Timeline of Philippine sovereignty - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

This article presents a timeline of the sovereignty of the Republic of the Philippines, showing transitions of sovereignty

Sovereignty

Sovereignty is the quality of having supreme, independent authority over a geographic area, such as a territory. It can be found in a power to rule and make law that rests on a political fact for which no purely legal explanation can be provided...

over the Philippine archipelago. It also lists invasion

Invasion

An invasion is a military offensive consisting of all, or large parts of the armed forces of one geopolitical entity aggressively entering territory controlled by another such entity, generally with the objective of either conquering, liberating or re-establishing control or authority over a...

attempts and insurgency

Insurgency

An insurgency is an armed rebellion against a constituted authority when those taking part in the rebellion are not recognized as belligerents...

movements from the pre-Hispanic period to the present.The article may be incomplete, lacking in particular information regarding the MNLF, MILF

Moro Islamic Liberation Front

The Moro Islamic Liberation Front is an Islamist group located in the southern Philippines. It is one of two Islamic militant groups, the other being the Abu Sayyaf, that are fighting against Government of the Philippines...

and Abu Sayyaf

Abu Sayyaf

Abu Sayyaf also known as al-Harakat al-Islamiyya is one of several military Islamist separatist groups based in and around the southern Philippines, in Bangsamoro where for almost 30 years various Muslim groups have been engaged in an insurgency for an independent province in the country...

groups which should possibly be included.

