North Karnataka
Encyclopedia
North Karnataka is an arid plateau from 300 to 700 m (984.3 to 2,296.6 ft) elevation in the Karnataka
state of southwest India
. It is drained by the Krishna River
and its tributaries the Bhima
, Ghataprabha
, Malaprabha
, and Tungabhadra
. North Karnataka lies within the Deccan thorn scrub forests
ecoregion, which extends north into eastern Maharashtra
.
It includes the districts of Belgaum
, Bijapur, Bagalkot
, Bidar
, Bellary, Gulbarga
, Yadagiri
, Raichur
, Gadag
, Dharwad
, Haveri
, Koppal
and Uttara Kannada District. Major cities in the region include Hubli, Dharwad
, Belgaum
, Bellary
, Bijapur
, Gulbarga
, Bidar
, Gokak
and Karwar
.
North Karnataka is known for its freedom fighters, social reformers, Hindustani musicians and figures in literature, law, science and technology. It has many Jain monuments from the Kadambas
, Rashtrakutas, Badami Chalukyas, Kalyani Chalukyas, Sevuna and Vijayanagara
periods (Karnataka Through Centuries). Aihole
is known as the cradle of Hindu rock architecture with over 125 temples and monuments, including Rashtrakuta
monuments at Lokapura, Bilgi
and Kuknur
; Kalyani Chalukyas monuments built in the Gadag style at Lakkundi
, Gadag and the Koppal District
and the Vijayanagar empire temples at Vijayanagara. Badami Chalukyas monuments at Pattadakal, Aihole, and Badami are also well-known. Hampi
, in the Bellary District, has some 54 World Heritage monuments and 650 national monuments.
find in India was a hand ax at Lingasugur, in Raichur district. Sangankal Hills in the Bellary district, which is known as the earliest village settlement of South India, dates back to the Neolithic
period. Iron
weapons from 1200 BC, found at Hallur in Dharwad district
, demonstrate that North Karnataka used iron earlier than northern India.
Prehistoric sites in North Karnataka include rock shelters in Bellary, Raichur and Koppal districts with red paintings which include figures of wild animals. The paintings are done in such a way that the walls of caves are not facing northwest, so the northwest monsoon does not affect them. These rock shelters are found at Kurgod, Hampi in Bellary district and Hire Benakal, near Gangavati in the Koppal district
. Burial chambers using granite slabs (known as dolmen
s) are also found; the best examples are the dolmens of Hire Benakal and Kumati in Hadagali Taluk.
Vibhuthihalli at Shahapur Taluk in the Yadgir district, an Archeological Survey of India ancient astronomy site, was created with megalith
ic stones. The stones, arranged in a square pattern with astronomical significance, cover an area of 12 acres (4.9 ha). Ashoka
's stone edicts, found in the state, indicate that major parts of Northern Karnataka were under the Mauryas. Many dynasties left their imprint upon the development of North Karnatakan art, among them the Chalukyas, the Vijayanagara Empire
and the Western Chalukyas.
Chalukya
rule is important in the development of architecture known as Karnata Dravida. Hundreds of monuments built by the Chalukyas are found in the Malaprabha river basin (mainly in Aihole, Badami, Pattadakal and Mahakuta, in Karnataka). They ruled an empire extending from the Kaveri
in the south to the Narmada
in the north. The Badami Chalukya dynasty was established by Pulakesi I in 543; Vatapi (Badami) was the capital. Pulakesi II
was a popular emperor of the Badami Chalukya dynasty. He defeated Harshavardhana on the banks of the Narmada river
, and defeated Vishnukundins in the south. Vikramaditya I
, known as Rajamalla and for building temples, engraved a Kannada inscription on the victory pillar at the Kailasanatha Temple. Kirtivarman II
was the last Badami Chalukya king, overthrown in 753 by the Rashtrakuta King Dantidurga
.
The Western Chalukya dynasty is sometimes called the Kalyani Chalukyas, after its regal capital at Kalyani
(today's Basavakalyan
in Karnataka) or the Later Chalukya from its theoretical relationship to the sixth-century Badami Chalukyas. The Western Chalukyas (Kannada: ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ) developed an architectural style (also called Gadag style) known today as a transitional style, an architectural link between the early Chalukya Dynasty and the later Hoysala empire
. The Chalukyas built some of the earliest Hindu temples in India. The best-known examples are the Mahadeva Temple (Itagi)
in the Koppal District; the Kasivisvesvara Temple at Lakkundi in the Gadag District
and the Mallikarjuna Temple at Kuruvatti and the Kallesvara Temple at Bagali, both in the Davangere District. Monuments notable for craftsmanship are the Siddhesvara Temple
at Haveri
in the Haveri District
, the Amrutesvara Temple at Annigeri
in the Dharwad District, the Sarasvati Temple in Gadag, and the Dodda Basappa Temple at Dambal
(both in the Gadag district). Aihole was an experimental base for architectural creation.
The Kadambas (Kannada: ಕದಂಬರು) were an ancient dynasty of South India who primarily ruled the region which is the present-day Goa state and the nearby Konkan
region (part of modern Maharashtra
and Karnataka state). The early rulers of this dynasty
established themselves at Vaijayanti (or Banavasi
) in 345 AD and ruled for more than two centuries. In 607, the Chalukyas of Vatapi sacked Banavasi, and the Kadamba kingdom was incorporated into the expanding Chalukyan empire. In the eighth century, the Chalukyas were overthrown by the Rashtrakutas, who ruled until the 10th century. In 980, descendants of the Chalukyas and Kadambas revolted against the Rashtrakutas; the Rashtrakuta empire fell, resulting in the establishment of a second Chalukyan dynasty (known as the Western Chalukyas). Chatta Deva, a member of the Kadamba family who helped the Western Chalukyas in this coup, re-established the Kadamba dynasty. He was primarily a vassal of the Western Chalukyas, but his successors enjoyed considerable independence and were well-placed in Goa and Konkan until the 14th century. The successors of Chatta Deva occupied both Banavasi and Hangal
, and are known as the Kadambas of Hangal. Later, the Kadambas paid nominal allegiance to the other major powers of the Deccan Plateau
(such as the Yadavas and Hoysalas of Dorasamudra) and maintained their independence. Four families of Kadambas ruled in southern India: the Kadamba of Hangal
, Goa
, Belur and Banvasi.
During the rule of Dantidurga
, an empire was built with the Gulbarga region in modern Karnataka as its base. This clan came to be known as the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta (Kannada: ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಕೂಟ), who rose to power in 753. During their rule, Jain mathematicians and scholars contributed important works in Kannada and Sanskrit
. Amoghavarsha I was the best-known king of this dynasty and wrote Kavirajamarga, a landmark Kannada work. Architecture reached a high-water mark in the Dravidian style, the best examples of which are seen in the Kailash Temple at Ellora, the sculptures of Elephanta Caves
in modern-day Maharashtra and the Kashivishvanatha and the Jain Narayana Temples at Pattadakal in modern North Karnataka (all of which are UNESCO
World Heritage Sites). Scholars agree that the kings of the imperial dynasty in the eighth to tenth century made the Kannada language as important as Sanskrit. Rashtrakuta inscriptions appear in both Kannada and Sanskrit, and the kings encouraged literature in both languages. The earliest existing Kannada literary writings are credited to their court poets and royalty. Kailash Temple is an example of Dravidian
art. This project was started by Krishna I (757–773) of the Rashtrakuta dynasty which ruled from Manyakheta
in modern Karnataka. It is located 40 km from the city of Manyakheta
(modern Malkhed), on the banks of the Kagini River in Gulbarga district
.
, or Karnataka Empire) is considered the greatest medieval Hindu empire and one of the greatest in the world at that time. It fostered the development of intellectual pursuits and the fine arts. Abdur Razzaq
(the Persian ambassador) said, "The eye of the pupil has never seen a place like it and the ear of intelligence has never been informed that there existed anything to equal it in the world".
, with its capital at Hampi, fell victim to the army of the Deccan Sultanates
in 1565. As a consequence of this, Bijapur became the most important city of the region. It is a land of monuments; perhaps no other city except Delhi
has as many monuments as Bijapur. Bahmani Shahis
and Adil Shahi
s (Bahmani Sultanate
) of Bijapur have played an important role in the history of Karnataka with their contributions to art and architecture and their propagation of Islam
in the state. The Bidar Sultanate
was part of the Deccan sultanates
, which were founded by Qasim Barid.
North Karnataka has contributed to various styles of Indian Architecture
during the rule of the Kadamba, Badami Chalukyas, Western Chalukya, Rashtrakuta
and Vijayanagara empire
s:
, with an age of at least 2,000 years. The spoken language is said to have separated from its proto-Dravidian source later than Tamil, and at about the same time as Tulu
. However, the archaeological evidence indicates a written tradition for this language of around 1,500–1,600 years. The initial development of Kannada is similar to that of other Dravidian languages and independent of Sanskrit
. In later centuries, Kannada has been greatly influenced by Sanskrit in vocabulary, grammar and literary style.
As for the Dravidian race, the Monier-Williams Sanskrit Dictionary lists for the Sanskrit word draviḍa a meaning of a "collective name for Karnatakas, Gurjaras, Kannadigas and Mahārāstras". North Karnataka has its own dialect of Kannada.
The temples of North Karnataka
may be categorised as historical or modern.
, Gangubai Hangal
, Kumar Gandharva
, Bhimsen Joshi
and Basavaraj Rajguru
. These five not only contributed to Hindustani classical music, but also left behind a large number of students. Other vocalists include Narayanrao Mujumdar, Ganpatrao Gurav and Mrityunjaya Puranikmath; and Kagalkarbua, Utturkarbua, Uma Maheshwarbua, Pandit Rajwade, Sangmeshwar Gurav, Pandit R N Joshi and Pandit Rambhau Vijapure from Belgium. These vocalists were immensely talented and contributed tremendously.
, Karnataka
, 15 km from Hubli on the Banglore Hubli Railway route. He was a disciple of Ustad Abdul Karim Khan
of Kirana Gharana
. The contribution of Sawai Gandharva to Indian classical music is by encouraging disciples such as Pandit Bhimsen Joshi
, who was inspired to create Santwani from Sawai Gandharva's bhajans. His other disciples are Dr. Gangubai Hangal
, Sangameshwar Gurav and Pandit Firoz Dastur
. The Sawai Gandharva Sangeet Samaroh was held at his birthplace of Kundgol. The kirana gharana tradition has been continued by Madhava Gudi
of Dharwad, preeminent kirana gharana vocalist.
es. Geet Varsha and Mala Umajalele Bal Gandharva are also his compositions. He did not accept the rigidity of the Gharana form.
Shivaputra Sidhharamaiya Komkali was born to a Lingayat
family in Sulebhawi (near Belgaum), and imitated many singers during his childhood. At age eight, he went to Bombay and lived with Dr. B. R. Devdhar at his Deaodhar's Indian Music School near the Opera House; there he received his musical education and heard many singers, including Ustad Bade Gulam Ali Khan and Shine Khan. At a young age, he had a lung problem and had to change his gayaki singing style. He was not allowed to sing for two years; his first baithak
took place at Puna where he sang well for an hour, with no adverse effects.
, was the sole producer of the national flag and the hand-woven khadi for its manufacture. Hubballi Siree produces both silk and cotton sarees, worn by most villegers in North Karnataka and parts of Maharastra. The fabric is primarily woven in Gadag-Betigeri
. Bellary
has approximately 4,800 families employed in the textile industry.
is the only gold-extraction company in India. It operates in Hatti
, an ancient gold- mining area about 70 km from Raichur
. Tourism is also permitted inside the mine. The Gadag, Koppal
and Bellary
districts are rich in manganese, gold and iron ore.
, Kalburgi
, Vijapura, Bagalakote
, Belagaavi
, Raayachooru
, Dharwad
, Gadag
, Haveri
, Koppala
and parts of Ballari.
Wheat
and jowar rottis (unleavened bread made with millet) are popular.
The following are typical items in a vegetarian Northern Karnataka meal:
and girmit made with murmure (a rice dish).
and Kanaganahalli
are two important excavation sites, and there is a Tibetan Buddhist
colony at Mundgod.
, chief proponent of Shaivism
in Karnataka, are known as Lingayats.
Karnataka
Karnataka , the land of the Kannadigas, is a state in South West India. It was created on 1 November 1956, with the passing of the States Reorganisation Act and this day is annually celebrated as Karnataka Rajyotsava...
state of southwest India
India
India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...
