Victor J. Stenger
Encyclopedia
Victor John Stenger is an American
particle physicist, outspoken atheist, and author
, now active in philosophy
and popular religious skepticism
.
As of June 2010, he has published nine books for general audiences on physics
, quantum mechanics
, cosmology
, philosophy
, religion
, atheism
, and pseudoscience
, the latest of which include The New Atheism: Taking a Stand for Science and Reason, which was released in September 2009, and The Fallacy of Fine-Tuning: How the Universe is Not Designed for Humanity (2011).
He popularized the phrase "Science flies you to the moon. Religion flies you into buildings".
in Electrical Engineering
from Newark College of Engineering (now the New Jersey Institute of Technology
). He then moved to Los Angeles
on a Hughes Aircraft Company fellowship. At UCLA, he earned a Master of Science
in 1958, and a Ph.D. in 1963, both in physics.
Stenger was a member of the Department of Physics at the University of Hawaii
until his 2000 retirement. He has held visiting positions on the faculties of the University of Heidelberg in Germany, Oxford University (twice), and has been a visiting researcher at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
in England
, the National Nuclear Physics Laboratory
in Frascati
, Italy
, and the University of Florence
in Italy. He is currently an Emeritus Professor of physics at the University of Hawaii
, and Adjunct Professor of Philosophy at the University of Colorado
. He is a fellow of CSICOP and a research fellow of the Center for Inquiry
.
particles, and neutrino
s. Stenger was a pioneer in the emerging research focused on neutrino astronomy
and very high-energy gamma rays. His final research project prior to retirement as an experimental physicist was participating in the Japan
-based Super-Kamiokande
underground experiment. This work demonstrated that the neutrino was massive
. Masatoshi Koshiba
, the leader of the project, won a share of the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics
for his efforts.
, skepticism
, and atheism
. He is a prominent critic of intelligent design
and the aggressive use of the anthropic principle
. He maintains that consciousness
and free will
, assuming that they in fact do exist, will eventually be explained in a scientific manner that invokes neither the mystical nor the supernatural
. He has repeatedly criticized those who invoke the perplexities of quantum mechanics
in support of the paranormal
, mysticism
, or supernatural phenomena, and has written several books and articles aiming to debunk
contemporary pseudoscience.
Stenger is also a public speaker, including taking part in the 2008 "Origins Conference" hosted by the Skeptics Society at the California Institute of Technology
alongside Nancey Murphy
and Leonard Susskind
.
In 1992, Uri Geller
sued Stenger and Prometheus Books
for $4 million, claiming defamation for questioning his "psychic
powers." The suit was dismissed and Geller was ordered to pay court costs.
. The following books have all been published by Prometheus Books
.
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
particle physicist, outspoken atheist, and author
Author
An author is broadly defined as "the person who originates or gives existence to anything" and that authorship determines responsibility for what is created. Narrowly defined, an author is the originator of any written work.-Legal significance:...
, now active in philosophy
Philosophy
Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational...
and popular religious skepticism
Religious skepticism
Religious skepticism is a type of skepticism relating to religion, but should not be confused with atheism. Religious skeptics question religious authority and are not necessarily anti-religious but are those skeptical of a specific or all religious beliefs or practices. Some are deists, believing...
.
As of June 2010, he has published nine books for general audiences on physics
Physics
Physics is a natural science that involves the study of matter and its motion through spacetime, along with related concepts such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves.Physics is one of the oldest academic...
, quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics, also known as quantum physics or quantum theory, is a branch of physics providing a mathematical description of much of the dual particle-like and wave-like behavior and interactions of energy and matter. It departs from classical mechanics primarily at the atomic and subatomic...
, cosmology
Cosmology
Cosmology is the discipline that deals with the nature of the Universe as a whole. Cosmologists seek to understand the origin, evolution, structure, and ultimate fate of the Universe at large, as well as the natural laws that keep it in order...
, philosophy
Philosophy
Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Philosophy is distinguished from other ways of addressing such problems by its critical, generally systematic approach and its reliance on rational...