Timeline

Timeline of Philippine Sovereignty
Period	Sovereign Entity	Invasions and Insurgencies
Pre-Spanish	None Various parts of the Philippines controlled by numerous independent chiefdoms, several minor kingdoms, and the sultanates of Maguindanao and Sulu. Considered by Western nations as territorium nullius Terra nullius Terra nullius is a Latin expression deriving from Roman law meaning "land belonging to no one" , which is used in international law to describe territory which has never been subject to the sovereignty of any state, or over which any prior sovereign has expressly or implicitly relinquished... (an expression deriving from Roman Law Roman law Roman law is the legal system of ancient Rome, and the legal developments which occurred before the 7th century AD — when the Roman–Byzantine state adopted Greek as the language of government. The development of Roman law comprises more than a thousand years of jurisprudence — from the Twelve... meaning "empty land", or "land belonging to no one").	None
1521 – 1565	Spain Spain Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula... Ferdinand Magellan Ferdinand Magellan Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese explorer. He was born in Sabrosa, in northern Portugal, and served King Charles I of Spain in search of a westward route to the "Spice Islands" .... claimed the islands for Spain in 1521.	None
1565 – 1599	Spain Miguel López de Legazpi Miguel López de Legazpi Miguel López de Legazpi , also known as El Adelantado and El Viejo , was a Spanish conquistador who established one of the first European settlements in the East Indies and the Pacific Islands in 1565. He is the first Governor-General in the Philippines... forced the Treaty of Cebu Treaty of Cebu (1565) The Treaty of Cebu is a peace treaty signed on 4 June 1565 between Miguel López de Legazpi, representing King Philip II of Spain, and Rajah Tupas of Cebu... on Rajah Tupas Rajah Tupas Rajah Tupas was the Rajah of Cebu in the Philippines. He was the son of Sri Parang the Limp, and the nephew of Rajah Humabon. He is known to have been baptized on 21 March 1568 at age 70,He had also been baptized during Magellan's day together with his wife, her parents, his brother, two sisters... , which effectively gave Spain suzerainty Suzerainty Suzerainty occurs where a region or people is a tributary to a more powerful entity which controls its foreign affairs while allowing the tributary vassal state some limited domestic autonomy. The dominant entity in the suzerainty relationship, or the more powerful entity itself, is called a... over Cebu. From Cebu, Legaspi expanded Spanish rule across the Philippines, taking possession of Manila for Spain in 1571.	Dagami Revolt (1567) Dagami Revolt The Dagami Revolt was a revolt against Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines. It was led by the Chief Dagami of Gabi .The revolt actually began in 1565, but is sometimes dated as 1567, the year of Dagami's execution.... , Manila Revolt (1574), Pampangos Revolt (1585), Conspiracy of the Maharlikas Conspiracy of the Maharlikas The Conspiracy of the Maharlikas, also referred to as the Revolt of the Lakans or the Tondo Conspiracy of 1587-1588 was a plot against Spanish colonial rule by the Tagalog and Capampangan noblemen, or datus, of Manila and some towns of Bulacan and Pampanga, in the Philippines... , Revolts Against the Tribute (1589), Magalat Revolt (1596) Magalat Revolt The Magalat Revolt was an uprising in the Philippines in 1596, led by Magalat, a Filipino rebel from Cagayan. He had been arrested in Manila for inciting rebellion against the Spanish, and after he was released on the importunities of some Dominican priests, he returned to Cagayan. Together with...
1599 – 1762	Spain Referendum of 1599 legitimised Spain's sovereignty.	Battles of La Naval de Manila Battles of La Naval de Manila The Battles of La Naval de Manila were a series of five naval battles fought in the waters of the Philippines in 1646, between the forces of Spain and the Dutch Republic, during the Eighty Years’ War... , a series of five naval battles between Spanish Spain Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula... and Dutch Dutch Republic The Dutch Republic — officially known as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands , the Republic of the United Netherlands, or the Republic of the Seven United Provinces — was a republic in Europe existing from 1581 to 1795, preceding the Batavian Republic and ultimately... forces in 1646. Igorot Revolt (1601) Igorot Revolt The Igorot Revolt was a religious revolt in 1601 against Spanish attempts to Christianize the Igorot people of northern Luzon, in the Philippines. Governor-General Francisco de Tello de Guzmán sent Captain Aranda with Spanish and Filipino colonial troops. The Spaniards were determined to convert... , Chinese revolt of 1602, Irraya Revolt (1621), Tamblot Revolt (1621-1622) Tamblot Uprising The Tamblot Uprising of 1621, also known as the Tamblot Revolution or Tamblot Revolt, was led by Tamblot, a babaylan or native priest from the island of Bohol in the Philippines. It was basically a religious conflict... , Bankaw Revolt (1621–1622), Isneg Revolt (1625–1627), Cagayan Revolt (1639), Ladia Revolt (1643), Zambales Revolt (1645), Pampanga Revolt (1645), Sumuroy Revolt (1649–50), Pintados Revolt (1649–1650), Zambal Revolt (1660), Maniago Revolt (1660), Malong Revolt (1660–1661), Ilocano Revolt (1661), Chinese revolt of 1662, Panay Revolt (1663), Sambal Revolt (1681–1683), Tingco plot (1686), Rivera Revolt (1718), Magtanĝaga Revolt (1718), Caragay Revolt (1719), Dagohoy Rebellion (1744-1829) Dagohoy Rebellion The famous Dagohoy Rebellion, also known as Dagohoy Revolution or Dagohoy Revolt, is considered as the longest rebellion in Philippine history... , Agrarian Revolt (1745–1746)
