Trogulidae
Encyclopedia
The Trogulidae are a family of harvestmen with about 45 known species.
Members of this species have short legs and live in soil. They have dirt attached to their bodies, to escape predators. Their body length ranges from 2 to 22 mm. The body is in most genera somewhat flattened and leathery. Adults have a small hood, which hides their short chelicerae
and pedipalp
s.
, up to western North Africa
and the Levant
, the Caucasus
and northern Iran
. Trogulus tricarinatus, a predator of terrestrial snails
, has been introduced to eastern North America
.
. Perrier (1929) however derived the name from Ancient Greek
trogein "gnawing", because of the rough, "gnawed-upon" appearance.
Members of this species have short legs and live in soil. They have dirt attached to their bodies, to escape predators. Their body length ranges from 2 to 22 mm. The body is in most genera somewhat flattened and leathery. Adults have a small hood, which hides their short chelicerae
Chelicerae
The chelicerae are mouthparts of the Chelicerata, an arthropod subphylum that includes arachnids, Merostomata , and Pycnogonida . Chelicerae are pointed appendages which are used to grasp food, and are found in place of the chewing mandibles most other arthropods have...
and pedipalp
Pedipalp
Pedipalps , are the second pair of appendages of the prosoma in the subphylum Chelicerata. They are traditionally thought to be homologous with mandibles in Crustacea and insects, although more recent studies Pedipalps (commonly shortened to palps or palpi), are the second pair of appendages of the...
s.
Distribution
Members of this family occur in western and southern EuropeEurope
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
, up to western North Africa
North Africa
North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, linked by the Sahara to Sub-Saharan Africa. Geopolitically, the United Nations definition of Northern Africa includes eight countries or territories; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, South Sudan, Sudan, Tunisia, and...
and the Levant
Levant
The Levant or ) is the geographic region and culture zone of the "eastern Mediterranean littoral between Anatolia and Egypt" . The Levant includes most of modern Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Israel, the Palestinian territories, and sometimes parts of Turkey and Iraq, and corresponds roughly to the...
, the Caucasus
Caucasus
The Caucasus, also Caucas or Caucasia , is a geopolitical region at the border of Europe and Asia, and situated between the Black and the Caspian sea...
and northern Iran
Iran
Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran , is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran" has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia...
. Trogulus tricarinatus, a predator of terrestrial snails
Pulmonata
The Pulmonata, or "pulmonates", are an informal group of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills...
, has been introduced to eastern North America
North America
North America is a continent wholly within the Northern Hemisphere and almost wholly within the Western Hemisphere. It is also considered a northern subcontinent of the Americas...
.
Name
The derivation of the name of the type genus, Trogulus, is not fully understood. The describer Latreille wrote that he named it because it looks like a monkshoodAconitum
Aconitum , known as aconite, monkshood, wolfsbane, leopard's bane, women's bane, Devil's helmet or blue rocket, is a genus of over 250 species of flowering plants belonging to the buttercup family .-Overview:These herbaceous perennial plants are chiefly natives of the mountainous parts of the...
. Perrier (1929) however derived the name from Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek is the stage of the Greek language in the periods spanning the times c. 9th–6th centuries BC, , c. 5th–4th centuries BC , and the c. 3rd century BC – 6th century AD of ancient Greece and the ancient world; being predated in the 2nd millennium BC by Mycenaean Greek...
trogein "gnawing", because of the rough, "gnawed-upon" appearance.
Species
- Trogulus LatreillePierre André LatreillePierre André Latreille was a French zoologist, specialising in arthropods. Having trained as a Roman Catholic priest before the French Revolution, Latreille was imprisoned, and only regained his freedom after recognising a rare species he found in the prison, Necrobia ruficollis...
, 1802 - Trogulus albicerus Sørensen, 1873
- Trogulus aquaticus SimonEugène SimonEugène Simon was a French arachnologist. His many taxonomic contributions include categorizing and naming many spiders, as well as creating genera such as Anelosimus, Psellocoptus and Phlogius....
, 1879 - Trogulus banaticus Avram, 1971
- Trogulus cisalpinus Chemini & Martens, 1988 (ItalyItalyItaly , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...
) - Trogulus coriziformis C. L. KochCarl Ludwig KochCarl Ludwig Koch was a German entomologist and arachnologist. He was responsible for classifying a great number of spiders, including the Brazilian whiteknee tarantula and Common house spider. He was born in Kusel, Germany and died in Nuremberg, Germany.Carl Ludwig Koch was an inspector of water...
, in Hahn & C .L. Koch 1839 (southern EuropeEuropeEurope is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
, AlgeriaAlgeriaAlgeria , officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria , also formally referred to as the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of Northwest Africa with Algiers as its capital.In terms of land area, it is the largest country in Africa and the Arab...
) - Trogulus falcipenis Komposch, 1999 (AustriaAustriaAustria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country of roughly 8.4 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the...
) - Trogulus galasensis Avram, 1971
- Trogulus graecus DahlFriedrich DahlKarl Friedrich Theodor Dahl was a German zoologist, and in particular an arachnologist....
, 1903 (GreeceGreeceGreece , officially the Hellenic Republic , and historically Hellas or the Republic of Greece in English, is a country in southeastern Europe....