, religion
Religion
Religion is a collection of cultural systems, belief systems, and worldviews that establishes symbols that relate humanity to spirituality and, sometimes, to moral values. Many religions have narratives, symbols, traditions and sacred histories that are intended to give meaning to life or to...
, atheism
Atheism
Atheism is, in a broad sense, the rejection of belief in the existence of deities. In a narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there are no deities...
, and pseudoscience
Pseudoscience
Pseudoscience is a claim, belief, or practice which is presented as scientific, but which does not adhere to a valid scientific method, lacks supporting evidence or plausibility, cannot be reliably tested, or otherwise lacks scientific status...
, the latest of which include The New Atheism: Taking a Stand for Science and Reason, which was released in September 2009, and The Fallacy of Fine-Tuning: How the Universe is Not Designed for Humanity (2011).
He popularized the phrase "Science flies you to the moon. Religion flies you into buildings".
Education and employment
In 1956, Stenger received a Bachelor of ScienceBachelor of Science
A Bachelor of Science is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for completed courses that generally last three to five years .-Australia:In Australia, the BSc is a 3 year degree, offered from 1st year on...
in Electrical Engineering
Electrical engineering
Electrical engineering is a field of engineering that generally deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics and electromagnetism. The field first became an identifiable occupation in the late nineteenth century after commercialization of the electric telegraph and electrical...
from Newark College of Engineering (now the New Jersey Institute of Technology
New Jersey Institute of Technology
New Jersey Institute of Technology is a public research university in Newark, New Jersey. It is often also referred to as Newark College of Engineering ....
). He then moved to Los Angeles
Los Ángeles
Los Ángeles is the capital of the province of Biobío, in the commune of the same name, in Region VIII , in the center-south of Chile. It is located between the Laja and Biobío rivers. The population is 123,445 inhabitants...
on a Hughes Aircraft Company fellowship. At UCLA, he earned a Master of Science
Master of Science
A Master of Science is a postgraduate academic master's degree awarded by universities in many countries. The degree is typically studied for in the sciences including the social sciences.-Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay:...
in 1958, and a Ph.D. in 1963, both in physics.
Stenger was a member of the Department of Physics at the University of Hawaii
University of Hawaii
The University of Hawaii System, formally the University of Hawaii and popularly known as UH, is a public, co-educational college and university system that confers associate, bachelor, master, and doctoral degrees through three university campuses, seven community college campuses, an employment...
until his 2000 retirement. He has held visiting positions on the faculties of the University of Heidelberg in Germany, Oxford University (twice), and has been a visiting researcher at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
The Rutherford Appleton Laboratory is one of the national scientific research laboratories in the UK operated by the Science and Technology Facilities Council . It is located on the Harwell Science and Innovation Campus at Chilton near Didcot in Oxfordshire, United Kingdom...
in England
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
, the National Nuclear Physics Laboratory
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
The Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare is the coordinating institution for nuclear, particle and astroparticle physics in Italy. It was founded on the 8th of August 1951, to further the nuclear physics research tradition initiated by Enrico Fermi in Rome, in the 1930s...
in Frascati
Frascati
Frascati is a town and comune in the province of Rome in the Lazio region of central Italy. It is located south-east of Rome, on the Alban Hills close to the ancient city of Tusculum. Frascati is closely associated with science, being the location of several international scientific...
, Italy
Italy
Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
, and the University of Florence
University of Florence
The University of Florence is a higher study institute in Florence, central Italy. One of the largest and oldest universities in the country, it consists of 12 faculties...
in Italy. He is currently an Emeritus Professor of physics at the University of Hawaii
University of Hawaii
The University of Hawaii System, formally the University of Hawaii and popularly known as UH, is a public, co-educational college and university system that confers associate, bachelor, master, and doctoral degrees through three university campuses, seven community college campuses, an employment...
, and Adjunct Professor of Philosophy at the University of Colorado
University of Colorado at Boulder
The University of Colorado Boulder is a public research university located in Boulder, Colorado...