1762 – 1764	In dispute between Britain United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages... and Spain. The British Occupation British occupation of the Philippines The British occupation of Manila occurred between 1762 and 1764, when a British force occupied Manila, the Spanish colonial capital of the Philippines, and the nearby principal port, Cavite, both on Manila Bay.... happened between 1762 and 1764 during the Seven Years' War Seven Years' War The Seven Years' War was a global military war between 1756 and 1763, involving most of the great powers of the time and affecting Europe, North America, Central America, the West African coast, India, and the Philippines... . Only the colonial capital of Manila Manila Manila is the capital of the Philippines. It is one of the sixteen cities forming Metro Manila.Manila is located on the eastern shores of Manila Bay and is bordered by Navotas and Caloocan to the north, Quezon City to the northeast, San Juan and Mandaluyong to the east, Makati on the southeast,... and the nearby principal port of Cavite Cavite Cavite is a province of the Philippines located on the southern shores of Manila Bay in the CALABARZON region in Luzon, just 30 kilometers south of Manila. Cavite is surrounded by Laguna to the east, Metro Manila to the northeast, and Batangas to the south... were taken by the British.	Silang Revolt (1762–63), Palaris Revolt (1762-1765) Palaris Revolt The Palaris Revolt of 1762-1765 was led by Juan de la Cruz Palaris, also known as Pantaleon Perez, of Binalatongan , Philippines. He was the son to Tomas Perez, a cabeza de barangay. He was born in Barrio Coliling, San Carlos City, Pangasinan, in the year 1733, third in a family of five, with three... , Camarines Revolt (1762–1764), Cebu Revolt (1762–1764), Dabo and Marayac Revolt (1763), Isabela Revolt (1763)
1764 – 1872	Spain	Lagutao Revolt (1785), Ilocos Norte Revolt (1788), Magtanong and Malibiran Revolt (1787), Nueva Vizcaya Revolt (1805), Ambaristo Revolt (1807), Ilocos Norte Revolt (1811), Sarat Revolt (1815), Bayot Revolt (1822), Novales Mutiny (1823), Parang and Upay Revolt (1822–1835), Pule Revolt (1840–1841), Camerino Revolt (1865–1869), Labios Revolt (1870–1871), Cavite Mutiny (1872) Cavite Mutiny The Cavite Mutiny of 1872 was an uprising of military personnel of Fort San Felipe, the Spanish arsenal in Cavite, Philippines on January 20, 1872. Around 200 soldiers and laborers rose up in the belief that it would elevate to a national uprising...
1872 – 1892	Spain
–	Spain	The Katipunan Katipunan The Katipunan was a Philippine revolutionary society founded by anti-Spanish Filipinos in Manila in 1892, whose primary aim was to gain independence from Spain through revolution. The society was initiated by Filipino patriots Andrés Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, and others on the night... The group, formed in 1892, became an insurgent revolutionary movement in August. The exact date is disputed, held to be either on 13 August with the tearing of cedulas or on 24 August with the "Cry of Pugad Lawin Cry of Pugad Lawin The Cry of Pugad Lawin , alternately and originally referred to as the Cry of Balintawak was the beginning of the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule.... ". This begins what is generally called the Philippine Revolution Philippine Revolution The Philippine Revolution , called the "Tagalog War" by the Spanish, was an armed military conflict between the people of the Philippines and the Spanish colonial authorities which resulted in the secession of the Philippine Islands from the Spanish Empire.The Philippine Revolution began in August... . January 1895 - Andrés Bonifacio Andres Bonifacio Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro was a Filipino nationalist and revolutionary. He was a founder and later Supremo of the Katipunan movement which sought the independence of the Philippines from Spanish colonial rule and started the Philippine Revolution... assumes Supreme Presidency of the Katipunan. August 1896 - The Katipunan Supreme Council was reorganised into a "cabinet" of an insurgent revolutionary government. The Katipunan and its successor insurgent movements since regarded themselves as legitimate governments. 25 August - Andrés Bonifacio is elected Supremo/President of the Katipunan. March 1897 - Emilio Aguinaldo Emilio Aguinaldo Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy was a Filipino general, politician, and independence leader. He played an instrumental role during the Philippines' revolution against Spain, and the subsequent Philippine-American War or War of Philippine Independence that resisted American occupation... is elected President by Katipunan attendees of the Tejeros Convention Tejeros Convention The Tejeros Convention was the meeting held between the Magdiwang and Magdalo factions of the Katipunan at San Francisco de Malabon, Cavite on March 22, 1897... . He was sworn in and assumed the office despite Bonifacio having annulled the convention proceedings.
