Monument to Nicholas I
Encyclopedia
The Monument to Nicholas I is a bronze equestrian monument of Nicholas I of Russia
on St Isaac's Square
(in front of Saint Isaac's Cathedral
) in Saint Petersburg
, Russia
. Unveiled on , the statue was a technical wonder of its time; it spans six meters and was the first equestrian statue in the world with merely two support points (the rear hoofs of the horse).
in 1856.
HUI When he planned registration Saint Isaac's Square, have already been finished uniform architectural ensembles of Palace Square
(in 1843) and Senate Square (in 1849).
Monuments to emperors Peter I
and Alexander I
were a dominant of these squares.
By tradition, de Montferrand also was going to construct on the new area a monument, this monument should unite the buildings of different architectural styles leaving on the area.
At the personal request of his successor Alexander II
, Nicholas was represented as a prancing knight, "in the military outfit in which the late tsar was most majestic". Around the base are allegorical statues modelled on Nicholas I's daughters and personifying virtue
s. The statue faces Saint Isaac's Cathedral, with the horse's posterior turned to the Mariinsky Palace
of Nicholas's daughter, Grand Duchess Maria Nikolayevna of Russia. This was said to have caused the Grand Duchess considerable discomfort.
The monument to Nicholas I depicts a determined absolutist Russian ruler as a powerful military figure. However, being a junior army officer at heart, Nicholas I was especially devoted to his troops and intricately involved in the details of the military — from ordering the alteration of military uniforms to specializing in the engineering of military fortresses. At the same time, his despotic regime (1825–1855) saw the crushing of the liberal Decembrist revolt
and the November Uprising
in Poland
.
The monument place is social activitiу of the emperor: Nikolay I was many years the chief of Konnogvardejsky regiment, apartments of there were nearby.
The city toponymics reminds of it is Konnogvardejsky parkway and Konnogvardejsky lane, konnogvardejsky arena that is combined with Konnogvardejsky regiment uniform in which the emperor is dressed.
The Soviet historians and critics it is low estimated a composite-stylistic composition of a monument and noticed that as a uniform composition elements do not look:
Thus it is possible to allocate positive lines of a composition:
was Nikolay I idol which in all tried to imitate the glorified ancestor.
The answer of Mathilde Kschessinska
is Nicholas II
favourites on the offer is widely known to lodge in Mariinsky Palace
: she has refused, motivating with that two emperors have already turned away from an ill-fated building and it would not like at all that the third has joined them.
By two emperors ballerina meant statues Bronze Horseman and Monument to Nicholas I.
Later similar moods began to attribute and Grand Duchess Maria Nikolayevna of Russia.
But that Maria actively participated in work on a monument and it so anywhere and has not moved calls into question this legend.
Contemporaries have noticed that this monument is on one line with Bronze Horseman and are turned into one party, and practically are on identical distance from a Saint Isaac's Cathedral
. It has generated every possible jokes of type "Kolya to Petia catches up, but Isaak's Cathedral disturbs!"
There is the city legend, telling that next day after monument opening on a foot of a horse there was a wooden tablet on which it has been written: "you will not catch up!". On the basis of this legend in 19th century in St. Petersburg there was a saying: "the Fool of the clever catches up, but the monument to it disturbs"
In a Soviet time there was a legend about uniqueness of a design of a monument is that axle load distribution a monument is executed by lead shot
.
But at reconstruction in 1980s a monument opened also any fraction have not found.
has published on the Highest command about the beginning of designing of a monument.
Architect Monferran has received the commission to present "reasons about a monument to Nikolay I" .
In May 1856 Monferran's project has been confirmed and in June the monument installation site is defined: "opposite to the Mariinsky palace, faced to the Isaakievsky cathedral" .
The initial sketch created by it represented the horseman
on easy standing game.
The author planned by means of a mimicry and gestures to reflect character of the emperor, but this variant has been rejected of Monferran's for the reason that could not serve the primary purpose of association of spatial ensembles.
