulator of cell division that is encoded by the CDC20 gene in humans. To the best of current knowledge its most important function is to activate the anaphase promoting complex , a large 11-13 subunit complex that initiates chromatid separation...
, CDC40CDC40Pre-mRNA-processing factor 17 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDC40 gene.-Further reading:...
, CDRT1, CHAF1BCHAF1BChromatin assembly factor 1 subunit B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CHAF1B gene.-Interactions:CHAF1B has been shown to interact with BAZ1B, ASF1B and ASF1A.-Further reading:...
, CIAO1CIAO1Probable cytosolic iron-sulfur protein assembly protein CIAO1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CIAO1 gene.-Further reading:...
, CIRH1ACIRH1ACirhin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CIRH1A gene. It has been associated with North American Indian childhood cirrhosis , a form of cirrhosis of the liver occurring in American Indian...
, COPACOPACOPA may stand for:* Child Online Protection Act, a former U.S. law to protect minors from certain material on the internet** Not to be confused with the Children's Internet Protection Act , the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act or COPA's predecessor legislation, the Communications Decency...
, COPB2COPB2Coatomer subunit beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the COPB2 gene.-Interactions:COPB2 has been shown to interact with RGS4, PRKCE and COPB1.-Further reading:...
, CORO1ACORO1ACoronin-1A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CORO1A gene. It has been implicated in both T-cell mediated immunity and mitochondrial apoptosis. In a recent genome-wide longevity study, its expression levels were found to be negatively associated both with age at the time of blood sample...
, CORO1BCORO1BCoronin, actin binding protein, 1B also known as CORO1B is a protein which in humans is encoded by the CORO1B gene. Members of the coronin family, such as CORO1B, are WD repeat-containing actin-binding proteins that regulate cell motility....
, CORO1CCORO1CCoronin-1C is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CORO1C gene.-Further reading:...
, CORO2A, CORO2B, CORO6, CORO7, CSTF1CSTF1Cleavage stimulation factor 50 kDa subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CSTF1 gene.-Further reading:...
, - DDB2DDB2DNA damage-binding protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DDB2 gene.-Interactions:DDB2 has been shown to interact with CUL4A, CUL4B and DDB1.-External Links:* -Further reading:...
, DENND3, DMWD, DMXL1, DMXL2, DNAI1DNAI1Dynein intermediate chain 1, axonemal is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DNAI1 gene.-External links:* -Further reading:...
, DNAI2DNAI2Dynein intermediate chain 2, axonemal, also known as axonemal dynein intermediate chain 2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DNAI2 gene.- Function :...
, DNCI1, DTL, DYNC1I1DYNC1I1Cytoplasmic dynein 1 intermediate chain 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DYNC1I1 gene.In melanocytic cells DYNC1I1 gene expression may be regulated by MITF.-Further reading:...
, DYNC1I2DYNC1I2Cytoplasmic dynein 1 intermediate chain 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DYNC1I2 gene.-Further reading:...
, EDC4, - EEDEEDPolycomb protein EED is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EED gene.- Function :Polycomb protein EED is a member of the Polycomb-group family. PcG family members form multimeric protein complexes, which are involved in maintaining the transcriptional repressive state of genes over...
, EIF3S2, ELP2ELP2Elongator complex protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ELP2 gene.-Interactions:ELP2 has been shown to interact with STAT3 and Janus kinase 1.-Further reading:...
, EML1EML1Echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EML1 gene.-Further reading:...
, EML2, EML3, EML4EML4Echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EML4 gene.-Further reading:...
, EML4-ALK, EML5, ERCC8, - FBXW10FBXW10F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FBXW10 gene.-Further reading:...
, FBXW11FBXW11βTrCP2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BTRC gene.This gene encodes a member of the F-box protein family which is characterized by an approximately 40 residue structural motif, the F-box...
, FBXW2FBXW2F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FBXW2 gene.-Further reading:...
, FBXW4FBXW4F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FBXW4 gene.-Further reading:...