–	Spain	The Republic of Biak-na-Bato Republic of Biak-na-Bato The Republic of Biak-na-Bato , officially referred to in its constitution as the Philippine Republic , was the first republic ever declared in the Philippines by the revolutionary Emilio Aguinaldo and his fellow members of the Katipunan. Despite its successes, including the establishment of the... Established as an insurgent constitutional republic on November 2, 1897, with Aguinaldo as President. This insurgent government had a constitution, President, Vice President, etc., and succeeded the Katipunan Insurgency.
–	Spain	None 14 December 1897 - Signing of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato Pact of Biak-na-Bato The Pact of Biak-na-Bato, signed on December 14, 1897, created a truce between Spanish Colonial Governor-General Fernando Primo de Rivera and Emilio Aguinaldo to end the Philippine Revolution... , suspending the insurgency. Aguinaldo and other insurgent leaders went into voluntary overseas exile.
–	Spain	Central Executive Committee April 1898 - General Francisco Makabulos forms the insurgent General Executive Committee of Northern Luzon, intended to be a provisional government "until a general government of the Republic in these islands shall again be established." This insurgent government had a constitution, President, Vice President, etc.
–	Spain	Unofficial dictatorial government headed by Aguinaldo 1 May 1898 - Hostilities between the U.S. and Spain Spanish-American War The Spanish–American War was a conflict in 1898 between Spain and the United States, effectively the result of American intervention in the ongoing Cuban War of Independence... commenced in the Philippines. 19 May - Aguinaldo returns to the Philippines. 24 May - Aguinaldo announces in Cavite, "... I return to assume command of all the forces for the attainment of our lofty aspirations, establishing a dictatorial government which will set forth decrees under my sole responsibility, ..."
–	Spain	Official dictatorial government headed by Aguinaldo 12 June 1898 - Independence Philippine Declaration of Independence The Philippine Declaration of Independence occurred on June 12, 1898 in Cavite II el Viejo , Cavite, Philippines. With the public reading of the Act of the Declaration of Independence, Filipino revolutionary forces under General Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the sovereignty and independence of the... is proclaimed in Kawit by the Dictatorial Government of the Philippines. 18 June - Aguinaldo proclaims dictatorial government.
–	Spain	Revolutionary government headed by Aguinaldo 23 June 1899 - Aguinaldo issues proclamation replacing his dictatorial government with a revolutionary one.
–	In dispute between the U.S. and Spain 14 August 1898 - The day after the surrender of Manila to their forces, General Wesley Merritt Wesley Merritt Wesley Merritt was a general in the United States Army during the American Civil War and the Spanish-American War. He is noted for distinguished service in the cavalry.-Early life:... established a military government over portions of the country under American control.	Revolutionary government headed by Aguinaldo
–	United States United States The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district... 10 December 1898 - Spain cedes the Philippines to the United States. 1/2 January 1899 - Acting Spanish Governor-General Governor-General of the Philippines The Governor-General of the Philippines was the title of the government executive during the colonial period of the Philippines, governed mainly by Spain and the United States, and briefly by Great Britain, from 1565 to 1935.... Diego de los Ríos Diego de los Ríos Diego de los Ríos was the last Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines. He became the governor during the Spanish American War with the capital at Iloilo on August 13, 1898. He later transferred his capital to Fort Pilar in Zamboanga when he saw the Visayan rebels closing on him in October of... returns to Manila from Zamboanga. 4 January - U.S. General Elwell Otis issues proclamation announcing the United States as having obtained possession and control of all of the Philippines from the Spanish.	Revolutionary government headed by Aguinaldo