. He is a fellow of CSICOP and a research fellow of the Center for Inquiry
Center for Inquiry
The Center for Inquiry is a non-profit educational organization with headquarters in the United States whose primary mission is to encourage evidence-based inquiry into paranormal and fringe science claims, alternative medicine and mental health practices, religion, secular ethics, and society...
.
Scientist
Stenger's research career, which ran from the 1960s through the late 1990s, involved work that determined properties of gluons, quarks, strangeStrangeness
In particle physics, strangeness S is a property of particles, expressed as a quantum number, for describing decay of particles in strong and electromagnetic reactions, which occur in a short period of time...
particles, and neutrino
Neutrino
A neutrino is an electrically neutral, weakly interacting elementary subatomic particle with a half-integer spin, chirality and a disputed but small non-zero mass. It is able to pass through ordinary matter almost unaffected...
s. Stenger was a pioneer in the emerging research focused on neutrino astronomy
Neutrino astronomy
Neutrino astronomy is the branch of astronomy that observes astronomical objects with neutrino detectors in special observatories. Nuclear reactions in stars and supernova explosions produce very large numbers of neutrinos, a very few of which may be detected by a neutrino telescope...
and very high-energy gamma rays. His final research project prior to retirement as an experimental physicist was participating in the Japan
Japan
Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...
-based Super-Kamiokande
Super-Kamiokande
Super-Kamiokande is a neutrino observatory which is under Mount Kamioka near the city of Hida, Gifu Prefecture, Japan...
underground experiment. This work demonstrated that the neutrino was massive
Neutrino oscillation
Neutrino oscillation is a quantum mechanical phenomenon predicted by Bruno Pontecorvowhereby a neutrino created with a specific lepton flavor can later be measured to have a different flavor. The probability of measuring a particular flavor for a neutrino varies periodically as it propagates...
. Masatoshi Koshiba
Masatoshi Koshiba
is a Japanese physicist. He jointly won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2002.He graduated from the University of Tokyo in 1951 and received a Ph.D. in physics at the University of Rochester, New York, in 1955...
, the leader of the project, won a share of the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics
Nobel Prize in Physics
The Nobel Prize in Physics is awarded once a year by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895 and awarded since 1901; the others are the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Peace Prize, and...
for his efforts.
Philosopher and skeptic
Stenger is now mainly known as an advocate of philosophical naturalismNaturalism (philosophy)
Naturalism commonly refers to the philosophical viewpoint that the natural universe and its natural laws and forces operate in the universe, and that nothing exists beyond the natural universe or, if it does, it does not affect the natural universe that we know...
, skepticism
Skepticism
Skepticism has many definitions, but generally refers to any questioning attitude towards knowledge, facts, or opinions/beliefs stated as facts, or doubt regarding claims that are taken for granted elsewhere...
, and atheism
Atheism
Atheism is, in a broad sense, the rejection of belief in the existence of deities. In a narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there are no deities...
. He is a prominent critic of intelligent design
Intelligent design
Intelligent design is the proposition that "certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirected process such as natural selection." It is a form of creationism and a contemporary adaptation of the traditional teleological argument for...
and the aggressive use of the anthropic principle
Anthropic principle
In astrophysics and cosmology, the anthropic principle is the philosophical argument that observations of the physical Universe must be compatible with the conscious life that observes it. Some proponents of the argument reason that it explains why the Universe has the age and the fundamental...
. He maintains that consciousness
Consciousness
Consciousness is a term that refers to the relationship between the mind and the world with which it interacts. It has been defined as: subjectivity, awareness, the ability to experience or to feel, wakefulness, having a sense of selfhood, and the executive control system of the mind...
and free will
Free will
"To make my own decisions whether I am successful or not due to uncontrollable forces" -Troy MorrisonA pragmatic definition of free willFree will is the ability of agents to make choices free from certain kinds of constraints. The existence of free will and its exact nature and definition have long...
, assuming that they in fact do exist, will eventually be explained in a scientific manner that invokes neither the mystical nor the supernatural
Supernatural
The supernatural or is that which is not subject to the laws of nature, or more figuratively, that which is said to exist above and beyond nature...