, FBXW5FBXW5F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FBXW5 gene.-Further reading:...
, FBXW7FBXW7F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FBXW7 gene.-Interactions:FBXW7 has been shown to interact with PPARGC1A, Parkin , MYB and SKP1A.-Further reading:...
, FBXW8FBXW8F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FBXW8 gene.-Further reading:...
, FBXW9, FZR1FZR1Fizzy-related protein homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FZR1 gene.-Interactions:FZR1 has been shown to interact with CDC27 and FBXO5.-Further reading:...
, - GBLGBLGBL could refer to:* Gainsborough Lea Road railway station National Rail station code* GAMCO Investors NYSE symbol* Game Based Learning otherwise known as Serious Games* Game Boy Light...
, GEMIN5GEMIN5Gem-associated protein 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GEMIN5 gene.-Interactions:GEMIN5 has been shown to interact with DDX20 and SMN1.-Further reading:...
, GNB1GNB1Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G/G/G subunit beta-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GNB1 gene.-Further reading:...
, GNB1LGNB1LGuanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-like protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GNB1L gene.-Further reading:...
, GNB2GNB2Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G/G/G subunit beta-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GNB2 gene.-Further reading:...
, GNB2L1GNB2L1Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-2-like 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GNB2L1 gene.-Interactions:GNB2L1 has been shown to interact with PDE4D, STAT1, Tyrosine kinase 2, Src, Androgen receptor, AGTRAP, Janus kinase 1, FYN, Cyclin A1, IFNAR2, PRKCE, P73, RAS p21...
, GNB3GNB3Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G/G/G subunit beta-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GNB3 gene.-Further reading:...
, GNB4GNB4Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GNB4 gene.-Further reading:...
, GNB5GNB5Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GNB5 gene.-Interactions:GNB5 has been shown to interact with GNG13, GNG7 and RGS7.-Further reading:...
, GRWD1GRWD1Glutamate-rich WD repeat-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRWD1 gene.-Further reading:...
, GTF3C2GTF3C2General transcription factor 3C polypeptide 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GTF3C2 gene.-Interactions:GTF3C2 has been shown to interact with GTF3C4 and GTF3C5....
, - HERC1HERC1Probable E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HERC1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HERC1 gene.-Further reading:...
, HIRAHIRAProtein HIRA is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HIRA gene. This gene is mapped to 22q11.21, centromeric to COMT.- Function :...
, HZGJ, - IFT122, IFT140, IFT172, IFT80IFT80Intraflagellar transport protein 80 homolog , also known as WD repeat-containing protein 56, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IFT80 gene.- Function :...
, IQWD1, - KATNB1KATNB1Katanin p80 WD40-containing subunit B1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KATNB1 gene.-Further reading:...
, KIAA1336, KIF21AKIF21AKinesin-like protein KIF21A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KIF21A gene.- External links :* **...
, KIF21B, KM-PA-2, - LLGL1LLGL1Lethal giant larvae protein homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LLGL1 gene.-Further reading:...
, LLGL2, LRBALRBALipopolysaccharide-responsive and beige-like anchor protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LRBA gene.-Further reading:...
, LRWD1, LYST, - MAPKBP1, MED16MED16Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 16 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MED16 gene.-Interactions:MED16 has been shown to interact with Thyroid hormone receptor alpha, Estrogen receptor alpha and Cyclin-dependent kinase 8....
, MORG1, - NBEA, NBEAL1, NEDD1NEDD1Neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated 1, also known as Nedd1, is a human gene and encodes the protein NEDD1.NEDD1 is localized in the centrosome and it plays a role in mitosis through its interaction with γ-tubulin...
, NLE1NLE1Notchless protein homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NLE1 gene.-Further reading:...
, NSMAF, NUP37NUP37Nucleoporin 37kDa, also known as NUP37, is a human gene.- Function :Transport of macromolecules between the cytoplasm and nucleus occurs through nuclear pore complexes embedded in the nuclear envelope. NPCs are composed of subcomplexes, and NUP37 is part of one such subcomplex, Nup107-160....