. It is drained by the Krishna River
Krishna River
The Krishna River , is one of the longest rivers in central-southern India, about . It is also referred to as Krishnaveni in its original nomenclature...
and its tributaries the Bhima
Bhima River
The Bhima River originates in Bhimashankar hills near Karjat on the western side of Western Ghats, known as Sahyadri, in Maharashtra state in India. Bhima flows southeast for 861 km through Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh states...
, Ghataprabha
Ghataprabha River
The Ghataprabha river is a tributary of the Krishna River and flows in state of Karnataka, India.- Geography :Ghataprabha River originates in the Western Ghats at an altitude of 884 meters and flows eastward for a distance of 283 kilometers before its confluence with the Krishna River at Almatti...
, Malaprabha
Malaprabha River
The Malaprabha River is a tributary of the Krishna River and flows through the state of Karnataka in India. It rises in the Western Ghats at an altitude of 792 m in the state's Belgaum district...
, and Tungabhadra
Tungabhadra River
The Tungabhadra River is a sacred river in southern India that flows through the state of Karnataka to Andhra Pradesh, where it serves as the chief tributary of the Krishna River...
. North Karnataka lies within the Deccan thorn scrub forests
Deccan thorn scrub forests
The Deccan thorn scrub forests is a xeric shrubland ecoregion of India and northernmost Sri Lanka, a large area that was once forest and home to large numbers of elephants and tigers.-Location and description:...
ecoregion, which extends north into eastern Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Maharashtra is a state located in India. It is the second most populous after Uttar Pradesh and third largest state by area in India...
.
It includes the districts of Belgaum
Belgaum district
Belgaum district is a district in the state of Karnataka, India. The city of Belgaum is the district headquarters in North Karnataka. By the 2011 Census of India, it had a population of 4778439...
, Bijapur, Bagalkot
Bagalkot district
Bāgalkot district is an administrative district in the Indian state of Karnataka. The district headquarters is located in the town of Bagalkot. The district is located in northern Karnataka and borders Belgaum, Gadag, Koppal, Raichur and Bijapur...
, Bidar
Bidar District
Bidar is a district of Karnataka state in southern India. The historic city of Bidar is the administrative centre of the district. The district is located in the northeastern corner of the state, near the borders with Andhra Pradesh to the east and Maharashtra to the north and west...
, Bellary, Gulbarga
Gulbarga District
Gulbarga district is one of the 30 districts of Karnataka state in southern India. Gulbarga city is the administrative headquarters of the district...
, Yadagiri
Yadgir district
Yadgir district is one of the 30 districts of Karnataka state in southern India. This district was carved out from the erstwhile Gulbarga district as the 30th district of Karnataka on 10 April 2010. Yadgir town is the administrative headquarters of the district...
, Raichur
Raichur district
Raichur District is an administrative district in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is located in the northeast part of the state and is bounded by Yadgir district in the north, Bijapur and Bagalkot district in the northwest, Koppal district in the west, Bellary district in the south, Anantapur...
, Gadag
Gadag District
Gadag District had a population of 971,952 of which 35.21% was urban as of 2001. Population increased 13.14% in the decade 1991-2001. The District is bounded on the north by Bagalkot District, on the east by Koppal District, on the southeast by Bellary District, on the southwest by Haveri...
, Dharwad
Dharwad District
Dharwad District is an administrative district of the state of Karnataka in southern India. Dharwad is the cultural headquarters of North Karnataka....
, Haveri
Haveri District
Haveri is a district in the state of Karnataka, India with the potential to become a tourist hub. As of 2001, it had a population of 1,439,116 of which 20.78% were urban residents.-Tourism:Examples of tourist attractions in the district:...
, Koppal
Koppal district
Koppal district is an administrative district in the state of Karnataka in India. In the past Koppal was referred to as 'Kopana Nagara'. Hampi, a World heritage center, covers some areas of Koppal District. It is situated approximately 38 km away...
and Uttara Kannada District. Major cities in the region include Hubli, Dharwad
Dharwad
Dharwad, also known as Dharwar, is a city and a DISTRICT PLACE in India's Karnataka state.Dharwad is the administrative seat of the Dharwad District. The municipality of Hubli-Dharwad covers an area of 200.23 km²...
, Belgaum
Belgaum
Belgaum is a city and a municipal corporation in Belgaum district in the state of Karnataka, India. It is the fourth largest city of the state of Karnataka, the first three being Bangalore, Mysore, Hubli-Dharwad....
, Bellary
Bellary
Bellary is a historic city in Bellary District in Karnataka state, India.-Origins of the city's name:There are several legends about how Bellary got its name....
, Bijapur
Bijapur, Karnataka
Bijapur Urdu:بیجاپور city is the district headquarters of Bijapur District of Karnataka state. Bijapur city is well known for its historical monuments of architectural importance built during the rule of Adil Shahi dynasty...
, Gulbarga
Gulbarga
Gulbarga is a city in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is the administrative headquarters of Gulbarga District. It was formerly part of Nizam's Hyderabad state...
, Bidar
Bidar
Bidar is a city in the Indian state of Karnataka. Located on the Deccan Plateau in the north-eastern part of Karnataka. It is the headquarters of the Bidar District....
, Gokak
Gokak
Gokak is a town and taluk headquarters in the Belgaum District of Karnataka state, India. It is located around 70 km from Belgaum at the confluence of two rivers, the Ghataprabha and the Markandeya. The population of the city is approximately 1,50,000 and the common language in use is Kannada...
and Karwar
Karwar
Karwar is the administrative headquarters of Uttara Kannada district in Karnataka, India. It is a seaside town situated on the banks of the Kali river which is on the west coast of the Indian peninsula. The town lies about 15 kilometres south of the Karnataka–Goa border and 519 km north-west...
.
Overview
Kadambas
The Kadamba Dynasty was an ancient royal family of Karnataka that ruled from Banavasi in present day Uttara Kannada district. The dynasty later continued to rule as a feudatory of larger Kannada empires, the Chalukya and the Rashtrakuta empires for over five hundred years during which time they...
, Rashtrakutas, Badami Chalukyas, Kalyani Chalukyas, Sevuna and Vijayanagara
Vijayanagara
Vijayanagara is in Bellary District, northern Karnataka. It is the name of the now-ruined capital city "which was regarded as the second Rome" that surrounds modern-day Hampi, of the historic Vijayanagara empire which extended over the southern part of India....
periods (Karnataka Through Centuries). Aihole
Aihole
Aihole is a temple complex in the Bagalkot district of Karnataka, India. It is a very popular tourist spot in north Karnataka. It lies to the east of Pattadakal, along the Malaprabha River, while Badami is to the west of both....
is known as the cradle of Hindu rock architecture with over 125 temples and monuments, including Rashtrakuta
Rashtrakuta
The Rashtrakuta Empire was a royal dynasty ruling large parts of the Indian Subcontinent between the sixth and the 10th centuries. During this period they ruled as several closely related, but individual clans. Rastrakutas in inscriptions represented as descendants of Satyaki, a Yadava well known...
monuments at Lokapura, Bilgi
Bilgi, Karnataka
Bilagi is a town and taluka in the Bagalkot district of Karnataka, India. It is situated at a distance of 30 km from the district headquarters Bagalkot. The main occupation of people in this taluk is agriculture. Most of the farmers grow sugarcane.-Geography:...
and Kuknur
Kuknur
Kuknur is in Yalaburga taluk in Koppal District, is a small town. is located about 40 km from Hospet and 7 km from Mahadeva Temple , Kuknur is renowned for its temples of the Rastrakutas and Chalukyas times, of these the Navalinga group of temples is famous.-History:Kuknur town was an...
; Kalyani Chalukyas monuments built in the Gadag style at Lakkundi
Lakkundi
Lakkundi in Gadag District of Karnataka is a tiny village on the way to Hampi from Hubli. Lakkundi 11 km from Gadag in the east...
, Gadag and the Koppal District
Koppal district
Koppal district is an administrative district in the state of Karnataka in India. In the past Koppal was referred to as 'Kopana Nagara'. Hampi, a World heritage center, covers some areas of Koppal District. It is situated approximately 38 km away...
and the Vijayanagar empire temples at Vijayanagara. Badami Chalukyas monuments at Pattadakal, Aihole, and Badami are also well-known. Hampi
Hampi
Hampi is a village in northern Karnataka state, India. It is located within the ruins of Vijayanagara, the former capital of the Vijayanagara Empire. Predating the city of Vijayanagara, it continues to be an important religious centre, housing the Virupaksha Temple, as well as several other...
, in the Bellary District, has some 54 World Heritage monuments and 650 national monuments.
History
Prehistoric period
North Karnataka's history and culture date back to prehistoric times. The earliest Stone AgeStone Age
The Stone Age is a broad prehistoric period, lasting about 2.5 million years , during which humans and their predecessor species in the genus Homo, as well as the earlier partly contemporary genera Australopithecus and Paranthropus, widely used exclusively stone as their hard material in the...
find in India was a hand ax at Lingasugur, in Raichur district. Sangankal Hills in the Bellary district, which is known as the earliest village settlement of South India, dates back to the Neolithic
Neolithic
The Neolithic Age, Era, or Period, or New Stone Age, was a period in the development of human technology, beginning about 9500 BC in some parts of the Middle East, and later in other parts of the world. It is traditionally considered as the last part of the Stone Age...
period. Iron
History of ferrous metallurgy
The history of ferrous metallurgy began far back in prehistory. The earliest surviving iron artifacts, from the 5th millennium BC in Iran and 2nd millennium BC in China, were made from meteoritic iron-nickel. It is not known when or where the smelting of iron from ores began, but by the end of the...
weapons from 1200 BC, found at Hallur in Dharwad district
Dharwad District
Dharwad District is an administrative district of the state of Karnataka in southern India. Dharwad is the cultural headquarters of North Karnataka....
, demonstrate that North Karnataka used iron earlier than northern India.
Prehistoric sites in North Karnataka include rock shelters in Bellary, Raichur and Koppal districts with red paintings which include figures of wild animals. The paintings are done in such a way that the walls of caves are not facing northwest, so the northwest monsoon does not affect them. These rock shelters are found at Kurgod, Hampi in Bellary district and Hire Benakal, near Gangavati in the Koppal district
Koppal district
Koppal district is an administrative district in the state of Karnataka in India. In the past Koppal was referred to as 'Kopana Nagara'. Hampi, a World heritage center, covers some areas of Koppal District. It is situated approximately 38 km away...
. Burial chambers using granite slabs (known as dolmen
Dolmen
A dolmen—also known as a portal tomb, portal grave, dolmain , cromlech , anta , Hünengrab/Hünenbett , Adamra , Ispun , Hunebed , dös , goindol or quoit—is a type of single-chamber megalithic tomb, usually consisting of...
s) are also found; the best examples are the dolmens of Hire Benakal and Kumati in Hadagali Taluk.
Vibhuthihalli at Shahapur Taluk in the Yadgir district, an Archeological Survey of India ancient astronomy site, was created with megalith
Megalith
A megalith is a large stone that has been used to construct a structure or monument, either alone or together with other stones. Megalithic describes structures made of such large stones, utilizing an interlocking system without the use of mortar or cement.The word 'megalith' comes from the Ancient...
ic stones. The stones, arranged in a square pattern with astronomical significance, cover an area of 12 acres (4.9 ha). Ashoka
Ashoka
Ashok Maurya or Ashoka , popularly known as Ashoka the Great, was an Indian emperor of the Maurya Dynasty who ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent from ca. 269 BC to 232 BC. One of India's greatest emperors, Ashoka reigned over most of present-day India after a number of military conquests...
's stone edicts, found in the state, indicate that major parts of Northern Karnataka were under the Mauryas. Many dynasties left their imprint upon the development of North Karnatakan art, among them the Chalukyas, the Vijayanagara Empire
Vijayanagara Empire
The Vijayanagara Empire , referred as the Kingdom of Bisnaga by the Portuguese, was an empire based in South Indian in the Deccan Plateau region. It was established in 1336 by Harihara I and his brother Bukka Raya I of the Yadava lineage. The empire rose to prominence as a culmination of attempts...
and the Western Chalukyas.
