Veer Surendra Sai Medical College
Encyclopedia
Veer Surendra Sai Medical College (VSSMC) is a premier Government run Medical College
Medical college
A Medical College is a trade association that brings together practitioners of a particular geographical area . In common law countries often are grouped by medical specialties ....

 & Hospital
Hospital
A hospital is a health care institution providing patient treatment by specialized staff and equipment. Hospitals often, but not always, provide for inpatient care or longer-term patient stays....

 in the Indian
India
India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...

 state of Orissa
Orissa
Orissa , officially Odisha since Nov 2011, is a state of India, located on the east coast of India, by the Bay of Bengal. It is the modern name of the ancient nation of Kalinga, which was invaded by the Maurya Emperor Ashoka in 261 BC. The modern state of Orissa was established on 1 April...

. Established in 1959, it is one of the oldest institutes of Orissa
Orissa
Orissa , officially Odisha since Nov 2011, is a state of India, located on the east coast of India, by the Bay of Bengal. It is the modern name of the ancient nation of Kalinga, which was invaded by the Maurya Emperor Ashoka in 261 BC. The modern state of Orissa was established on 1 April...

 for imparting highly specialized medical education
Education
Education in its broadest, general sense is the means through which the aims and habits of a group of people lives on from one generation to the next. Generally, it occurs through any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts...

 in both the undergraduate and postgraduate levels. VSS, as it is popularly known, is recognized, regulated and monitored by the Medical Council of India
Medical Council of India
The Medical Council of India was the statutory body for maintenance of uniform and high standards of medical education in India. The Council grants recognition of medical qualifications, gives accreditation to medical colleges, grants registration to medical practitioners, and monitors medical...

 (MCI) in charge of the medical education in India
India
India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...

. Recently in 2009, this institution celebrated its Golden Jubilee.

Location

VSS Medical College is located in Burla
Burla, India
Burla is a town and a notified area committee in Sambalpur District in the state of Orissa, India. It is a small town on the banks of Mahanadi, and is 15 kilometers from Sambalpur.- Geography :...

, a small town on the banks of the Mahanadi River
Mahanadi River
The Mahanadi in East Central India. It drains an area of around 141,600 km2 and has a total course of 858 km. The river flows through the states of Chhattisgarh and Orissa.-Source:...

 in Sambalpur
Sambalpur
Sambalpur is a city in Sambalpur district in the Indian state of Orissa.It lies at a distance of 321 km from the state capital Bhubaneswar. In the year 1876, Sambalpur was established as a municipality. It is currently the headquarters and the largest city of Sambalpur district. It is also...

 district of Western Orissa
Orissa
Orissa , officially Odisha since Nov 2011, is a state of India, located on the east coast of India, by the Bay of Bengal. It is the modern name of the ancient nation of Kalinga, which was invaded by the Maurya Emperor Ashoka in 261 BC. The modern state of Orissa was established on 1 April...

, only 15 km away from the City of Sambalpur
Sambalpur
Sambalpur is a city in Sambalpur district in the Indian state of Orissa.It lies at a distance of 321 km from the state capital Bhubaneswar. In the year 1876, Sambalpur was established as a municipality. It is currently the headquarters and the largest city of Sambalpur district. It is also...

. Known as the Education City, it also hosts the Sambalpur University
Sambalpur University
Sambalpur University is located at Sambalpur, India in the Indian state of Orissa. Popularly known as Jyoti Vihar. It offers courses at the undergraduate and post-graduate levels. Governor of Orissa is the Chancellor of the university...

 and Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, which are only a kilometer away on either side of VSS Medical College.

Located in close vicinity of the Hirakud Dam
Hirakud Dam
Hirakud Dam is built across the Mahanadi River, about 15 km from Sambalpur in the state of Orissa in India. Built in 1957, the dam is one of the world's longest earthen dam....

, one of the world’s longest earthen dams, Burla is famous for its scenic beauty, consisting of large splendid bodies of water with lush green hills forming the backdrop. During the monsoons, the beauty of the place increases manifold with an abundance of colors embellished in the landscape. The fresh, quiet environment provides just the perfect ambiance for study and research activities.