–	United States	Malolos Republic 22 January 1899 - Promulgation of the Malolos Constitution Malolos Constitution The Malolos Constitution was enacted on January 20, 1899 by the Philippine Malolos Congress, and established the First Philippine Republic. The original was written in Spanish, which became the first official language of the Philippines.... . Replaces Aguinaldo's insurgent revolutionary government with the Malolos Republic, also known as the First Philippine Republic First Philippine Republic The Philippine Republic , more commonly known as the First Philippine Republic or the Malolos Republic was a short-lived insurgent revolutionary government in the Philippines... , with Aguinaldo as President. Although the republic never received foreign recognition, Filipinos consider Aguinaldo to be the first president.
–	United States 6 February 1899 - Treaty of Paris Treaty of Paris (1898) The Treaty of Paris of 1898 was signed on December 10, 1898, at the end of the Spanish-American War, and came into effect on April 11, 1899, when the ratifications were exchanged.... is ratified by the U.S. Senate. 19 March - Treaty of Paris Treaty of Paris (1898) The Treaty of Paris of 1898 was signed on December 10, 1898, at the end of the Spanish-American War, and came into effect on April 11, 1899, when the ratifications were exchanged.... is ratified by the Queen-Regent Regent A regent, from the Latin regens "one who reigns", is a person selected to act as head of state because the ruler is a minor, not present, or debilitated. Currently there are only two ruling Regencies in the world, sovereign Liechtenstein and the Malaysian constitutive state of Terengganu... of Spain. 11 April - Following exchange of treaty ratifications between the U.S. and Spain, the Philippines became an Unincorporated Territory of the United States Unincorporated territories of the United States Unincorporated territory is a legal term of art in United States law denoting an area controlled by the government of the United States, but which is not a part of the United States proper .... .	Malolos Republic
–	In dispute between United States and the Malolos Republic On June 2, 1899, undeclared general hostilities between U.S. and Philippine forces having been ongoing since February 4, the Malolos Republic promulgated a Declaration of War Declaration of war A declaration of war is a formal act by which one nation goes to war against another. The declaration is a performative speech act by an authorized party of a national government in order to create a state of war between two or more states.The legality of who is competent to declare war varies... against the United States, thereby officially beginning the Philippine-American War Philippine-American War The Philippine–American War, also known as the Philippine War of Independence or the Philippine Insurrection , was an armed conflict between a group of Filipino revolutionaries and the United States which arose from the struggle of the First Philippine Republic to gain independence following... . Emilio Aguinaldo, President of the Malolos Republic, was captured by U.S. Forces on March 23, 1901. Aguinaldo signed a formal surrender document on April 19, 1901, acknowledging and accepting the sovereignty of the United States throughout the entire archipelago.	None
– 1902	United States	No organized insurgency. Several groups collectively known as Irreconcilables continued fighting the United States military, the Philippine Scouts Philippine Scouts The Philippine Scouts was a military organization of the United States Army from 1901 until the end of World War II. Made up of native Filipinos assigned to the United States Army Philippine Department, these troops were generally enlisted and under the command of American officers, however, a... , or the Philippine Constabulary Philippine Constabulary The Philippine Constabulary ' was the oldest of four service commands of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. It was a gendarmerie type para-military police force of the Philippines established in 1901 by the United States-appointed administrative authority replacing the Guardia Civil... . These included remnants of the Katipunan and other resistance groups.
1902 – 1907	United States	Tagalog Republic In 1902, General Macario Sakay, a veteran Katipunan member, established his own Tagalog Republic (Tagalog: Repúbliká ng̃ Katagalugan), and held the presidency with Francisco Carreón as vice president. In April 1904, Sakay issued a manifesto declaring Filipino right to self-determination at a time when support for independence was considered a crime by the American occupation forces in the Philippines. The republic ended in 1907 when Sakay and his leading followers were arrested and executed by the American authorities as bandits.
1907 – 1913	United States	No organized insurgency Scattered resistance to U.S. rule continued.
1913 – 1935	United States	None
1935 – 1941	United States The Commonwealth of the Philippines Commonwealth of the Philippines The Commonwealth of the Philippines was a designation of the Philippines from 1935 to 1946 when the country was a commonwealth of the United States. The Commonwealth was created by the Tydings-McDuffie Act, which was passed by the U.S. Congress in 1934. When Manuel L... , still under U.S. sovereignty, was inaugurated on November 15, 1935. The enabling legislation, the Tydings-McDuffie Act Tydings-McDuffie Act The Tydings-McDuffie Act approved on March 24, 1934 was a United States federal law which provided for self-government of the Philippines and for Filipino independence after a period of ten years. It was authored by Maryland Senator Millard E... , provided for a ten-year period of peaceful transition to full independence.	None