. He has repeatedly criticized those who invoke the perplexities of quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics, also known as quantum physics or quantum theory, is a branch of physics providing a mathematical description of much of the dual particle-like and wave-like behavior and interactions of energy and matter. It departs from classical mechanics primarily at the atomic and subatomic...
in support of the paranormal
Paranormal
Paranormal is a general term that designates experiences that lie outside "the range of normal experience or scientific explanation" or that indicates phenomena understood to be outside of science's current ability to explain or measure...
, mysticism
Mysticism
Mysticism is the knowledge of, and especially the personal experience of, states of consciousness, i.e. levels of being, beyond normal human perception, including experience and even communion with a supreme being.-Classical origins:...
, or supernatural phenomena, and has written several books and articles aiming to debunk
Debunker
A debunker is an individual who attempts to discredit and contradict claims as being false, exaggerated or pretentious. The term is closely associated with skeptical investigation of, or in some cases irrational resistance to, controversial topics such as U.F.O.s, claimed paranormal phenomena,...
contemporary pseudoscience.
Stenger is also a public speaker, including taking part in the 2008 "Origins Conference" hosted by the Skeptics Society at the California Institute of Technology
California Institute of Technology
The California Institute of Technology is a private research university located in Pasadena, California, United States. Caltech has six academic divisions with strong emphases on science and engineering...
alongside Nancey Murphy
Nancey Murphy
Nancey Murphy is Professor of Christian Philosophy at Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, CA. She received the B.A. from Creighton University in 1973, the Ph.D. from University of California, Berkeley in 1980, and the Th.D...
and Leonard Susskind
Leonard Susskind
Leonard Susskind is the Felix Bloch Professor of Theoretical Physics at Stanford University. His research interests include string theory, quantum field theory, quantum statistical mechanics and quantum cosmology...
.
In 1992, Uri Geller
Uri Geller
Uri Geller is a self-proclaimed psychic known for his trademark television performances of spoon bending and other supposed psychic effects. Throughout the years, Geller has been accused of using simple conjuring tricks to achieve the effects of psychokinesis and telepathy...
sued Stenger and Prometheus Books
Prometheus Books
Prometheus Books is a publishing company founded in August 1969 by Paul Kurtz, who also founded the Council for Secular Humanism and co-founded the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. He is currently the chairman of all three organizations. Prometheus Books publishes a range of books, including many...
for $4 million, claiming defamation for questioning his "psychic
Psychic
A psychic is a person who professes an ability to perceive information hidden from the normal senses through extrasensory perception , or is said by others to have such abilities. It is also used to describe theatrical performers who use techniques such as prestidigitation, cold reading, and hot...
powers." The suit was dismissed and Geller was ordered to pay court costs.
Professional and community positions
- President, 1990–94, Hawaiian Humanists;
- Member of American Physical SocietyAmerican Physical SocietyThe American Physical Society is the world's second largest organization of physicists, behind the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft. The Society publishes more than a dozen scientific journals, including the world renowned Physical Review and Physical Review Letters, and organizes more than 20...
; - Member of Editorial Board, Free InquiryFree InquiryFree Inquiry is a bi-monthly journal of secular humanist opinion and commentary published by the Council for Secular Humanism, which is part of the Center for Inquiry. Philosopher Paul Kurtz is the editor-in-chief and Thomas W. Flynn the editor. Feature articles cover a wide range of topics from a...
; - Member of Society of Humanist Philosophers;
- Fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry;
- Fellow of the Center for InquiryCenter for InquiryThe Center for Inquiry is a non-profit educational organization with headquarters in the United States whose primary mission is to encourage evidence-based inquiry into paranormal and fringe science claims, alternative medicine and mental health practices, religion, secular ethics, and society...
; - President, 2002–06, Colorado Citizens for Science.
Books
In recent years, Stenger's books and articles have been mostly written for the wider educated public. These writings explore the interfaces between physics and cosmology, and philosophy, religion, and pseudosciencePseudoscience
Pseudoscience is a claim, belief, or practice which is presented as scientific, but which does not adhere to a valid scientific method, lacks supporting evidence or plausibility, cannot be reliably tested, or otherwise lacks scientific status...