The Crest

The emblem adopted by V.S.S. Medical College, Burla is dominated by the lions of Sarnath
Sarnath
Sarnath or Sārnātha is the deer park where Gautama Buddha first taught the Dharma, and where the Buddhist Sangha came into existence through the enlightenment of Kondanna. Sarnath is located 13 kilometres north-east of Varanasi, in Uttar Pradesh, India...

, Lion Capital of Emperor Asoka. The three lions visible, one facing to the front and the other two to either side (the one facing behind is out of view) stand for Supremacy and Invincibility.

The wheel implies relentless Activity, In fatigability and eternal Creativity.

The Caduceus
Caduceus
The caduceus is the staff carried by Hermes in Greek mythology. The same staff was also borne by heralds in general, for example by Iris, the messenger of Hera. It is a short staff entwined by two serpents, sometimes surmounted by wings...

 of Hermes
Hermes
Hermes is the great messenger of the gods in Greek mythology and a guide to the Underworld. Hermes was born on Mount Kyllini in Arcadia. An Olympian god, he is also the patron of boundaries and of the travelers who cross them, of shepherds and cowherds, of the cunning of thieves, of orators and...

 consisting of a staff of Aesculapius with two snakes entwined about it, topped by a pair of wings represents the universal insignia of medical profession. Citus (faster, swifter, second to none), Altius (soaring high), and Fortius (braver, stronger, robust and invincible) are an adaptation from the Olympic motto.

Genesis and growth

In 1958, to provide a solution to healthcare problems in western Orissa
Orissa
Orissa , officially Odisha since Nov 2011, is a state of India, located on the east coast of India, by the Bay of Bengal. It is the modern name of the ancient nation of Kalinga, which was invaded by the Maurya Emperor Ashoka in 261 BC. The modern state of Orissa was established on 1 April...

, a decision to set up a medical college, 2nd in state and 54th in the country at Burla
Burla, India
Burla is a town and a notified area committee in Sambalpur District in the state of Orissa, India. It is a small town on the banks of Mahanadi, and is 15 kilometers from Sambalpur.- Geography :...

, near Sambalpur
Sambalpur
Sambalpur is a city in Sambalpur district in the Indian state of Orissa.It lies at a distance of 321 km from the state capital Bhubaneswar. In the year 1876, Sambalpur was established as a municipality. It is currently the headquarters and the largest city of Sambalpur district. It is also...

  city was taken by the then Chief Minister of Orissa
Orissa
Orissa , officially Odisha since Nov 2011, is a state of India, located on the east coast of India, by the Bay of Bengal. It is the modern name of the ancient nation of Kalinga, which was invaded by the Maurya Emperor Ashoka in 261 BC. The modern state of Orissa was established on 1 April...

 Dr. Harekrushna Mahatab
Harekrushna Mahatab
Harekrushna Mahatab was a leader of the Indian National Congress, a notable figure in the Indian independence movement and the Chief Minister of Orissa from 1946 to 1950 and again from 1956 to 1961. He was popularly known by the sobriquet Utkal Keshari.-Early life:Harekrushna Mahtab was born at...

. Consequently, the Burla Medical College (BMC) came into existence in July, 1959 with 41 boys and 9 girls selected from SCB Medical College, Cuttack
Cuttack
Cuttack is the former capital of the state of Orissa, India. It is the headquarters of Cuttack district and is located about 20 km to the north east of Bhubaneswar, the capital of Orissa. The name of the city is an anglicised form of Kataka that literally means The Fort, a reference to the...

 to become its first batch of students.

The College started to function in the present OCB building, under the guidance of Prof. Dr. Radhanath Mishra as its first principal. Initially, the MCI refused to recognize BMC, citing gross infrastructural inadequacy. So, a new sprawling campus was designed, complete with main college building, hospital building, hostels and staff quarters and construction began on 12th February, 1961. Upon completion of the work in 1966, the college was shifted to the new campus and it finally got MCI nod in 1967. In 1969, It was rechristened as Veer Surendra Sai Medical College in honor of Veer Surendra Sai.