, NUP43NUP43Nucleoporin Nup43 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NUP43 gene.-Further reading:...
, NWD1NWD1NWD1, short for NACHT and WD repeat domain containing 1, is a gene found in vertebrates, which encodes a protein that contains a NACHT domain and a WD40 repeat domain. It was originally identified during a search for immune system genes in zebrafish as a protein coding sequence related to APAF1;...
, - PAAF1PAAF1Proteasomal ATPase-associated factor 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PAAF1 gene.-Further reading:...
, PAFAH1B1PAFAH1B1Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase IB subunit alpha is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PAFAH1B1 gene.According to one study, PAFAH1B1 interacts with VLDLR receptor activated by reelin.-Genomics:...
, PAK1IP1PAK1IP1p21-activated protein kinase-interacting protein 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PAK1IP1 gene.-Further reading:...
, PEX7, PHIP, PIK3R4PIK3R4Phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 4, also known as PI3-kinase regulatory subunit 4 or PI3-kinase p150 subunit or phosphoinositide 3-kinase adaptor protein, or VPS15 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PIK3R4 gene....
, PLAA, PLRG1PLRG1Pleiotropic regulator 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PLRG1 gene.-Further reading:...
, PPP2R2BPPP2R2BSerine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 55 kDa regulatory subunit B beta isoform is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPP2R2B gene.-External Links:* -Further reading:...
, PPP2R2CPPP2R2CSerine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 55 kDa regulatory subunit B gamma isoform is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPP2R2C gene.-Further reading:...
, PPWD1, PREBPREBProlactin regulatory element-binding protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PREB gene.-Further reading:...
, PRPF19PRPF19Pre-mRNA-processing factor 19 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRPF19 gene.-Further reading:...
, PRPF4PRPF4U4/U6 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein Prp4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRPF4 gene.-Further reading:...
, PWP1PWP1Periodic tryptophan protein 1 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PWP1 gene.-Further reading:...
, PWP2PWP2Periodic tryptophan protein 2 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PWP2 gene.-Further reading:...
, - RAE1RAE1mRNA export factor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAE1 gene.blair.s- Further reading :...
, RAPTORRAPTORRAPTOR is a reconnaissance pod used by the Royal Air Force on its fleet of Tornado GR.4A and GR.4 aircraft. RAPTOR is manufactured by the Goodrich Corporation....
, RBBP4RBBP4Histone-binding protein RBBP4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RBBP4 gene.-Interactions:RBBP4 has been shown to interact with HDAC1, Histone deacetylase 2, SIN3A, Retinoblastoma protein, SAP30, CREB-binding protein, GATAD2B, BRCA1, MTA2 and HDAC3.-Further reading:...
, RBBP5RBBP5Retinoblastoma-binding protein 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RBBP5 gene.-Interactions:RBBP5 has been shown to interact with NCOA6, MLL3, ASCL2 and MLL.-Further reading:...
, RBBP7RBBP7Histone-binding protein RBBP7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RBBP7 gene.-Interactions:RBBP7 has been shown to interact with HDAC1, MTA2, SIN3A, Retinoblastoma protein, SAP30, GATAD2B and BRCA1.-Further reading:...
, RFWD2RFWD2E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RFWD2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RFWD2 gene.-Further reading:...
, RFWD3, RRP9RRP9U3 small nucleolar RNA-interacting protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RRP9 gene.-See also:* Fibrillarin* Small nucleolar RNA U3* RCL1* RRP9* UTP6* UTP11L* UTP14A* UTP15-Further reading:...
, - SCAPSCAPSCAP may refer to:* Société de Constructions Automobiles* Security Content Automation Protocol* Separation of Content and Presentation* Shackled City Adventure Path* SREBP cleavage activating protein...
, SEC13SEC13Protein SEC13 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SEC13 gene.-Further reading:...