Klodt has created the new sketch in which it has represented a horse in the movement, leaning only on back pair feet.
It is composite, the prompt pose of a horse is resisted by the smart figure of the emperor extended in a string.
For an embodiment of this sketch the sculptor has precisely calculated weight of all horse figure that it stood, leaning only on two points of support.
On Monferran's drawing sculptor Robert Salemann has executed monument model "in 1/8 full sizes with all architectural parts and ornaments" .
This variant has been accepted by the architect and the emperor, it is embodied in bronze; this model has remained and is in a museum of a city sculpture.
December 14th 1825:On a high relief of a face sheet the young emperor goes on the area for suppression Decembrist revolt
on transferring to hands of soldiers of sentry of the son of the successor (the future emperor Alexander II). The author is sculptor Ramazanov, the High relief are cast in masterful Academy of arts under the direction of Peter Klodt.
February 14th 1831:The left-hand side high relief represents Nikolay I who has arrived on February 14th, 1831 on the Sennaya Square
, having stopped cholera riot. The author is sculptor Ramazanov, the High relief are cast in masterful Academy of arts under the direction of Peter Klodt. In a plot there are some historical errors:
Most likely, this error is admitted for the first time in work of Marquis de Custine
"La Russie en 1839", in which it confuses cholera revolt of 1831 to an episode of 1825 (Decembrist revolt). Russian researcher Nikolay Shilder has specified in the works in this error.
January, 20th, 1833 or Delivery of the Codification of Law to Count Mikhail Speransky
: The certificate of rewarding of Mikhail Speransky of Nikolay I Is represented: the emperor removes from itself a tape of an Order of St. Andrew
. It was mainly through the work of Speransky that a new code was introduced during Nicholas I's reign in January 1835, marking a milestone in Russian legal history. Date specifies decree signing about rewarding has been signed. The author is sculptor Salemann, the High relief are cast in masterful in Galvanic institution of Maximilian, Duke of Leuchtenberg
.
November, 13th, 1851: Survey by the emperor of Verebinsky bridge on Nikolaevskaya railway between Petersburg and Moscow at the first journey on this road. The author is sculptor Ramazanov, the High relief are cast in masterful in Galvanic institution of Maximilian, Duke of Leuchtenberg.
On pedestal corners allegorical figures of Justice
, Force
, Wisdom
and Belief
to which portrait similarity to empress Alexandra Feodorovna and her daughters is given: grand duchesses
Alexandra
, Maria and Olga.
The Russian masters Nicholas Ramazanov and Robert Salemann designed for the monument's pedestal. Salemann also sculpted the four allegorical female figures, steel fixtures, ornaments on the pedestal.
The pedestal stands on a short platform made of red Finnish granite
with three steps. The lower part of the pedestal is of dark gray granite and red porphyry
. The middle part, hewn from a block of red Finnish granite, is decorated with bronze bas-reliefs. The upper part of the pedestal is made of red porphyry. The pedestal of the horse statue is made of white Italian marble
.
Registration Base of a statue have added with graceful lanterns-floor lamp
s with fixtures, they are made on a of Monferran's plan, the project was executed by architect Robert Veigelt.
In 1860 the monument composition was finished by a bronze lattice from twenty links. The lattice project belongs to architect Ludvig Bonstedt.
All these elements are cast in Galvanic institution of Maximilian, Duke of Leuchtenberg.
in 1917, after that the majority of monuments to emperors have been dismantled.
This monument culture experts managed to be defended as a difficult engineering design which keeps all on two support.
The monument's technical proficiency was cited as a reason why this statue — the only one from a cluster of outdoor sculptures representing 19th century Russian royalty — survived the Soviet period virtually intact. However, a bronze fencing
around the monument, first installed in 1860, was dismantled in 1940. In days of World War II the monument has been covered by a case from the board
s, filled with bags with sand
.
In 1987-1988 State museum of a city sculpture has spent full monument restoration.