As the years passed by, the college added many facilities, including the following:
  • 1961- opened Radio diagnosis department
  • 1966- opened Orthopedics department
  • 1970- opened Pediatrics department
  • 1979- opened Cardiology Super-specialty
  • 1980- opened Pulmonary Medicine department & Neurosurgery Super-specialty
  • 1981- opened Nephrology Super-specialty, New Obst. & Gyn. building
  • 1984- opened Genito-urinary Surgery Super-specialty
  • 1985- Indira Gandhi Auditorium, Radiotherapy Cobalt-60 unit
  • 1996- opened Psychiatry department
  • 1997- New Central Library Building
  • 1999- opened ICU in General Medicine Ward
  • 2005- Regional Diagnostic Center
  • 2006- Trauma Unit, Burn Unit, Neonatal ICU
  • 2007- Seats increased to 150
  • 2008- New Emergency building, New Orthopedics building
  • 2010- New Super-specialty building, New multi utility building


Academics

VSS Medical College offers both undergraduate and postgraduate courses in the field of medical Science as well as other paramedical courses.

Undergraduate courses

The college offers the four and a half year MBBS
MBBS
MBBS was a popular BBS system in the Nordic countries during the mid-1990s. It was created by a team of Oslo-based enthusiasts, led by Mike Robertson. As many BBS systems of that era, it was only available for the DOS platform. Since one process could only handle one node, multitaskers such as...

 course with a one year compulsory rotating internship in affiliated hospitals to a maximum of 150 students per year.

Admission to this course is extremely competitive and strictly on the basis of merit. Out of the 150, 22 seats are filled through the All India Pre-Medical Test (AIPMT) conducted by the CBSE and rest 128 seats are filled through the Orissa JEE held every year. The acceptance rate to this course is barely 0.2%, i.e. 1 in every 500 aspirants gets a seat.

Postgraduate courses

The college offers 74 seats in Post Graduate Courses. The admission is through Orissa Post Graduate medical Examination and at the national level through All India Post Graduate Medical Entrance Examination (AIPGMEE). 50% of the seats are reserved for in-service candidates. The courses are-

MD
Doctor of Medicine
Doctor of Medicine is a doctoral degree for physicians. The degree is granted by medical schools...

in,
  • Anesthesiology
  • Biochemistry
    Biochemistry
    Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes in living organisms, including, but not limited to, living matter. Biochemistry governs all living organisms and living processes...

  • Community Medicine
  • General Medicine
  • Obstetrics & Gynecology
  • Pediatrics
    Pediatrics
    Pediatrics or paediatrics is the branch of medicine that deals with the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents. A medical practitioner who specializes in this area is known as a pediatrician or paediatrician...

  • Pathology
    Pathology
    Pathology is the precise study and diagnosis of disease. The word pathology is from Ancient Greek , pathos, "feeling, suffering"; and , -logia, "the study of". Pathologization, to pathologize, refers to the process of defining a condition or behavior as pathological, e.g. pathological gambling....

  • Pharmacology
    Pharmacology
    Pharmacology is the branch of medicine and biology concerned with the study of drug action. More specifically, it is the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function...

  • Physiology
    Physiology
    Physiology is the science of the function of living systems. This includes how organisms, organ systems, organs, cells, and bio-molecules carry out the chemical or physical functions that exist in a living system. The highest honor awarded in physiology is the Nobel Prize in Physiology or...

  • Radio diagnosis
  • Pulmonary Medicine


MS
Master of Science
A Master of Science is a postgraduate academic master's degree awarded by universities in many countries. The degree is typically studied for in the sciences including the social sciences.-Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay:...

in,
  • Anatomy
    Anatomy
    Anatomy is a branch of biology and medicine that is the consideration of the structure of living things. It is a general term that includes human anatomy, animal anatomy , and plant anatomy...

  • General Surgery
    General surgery
    General surgery, despite its name, is a surgical specialty that focuses on abdominal organs, e.g., intestines including esophagus, stomach, small bowel, colon, liver, pancreas, gallbladder and bile ducts, and often the thyroid gland . They also deal with diseases involving the skin, breast, soft...