, SEC31ASEC31AProtein transport protein Sec31A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SEC31A gene.-Further reading:...
, SEC31B, SEH1L, SHKBP1, SMU1SMU1WD40 repeat-containing protein SMU1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SMU1 gene.-Further reading:...
, SPAG16, SPGSPG-Activities:*Submersible pressure gauge used in scuba diving*Shortest proof game, a type of chess problem*Steals per game, a statistic in basketball-Language:...
, STRAPSTRAPSerine-threonine kinase receptor-associated protein is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the STRAP gene.-Interactions:STRAP has been shown to interact with Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 6, TGF beta receptor 2, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7, TGF beta receptor 1, Mothers...
, STRNSTRNStriatin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STRN gene.-Interactions:STRN has been shown to interact with STK25, PDCD10, CTTNBP2, TRAF3IP3, STRN3, MOBKL3, STK24, PPP2CA, RP6-213H19.1, PPP2R1A, CTTNBP2NL and FAM40A.-Further reading:...
, STRN3STRN3Striatin-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STRN3 gene.-Interactions:STRN3 has been shown to interact with PDCD10, CTTNBP2, MOBKL3, STK24, PPP2CA, RP6-213H19.1, STRN, PPP2R1A, CTTNBP2NL and FAM40A.-Further reading:...
, STRN4STRN4Striatin-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STRN4 gene.-Further reading:...
, STXBP5STXBP5Syntaxin-binding protein 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STXBP5 gene.-Interactions:STXBP5 has been shown to interact with STX4 and STX1A.-Further reading:...
, STXBP5L, - TAF5TAF5Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TAF5 gene.-Interactions:TAF5 has been shown to interact with TAF9, TAF15, TAF6 and TATA binding protein.-Further reading:...
, TAF5LTAF5LTAF5-like RNA polymerase II p300/CBP-associated factor-associated factor 65 kDa subunit 5L is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TAF5L gene.-Interactions:...
, TBL1XTBL1XTransducin -like 1X-linked, also known as TBL1X, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the TBL1X gene.- Function :The protein encoded by this gene has sequence similarity with members of the WD40 repeat-containing protein family. The WD40 group is a large family of proteins, which appear to...
, TBL1XR1TBL1XR1F-box-like/WD repeat-containing protein TBL1XR1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TBL1XR1 gene.-Interactions:TBL1XR1 has been shown to interact with Nuclear receptor co-repressor 1.-Further reading:...
, TBL1Y, TBL2, TBL3TBL3Transducin beta-like protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TBL3 gene.-Further reading:...
, TEP1TEP1Telomerase protein component 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TEP1 gene.-Further reading:...
, THOC3, THOC6, TLE1TLE1Transducin-like enhancer protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLE1 gene.-Interactions:TLE1 has been shown to interact with TLE2, Glycoprotein 130, UTY, HES6, RUNX3, SIX3 and RUNX1.-Further reading:...
, TLE2TLE2Transducin-like enhancer protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLE2 gene.-Interactions:TLE2 has been shown to interact with TLE1 and HES1.-Further reading:...
, TLE3TLE3Transducin-like enhancer protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLE3 gene.-Further reading:...
, TLE4TLE4Transducin-like enhancer protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLE4 gene.-Further reading:...
, TLE6, TRAF7, TSSC1TSSC1Protein TSSC1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TSSC1 gene.-Further reading:...
, TULP4, TUWD12, - UTP15UTP15U3 small nucleolar RNA-associated protein 15 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UTP15 gene.-See also:* Fibrillarin* Small nucleolar RNA U3* RCL1* RRP9* UTP6* UTP11L* UTP14A-Further reading:...
, UTP18UTP18U3 small nucleolar RNA-associated protein 18 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UTP18 gene.-See also:* Fibrillarin* Small nucleolar RNA U3* RCL1* RRP9* UTP11L* UTP14A* UTP15-Further reading:...