Chalukyas
Chalukya dynasty
The Chalukya dynasty was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and central India between the 6th and the 12th centuries. During this period, they ruled as three related yet individual dynasties. The earliest dynasty, known as the "Badami Chalukyas", ruled from Vatapi from the...
rule is important in the development of architecture known as Karnata Dravida. Hundreds of monuments built by the Chalukyas are found in the Malaprabha river basin (mainly in Aihole, Badami, Pattadakal and Mahakuta, in Karnataka). They ruled an empire extending from the Kaveri
Kaveri River
The Kaveri , also spelled Cauvery in English, is a large Indian river. The origin of the river is traditionally placed at Talakaveri, Kodagu in the Western Ghats in Karnataka, flows generally south and east through Karnataka and Tamil Nadu and across the southern Deccan plateau through the...
in the south to the Narmada
Narmada River
The Narmada , also called Rewa is a river in central India and the fifth largest river in the Indian subcontinent. It is the third largest river that completely flows within India after Ganges and Godavari...
in the north. The Badami Chalukya dynasty was established by Pulakesi I in 543; Vatapi (Badami) was the capital. Pulakesi II
Pulakesi II
Pulakesin II is the most famous ruler of the Chalukya dynasty. In his reign the Chalukyas of Badami saw their kingdom extend over most of the Deccan.-Early life and accession:...
was a popular emperor of the Badami Chalukya dynasty. He defeated Harshavardhana on the banks of the Narmada river
Narmada River
The Narmada , also called Rewa is a river in central India and the fifth largest river in the Indian subcontinent. It is the third largest river that completely flows within India after Ganges and Godavari...
, and defeated Vishnukundins in the south. Vikramaditya I
Vikramaditya I
Vikramaditya I was the third son and followed his father, Pulakesi II on to the Chalukya throne. He restored order in the fractured kingdom and made the Pallavas retreat from the capital Vatapi.-Early crises :...
, known as Rajamalla and for building temples, engraved a Kannada inscription on the victory pillar at the Kailasanatha Temple. Kirtivarman II
Kirtivarman II
Kirtivarman II also known as Rahappa was the last ruler in the Badami Chalukya dynasty. He succeeded his father Vikramaditya II...
was the last Badami Chalukya king, overthrown in 753 by the Rashtrakuta King Dantidurga
Dantidurga
Dantidurga , also known as Dantivarman or Dantidurga II was the founder of the Rashtrakuta Empire of Manyakheta. His capital was based in Gulbarga region of Karnataka...
.
Basavakalyan
Basavakalyan is a town in Bidar District of the state of Karnataka, India, and was historically known as Kalyan.-History:Basavakalyan's history dates back to 3000 years with its name being mentioned in Guru Charitra....
(today's Basavakalyan
Basavakalyan
Basavakalyan is a town in Bidar District of the state of Karnataka, India, and was historically known as Kalyan.-History:Basavakalyan's history dates back to 3000 years with its name being mentioned in Guru Charitra....
in Karnataka) or the Later Chalukya from its theoretical relationship to the sixth-century Badami Chalukyas. The Western Chalukyas (Kannada: ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ) developed an architectural style (also called Gadag style) known today as a transitional style, an architectural link between the early Chalukya Dynasty and the later Hoysala empire
Hoysala Empire
The Hoysala Empire was a prominent South Indian Kannadiga empire that ruled most of the modern day state of Karnataka between the 10th and the 14th centuries. The capital of the Hoysalas was initially located at Belur but was later moved to Halebidu....
. The Chalukyas built some of the earliest Hindu temples in India. The best-known examples are the Mahadeva Temple (Itagi)
Mahadeva Temple (Itagi)
Itagi is in Yalburga Taluk, Koppal District, in North Karnataka, Karnataka, India. It is about 7 km from Kuknur. It is near to Lakkundi about 20 km.Itagi is famous for the Chalukya style Mahadeva Temple...
in the Koppal District; the Kasivisvesvara Temple at Lakkundi in the Gadag District
Gadag District
Gadag District had a population of 971,952 of which 35.21% was urban as of 2001. Population increased 13.14% in the decade 1991-2001. The District is bounded on the north by Bagalkot District, on the east by Koppal District, on the southeast by Bellary District, on the southwest by Haveri...
and the Mallikarjuna Temple at Kuruvatti and the Kallesvara Temple at Bagali, both in the Davangere District. Monuments notable for craftsmanship are the Siddhesvara Temple
Siddhesvara Temple
The Siddhesvara Temple is located in the town of Haveri in Haveri district, Karnataka state, India. It is considered an ornate example of 12th century Western Chalukyan art and is well-known for the many loose sculptures of Hindu deities that exist in it, and is the finest testimonial for...
at Haveri
Haveri
Haveriis a town in Karnataka. It is the administrative headquarters of Haveri District. The name Haveri is derived from the Kannada words havu and keri, which means place of snakes. Haveri is famous for its cardamom garlands. It is said that Haveri had around 1000 maths in ancient days. One of...
in the Haveri District
Haveri District
Haveri is a district in the state of Karnataka, India with the potential to become a tourist hub. As of 2001, it had a population of 1,439,116 of which 20.78% were urban residents.-Tourism:Examples of tourist attractions in the district:...
, the Amrutesvara Temple at Annigeri
Annigeri
Annigeri is a town in Navalgund taluk of Dharwad district in the state of Karnataka, India, located 20 km west of Gadag en route to Hubli and 35 km from Hubli-Dharwad.-Introduction:...
in the Dharwad District, the Sarasvati Temple in Gadag, and the Dodda Basappa Temple at Dambal
Dambal
Dambal is a village in the Gadag district of the state of Karnataka, India. It was an ancient center of Buddhism and remained so as late as the 12th century.Dambal is at an elevation of 590 metres and its population is 21,096.-History:...
(both in the Gadag district). Aihole was an experimental base for architectural creation.
Kadambas
Konkan
The Konkan also called the Konkan Coast or Karavali is a rugged section of the western coastline of India from Raigad to Mangalore...
region (part of modern Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Maharashtra is a state located in India. It is the second most populous after Uttar Pradesh and third largest state by area in India...
and Karnataka state). The early rulers of this dynasty
established themselves at Vaijayanti (or Banavasi
Banavasi
Banavasi is an ancient temple town in Uttara Kannada District bordering Shivamogga district in the South Indian state of Karnataka .-History:Banavasi is one of the oldest towns in the Karnataka state...
) in 345 AD and ruled for more than two centuries. In 607, the Chalukyas of Vatapi sacked Banavasi, and the Kadamba kingdom was incorporated into the expanding Chalukyan empire. In the eighth century, the Chalukyas were overthrown by the Rashtrakutas, who ruled until the 10th century. In 980, descendants of the Chalukyas and Kadambas revolted against the Rashtrakutas; the Rashtrakuta empire fell, resulting in the establishment of a second Chalukyan dynasty (known as the Western Chalukyas). Chatta Deva, a member of the Kadamba family who helped the Western Chalukyas in this coup, re-established the Kadamba dynasty. He was primarily a vassal of the Western Chalukyas, but his successors enjoyed considerable independence and were well-placed in Goa and Konkan until the 14th century. The successors of Chatta Deva occupied both Banavasi and Hangal
Hangal
Hangal is a town in Haveri district in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is 75 km away from Hubli-Dharwad.It is on the left bank of the Dharma river, and has ruins of some fortification on the...
, and are known as the Kadambas of Hangal. Later, the Kadambas paid nominal allegiance to the other major powers of the Deccan Plateau
Deccan Plateau
The Deccan Plateau is a large plateau in India, making up the majority of the southern part of the country. It rises a hundred meters high in the north, rising further to more than a kilometers high in the south, forming a raised triangle nested within the familiar downward-pointing triangle of...
(such as the Yadavas and Hoysalas of Dorasamudra) and maintained their independence. Four families of Kadambas ruled in southern India: the Kadamba of Hangal
Kadamba of Hangal
* In 980 AD, descendents of Chalukyas and Kadambas rose against Rashtrakutas and Rashtrakuta empire fell resulting in establishment of second Chalukya dynasty ....
, Goa
Kadambas of Goa
The Kadambas ruled Goa over 10th to 14th century AD. In the beginning they ruled only Sashti and a small part of Konkan. They ruled from Chandor, over a large part, but the port of Gopakpattana was not a part in the beginning...
, Belur and Banvasi.
Rashrakutas
Dantidurga
Dantidurga , also known as Dantivarman or Dantidurga II was the founder of the Rashtrakuta Empire of Manyakheta. His capital was based in Gulbarga region of Karnataka...
, an empire was built with the Gulbarga region in modern Karnataka as its base. This clan came to be known as the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta (Kannada: ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಕೂಟ), who rose to power in 753. During their rule, Jain mathematicians and scholars contributed important works in Kannada and Sanskrit
Sanskrit
Sanskrit , is a historical Indo-Aryan language and the primary liturgical language of Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism.Buddhism: besides Pali, see Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Today, it is listed as one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and is an official language of the state of Uttarakhand...
. Amoghavarsha I was the best-known king of this dynasty and wrote Kavirajamarga, a landmark Kannada work. Architecture reached a high-water mark in the Dravidian style, the best examples of which are seen in the Kailash Temple at Ellora, the sculptures of Elephanta Caves
Elephanta Caves
The Elephanta Caves are a network of sculpted caves located on Elephanta Island, or Gharapuri in Mumbai Harbour, to the east of the city of Mumbai in the Indian state of Maharashtra...
in modern-day Maharashtra and the Kashivishvanatha and the Jain Narayana Temples at Pattadakal in modern North Karnataka (all of which are UNESCO
UNESCO
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations...
World Heritage Sites). Scholars agree that the kings of the imperial dynasty in the eighth to tenth century made the Kannada language as important as Sanskrit. Rashtrakuta inscriptions appear in both Kannada and Sanskrit, and the kings encouraged literature in both languages. The earliest existing Kannada literary writings are credited to their court poets and royalty. Kailash Temple is an example of Dravidian
Dravidian peoples
Dravidian peoples is a term used to refer to the diverse groups of people who natively speak languages belonging to the Dravidian language family. Populations of speakers of around 220 million are found mostly in Southern India. Other Dravidian people are found in parts of central India, Sri Lanka,...
art. This project was started by Krishna I (757–773) of the Rashtrakuta dynasty which ruled from Manyakheta
Manyakheta
Manyakheta on the banks of Kagina River in Gulbarga district, Karnataka state was the capital of Rashtrakutas from . It is 40 km from Gulbarga city. The capital was moved from Mayurkhandi in Bidar district to Mānyakheṭa during the rule of Amoghavarsha I...
in modern Karnataka. It is located 40 km from the city of Manyakheta
Manyakheta
Manyakheta on the banks of Kagina River in Gulbarga district, Karnataka state was the capital of Rashtrakutas from . It is 40 km from Gulbarga city. The capital was moved from Mayurkhandi in Bidar district to Mānyakheṭa during the rule of Amoghavarsha I...
(modern Malkhed), on the banks of the Kagini River in Gulbarga district
Gulbarga District
Gulbarga district is one of the 30 districts of Karnataka state in southern India. Gulbarga city is the administrative headquarters of the district...
.
Vijayanagara empire
Vijayanagara (Karnata EmpireKarnata Empire
The Karnata Empire or Karnataka Empire is an alternate name for the Vijayanagara Empire. This name has been used in some important Vijayanagara inscriptions and literary works of the Vijayanagara times including the Sanskrit work Jambavati Kalyanam by King Krishnadevaraya and Telugu work Vasu...
, or Karnataka Empire) is considered the greatest medieval Hindu empire and one of the greatest in the world at that time. It fostered the development of intellectual pursuits and the fine arts. Abdur Razzaq
Abdur Razzaq (traveller)
Kamal-ud-Din Abd-ur-Razzaq ibn Ishaq Samarqandi, , was a Persian chronicler and Islamic scholar. He was the ambassador of Shah Rukh, the Timurid dynasty ruler of Persia to Calicut, India, from January 1442 to January 1445...
(the Persian ambassador) said, "The eye of the pupil has never seen a place like it and the ear of intelligence has never been informed that there existed anything to equal it in the world".
Deccan Sultanates
The Vijayanagara EmpireVijayanagara Empire
The Vijayanagara Empire , referred as the Kingdom of Bisnaga by the Portuguese, was an empire based in South Indian in the Deccan Plateau region. It was established in 1336 by Harihara I and his brother Bukka Raya I of the Yadava lineage. The empire rose to prominence as a culmination of attempts...