. The following books have all been published by Prometheus Books
Prometheus Books
Prometheus Books is a publishing company founded in August 1969 by Paul Kurtz, who also founded the Council for Secular Humanism and co-founded the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. He is currently the chairman of all three organizations. Prometheus Books publishes a range of books, including many...
.
- 1988. Not by Design: The Origin of the Universe. ISBN 0879754516
- 1990. Physics and Psychics: The Search for a World Beyond the Senses. ISBN 087975575X.
- 1995. The Unconscious Quantum: Metaphysics in Modern Physics and Cosmology. ISBN 1573920223.
- 2000. Timeless Reality: Symmetry, Simplicity, and Multiple Universes. ISBN 1573928593.
- 2003. Has Science Found God? The Latest Results in the Search for Purpose in the Universe. ISBN 1591020182.
- 2006. The Comprehensible Cosmos: Where Do The Laws Of Physics Come From?. ISBN 1591024242.
- 2007. God: The Failed HypothesisGod: The Failed HypothesisGod: The Failed Hypothesis is a 2007 New York Times bestseller by scientist Victor J. Stenger who argues that there is no evidence for the existence of a deity and that God's existence, while not impossible, is improbable....
: How Science Shows that God Does Not Exist. ISBN 1591024811. New York Times bestseller. - 2009. Quantum Gods: Creation, Chaos and the Search for Cosmic Consciousness. ISBN 1591027136.
- 2009. The New Atheism: Taking a Stand for Science and Reason. ISBN 1591027519.
- 2011. The Fallacy of Fine-Tuning. ISBN 9781616144432.
Peer-reviewed articles
- 1964 (with W. E. Slater et al.), "K-N Interactions in the I=0 State at Low Energies," Phys. Rev. 134, B1111. Publication of Stenger's Ph.D. thesis results.
- 1984, "The Production of Very High Energy Photons and Neutrinos from Cosmic Proton Sources," Astrophys. J. 284, 810.
- 1985, "Photinos from Cosmic Sources," Nature 317, 411.
- 1986, "The Extraterrestrial Flux Sensitivity of Underground and Undersea Muon Detectors," Il Nuovo Cimento 9C, 479.
- 1990, "The Universe: the ultimate free lunch," European Journal of Physics 11: 236-43.
- 1999, "The Physics of 'Alternative Medicine': Bioenergetic Fields," The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine, Vol. 3(1).
- 2000, "Natural Explanations for the Anthropic Coincidences," Philo 3: 50-67.
Other articles
- 1993, The Myth of Quantum Consciousness," The Humanist 53(13).
- 1996, "New Age Physics: Has Science Found the Path to the Ultimate?” Free Inquiry 16(3): 7-11.
- 1996, "Cosmythology: Was the Universe Designed to Produce Us?" Skeptic 4(2): 36-40.
- 1997, "Quantum Metaphysics.”" in Laurence Brown, Bernard C. Farr, and R. Joseph Hoffmann, eds., Modern Spiritualities. Amherst NY: Prometheus Books: 243-53. Also published in 1997, The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine 1(1): 26-30.
- 1998/99, "Has Science Found God?" Free Inquiry 19(1): 56-58.
- 1999, "The Physics of 'Alternative Medicine': Bioenergetic Fields" The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine (SRAM) 3(1).
- 1999, "The Anthropic Coincidences: A Natural Explanation," Skeptical Intelligencer 3(3): 2-17.
- 1999, "Anthropic Design: Does the Cosmos Show Evidence of Purpose?" Skeptical Inquirer 23(4): 40-63.
- 1999, "“Energy Medicine,”" (with David Ramey, DVM) in Alternate Therapies in the Horse. New York: Howell Book House: 55-66.
- 2000, "The Pseudophysics of Therapeutic Touch" in Béla Scheiber and Carla Selby, eds., Therapeutic Touch. Amherst NY: Prometheus Books: 302-11.
- 2001, "Humanity in Time and Space," Free Inquiry 21(2):42-69.
- 2001, "Time's Arrows Point Both Ways: The View From Nowhen," Skeptic 8(4): 90-95.