, - WAIT1, WDF3, WDFY1, WDFY2, WDFY3WDFY3WD repeat and FYVE domain-containing protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WDFY3 gene.-Further reading:...
, WDFY4, WDHD1, WDR1WDR1WD repeat-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WDR1 gene.-Further reading:...
, WDR10, WDR12WDR12Ribosome biogenesis protein WDR12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WDR12 gene.-Further reading:...
, WDR13, WDR16, WDR17, WDR18, WDR19, WDR20, WDR21A, WDR21C, WDR22, WDR23, WDR24WDR24WD repeat-containing protein 24 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WDR24 gene.-Further reading:...
, WDR25, WDR26WDR26WD repeat-containing protein 26 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WDR26 gene.-Further reading:...
, WDR27, WDR3WDR3WD repeat-containing protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WDR3 gene.-Further reading:...
, WDR31, WDR32, WDR33WDR33WD repeat-containing protein 33 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WDR33 gene.-Further reading:...
, WDR34, WDR35, WDR36WDR36WD repeat-containing protein 36 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WDR36 gene.-Further reading:...
, WDR37WDR37WD repeat-containing protein 37 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WDR37 gene.-Further reading:...
, WDR38, WDR4WDR4tRNA -methyltransferase subunit WDR4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the WDR4 gene.-Further reading:...
, WDR40A, WDR40B, WDR40C, WDR41, WDR42A, WDR42B, WDR43, WDR44WDR44WD repeat-containing protein 44 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WDR44 gene.-Further reading:...
, WDR46WDR46WD repeat-containing protein 46 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WDR46 gene.-Further reading:...
, WDR47WDR47WD repeat domain 47 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WDR47 gene....
, WDR48, WDR49, WDR5WDR5WD repeat-containing protein 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WDR5 gene.-Interactions:WDR5 has been shown to interact with Host cell factor C1 and MLL. It also interacts with the long non-coding RNA HOTTIP.-Further reading:...
, WDR51A, WDR51B, WDR52, WDR53, WDR54, WDR55, WDR57WDR57WD repeat domain 57 , also known as WDR57, is a gene found in many organisms, including, but not limited to Homo sapiens, Gallus gallus, Pan troglodytes, Canus familiaris, Bos taurus, Mus musculus, and Rattus norvegicus....
, WDR59, WDR5B, WDR6WDR6WD repeat-containing protein 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WDR6 gene.-Further reading:...
, WDR60, WDR61, WDR62WDR62WD repeat-containing protein 62 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WDR62 gene. Mutations in the WDR62 gene cause of a wide spectrum of severe cerebral cortical malformations including microcephaly , pachygyria with cortical thickening as well as hypoplasia of the corpus callosum.-Further...
, WDR63, WDR64, WDR65, WDR66, WDR67, WDR68WDR68WD repeat-containing protein 68 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DCAF7 gene.-Further reading:...
, WDR69, WDR7, WDR70, WDR72WDR72WD repeat-containing protein 72 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WDR72 gene. WDR72 contains 7 WD40 repeats, which are predicted to form the blades of a 7 beta propeller structure.- Clinical significance :...
, WDR73, WDR74, WDR75WDR75WDR75 is a human protein encoded by the WDR75 gene containing a WD40 superfamily domain. The WD40 domain is found throughout many eukaryotic cell types and is known to be involved in cellular regulator functions such as pre-mRNA processing and cytoskeleton assembly...
, WDR76, WDR77, WDR78, WDR79, WDR8WDR8WD repeat-containing protein 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WDR8 gene.-Further reading:...
, WDR81, WDR82, WDR85, WDR86, WDR88, WDR89, WDR90, WDR91, WDR92, WDSOF1, WDSUB1, WDTC1WDTC1WDTC1 is a gene associated with obesity.- External links :*...
, WSB1WSB1WD repeat and SOCS box-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the WSB1 gene.-Further reading:...
, WSB2, - ZFP106ZFP106Zinc finger protein 106 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZFP106 gene.-Further reading:...