) - Trogulus gypseus Simon, 1879 (IsraelIsraelThe State of Israel is a parliamentary republic located in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea...
, EgyptEgyptEgypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: , is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world...
) - † Trogulus longipes Haupt, 1956 (fossil: EoceneEoceneThe Eocene Epoch, lasting from about 56 to 34 million years ago , is a major division of the geologic timescale and the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the Cenozoic Era. The Eocene spans the time from the end of the Palaeocene Epoch to the beginning of the Oligocene Epoch. The start of the...
) - Trogulus lusitanicus Giltay, 1932 (PortugalPortugalPortugal , officially the Portuguese Republic is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the...
) - Trogulus martensi Chemini, 1983 (Italy)
- Trogulus nepaeformis (ScopoliGiovanni Antonio ScopoliGiovanni Antonio Scopoli was an Italian physician and naturalist.-Biography:...
, 1763) (southern Europe) - Trogulus roeweri Avram, 1971
- Trogulus salfi Lerma, 1949 (Italy)
- Trogulus setosissmus RoewerCarl Friedrich RoewerCarl Friedrich Roewer was a German arachnologist. He concentrated on harvestmen, where he described almost a third of today's known species, but also almost 700 taxa of spiders and numerous Solifugae....
, 1940 (CreteCreteCrete is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, and one of the thirteen administrative regions of Greece. It forms a significant part of the economy and cultural heritage of Greece while retaining its own local cultural traits...
) - Trogulus sinuosus Sørensen, 1873
- Trogulus squamatus C. L. Koch, in Hahn & C .L .Koch 1839 (DalmatiaDalmatiaDalmatia is a historical region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea. It stretches from the island of Rab in the northwest to the Bay of Kotor in the southeast. The hinterland, the Dalmatian Zagora, ranges from fifty kilometers in width in the north to just a few kilometers in the south....
) - Trogulus tingiformis C.L. Koch, in Hahn & C. L. Koch 1839
- Trogulus torosus Simon, 1885 (Dalmatia)
- Trogulus tricarinatus (LinnaeusCarolus LinnaeusCarl Linnaeus , also known after his ennoblement as , was a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of binomial nomenclature. He is known as the father of modern taxonomy, and is also considered one of the fathers of modern ecology...
, 1758) (central Europe)
-
-
- Trogulus tricarinatus Linnaeus, 1758
- Trogulus hirtus Dahl, 1903 (Hercegovina)
- Trogulus uncinatus Gruber, 1973
-
- Anelasmocephalus Simon, 1879
- Anelasmocephalus balearicus Martens & Chemini, 1988 (Baleares)
- Anelasmocephalus bicarinatus Simon, 1879 (Algeria, CorsicaCorsicaCorsica is an island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is located west of Italy, southeast of the French mainland, and north of the island of Sardinia....
) - Anelasmocephalus brignolii Martens & Chemini, 1988 (SardiniaSardiniaSardinia is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea . It is an autonomous region of Italy, and the nearest land masses are the French island of Corsica, the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Tunisia and the Spanish Balearic Islands.The name Sardinia is from the pre-Roman noun *sard[],...
) - Anelasmocephalus calcaneatus Martens & Chemini, 1988 (SicilySicilySicily is a region of Italy, and is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. Along with the surrounding minor islands, it constitutes an autonomous region of Italy, the Regione Autonoma Siciliana Sicily has a rich and unique culture, especially with regard to the arts, music, literature,...
) - Anelasmocephalus cambridgei (Westwood, 1874) (Europe)
- Anelasmocephalus crassipes (LucasHippolyte LucasPierre-Hippolyte Lucas was a French entomologist.Lucas was an assistant-naturalist at the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle. From 1839 to 1842 he studied fauna as part of the scientific Commission on the exploration of Algeria.His brother was Prosper Lucas.-Works:*Histoire naturelle des...
, 1847) (Algeria) - Anelasmocephalus hadzii Martens, 1978 (Austria)
- Anelasmocephalus lycosinus (Sørensen, 1873) (Italy)
- Anelasmocephalus oblongus (Sørensen, 1873) (Algeria)
- Anelasmocephalus osellai Martens & Chemini, 1988 (Italy)
- Anelasmocephalus pusillus Simon, 1879 (Corsica, Sardinia)
- Anelasmocephalus pyrenaicus Martens, 1978 (SpainSpainSpain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
) - Anelasmocephalus rufitarsis Simon, 1879 (FranceFranceThe French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
) - Anelasmocephalus tenuiglandis Martens & Chemini, 1988 (France)
- Anelasmocephalus tuscus Martens & Chemini, 1988 (Italy)
- Calathocratus Simon, 1879
- Calathocratus africanus (Lucas, 1847) (southern Europe, Algeria)
- Trogulocratus Roewer, 1940
- Trogulocratus intermedius Roewer, 1940 (Crete)
- Trogulocratus rhodiensis Gruber, 1963
- Trogulocratus tunetanus Roewer, 1950
- Konfiniotis Roewer, 1940
- Konfiniotis creticus Roewer, 1940 (Crete)
- Anarthrotarsus Silhavý, 1967
- Anarthrotarsus martensi Silhavý, 1967
- Platybessobius Roewer, 1940
- Platybessobius singularis Roewer, 1940 (Crete)
- Platybessobius caucasicus Silhavý, 1966