, with its capital at Hampi, fell victim to the army of the Deccan Sultanates
Deccan sultanates
The Deccan sultanates were five Muslim-ruled late medieval kingdoms—Bijapur, Golkonda, Ahmadnagar, Bidar, and Berar—of south-central India. The Deccan sultanates were located on the Deccan Plateau, between the Krishna River and the Vindhya Range. These kingdoms became independent during the breakup...
in 1565. As a consequence of this, Bijapur became the most important city of the region. It is a land of monuments; perhaps no other city except Delhi
Delhi
Delhi , officially National Capital Territory of Delhi , is the largest metropolis by area and the second-largest by population in India, next to Mumbai. It is the eighth largest metropolis in the world by population with 16,753,265 inhabitants in the Territory at the 2011 Census...
has as many monuments as Bijapur. Bahmani Shahis
Bahmani Sultanate
The Bahmani Sultanate was a Muslim state of the Deccan in southern India and one of the great medieval Indian kingdoms...
and Adil Shahi
Adil Shahi
The Adil Shahi or Adilshahi dynasty ruled the Sultanate of Bijapur in the Western area of the Deccan region of Southern India from 1490 to 1686. Bijapur had been a province of the Bahmani Sultanate , before its political decline in the last quarter of the 15th century and eventual break-up in 1518...
s (Bahmani Sultanate
Bahmani Sultanate
The Bahmani Sultanate was a Muslim state of the Deccan in southern India and one of the great medieval Indian kingdoms...
) of Bijapur have played an important role in the history of Karnataka with their contributions to art and architecture and their propagation of Islam
Islam
Islam . The most common are and . : Arabic pronunciation varies regionally. The first vowel ranges from ~~. The second vowel ranges from ~~~...
in the state. The Bidar Sultanate
Bidar Sultanate
Bidar sultanate was one of the Deccan sultanates of late medieval India. Its founder, Qasim Barid was a Turk, domiciled in Georgia. He joined the service of the Bahmani sultan Muhammad Shah III. He started his career as a sar-naubat but later became the mir-jumla of the Bahmani sultanate...
was part of the Deccan sultanates
Deccan sultanates
The Deccan sultanates were five Muslim-ruled late medieval kingdoms—Bijapur, Golkonda, Ahmadnagar, Bidar, and Berar—of south-central India. The Deccan sultanates were located on the Deccan Plateau, between the Krishna River and the Vindhya Range. These kingdoms became independent during the breakup...
, which were founded by Qasim Barid.
Minor dynasties
- Chutus of BanavasiBanavasiBanavasi is an ancient temple town in Uttara Kannada District bordering Shivamogga district in the South Indian state of Karnataka .-History:Banavasi is one of the oldest towns in the Karnataka state...
(vassalVassalA vassal or feudatory is a person who has entered into a mutual obligation to a lord or monarch in the context of the feudal system in medieval Europe. The obligations often included military support and mutual protection, in exchange for certain privileges, usually including the grant of land held...
to the Satavahanas) - RattasRatta dynastyRatta dynasty was the branch of Rashtrakutas. Savadatti , historically known as Sugandavarti was the capital of Ratta dynasty during 875-1250, later capital shifted to Belagavi historically known as Venugrama...
of SaundattiSaundattiSavadatti is one of the oldest towns in Belgaum district in the south Indian state of Karnataka. It is a celebrated pilgrimage centre located 78 kilometres from Belgaum. Savadatti is also the name of the taluk , which was previously named Parasgad. There are several ancient temples in...
(of BelgaumBelgaumBelgaum is a city and a municipal corporation in Belgaum district in the state of Karnataka, India. It is the fourth largest city of the state of Karnataka, the first three being Bangalore, Mysore, Hubli-Dharwad....
) - Guttas of GuttalGuttalGuttal is a village in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It is located in the Haveri taluk of Haveri district in Karnataka. Its around 26 km from Ranebennur-Demographics:...
(DharwadDharwadDharwad, also known as Dharwar, is a city and a DISTRICT PLACE in India's Karnataka state.Dharwad is the administrative seat of the Dharwad District. The municipality of Hubli-Dharwad covers an area of 200.23 km²...
region) - Sendrakas of Nagarkhanda (BanavasiBanavasiBanavasi is an ancient temple town in Uttara Kannada District bordering Shivamogga district in the South Indian state of Karnataka .-History:Banavasi is one of the oldest towns in the Karnataka state...
province) - Sindas of YalaburgaYelbargaYalaburga is a panchayat town in Koppal district in the Indian state of Karnataka.-Geography:Yelbarga is located at . It has an average elevation of 605 metres .-Demographics:...
(BijapurBijapur, KarnatakaBijapur Urdu:بیجاپور city is the district headquarters of Bijapur District of Karnataka state. Bijapur city is well known for its historical monuments of architectural importance built during the rule of Adil Shahi dynasty...
-GulbargaGulbargaGulbarga is a city in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is the administrative headquarters of Gulbarga District. It was formerly part of Nizam's Hyderabad state...
) - KadambasKadambasThe Kadamba Dynasty was an ancient royal family of Karnataka that ruled from Banavasi in present day Uttara Kannada district. The dynasty later continued to rule as a feudatory of larger Kannada empires, the Chalukya and the Rashtrakuta empires for over five hundred years during which time they...
of HangalHangalHangal is a town in Haveri district in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is 75 km away from Hubli-Dharwad.It is on the left bank of the Dharma river, and has ruins of some fortification on the...
Other kingdoms
- KishkindhaKishkindhaKishkindha is mythical the monkey kingdom of the Vanara King Sugriva, the younger brother of Vali, in the Indian mythology of Ramayana times...
- Karnata KingdomKarnata KingdomKarnata was a southern kingdom ruled by non-Vedic rulers during the period of the epic Mahabharata. The Karnata tribe was a Dravidian tribe. They could have migrated from the Sindh-Baluchistan area...
- Mauryas
- Shatavahana dynasty (until early third century CE)
- Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri, 9th–14th century
- Ratta dynasty
- KalachuriKalachuriKalachuri Empire is this the name used by two kingdoms who had a succession of dynasties from the 10th-12th centuries, one ruling over areas in Central India and were called Chedi or Haihaya and the other southern Kalachuri who ruled over parts of Karnataka...
, 12th century - KampiliKampiliKampili was a tiny kingdom on the banks of the Tungabhadra river in present day Karnataka state during the 13th century.The founder of the kingdom was a Hoysala commander, Singeya Nayaka-III who declared himself independent and created a small chiefdom...
, 13th century - Sangama DynastySangama DynastyThe Sangama Dynasty was the first dynasty of the Vijayanagara Empire. Founded by the brothers, Harihara I and Bukka Raya I, they were sons of Bhavana Sangama...
- Saluva DynastySaluva DynastyThe Saluva Dynasty was created by the Saluvas who by historical tradition were natives of the Kalyani region of northern Karnataka. The Gorantla inscription traces their origins to this region from the time of the Western Chalukyas and Kalachuris of Karnataka. The term "Saluva" is known to...
Inscriptions
- Mahakuta Inscriptions, Mahakuta Mahakutesvara temple Pillar inscriptionMahakuta PillarMahakuta Pillar in the town of Mahakuta in present day Bagalkot district of India's Karnataka state is the source of an important Badami Chalukya inscription called Mahakuta pillar inscription ascribed to king Mangalesa, second son of Pulakesi I. It is made of fine grained sandstone...
- Aihole inscription
- Badami inscriptions
- Kappe Arabhatta inscriptionKappe ArabhattaKappe Arabhatta was a Chalukya warrior of the 8th century who is known from a Kannada verse inscription, dated to c. 700 CE, and carved on a cliff overlooking the northeast end of the artificial lake in Badami, Karnataka, India. The inscription consists of five stanzas written out in ten lines in...
- Itagi Mahadeva Temple Inscription
- Lakkundi inscriptions
- Gadag inscription
- Halasi inscriptions
Princely states
The following are the princely states of British India:- Mudhol StateMudhol StateThe Principality of Mudhol was one of the 9-gun princely states of British India, under the summit of Niranjan. The state measured 368 square miles in area. According to the 1901 census, the population was 63,001, with the population of the town itself at 8,359 in that year. In 1901, the state...
- Sandur (princely state)Sandur (princely state)Before India's independence, Sandur was a princely state, the seat was at the town of Sanduru. The state was founded around 1700 CE by Shrimant Sidalji Ghorpade , a Maratha nobleman. In the eighteenth century, the surrounding territory came under the control of the Nizam of Hyderabad...
- Savanur StateSavanur StateSavanur State was one of the princely states of British India, under the Bombay Presidency, and later the Deccan States Agency. Its Muslim rulers, styled “Nawab” descended from Abdul Karim Khan, an Afghan in the service of the Mughal Empire, who received a grant near Delhi in 1672. His successors...
- Ramdurg StateRamdurg StateRamdurg State was one of the non-salute princely states of British India, under the Bombay Presidency, later the Deccan States Agency, founded in 1799. The Hindu rulers, of the Konkanasth dynasty, used the title of Raja. Ramdurg measured 438 square kilometers in area. According to the 1901 census,...
- Jamkhandi StateJamkhandi StateJamkhandi State was one of the princely states of British India, under the Bombay Presidency, and later the Deccan States Agency. Its capital was Jamakhandi. It was one of the southern Mahratta Jagirs. Its Hindu rulers were of the Pathwardhan dynasty and used the title "Raja" or "Raja Sahib"...
, KundgolKundgolKundgol is a panchayat town in Dharwad district in the Indian state of Karnataka.-Introduction:Kundgol is Located in Dharwad District of Karnataka is about 14 km south-west of Hubli and 32 km south-west of Dharwad.... - KitturKitturKitturu , also called Kittur is a village in Belgaum District of Karnataka state. It is part of the Bailahongal taluk in Belgaum district. It is a place of historical significance because of the resistance of Rani Chennamma of Kitturu to the British Raj.-History:On the outskirts of the town lies...
- ShorapurShorapurShorapur is a town in Yadgir district in the Indian state of Karnataka.-Demographics: India census, Shorapur had a population of 43,591. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Shorapur has an average literacy rate of 55%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is...
- GurguntaGurguntaGurgunta is a village in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It is located in the Lingsugur taluk of Raichur district in Karnataka.-Demographics:As of 2001 India census, Gurgunta had a population of 10207 with 5207 males and 5000 females....
- Kannada-speaking Hyderabad StateHyderabad State-After Indian independence :When India gained independence in 1947 and Pakistan came into existence in 1947, the British left the local rulers of the princely states the choice of whether to join one of the new dominions or to remain independent...
- South Kannada-speaking Bombay stateBombay StateThe Bombay State was a state of India, dissolved with the formation of Maharashtra and Gujarat states on May 1, 1960.-History:During British rule, portions of the western coast of India under direct British rule were part of the Bombay Presidency...
Battles
- Chalukya Pallava Wars
- Battle of TalikotaBattle of TalikotaThe Battle of Talikota , a watershed battle fought between the Vijayanagara Empire and the Deccan sultanates, resulted in a rout of Vijayanagara, and ended the last great Hindu kingdom in South India...
- Battle of GajendragadBattle of GajendragadThe Battle of Gajendragad was fought in June 1786, during the Maratha-Mysore War. An army of the Maratha Empire led by Haripant Phadke captured the town and fortress at Gajendragad....
- Battle of Raichur
- Chola-Chalukya wars
Historic capitals
- Vaijayanti (BanavasiBanavasiBanavasi is an ancient temple town in Uttara Kannada District bordering Shivamogga district in the South Indian state of Karnataka .-History:Banavasi is one of the oldest towns in the Karnataka state...
in Uttara Kannada district) - Kadamba dynasty - Palashika (HalasiHalasiHalasi also called as Halsi or Halshi, is a town in Khanapur Taluk, Belgaum District in North Karnataka, Karnataka, India. It is 14 km from Khanapur and about 25 km from Kittur. It is famous for having been the capital of a branch of Kadamba Dynasty...
, or Halsi, or Halshi in Belgaum districtBelgaum districtBelgaum district is a district in the state of Karnataka, India. The city of Belgaum is the district headquarters in North Karnataka. By the 2011 Census of India, it had a population of 4778439...
) - Kadamba of Halasi - Hanungal, or Panungal (HangalHangalHangal is a town in Haveri district in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is 75 km away from Hubli-Dharwad.It is on the left bank of the Dharma river, and has ruins of some fortification on the...
in Haveri districtHaveri DistrictHaveri is a district in the state of Karnataka, India with the potential to become a tourist hub. As of 2001, it had a population of 1,439,116 of which 20.78% were urban residents.-Tourism:Examples of tourist attractions in the district:...
) - Kadambas of Hangal - AiholeAiholeAihole is a temple complex in the Bagalkot district of Karnataka, India. It is a very popular tourist spot in north Karnataka. It lies to the east of Pattadakal, along the Malaprabha River, while Badami is to the west of both....
in Bagalkot districtBagalkot districtBāgalkot district is an administrative district in the Indian state of Karnataka. The district headquarters is located in the town of Bagalkot. The district is located in northern Karnataka and borders Belgaum, Gadag, Koppal, Raichur and Bijapur...