  • Ophthalmology
    Ophthalmology
    Ophthalmology is the branch of medicine that deals with the anatomy, physiology and diseases of the eye. An ophthalmologist is a specialist in medical and surgical eye problems...

  • Otorhinolaryngology
  • Orthopedics
    Orthopedics
    Orthopedics is the study of the musculoskeletal system. The Greek word 'ortho' means straight or correct and 'pedics' comes from the Greek 'pais' meaning children. For many centuries, orthopedists have been involved in the treatment of crippled children...


Paramedical courses

  • Diploma in Medical Laboratory Technology (MLT): 30 seats
  • Diploma in Medical Radiology Technology (MRT): 10 seats
  • Diploma in General Nursing and Midwifery (GNM): 50 seats

Student life

The students’ community in VSS Medical College is a confluence of diverse cultures and ethnicities, as students from all corners of the country come to study here. Students live as a very closely knit family amidst an environment of peace, mutual respect and harmony.

Residential facilities

The College has 7 hostels for boys out of which 5 are for undergraduates, 1 for interns and 1 for postgraduates. It also has 3 girls’ hostels out of which 2 are for undergraduate girls and 1 is for nursing students. Two new hostels, one each for undergraduate girls and staff nurses are under construction. A plan to construct two more boys’ hostels for Undergraduates & Postgraduates is in the pipeline.

The hostels have all basic amenities with 24 hour electricity and water supply, cable TV. All hostels have their own mess where meals are available at affordable rates. The quality of the food is, however, just average.

Student Facilities

The College has good infrastructure. All lecture theaters & laboratories are well maintained & well-equipped. The Central Library has over 50,000 books & journals and can easily accommodate 500 students. There is also a modern auditorium
Auditorium
An auditorium is a room built to enable an audience to hear and watch performances at venues such as theatres. For movie theaters, the number of auditoriums is expressed as the number of screens.- Etymology :...

 with a capacity of 550, which will be fully air-conditioned very soon. The college has facilities for outdoor sports like cricket
Cricket
Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of 11 players on an oval-shaped field, at the centre of which is a rectangular 22-yard long pitch. One team bats, trying to score as many runs as possible while the other team bowls and fields, trying to dismiss the batsmen and thus limit the...

, football, basketball
Basketball
Basketball is a team sport in which two teams of five players try to score points by throwing or "shooting" a ball through the top of a basketball hoop while following a set of rules...

, and volleyball
Volleyball
Volleyball is a team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by a net. Each team tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team's court under organized rules.The complete rules are extensive...

; indoor facilities for badminton
Badminton
Badminton is a racquet sport played by either two opposing players or two opposing pairs , who take positions on opposite halves of a rectangular court that is divided by a net. Players score points by striking a shuttlecock with their racquet so that it passes over the net and lands in their...

 and table tennis
Table tennis
Table tennis, also known as ping-pong, is a sport in which two or four players hit a lightweight, hollow ball back and forth using table tennis rackets. The game takes place on a hard table divided by a net...

; and a well-equipped gymnasium
Gym
The word γυμνάσιον was used in Ancient Greece, that mean a locality for both physical and intellectual education of young men...

.

Recreation

To get a break from the hectic schedules, the students frequent to places like Zero Point, Jawahar & Gandhi Minars of Hirakud Dam
Hirakud Dam
Hirakud Dam is built across the Mahanadi River, about 15 km from Sambalpur in the state of Orissa in India. Built in 1957, the dam is one of the world's longest earthen dam....

, the Siphon, Ghanteswari Temple or simply go on a long ride, to find the much needed peace of mind. Evenings are usually spent savouring delicious food in Sambalpur
Sambalpur
Sambalpur is a city in Sambalpur district in the Indian state of Orissa.It lies at a distance of 321 km from the state capital Bhubaneswar. In the year 1876, Sambalpur was established as a municipality. It is currently the headquarters and the largest city of Sambalpur district. It is also...

 restaurants or highway dhabas. Every weekend, the Audio -Visual society arranges screening of popular movies in the auditorium.