- 2001, "The God of Falling Bodies" Skeptical Inquirer 25(5): 46-49.
- 2001, "The Breath of God: Identifying Spiritual Force" in Skeptical Odysseys, Paul Kurtz, ed. Amherst NY: Prometheus Books: 363-74.
- 2003, "Anthropic Design: Does the Cosmos Show Evidence of Purpose?" in Kurtz, Paul, ed., Science and Religion: Are They Compatible? Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books: 47-49.
- 2003, "The Premise Keepers," Free Inquiry 23(3).
- 2004, "Is the Universe Fine-Tuned for Us?" in Matt Young and Taner Edis, eds., Why Intelligent Design Fails: A Scientific Critique of the New Creationism. New Brunswick NJ: Rutgers University Press: 172-84.
- 2005, "Flew's Flawed Science" Free Inquiry 25(2): 17-18.
- 2006, "The Scientific Case Against a God Who Created the Universe" in Michael Martin and Ricki Monnier, eds., The Improbability of God. Amherst NY: Prometheus Books.
- 2006, "Do Our Values Come from God? The Evidence Says No," Free Inquiry 26(5): 42-45.
- 2007, "Physics, Cosmology, and the New Creationism" in Scientists Confront Creationism II. W.W. Norton.
- 2008, "Is the Brain a Quantum Device?" Skeptical Briefs 18(1)
- 2008, "Where Can God Act? The New Quantum Theology" Free Inquiry 28(5): 1-36.
- "Reality" and "Clock Time." Entries for the International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 2nd ed. To be published by Macmillan Reference USA (Thomson Gale).
- "Time, Arrow of," "Time, Asymmetry of," "Time, Operational Definition of," "Universe, Origin of," "Planck time," Time, Symmetry of," "Time, Units of." Entries for The Encyclopedia of Time to be published by Sage Publications.
Columnist
Since 1998, Stenger has written a column, called "Reality Check," for Skeptical Briefs, the quarterly newsletter of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI).See also
The following persons cite Stenger's work,- Robin CollinsRobin CollinsRobin Collins is an American philosopher. He currently serves as Professor of Philosophy at Messiah College in Grantham, Pennsylvania. His main interests include issues in science and religion and theories of atonement.-Education:...
- Richard DawkinsRichard DawkinsClinton Richard Dawkins, FRS, FRSL , known as Richard Dawkins, is a British ethologist, evolutionary biologist and author...
- Sam HarrisSam Harris (author)Sam Harris is an American author, and neuroscientist, as well as the co-founder and current CEO of Project Reason. He received a Bachelor of Arts in philosophy from Stanford University, before receiving a Ph.D. in neuroscience from UCLA...
- Christopher HitchensChristopher HitchensChristopher Eric Hitchens is an Anglo-American author and journalist whose books, essays, and journalistic career span more than four decades. He has been a columnist and literary critic at The Atlantic, Vanity Fair, Slate, World Affairs, The Nation, Free Inquiry, and became a media fellow at the...
- Ray Kurzweil
- Andrei LindeAndrei LindeAndrei Dmitriyevich Linde is a Russian-American theoretical physicist and professor of Physics at Stanford University. Dr. Linde is best known for his work on the concept of the inflationary universe. He received his Bachelor of Science degree from Moscow State University. In 1975, Linde was...
- David Mills
- Michael ShermerMichael ShermerMichael Brant Shermer is an American science writer, historian of science, founder of The Skeptics Society, and Editor in Chief of its magazine Skeptic, which is largely devoted to investigating pseudoscientific and supernatural claims. The Skeptics Society currently has over 55,000 members...
External links
- homepage
- Stenger's complete CV.
- Reviews of Stenger's books.
- Audio of interview with Stenger on the podcast/radio show "Freethought" by the Freedom From Religion FoundationFreedom From Religion FoundationThe Freedom From Religion Foundation is an American freethought organization based in Madison, Wisconsin. Its purposes, as stated in its bylaws, are to promote the separation of church and state and to educate the public on matters relating to atheism, agnosticism and nontheism. The FFRF publishes...
.