- First capital of Badami Chalukyas - Vatapi (BadamiBadamiBadami , formerly known as Vatapi, is a town and headquarters of a taluk by the same name, in the Bagalkot district of Karnataka, India. It was the regal capital of the Badami Chalukyas from 540 to 757 AD. It is famous for rock cut and other structural temples...
in Bagalkot district) - Badami Chalukyas - PattadakalPattadakalPattadakal is a village in Karnataka. It lies on the banks of the Malaprabha River in Bagalkot district. It is 22 km from Badami and about 10 km from Aihole...
in Bagalkot district - Briefly third capital of Badami Chalukyas - Mayurkhandi in Bidar districtBidar DistrictBidar is a district of Karnataka state in southern India. The historic city of Bidar is the administrative centre of the district. The district is located in the northeastern corner of the state, near the borders with Andhra Pradesh to the east and Maharashtra to the north and west...
- First capital of Rashtrakuta dynastyRashtrakuta DynastyThe Rashtrakuta Empire was a royal dynasty ruling large parts of the Indian Subcontinent between the sixth and the 10th centuries. During this period they ruled as several closely related, but individual clans. Rastrakutas in inscriptions represented as descendants of Satyaki, a Yadava well known... - Manyakheta (Malkhed in Gulbarga districtGulbarga DistrictGulbarga district is one of the 30 districts of Karnataka state in southern India. Gulbarga city is the administrative headquarters of the district...
) - Rashtrakuta dynasty - Kalyani (Basava Kalyana in Bidar districtBidar DistrictBidar is a district of Karnataka state in southern India. The historic city of Bidar is the administrative centre of the district. The district is located in the northeastern corner of the state, near the borders with Andhra Pradesh to the east and Maharashtra to the north and west...
) - Western ChalukyasWestern ChalukyasThe Western Chalukya Empire ruled most of the western Deccan, South India, between the 10th and 12th centuries. This dynasty is sometimes called the Kalyani Chalukya after its regal capital at Kalyani, today's Basavakalyan in Karnataka and alternatively the Later Chalukya from its theoretical... - Kundal (Kundal village near sangliSangliSangli is a city in the state of Maharashtra of India. Sangli is known as the Turmeric city for its vast production of Turmeric. Sangli is situated on the banks of river Krishna and is the largest market place for Turmeric in Asia and houses many sugar factories, which it is also noted for...
in Sangli districtSangli districtSangli district is a district of Maharashtra state in west-central India. Sangli city is the district headquarters. The district is 24.51% urban. Sangli and Miraj are the largest cities. The industrial town of Kirloskarwadi is also located in the Sangli District...
) - Western Chalukyas - AnnigeriAnnigeriAnnigeri is a town in Navalgund taluk of Dharwad district in the state of Karnataka, India, located 20 km west of Gadag en route to Hubli and 35 km from Hubli-Dharwad.-Introduction:...
in Dharwad districtDharwad DistrictDharwad District is an administrative district of the state of Karnataka in southern India. Dharwad is the cultural headquarters of North Karnataka....
- Western Chalukyas (last capital of the Chalukyas) - SudiSudiSudi , is a panchayat town in the Gadag District of Karnataka, India. It is about 30 km from Badami, 12 km from Gajendragad and 3 km from Itagi Bhimambika temple. In the past it was a important town of the Kalyani Chalukyas during 1000 AD...
in Gadag districtGadag DistrictGadag District had a population of 971,952 of which 35.21% was urban as of 2001. Population increased 13.14% in the decade 1991-2001. The District is bounded on the north by Bagalkot District, on the east by Koppal District, on the southeast by Bellary District, on the southwest by Haveri...
- Coin mint and capital of Western Chalukyas - LakkundiLakkundiLakkundi in Gadag District of Karnataka is a tiny village on the way to Hampi from Hubli. Lakkundi 11 km from Gadag in the east...
in Gadag district - Coin mint of Western Chalukyas - VijayanagaraVijayanagaraVijayanagara is in Bellary District, northern Karnataka. It is the name of the now-ruined capital city "which was regarded as the second Rome" that surrounds modern-day Hampi, of the historic Vijayanagara empire which extended over the southern part of India....
(HampiHampiHampi is a village in northern Karnataka state, India. It is located within the ruins of Vijayanagara, the former capital of the Vijayanagara Empire. Predating the city of Vijayanagara, it continues to be an important religious centre, housing the Virupaksha Temple, as well as several other...
in Bellary district) - Vijayanagara EmpireVijayanagara EmpireThe Vijayanagara Empire , referred as the Kingdom of Bisnaga by the Portuguese, was an empire based in South Indian in the Deccan Plateau region. It was established in 1336 by Harihara I and his brother Bukka Raya I of the Yadava lineage. The empire rose to prominence as a culmination of attempts... - GulbargaGulbargaGulbarga is a city in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is the administrative headquarters of Gulbarga District. It was formerly part of Nizam's Hyderabad state...
- Bahamani Sultanate - BidarBidarBidar is a city in the Indian state of Karnataka. Located on the Deccan Plateau in the north-eastern part of Karnataka. It is the headquarters of the Bidar District....
- Bahamani Sultanate - BijapurBijapur, KarnatakaBijapur Urdu:بیجاپور city is the district headquarters of Bijapur District of Karnataka state. Bijapur city is well known for its historical monuments of architectural importance built during the rule of Adil Shahi dynasty...
- Adil Shahi dynasty (Bijapur Sultanate)
Architectural styles
Indian architecture
The architecture of India is rooted in its history, culture and religion. Indian architecture progressed with time and assimilated the many influences that came as a result of India's global discourse with other regions of the world throughout its millennia-old past...
during the rule of the Kadamba, Badami Chalukyas, Western Chalukya, Rashtrakuta
Rashtrakuta
The Rashtrakuta Empire was a royal dynasty ruling large parts of the Indian Subcontinent between the sixth and the 10th centuries. During this period they ruled as several closely related, but individual clans. Rastrakutas in inscriptions represented as descendants of Satyaki, a Yadava well known...
and Vijayanagara empire
Vijayanagara Empire
The Vijayanagara Empire , referred as the Kingdom of Bisnaga by the Portuguese, was an empire based in South Indian in the Deccan Plateau region. It was established in 1336 by Harihara I and his brother Bukka Raya I of the Yadava lineage. The empire rose to prominence as a culmination of attempts...
s:
- Vesara styleVesaraVesara is a type of Indian architecture primarily used in temples. The two other prominent styles are Dravida and Nagara. Vesara is a combination of these two temple styles.-Description:...
- Badami Chalukya architectureBadami Chalukya ArchitectureThe Badami Chalukya architecture was a temple building idiom that evolved in the time period of 5th – 8th centuries AD. in the area of Malaprabha basin, in present day Bagalkot district of Karnataka state. This style is sometimes called the Vesara style and Chalukya style...
- Gadag style of architectureWestern Chalukya architectureWestern Chalukya architecture , also known as Kalyani Chalukya or Later Chalukya architecture, is the distinctive style of ornamented architecture that evolved during the rule of the Western Chalukya Empire in the Tungabhadra region of central Karnataka, India, during the 11th and 12th centuries...
- Rashtrakutas style of architecture
- Vijayanagara Architecture
- Kadamba architectureKadamba architectureThe Kadambas was an ancient dynasty of Karnataka founded by Mayurasharma in about 4th century AD. They were known for their own style of temple architecture.-History:...
- Bijapur style
- Keladi Nayaka style
History of Kannada language
Kannada is one of the oldest Dravidian languagesDravidian languages
The Dravidian language family includes approximately 85 genetically related languages, spoken by about 217 million people. They are mainly spoken in southern India and parts of eastern and central India as well as in northeastern Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Iran, and...
, with an age of at least 2,000 years. The spoken language is said to have separated from its proto-Dravidian source later than Tamil, and at about the same time as Tulu
Tulu language
The Tulu language |?]]]) is a Dravidian language spoken by 1.95 million native speakers mainly in the southwest part of Indian state Karnataka known as Tulu Nadu. In India, 1.72 million people speak it as their mother tongue , increased by 10 percent over the 1991 census...
. However, the archaeological evidence indicates a written tradition for this language of around 1,500–1,600 years. The initial development of Kannada is similar to that of other Dravidian languages and independent of Sanskrit
Sanskrit
Sanskrit , is a historical Indo-Aryan language and the primary liturgical language of Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism.Buddhism: besides Pali, see Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Today, it is listed as one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and is an official language of the state of Uttarakhand...
. In later centuries, Kannada has been greatly influenced by Sanskrit in vocabulary, grammar and literary style.
As for the Dravidian race, the Monier-Williams Sanskrit Dictionary lists for the Sanskrit word draviḍa a meaning of a "collective name for Karnatakas, Gurjaras, Kannadigas and Mahārāstras". North Karnataka has its own dialect of Kannada.
- Old Kannada literature
- Kadamba scriptKadamba scriptThe Kadamba script marks the birth of a dedicated Kannada script that was used for Kannada language. It is a descendant of the Brahmi script. The Kadamba script was developed during the reign of the Kadambas in the 4th - 6th centuries. The Kadamba script is also known as Pre-Old-Kannada script...
, HalegannadaHalegannadaProto-Kannada is said to have evolved after separating from its source around c. 1500 BCE, while its script evolved during Ashokan times around the 4th or 3rd century BCE from ancient Brahmi... - Chalukya Literature
- Kannada literature in the Western Chalukya Empire
- Rashtrakuta literatureRashtrakuta literatureRashtrakuta literature is the body of work created during the rule of the Rastrakutas of Manyakheta, a dynasty that ruled the southern and central parts of the Deccan, India between the 8th and 10th centuries...
, AsagaAsagaAsaga was a mid-9th century Digambara Jain poet who wrote in Sanskrit and Kannada language. He is most known for his extant work in Sanskrit, the Vardhaman Charitra . This epic poem which runs into 18 cantos was written in 853 CE. It is the earliest available Sanskrit biography of 24th and last...
, Amoghavarsha I, KavirajamargaKavirajamargaKavirajamarga is the earliest available writing on rhetoric, poetics and grammar in the Kannada language. It was written by the famous Rashtrakuta King "Nripatunga" Amoghavarsha I and some say that it is based partly on an earlier Sanskrit writing, Kavyadarsa... - Extinct Kannada literatureExtinct Kannada literatureExtinct Kannada literature is a hypothesized body of literature of the Kannada language dating from the period preceding the first extant work, Kavirajamarga ....
- Kappe Arabhatta inscription at BadamiKappe ArabhattaKappe Arabhatta was a Chalukya warrior of the 8th century who is known from a Kannada verse inscription, dated to c. 700 CE, and carved on a cliff overlooking the northeast end of the artificial lake in Badami, Karnataka, India. The inscription consists of five stanzas written out in ten lines in...
- Adikavi PampaAdikavi PampaPampa , called by the honorific Ādikavi is one of the greatest Kannada poets of all time.He is very famous even today for his philosophical beliefs...
, Sri PonnaSri PonnaSri Ponna was a Kannada poet in the court of Rashtrakuta Dynasty king Krishna III . The emperor honoured Ponna with the title "emperor among poets" for his domination of the Kannada literary circles of the time, and the title "imperial poet of two languages" for his command over Sanskrit as well...
, RannaRannaRanna was one of the earliest poets of Kannada language.Ranna, Adikavi Pampa and Sri Ponna together are called "three gems of Kannada literature".-Early days:Ranna was born on 949 C.E. in Muduvolalu Bagalkot district, Karnataka.... - Medieval Kannada literatureMedieval Kannada literatureMedieval Kannada literature covered a wide range of subjects and genres which can broadly be classified under the Jain, Virashaiva, Vaishnava and secular traditions. These include writings from the 7th century rise of the Badami Chalukya empire to the 16th century, coinciding with the decline of...
- Kannada literature in Vijayanagara empire
- Vachana sahityaVachana sahityaVachana sahitya is a form of writing in Kannada that evolved in the 12th Century C.E. as a part of the Veerashaiva 'movement'. Vachanas literally means " said"...
, Basavanna, Akka MahadeviAkka MahadeviAkka Mahadevi was a prominent figure of the Veerashaiva Bhakti movement of the 12th century Karnataka. Her Vachanas in Kannada, a form of didactic poetry are considered her greatest contribution to Kannada Bhakti literature. In all she wrote about 430 Vachanas which is relatively fewer than that... - Kumaravyasa, Karnata Bharata KathamanjariKarnata Bharata KathamanjariKarnata Bharata Kathamanjari is the Kannada version of the great Indian epic, Mahabharata. This is written by Kumara Vyasa. It has only the first 10 chapters of the original work....