Students' Union

The students are represented by an undergraduate students’ union (SU), elected annually by a campus wide election from the students of fourth year in March-April. The union is very powerful and acts to protect the interests and rights of student community. The office bearers of the students’ union organise various programmes, activities and inter class competitions throughout the year which culminates with the annual function of the union in December. The post graduate students are represented by a similar union, known as the Junior Doctors’ Association (JDA).

The inter-medical college festival, “Euphoria”, is organized every 3 years by the students’ union, which witnesses participation from all medical colleges of the state. A large no. of students gather for a four day extravaganza and participate in various cultural, dramatic, literary and sports competitions.

Students of this college excel in a no. of extracurricular activities, emphasizing the fact that mere syllabus
Syllabus
A syllabus , is an outline and summary of topics to be covered in an education or training course. It is descriptive...

 study is not enough. Many have tasted success in various state & national level competitions. “PRAYAS” is a non-profit organization formed by the students which strives to provide proper medical treatment to financially challenged persons by providing free of cost medicines and also to create a large pool of donors to counter the perennial shortage of blood units in the hospital blood bank
Blood bank
A blood bank is a cache or bank of blood or blood components, gathered as a result of blood donation, stored and preserved for later use in blood transfusion. The term "blood bank" typically refers to a division of a hospital laboratory where the storage of blood product occurs and where proper...

.

Medical Services

Being the Tertiary Referral Center of western Orissa
Orissa
Orissa , officially Odisha since Nov 2011, is a state of India, located on the east coast of India, by the Bay of Bengal. It is the modern name of the ancient nation of Kalinga, which was invaded by the Maurya Emperor Ashoka in 261 BC. The modern state of Orissa was established on 1 April...

, this medical college hospital caters to the needs of approximately 6 crore people belonging to 12 districts of Orissa
Orissa
Orissa , officially Odisha since Nov 2011, is a state of India, located on the east coast of India, by the Bay of Bengal. It is the modern name of the ancient nation of Kalinga, which was invaded by the Maurya Emperor Ashoka in 261 BC. The modern state of Orissa was established on 1 April...

, 4 districts of Chhattisgarh
Chhattisgarh
Chhattisgarh is a state in Central India, formed when the 16 Chhattisgarhi-speaking South-Eastern districts of Madhya Pradesh gained separate statehood on 1 November 2000....

 and 2 districts of Jharkhand
Jharkhand
Jharkhand is a state in eastern India. It was carved out of the southern part of Bihar on 15 November 2000. Jharkhand shares its border with the states of Bihar to the north, Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh to the west, Orissa to the south, and West Bengal to the east...

. The doctors and staff at VSS Medical college Hospital strive to provide comprehensive, high quality tertiary care services including specialty
Specialty (medicine)
A specialty in medicine is a branch of medical science. After completing medical school, physicians or surgeons usually further their medical education in a specific specialty of medicine by completing a multiple year residency to become a medical specialist.-History of medical specialization:To...

 and super-speciality services to all without consideration of caste, creed, religion, sex, economic status or disability.

21 specialty teaching departments and six super-specialty departments as follows are working in the hospital.
  • Cardiology
    Cardiology
    Cardiology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the heart . The field includes diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease and electrophysiology...

  • Nephrology
    Nephrology
    Nephrology is a branch of internal medicine and pediatrics dealing with the study of the function and diseases of the kidney.-Scope of the specialty:...

  • Neurology
    Neurology
    Neurology is a medical specialty dealing with disorders of the nervous system. Specifically, it deals with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of disease involving the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, including their coverings, blood vessels, and all effector tissue,...

  • Hematology
    Hematology
    Hematology, also spelled haematology , is the branch of biology physiology, internal medicine, pathology, clinical laboratory work, and pediatrics that is concerned with the study of blood, the blood-forming organs, and blood diseases...

  • Genito-urinary Surgery
  • Neurosurgery
    Neurosurgery
    Neurosurgery is the medical specialty concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of disorders which affect any portion of the nervous system including the brain, spine, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and extra-cranial cerebrovascular system.-In the United States:In...