1941 –	In dispute between the United States and Japan Japan invaded the Philippines on 8 December 1941.	None
–	In dispute between the United States and Japan Japanese forces occupied the country Japanese occupation of the Philippines The Japanese occupation of the Philippines was the period in the history of the Philippines between 1942 and 1945, when the Empire of Japan occupied the previously American-controlled Philippines during World War II.... between 1942 and 1945. During the occupation period, the Philippines Commonwealth maintained a Government in Exile Government in exile A government in exile is a political group that claims to be a country's legitimate government, but for various reasons is unable to exercise its legal power, and instead resides in a foreign country. Governments in exile usually operate under the assumption that they will one day return to their... in Australia and, later, in Washington D.C. An Allied Allies of World War II The Allies of World War II were the countries that opposed the Axis powers during the Second World War . Former Axis states contributing to the Allied victory are not considered Allied states... campaign to defeat Japanese forces commenced on October 20, 1944 and hostilities continued until the war's end with the Japanese surrender Surrender of Japan The surrender of Japan in 1945 brought hostilities of World War II to a close. By the end of July 1945, the Imperial Japanese Navy was incapable of conducting operations and an Allied invasion of Japan was imminent... in August 1945.	Hukbalahap Hukbalahap The Hukbalahap , was the military arm of the Communist Party of the Philippines , formed in 1942 to fight the Japanese Empire's occupation of the Philippines during World War II. It fought a second war from 1946 to 1954 against the pro-Western leaders of their newly independent country... On March 29, 1942, peasant leaders determined to oppose the Japanese invasion met in a forest clearing at the junction of the provinces of Tarlac Tarlac Tarlac is a landlocked province of the Philippines located in the Luzon Island. Its capital is Tarlac City. Tarlac borders Pampanga to the south, Nueva Ecija to the east, Pangasinan to the north, and Zambales to the west... , Pampanga Pampanga Pampanga is a province of the Philippines located in the Central Luzon region. Its capital is the City of San Fernando, Pampanga. Pampanga is bordered by the provinces of Bataan and Zambales to the west, Tarlac and Nueva Ecija to the north, and Bulacan to the southeast... , and Nueva Ecija Nueva Ecija Nueva Ecija is a landlocked province of the Philippines located in the Central Luzon region. Its capital is Palayan City... to organize a resistance movement against the Japanese invaders. The movement was designated Hukbó ng Bayan Laban sa Hapón, or Hukbalahap.
–	United States On September 2, 1945, representatives of the Empire of Japan Empire of Japan The Empire of Japan is the name of the state of Japan that existed from the Meiji Restoration on 3 January 1868 to the enactment of the post-World War II Constitution of... signed the Japanese Instrument of Surrender Japanese Instrument of Surrender The Japanese Instrument of Surrender was the written agreement that enabled the Surrender of Japan, marking the end of World War II. It was signed by representatives from the Empire of Japan, the United States of America, the Republic of China, the United Kingdom, the Union of Soviet Socialist... . The instrument contained language explicitly accepting the Potsdam Declaration Potsdam Declaration The Potsdam Declaration or the Proclamation Defining Terms for Japanese Surrender is a statement calling for the Surrender of Japan in World War II. On July 26, 1945, United States President Harry S... , which contained language limiting Japanese sovereignty to the four main Japanese islands and other minor islands as might be determined.	Hukbalahap
– 1954	Republic of the Philippines On July 4, 1946, the United States recognized the independence of the Republic of the Philippines as a separate self-governing nation.	Hukbalahap On May 17, 1954, Luis Taruc Luis Taruc Luis Taruc was a Filipino political figure and communist insurgent. He was the leader of the Hukbalahap rebel group between 1942 and 1954. His involvement with the movement came after his initiation to the problems of agrarian Filipinos when he was a student in the early 1930s... , leader of the Hukbalahap movement, surrendered unconditionally and announced that he "unreservedly recognized the authority of president Magsaysay and the sovereignty of the republic of the Philippines."
1954 – Present	Republic of the Philippines	None

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