(MahabharataMahabharataThe Mahabharata is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India and Nepal, the other being the Ramayana. The epic is part of itihasa....
in Kannada)
Unification of Karnataka
- The role of North Karnataka in Unification of Karnataka
- Unification of Karnataka and Vidyavardhaka Sangha
- Unification of Karnataka and Aluru Venkata Rao
- The Belgaum Conference of 1924
- Liberation of Kalyana Karnataka (Hyderabad-Karnataka)
Festivals
In Kannada, utsava means "festival". The following are festivals celebrated in North Karnataka:- Kadamba
- Chalukya
- PattadakalPattadakalPattadakal is a village in Karnataka. It lies on the banks of the Malaprabha River in Bagalkot district. It is 22 km from Badami and about 10 km from Aihole...
- HampiHampiHampi is a village in northern Karnataka state, India. It is located within the ruins of Vijayanagara, the former capital of the Vijayanagara Empire. Predating the city of Vijayanagara, it continues to be an important religious centre, housing the Virupaksha Temple, as well as several other...
- LakkundiLakkundiLakkundi in Gadag District of Karnataka is a tiny village on the way to Hampi from Hubli. Lakkundi 11 km from Gadag in the east...
- KitturKitturKitturu , also called Kittur is a village in Belgaum District of Karnataka state. It is part of the Bailahongal taluk in Belgaum district. It is a place of historical significance because of the resistance of Rani Chennamma of Kitturu to the British Raj.-History:On the outskirts of the town lies...
- BidarBidarBidar is a city in the Indian state of Karnataka. Located on the Deccan Plateau in the north-eastern part of Karnataka. It is the headquarters of the Bidar District....
- DharwadDharwadDharwad, also known as Dharwar, is a city and a DISTRICT PLACE in India's Karnataka state.Dharwad is the administrative seat of the Dharwad District. The municipality of Hubli-Dharwad covers an area of 200.23 km²...
- Navaraspur Utsava (BijapurBijapur, KarnatakaBijapur Urdu:بیجاپور city is the district headquarters of Bijapur District of Karnataka state. Bijapur city is well known for its historical monuments of architectural importance built during the rule of Adil Shahi dynasty...
) - Sawai Gandharva Festival KundgolKundgolKundgol is a panchayat town in Dharwad district in the Indian state of Karnataka.-Introduction:Kundgol is Located in Dharwad District of Karnataka is about 14 km south-west of Hubli and 32 km south-west of Dharwad....
- Vishwa Kannada Sammelana at Belagavi
Temples of North Karnataka
The temples of North Karnataka
Temples of North Karnataka
Temples of North KarnatakaNorth Karnataka has innumerable sites in the Temple Map of Karnataka, India, with its some of its still surviving monuments going back to the 7th century AD. The Badami Chalukyas were the builders of rock cut caves and ancient temple complexes...
may be categorised as historical or modern.
World Heritage Sites
- Hampi: Near HospetHospetHospet , is a city in Bellary District in northern Karnataka, India. It is on the Tungabhadra River, 12 km from the World Heritage site consisting of the ruins of the medieval city of Vijayanagara, former capital of the Vijayanagara Empire....
in Bellary district - PattadakalPattadakalPattadakal is a village in Karnataka. It lies on the banks of the Malaprabha River in Bagalkot district. It is 22 km from Badami and about 10 km from Aihole...
: Near BadamiBadamiBadami , formerly known as Vatapi, is a town and headquarters of a taluk by the same name, in the Bagalkot district of Karnataka, India. It was the regal capital of the Badami Chalukyas from 540 to 757 AD. It is famous for rock cut and other structural temples...
in Bagalkot districtBagalkot districtBāgalkot district is an administrative district in the Indian state of Karnataka. The district headquarters is located in the town of Bagalkot. The district is located in northern Karnataka and borders Belgaum, Gadag, Koppal, Raichur and Bijapur...
Notable people of North Karnataka
Universities and other educational institutions
- VTU Visvesvaraya Technological UniversityVisvesvaraya Technological UniversityVisvesvaraya Technological University is an affiliating state university in Karnataka, India. It was established on 1st April 1998 by the Government of Karnataka as per VTU Act 1994, to improve the quality of technical education in the state. Apart from a few notable exceptions, VTU has complete...
http://www.vtu.ac.in/ - Rani Chennamma University BelgaumBelgaumBelgaum is a city and a municipal corporation in Belgaum district in the state of Karnataka, India. It is the fourth largest city of the state of Karnataka, the first three being Bangalore, Mysore, Hubli-Dharwad....
- Karnataka Law University Hubli http://www.kslu.ac.in/
- Central University of Karnataka Gulbarga http://www.cuk.ac.in
- Hampi, Kannada UniversityKannada UniversityKannada University, also called Hampi Kannada University or Hampi University, is a higher education university in Hampi, Karnataka, founded in the year 1991, with the aim to develop the Kannada language and to promote the literature, traditions, culture, and folklore of Karnataka.-Sections:The...
http://www.kannadauniversity.org/ - Karnatak UniversityKarnatak UniversityThe Karnatak University established initially at Mumbai in 1949, the location was shifted to Dharwad in October, 1949 and Karnatak University had its official inauguration in March 1950. The campus spans 750 acres . Dr. D. C. Pavate was the vice-chancellor of the university from 1954 to 1967...
Dharwad http://www.kud.ernet.in/ - Gulbarga UniversityGulbarga University- Institution :Gulbarga University was a post graduation centre of Karnatak University, India. In 1980 The Government of Karnataka enacted a law and gave it the status of university....
Gulbarga http://www.gulbargauniversity.kar.nic.in/ - Karnataka State Women University, Bijapur http://uasbng.kar.nic.in/
- University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad http://www.uasd.edu/
- University for Agricultural Sciences, RaichurRaichurRaichur , is a city municipal council in Raichur district in the Indian state of Karnataka. Raichur, on the banks of the Tungabhadra River, is the headquarters of Raichur district. It was in the princely state of Mysore during the rule of Tipu Sultan...
- University of Horticultural Sciences (UHS), BagalkotBagalkotBagalkot or Bagalkote is a town in the Indian state of Karnataka. Bagalkot is the district headquarters of the Bagalkot district. It is one of the major towns in North Karnataka.-History:...
- Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences UniversityKarnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences UniversityKarnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University with headquarters in the northern district of Karnataka, Bidar, India was created by the passing of the Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University Bill, 2004 in the Karnataka State Legislative Assembly on 10 February...
Bidar http://www.kvafsu.edu.in - Gangubai Hangal Gurukul UnkalChandramouleshwara TempleUnkal is one of the areas which come under Hubli-Dharwad in North Karnataka, it is on old Pune - Bangalore highway NH4. Chandramouleshwara Temple is very near to Unkal circle and Unkal Lake . Exactly opposite to the temple you can locate the very beautiful Nrupatunga Betta...
Hubli-Dharwad - KLE University Belgaum http://www.kleuniversity.edu.in/
- Institute of Information Technology Hubli-Dharwad (IIIT-HD), IT Park Hubli http://www.iiitbhubli.in/
- B.V.B. College of Engineering and Technology Hubli
- S.D.M College of Engineering & Technology, Dharwad. http://www.sdmcet.ac.in/
- Karnatak Science CollegeKarnatak Science CollegeKarnatak Science College, Dharwad, is a prestigious Institute in the North Karnataka region of India. The Karnatak Science College is the Constituent Science College of Karnatak University Dharwad and offers basic and applied courses in science, both at the undergraduate and the pre-university...
Dharwad - Karnatak College, Dharwar
- Basaveshwra Engineering College, BagalkotBagalkotBagalkot or Bagalkote is a town in the Indian state of Karnataka. Bagalkot is the district headquarters of the Bagalkot district. It is one of the major towns in North Karnataka.-History:...
http://www.becbgk.edu/ - BLDEA's Medical college,Hospital & Research Center Bijapur http://www.bldea.org/
- BLDEA's Dr P. G. Halakatti College of Engineering & Technology Bijapur
- S.T.J. Institute of Technology Ranebennur http://www.stjit.net/
- Karnataka Institute of Medical SciencesKarnataka Institute of Medical SciencesThe present Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubli, was earlier known as the Karnataka Medical College, Hublie. It was established in August 1957. For initial few years the college was functioning from a building which is now known as J.G.Commerce College...
- Vijayanagara Institute of Medical SciencesVijayanagara Institute of Medical SciencesBellary Medical College now renamed Vijayanagara Institute of Medical Sciences , located in Bellary, is run by the government of Karnataka.- History :...
BellaryBellaryBellary is a historic city in Bellary District in Karnataka state, India.-Origins of the city's name:There are several legends about how Bellary got its name.... - SDM college of Dental SciencesSDM college of Dental SciencesS.D.M college of Dental Sciences is one of the premier dental institutions in North Karnataka, India and was founded in 1986 at Dharwad. It is located at Sattur midway between twin cities of Hubli and Dharwar on National Highway 4 .Now National Highway has been diverted by passing twin cities to...
DharwadDharwadDharwad, also known as Dharwar, is a city and a DISTRICT PLACE in India's Karnataka state.Dharwad is the administrative seat of the Dharwad District. The municipality of Hubli-Dharwad covers an area of 200.23 km²... - Kittur Rani Channamma International Residential Sainik School
- Sainik School BijapurSainik school bijapurSainik School Bijapur is one of the 25 Sainik Schools of India. The Bijapur Sainik School, the pride of the state and district established by the Government of India in 1963, the main aim of the school is to prepare boys to join the armed forces. The school has contributed about 500 officers.Sainik...
- J.T College, Gadag
- Dr. Gangubai HangalGangubai HangalGangubai Hangal was an Indian singer of the khyal genre of Hindustani classical music, who was known for her deep and powerful voice. Hangal belonged to the Kirana gharana.-Early life:...
Gurukul - learn Hindustani classical musicHindustani classical musicHindustani classical music is the Hindustani or North Indian style of Indian classical music found throughout the northern Indian subcontinent. The style is sometimes called North Indian Classical Music or Shāstriya Sangeet...
in Guru Shishya tradition
Hindustani music
The golden era of Hindustani music in North Karnataka began with the rise to fame of five vocalists: Mallikarjun MansurMallikarjun Mansur
Mallikarjun Bheemarayappa Mansur was an Indian classical singer of the khyal style in the Jaipur-Atrauli gharana. He received the three national Padma Awards: Padma Shri in 1970, Padma Bhushan in 1976, and Padma Vibhushan in 1992.-Early life:...
, Gangubai Hangal
Gangubai Hangal
Gangubai Hangal was an Indian singer of the khyal genre of Hindustani classical music, who was known for her deep and powerful voice. Hangal belonged to the Kirana gharana.-Early life:...
, Kumar Gandharva
Kumar Gandharva
Kumar Gandharva or Shivaputra Siddharamayya Komkallimath was a Hindustani classical singer, famous for his unique vocal style, refusal to be bound by the tradition of any gharana, and his innovative genius...
, Bhimsen Joshi
Bhimsen Joshi
Pandit Bhimsen Gururaj Joshi ; February 4, 1922 - January 24, 2011) was an Indian vocalist in the Hindustani classical tradition. A member of the Kirana Gharana , he is renowned for the khayal form of singing, as well as for his popular renditions of devotional music...
and Basavaraj Rajguru
Basavaraj Rajguru
Pandit Basavraj Rajguru was born at Yaliwal, a village in the north Karnataka district of Dharwad, a great centre of Hindustani classical music. He was a leading Hindustani vocal musician in the Kirana gharana...
. These five not only contributed to Hindustani classical music, but also left behind a large number of students. Other vocalists include Narayanrao Mujumdar, Ganpatrao Gurav and Mrityunjaya Puranikmath; and Kagalkarbua, Utturkarbua, Uma Maheshwarbua, Pandit Rajwade, Sangmeshwar Gurav, Pandit R N Joshi and Pandit Rambhau Vijapure from Belgium. These vocalists were immensely talented and contributed tremendously.
Karnataka Gandharvas
There are many gandharvas (masters) in Indian Classical Music, including Sawai Gandharva, Kumar Gandharva, Bhoo Gandharva, Swar Raj Chhota Gandharva, Bal Gandharva, Dev Gandharva, Maharashtra Gandharva and Anand Gandharva.Sawai Gandharva
Rambhau Kundgolkar was born in KundgolKundgol
Kundgol is a panchayat town in Dharwad district in the Indian state of Karnataka.-Introduction:Kundgol is Located in Dharwad District of Karnataka is about 14 km south-west of Hubli and 32 km south-west of Dharwad....