The main building houses the College block along with the nonclinical and Para clinical departments. The Outpatient department block, the inpatient departments of major departments, the Blood bank etc. are located in the main campus in the hospital block. The Psychiatry
Psychiatry
Psychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the study and treatment of mental disorders. These mental disorders include various affective, behavioural, cognitive and perceptual abnormalities...

, Pediatrics
Pediatrics
Pediatrics or paediatrics is the branch of medicine that deals with the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents. A medical practitioner who specializes in this area is known as a pediatrician or paediatrician...

, Radiotherapy and Pulmonary Medicine are placed at a short distance from the main building.

The Hospital has a total strength of 772 beds overall including those in the super specialty departments. The department wise break up is as follows-
  • Medicine
    Medicine
    Medicine is the science and art of healing. It encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness....

     (4 units): 169
  • Pediatrics
    Pediatrics
    Pediatrics or paediatrics is the branch of medicine that deals with the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents. A medical practitioner who specializes in this area is known as a pediatrician or paediatrician...

     (2 units): 70
  • Pulmonary Medicine: 50
  • Skin & VD: 36
  • Psychiatry
    Psychiatry
    Psychiatry is the medical specialty devoted to the study and treatment of mental disorders. These mental disorders include various affective, behavioural, cognitive and perceptual abnormalities...

    : 20
  • Surgery
    Surgery
    Surgery is an ancient medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, or to help improve bodily function or appearance.An act of performing surgery may be called a surgical...

     (4 units): 161
  • Orthopedic Surgery
    Orthopedic surgery
    Orthopedic surgery or orthopedics is the branch of surgery concerned with conditions involving the musculoskeletal system...

     (2 units): 60
  • Ophthalmology
    Ophthalmology
    Ophthalmology is the branch of medicine that deals with the anatomy, physiology and diseases of the eye. An ophthalmologist is a specialist in medical and surgical eye problems...

    : 44
  • Otorhinolaryngology: 38
  • Radiotherapy: 24
  • Obstetrics & ANC: 56
  • Gynecology: 34
  • Pediatric Prehospital Care: 10


Future Ahead

  • Declaration of VSS Medical College, Burla as an autonomous organization like AIIMS.
  • VSSMC to be renamed as VSS institute of Medical Sciences (VSSIMS).
  • M.C.I. recognition for the P.G. department of Skin and Venereal Diseases & Forensic Medicine & Toxicology.
  • Opening of super specialized units like Clinical Hematology, Endocrinology
    Endocrinology
    Endocrinology is a branch of biology and medicine dealing with the endocrine system, its diseases, and its specific secretions called hormones, the integration of developmental events such as proliferation, growth, and differentiation and the coordination of...

    , Gastroenterology
    Gastroenterology
    Gastroenterology is the branch of medicine whereby the digestive system and its disorders are studied. The name is a combination of three Ancient Greek words gaster , enteron , and logos...

    , Plastic Surgery
    Plastic surgery
    Plastic surgery is a medical specialty concerned with the correction or restoration of form and function. Though cosmetic or aesthetic surgery is the best-known kind of plastic surgery, most plastic surgery is not cosmetic: plastic surgery includes many types of reconstructive surgery, hand...

    , Pediatric Surgery
    Pediatric surgery
    Pediatric surgery or paediatric surgery is a subspecialty of surgery involving the surgery of fetuses, infants, children, adolescents, and young adults...

     and Cardiothoracic Surgery
    Cardiothoracic Surgery
    Cardiothoracic surgery is the field of medicine involved in surgical treatment of diseases affecting organs inside the thorax —generally treatment of conditions of the heart and lungs .-Cardiac / Thoracic:...

    .

See also

  • Higher education in Orissa
    Higher education in Orissa
    Previously a neglected aspect of the state, which was not a focus of the Indian government, education in Orissa is witnessing a rapid transformation...

  • Institutes of national importance in Orissa
  • List of medical colleges in India
  • Education in India
    Education in India
    Education in India is provided by the public sector as well as the private sector, with control and funding coming from three levels: federal, state, and local. Child education is compulsory. The Nalanda University was the oldest university-system of education in the world...


External Links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
x
OK