, Karnataka
Karnataka
Karnataka , the land of the Kannadigas, is a state in South West India. It was created on 1 November 1956, with the passing of the States Reorganisation Act and this day is annually celebrated as Karnataka Rajyotsava...
, 15 km from Hubli on the Banglore Hubli Railway route. He was a disciple of Ustad Abdul Karim Khan
Abdul Karim Khan
Ustad Abdul Karim Khan , was an Indian classical singer of the Kairana gharana .-Early life and background:...
of Kirana Gharana
Kirana Gharana
Kirana Gharana is one of the most prolific Hindustani khyal gharanas.-History:The name of this school of music derives from Kirana or Kairana, a town and tehsil of Muzzafarnagar District in Uttar Pradesh...
. The contribution of Sawai Gandharva to Indian classical music is by encouraging disciples such as Pandit Bhimsen Joshi
Bhimsen Joshi
Pandit Bhimsen Gururaj Joshi ; February 4, 1922 - January 24, 2011) was an Indian vocalist in the Hindustani classical tradition. A member of the Kirana Gharana , he is renowned for the khayal form of singing, as well as for his popular renditions of devotional music...
, who was inspired to create Santwani from Sawai Gandharva's bhajans. His other disciples are Dr. Gangubai Hangal
Gangubai Hangal
Gangubai Hangal was an Indian singer of the khyal genre of Hindustani classical music, who was known for her deep and powerful voice. Hangal belonged to the Kirana gharana.-Early life:...
, Sangameshwar Gurav and Pandit Firoz Dastur
Firoz Dastur
-Career:Dastur was part of Indian Film Industry in 1930s, acting in a few films by Wadia Movietone and other film banners. But his first love was Indian Classical Music....
. The Sawai Gandharva Sangeet Samaroh was held at his birthplace of Kundgol. The kirana gharana tradition has been continued by Madhava Gudi
Madhava Gudi
Madhava Gudi was a Hindustani classical vocalist, specialising in Khayal and light forms.-Early life and background:...
of Dharwad, preeminent kirana gharana vocalist.
Kumar Gandharva
Kumar Gandharva has composed ragas such as Madh Surja, Chaiti Bhoop, Gandhi Malhar and several bandishBandish
Bandish, Cheez or Gat is a fixed, melodic composition in Hindustani vocal or instrumental music. It is set in a specific raga, performed with rhythmic accompaniment by a tabla or pakhavaj, a steady drone, and melodic accompaniment by a sarangi, violin or harmonium. There are different ways of...
es. Geet Varsha and Mala Umajalele Bal Gandharva are also his compositions. He did not accept the rigidity of the Gharana form.
Shivaputra Sidhharamaiya Komkali was born to a Lingayat
Lingayatism
Lingayatism, also known as Veerashaivism, is a distinct Shaivite denomination in India. It makes several departures from mainstream Hinduism and propounds monotheism through worship centered on Lord Shiva. It also rejects the authority of the Vedas and the caste system. The adherents of this faith...
family in Sulebhawi (near Belgaum), and imitated many singers during his childhood. At age eight, he went to Bombay and lived with Dr. B. R. Devdhar at his Deaodhar's Indian Music School near the Opera House; there he received his musical education and heard many singers, including Ustad Bade Gulam Ali Khan and Shine Khan. At a young age, he had a lung problem and had to change his gayaki singing style. He was not allowed to sing for two years; his first baithak
Mehmaan khana
A Mehmaan Khana, is a drawing room where guests are entertained in many houses in North India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. Alternative names that are used include Hujra and Baithak. These rooms were a typical feature of many Mughal era havelis palaces and mansions in the region...
took place at Puna where he sang well for an hour, with no adverse effects.
Arts and crafts
- KasutiKasutiKasuti is a traditional form of embroidery practiced in the state of Karnataka, India. Kasuti work which is very intricate sometimes involves putting up to 5,000 stitches by hand and is traditionally made on dresswear like Ilkal and Kanchivaram sarees...
embroidery: putting stitches by hand on dresswear like Ilkal sareeIlkal sareeIlkal saree is a traditional form of saree which is a common feminine wear in India. Ilkal saree takes its name from the town of Ilkal in the Bagalkot district of Karnataka state, India. Ilkal sarees are woven using cotton warp on the body and art silk warp for border and art silk warp for pallav...
s, especially done by Lambanis of Bellary and DharwadDharwad DistrictDharwad District is an administrative district of the state of Karnataka in southern India. Dharwad is the cultural headquarters of North Karnataka....
district - BidriwareBidriwareBidriware is a metal handicraft that originated in Bidar, Karnataka, in the 14th century C.E., during the rule of the Bahamani Sultans. The term 'Bidriware' originates from the township of Bidar, which is still the chief centre for the manufacture of the unique metalware...
: metal handicraft originated in BidarBidarBidar is a city in the Indian state of Karnataka. Located on the Deccan Plateau in the north-eastern part of Karnataka. It is the headquarters of the Bidar District....
during the rule of the Bahamani Sultans - Kinhal CraftKinhal CraftKinhal Craft, or Kinnal Craft, is a traditional craft local to the town of Kinhal, or Kinnal, in Koppal District, North Karnataka, India.The town is famous for Kinhal Toys.-History:...
s: originated in KinhalKinhalKinhal is a village in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It is located in the Koppal taluk of Koppal district in Karnataka.-Demographics:As of the 2001 India census, Kinhal had a population of 8873 with 4480 males and 4393 females.-External links:...
(Kinnal) in Koppal district. Crafts are mainly toys, wood carvings and mural paintings.
Folk dances
- Dollu Kunitha is a popular drum dance. The large drums are decorated with coloured cloth, and slung around the necks of men. The dances are accompanied by songs of religious praise or war.
- Veeragase is a popular folk dance, a symbolic presentation of the heroism and valour of the god Veerabahadhra. Its exponents are called Lingadevaru; they perform the dance with religious fervour at festival time, especially during the months of Shravana and Kartika.
- Nandikolu kunitha is an art form of male devotees of Lord Siva. The Nandi pole is about 18 cubits long, each cubit representing a dharmaDharmaDharma means Law or Natural Law and is a concept of central importance in Indian philosophy and religion. In the context of Hinduism, it refers to one's personal obligations, calling and duties, and a Hindu's dharma is affected by the person's age, caste, class, occupation, and gender...
. The length of the pole is fitted with brass pots and plates, and an ornate silver or brass umbrella at the top with a silk tassel (which is the flag). The performer (on a sling) balances the pole; this requires skill and strength. The sight of the devotee's inspired dance, to the background beat and the resulting symphony of sounds from the pots and plates on the pole, is impressive. - Jodu halige are percussion instruments used by two artists to produce rhythmic notes of energy and power. Their movements along the stage (expressive of their physical energy) harmonize with the notes produced by the instrument. The Haligi (wood), circular in shape, is made of buffalo hide, and a short stick is used on it. The notes, combined with the bodily movement, are pleasing to an audience.
- Lambani nruthya Lambani women, dressed colourfully, move in a circle with clapping and singing. This dance is uncommon, and performed primarily for important festivals.
- Veerabhadra kunitha depicts the story of VeerabhadraVeerabhadraVeerabhadra is a Telugu film released on 29 April 2006 and was directed by AS Ravi Kumar Chowdary. Balakrishna plays the lead role. For the first time, Tanushree Dutta appears in a Telugu film. Sada plays the Second Heroine in the movie.One of the Biggest disasters of Tollywood and Bala krrishna...
, the legendary minor god created by Lord ShivaShivaShiva is a major Hindu deity, and is the destroyer god or transformer among the Trimurti, the Hindu Trinity of the primary aspects of the divine. God Shiva is a yogi who has notice of everything that happens in the world and is the main aspect of life. Yet one with great power lives a life of a...
to teach a lesson to his father-in-law DakshaDakshaIn Hinduism, Daksha, "the skilled one", is an ancient creator god, one of the Prajapatis, the Rishis and the Adityas. Daksha is said to be the son of Aditi and Brahma...
. Veerabhadra goes to the place of the yagya and disrupts the ceremony.
Textiles
Garag, a small town located 15 km north of DharwadDharwad
Dharwad, also known as Dharwar, is a city and a DISTRICT PLACE in India's Karnataka state.Dharwad is the administrative seat of the Dharwad District. The municipality of Hubli-Dharwad covers an area of 200.23 km²...
, was the sole producer of the national flag and the hand-woven khadi for its manufacture. Hubballi Siree produces both silk and cotton sarees, worn by most villegers in North Karnataka and parts of Maharastra. The fabric is primarily woven in Gadag-Betigeri
Gadag-Betigeri
Gadag-Betageri is a town and a city municipal council in Gadag district in the state of Karnataka, India. It is the administrative headquarters of Gadag District. The original city of Gadag and its sister city Betageri have a combined city administration...
. Bellary
Bellary
Bellary is a historic city in Bellary District in Karnataka state, India.-Origins of the city's name:There are several legends about how Bellary got its name....
has approximately 4,800 families employed in the textile industry.
Natural resources
The Hutti Gold MineHutti Gold Mines Limited
Hutti Gold Mines Limited is a company located in the state of Karnataka, India and engaged in the mining and production of gold. It was first established as Hyderabad Gold Mines in 1947. It is the only company in India which produces gold by mining and processing the gold ore. Owned by the...
is the only gold-extraction company in India. It operates in Hatti
Hatti, Raichur
Hatti is a census town in Raichur district in the Indian state of Karnataka. This town is located near Lingusugur taluk, 20km from Lingusugur. Hatti is famous for gold mining as the Hatti Gold Mines-Demographics:...
, an ancient gold- mining area about 70 km from Raichur
Raichur
Raichur , is a city municipal council in Raichur district in the Indian state of Karnataka. Raichur, on the banks of the Tungabhadra River, is the headquarters of Raichur district. It was in the princely state of Mysore during the rule of Tipu Sultan...
. Tourism is also permitted inside the mine. The Gadag, Koppal
Koppal
Koppal is a town in Koppal district in the Indian state of Karnataka. Koppal is surrounded on three sides by hillocks and was an important town in the history of Karnataka, popularly known as Kopana Nagar...
and Bellary
Bellary
Bellary is a historic city in Bellary District in Karnataka state, India.-Origins of the city's name:There are several legends about how Bellary got its name....
districts are rich in manganese, gold and iron ore.
Cuisine
Northern Karnataka cuisine may be primarily found in the districts of BidarBidar District
Bidar is a district of Karnataka state in southern India. The historic city of Bidar is the administrative centre of the district. The district is located in the northeastern corner of the state, near the borders with Andhra Pradesh to the east and Maharashtra to the north and west...
, Kalburgi
Gulbarga District
Gulbarga district is one of the 30 districts of Karnataka state in southern India. Gulbarga city is the administrative headquarters of the district...
, Vijapura, Bagalakote
Bagalkot district
Bāgalkot district is an administrative district in the Indian state of Karnataka. The district headquarters is located in the town of Bagalkot. The district is located in northern Karnataka and borders Belgaum, Gadag, Koppal, Raichur and Bijapur...
, Belagaavi
Belgaum district
Belgaum district is a district in the state of Karnataka, India. The city of Belgaum is the district headquarters in North Karnataka. By the 2011 Census of India, it had a population of 4778439...
, Raayachooru
Raichur district
Raichur District is an administrative district in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is located in the northeast part of the state and is bounded by Yadgir district in the north, Bijapur and Bagalkot district in the northwest, Koppal district in the west, Bellary district in the south, Anantapur...
, Dharwad
Dharwad District
Dharwad District is an administrative district of the state of Karnataka in southern India. Dharwad is the cultural headquarters of North Karnataka....
, Gadag
Gadag District
Gadag District had a population of 971,952 of which 35.21% was urban as of 2001. Population increased 13.14% in the decade 1991-2001. The District is bounded on the north by Bagalkot District, on the east by Koppal District, on the southeast by Bellary District, on the southwest by Haveri...
, Haveri
Haveri District
Haveri is a district in the state of Karnataka, India with the potential to become a tourist hub. As of 2001, it had a population of 1,439,116 of which 20.78% were urban residents.-Tourism:Examples of tourist attractions in the district:...
, Koppala
Koppal district
Koppal district is an administrative district in the state of Karnataka in India. In the past Koppal was referred to as 'Kopana Nagara'. Hampi, a World heritage center, covers some areas of Koppal District. It is situated approximately 38 km away...
and parts of Ballari.
Wheat
Wheat is a cereal grain, originally from the Levant region of the Near East, but now cultivated worldwide. In 2007 world production of wheat was 607 million tons, making it the third most-produced cereal after maize and rice...
and jowar rottis (unleavened bread made with millet) are popular.
The following are typical items in a vegetarian Northern Karnataka meal:
- RottiBhakriBhakri is a round flat unleavened bread often used in the cuisine of western and central India, especially in the states of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Malwa, Goa and northern Karnataka . It is coarser than a roti and can be compared to a British biscuit with respect to hardness.Bhakri as...
/BhakriBhakriBhakri is a round flat unleavened bread often used in the cuisine of western and central India, especially in the states of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Malwa, Goa and northern Karnataka . It is coarser than a roti and can be compared to a British biscuit with respect to hardness.Bhakri as...
, RiceRiceRice is the seed of the monocot plants Oryza sativa or Oryza glaberrima . As a cereal grain, it is the most important staple food for a large part of the world's human population, especially in East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, and the West Indies...
, Saaru, HappalaPapadumPapadum, also known as papad in Northern India, , pappadam in Malayalam, happala in Kannada, appalam in Tamil, appadum in Telugu, pappadum or poppadom in the UK, is a thin, crisp Indian preparation sometimes described as a cracker. It is typically served as an accompaniment to a meal in India...
and kosambariKosambariKosambari or Koshambari is a salad made from pulses and seasoned with mustard seeds. The pulses generally used are split bengal gram and split Green gram... - Badane kaayi gojju/enne-gai/tumbu-gai - Stuffed and/or sauteed
- ShengaPeanutThe peanut, or groundnut , is a species in the legume or "bean" family , so it is not a nut. The peanut was probably first cultivated in the valleys of Peru. It is an annual herbaceous plant growing tall...
/ElluSesameSesame is a flowering plant in the genus Sesamum. Numerous wild relatives occur in Africa and a smaller number in India. It is widely naturalized in tropical regions around the world and is cultivated for its edible seeds, which grow in pods....
– Dry chutney in powder form, sometimes called HinDi (nothing to do with the Hindi language); kempuRedRed is any of a number of similar colors evoked by light consisting predominantly of the longest wavelengths of light discernible by the human eye, in the wavelength range of roughly 630–740 nm. Longer wavelengths than this are called infrared , and cannot be seen by the naked eye...
khaara - hot chutney paste made with red chillies, eaten as a condiment - Bele palya - cooked split or whole beLeDalDal is a preparation of pulses which have been stripped of their outer hulls and split. It also refers to the thick stew prepared from these, an important part of Indian, Nepali, Pakistani, Sri Lankan, and Bangladeshi cuisine...
, chana, moong with greensLeaf vegetableLeaf vegetables, also called potherbs, green vegetables, greens, leafy greens or salad greens, are plant leaves eaten as a vegetable, sometimes accompanied by tender petioles and shoots...
such as methi, spinachSpinachSpinach is an edible flowering plant in the family of Amaranthaceae. It is native to central and southwestern Asia. It is an annual plant , which grows to a height of up to 30 cm. Spinach may survive over winter in temperate regions...
or spring onion - mosaru bajji or raitha - salad with Mosaru and majjigeButtermilkButtermilk refers to a number of dairy drinks. Originally, buttermilk was the liquid left behind after churning butter out of cream. It also refers to a range of fermented milk drinks, common in warm climates where unrefrigerated fresh milk otherwise sours quickly...
, beNNeButterButter is a dairy product made by churning fresh or fermented cream or milk. It is generally used as a spread and a condiment, as well as in cooking applications, such as baking, sauce making, and pan frying...
or tuppaGheeGhee is a class of clarified butter that originated in South Asia and is commonly used in South Asian cuisine....
. - Raw salads - made with spring onion, onionOnionThe onion , also known as the bulb onion, common onion and garden onion, is the most widely cultivated species of the genus Allium. The genus Allium also contains a number of other species variously referred to as onions and cultivated for food, such as the Japanese bunching onion The onion...
, green chilliChili pepperChili pepper is the fruit of plants from the genus Capsicum, members of the nightshade family, Solanaceae. The term in British English and in Australia, New Zealand, India, Malaysia and other Asian countries is just chilli without pepper.Chili peppers originated in the Americas...
or methi leaves, sometimes with oggaraNeChaunkChaunk ; sometimes spelled chhaunk, chounk, chonk, chhounk, or chhonk; also called tarka, tadka, bagar, phoron in Bengali, vaghaar in Gujarati, Thalimpu or popu ; and often translated as tempering is a garnish and/or...
of sasiveMustard plantMustards are several plant species in the genera Brassica and Sinapis whose small mustard seeds are used as a spice and, by grinding and mixing them with water, vinegar or other liquids, are turned into the condiment known as mustard or prepared mustard...
and/or jeerige - Dharwad pedhaDharwad pedhaDharwad pedha is a sweet delicacy unique to the state of Karnataka, India. It derives its name from the city of Dharwad in Karnataka.This sweet's history is around 175 years old.-History:...
– Hubli-Dharwad is known for its dharwad pedha (a milk-based sweet), Mirchi Bhaji
and girmit made with murmure (a rice dish).
Festivals and associated foods
- SankrantiSankrantiSankranthi means transmigration of Sun from one Rāshi to the other. Hence there are 12 such Sankrantis in all.* Makara Sankaranti: or Sankranti or Sankranthi marks the transition of...
(January – harvest festival): Madeli, holige of gingelly seeds, Bengal gram dal and ground nut; jawar roti, bajra roti, bharta, chutney powders of niger, linseed and ground nut - Shivarathri (February/March - eaten after a day’s fast): GodhiWheatWheat is a cereal grain, originally from the Levant region of the Near East, but now cultivated worldwide. In 2007 world production of wheat was 607 million tons, making it the third most-produced cereal after maize and rice...
huggi, allittu, Bengal gram usali, moth bean usali and holige - HoliHoliHoli , is a religious spring festival celebrated by Hindus. Holi is also known as festival of Colours. It is primarily observed in India, Nepal, Pakistan, and countries with large Indic diaspora populations following Hinduism, such as Suriname, Malaysia, Guyana, South Africa, Trinidad, United...
(March - destruction of evil): holige, jowar wade, pumpkin gargi (some groups prepare a nonvegetarian curry) - UgadiUgadiYugadi or Ugadi or "Samvatsradi" , Konkani/Marathi: युगादी yugādi, , formed by sandhi of yuga "age" and ādi "beginning": the beginning of an age) is the New Year's Day for the people of the Deccan region of India. It falls on the different day every year because the Hindu calendar is a lunisolar...
(April/May - Kannadiga new year): holige, karigadabu, vermicelli payasam, bevu bella and godhi huggi - Basava JayanthiBasava JayanthiBasava Jayanthi is the most important festival of the Lingayats. It marks the birthday of Basavanna, the founding saint of the Lingayat faith. It is celebrated with much pomp and gaiety all over Karnataka....
(May - birthday of Basava): holige, karigadabu and mango shikarane - Karahunnive (June - bullock-worship): holige, karigadabu, jawar wade, pumpkin gargi, kodabale and mango shikarane.
- Mannettina Amavasye (June - clay-bullock worship): karigadabu, holige, jawar wade, sajjaka, pumpkin gargi and vermicelli payasam
- Naga Panchami (July - cobra-worship): laddu of semolina, bunde, besan, sev, groundnuts, gingelly seeds, gulladki, puffed jowar, kuchagadabu, allittu, Bengal gram usali, moth bean usali, bajra and jowar rotis
- Ganesh ChaturthiGanesh ChaturthiGanesh Chaturthi , also known as Vinayaka Chaturthi is the Hindu festival of Ganesha also called Vinayagar in Tamil Nadu, the son of Shiva and Parvati, who is believed to bestow his presence on earth for all his devotees in the duration of this festival...
(August - Ganesha-worship): godhi huggi, holige, modakModakA modak is a sweet dumpling popular in Western and South India. It is called "modak" in Marathi and Konkani, "modhaka" or "kadubu" in Kannada, "modhaka" or "kozhakkattai" in Tamil, and "kudumu" in Telugu. The sweet filling is made of fresh coconut and jaggery while the shell is of rice flour....
a, vermicelli payasam, sajjaka, jawar roti, mesta bhaji, rice curds, panchakajjaya, karigadabu and gudagana huggi - Dasara/Mahanavami (September - Durga puja): holige, karigadabu, sajjakada holige, sajjaka, durga puja taraga, foxtail millet holige, karachikayi, pumpkin gargi and jowar wade
- Shigehunnive (October - farmers' festival, worship of standing crop): foxtail millet holige, chakli, akki huggi, kodabale, holige, karigadabu, undigadabu, kuchchida khara, bhaji of capsicum, cluster beans, pumpkin; chutney powders of niger, linseed and ground nut (some communities prepare a nonvegetarian curry)
- Deepavali (October - Lakshmi puja): holige, karigadabu, karachikayi, laddu of semolina, besan and sajjakada holige
Buddhism
Buddhism in North Karnataka dates from the third to the first centuries BC. SannatiSannati
Sannati is a small village, located on the banks of the river Bhima in Chitapur taluk of Gulbarga District of Northern Karnataka. It is famous for the Chandrala Parameshwari Temple and the recent excavations by the Archaeological Survey of India.-Excavation:...
and Kanaganahalli
Kanaganahalli
Kanaganahalli is about 3 km from Sannati. An important Buddhist site, the place where an ancient Buddhist Mahastupa site found. It is on the left bank of the Bhima river in Chitapur taluk, Gulbarga District in North Karnataka, Karnataka, India. Nalwar is the nearest Railway station about 19 km...
are two important excavation sites, and there is a Tibetan Buddhist
Tibetan Buddhism
Tibetan Buddhism is the body of Buddhist religious doctrine and institutions characteristic of Tibet and certain regions of the Himalayas, including northern Nepal, Bhutan, and India . It is the state religion of Bhutan...
colony at Mundgod.
Madhwas
Madhwas are the followers of Madhwacharya, the proponent of Dwaita philosophy.Lingayats
The followers of BasavaBasava
Basava was a philosopher and a social reformer. He is also called Vishwa Guru and Bhakti-Bhandari. His teachings and preachings which are universal, go beyond all boundaries of belief systems...
, chief proponent of Shaivism
Shaivism
Shaivism is one of the four major sects of Hinduism, the others being Vaishnavism, Shaktism and Smartism. Followers of Shaivism, called "Shaivas," and also "Saivas" or "Saivites," revere Shiva as the Supreme Being. Shaivas believe that Shiva is All and in all, the creator, preserver, destroyer,...
in Karnataka, are known as Lingayats.
See also
- South Karnataka
- Chalukya
- Western Chalukya ArchitectureWestern Chalukya architectureWestern Chalukya architecture , also known as Kalyani Chalukya or Later Chalukya architecture, is the distinctive style of ornamented architecture that evolved during the rule of the Western Chalukya Empire in the Tungabhadra region of central Karnataka, India, during the 11th and 12th centuries...
- Western Chalukya
- Vijayanagar ArchitectureVijayanagar ArchitectureThe Vijayanagara Architecture ninna tale of the period was a notable building idiom evolved by the imperial Hindu Vijayanagar Empire that ruled the whole of South India from their regal capital at Vijayanagara on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in Karnataka, India...
- Dravidian architectureDravidian architectureDravidian architecture was a style of architecture that emerged thousands of years ago in Southern part of the Indian subcontinent or South India. They consist primarily of pyramid shaped temples called Koils which are dependent on intricate carved stone in order to create a step design consisting...
- Badami Chalukya ArchitectureBadami Chalukya ArchitectureThe Badami Chalukya architecture was a temple building idiom that evolved in the time period of 5th – 8th centuries AD. in the area of Malaprabha basin, in present day Bagalkot district of Karnataka state. This style is sometimes called the Vesara style and Chalukya style...
- Tourism in North Karnataka
- Bayaluseemae
- Siddis of KarnatakaSiddis of KarnatakaThe Siddis of Karnataka are a tribe of African descent that has made Karnataka their home for the last 400 years. There is a 50,000 strong Siddhi population across India, of which more than a third live in Karnataka...
- Family names in North KarnatakaFamily names in North KarnatakaFamily names or Surnames are drawn from the name of the place, Food Items, Dresses, Temples, Type of People, Platforms, Cities, Profession and so on...
- Movies shot in North KarnatakaMovies shot in North KarnatakaNumerous Indian movies have been shot in North Karnataka.Hampi, Badami, Pattadakal, Aihole and Bijapur in North Karnataka are the hot spots for shooting movies....
- Shilahara used Kannada as official language