Restorers have opened the hatch on a croup
of a horse, surveyed a condition of an internal skeleton
, have spent complex technical expert appraisal, including gamma-ray examination
basic feet of a horse.
Also the lost fragments have been recreated, inserts in bronze, a granite and marble are made. Gilding of signs on an inscription by galvanic way
is made.
In 1991-1992 restorers have anew cast a fencing on the sample of a link who has remained in funds of the Museum of a city sculpture. Works were executed by factory "Monumentskulptura".
In 2009 State museum of a city sculpture has made inspection base of a statue, Julia Loginova is managing service on current leaving and the maintenance of monuments supervised over works.
Results of research will be ready on October, 15th, on them the museum can estimate amount of works which will begin in the end of 2009.
Nicholas I of Russia
Nicholas I , was the Emperor of Russia from 1825 until 1855, known as one of the most reactionary of the Russian monarchs. On the eve of his death, the Russian Empire reached its historical zenith spanning over 20 million square kilometers...
on St Isaac's Square
St Isaac's Square
Saint Isaac's Square or Isaakiyevskaya Ploshchad , known as Vorovsky Square between 1923 and 1944, in Saint Petersburg, Russia is a major city square sprawling between the Mariinsky Palace and Saint Isaac's Cathedral, which separates it from Senate Square...
(in front of Saint Isaac's Cathedral
Saint Isaac's Cathedral
Saint Isaac's Cathedral or Isaakievskiy Sobor in Saint Petersburg, Russia is the largest Russian Orthodox cathedral in the city...
) in Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea...
, Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
. Unveiled on , the statue was a technical wonder of its time; it spans six meters and was the first equestrian statue in the world with merely two support points (the rear hoofs of the horse).
Overview
The Neo-Baroque monument to the Russian ruler Nicholas I was designed by the French-born architect Auguste de MontferrandAuguste de Montferrand
Auguste de Montferrand was a French Neoclassical architect who worked primarily in Russia. His two best known works are the Saint Isaac's Cathedral and the Alexander Column in St. Petersburg.-Family:...
in 1856.
HUI When he planned registration Saint Isaac's Square, have already been finished uniform architectural ensembles of Palace Square
Palace Square
Palace Square , connecting Nevsky Prospekt with Palace Bridge leading to Vasilievsky Island, is the central city square of St Petersburg and of the former Russian Empire...
(in 1843) and Senate Square (in 1849).
Monuments to emperors Peter I
Peter I of Russia
Peter the Great, Peter I or Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov Dates indicated by the letters "O.S." are Old Style. All other dates in this article are New Style. ruled the Tsardom of Russia and later the Russian Empire from until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his half-brother, Ivan V...
and Alexander I
Alexander I of Russia
Alexander I of Russia , served as Emperor of Russia from 23 March 1801 to 1 December 1825 and the first Russian King of Poland from 1815 to 1825. He was also the first Russian Grand Duke of Finland and Lithuania....
were a dominant of these squares.
By tradition, de Montferrand also was going to construct on the new area a monument, this monument should unite the buildings of different architectural styles leaving on the area.
At the personal request of his successor Alexander II
Alexander II of Russia
Alexander II , also known as Alexander the Liberator was the Emperor of the Russian Empire from 3 March 1855 until his assassination in 1881...
, Nicholas was represented as a prancing knight, "in the military outfit in which the late tsar was most majestic". Around the base are allegorical statues modelled on Nicholas I's daughters and personifying virtue
Virtue
Virtue is moral excellence. A virtue is a positive trait or quality subjectively deemed to be morally excellent and thus is valued as a foundation of principle and good moral being....
s. The statue faces Saint Isaac's Cathedral, with the horse's posterior turned to the Mariinsky Palace
Mariinsky Palace
Mariinsky Palace, also known as Marie Palace , was the last Neoclassical imperial palace to be constructed in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It was built between 1839 and 1844 to a design by the court architect Andrei Stackensneider....
of Nicholas's daughter, Grand Duchess Maria Nikolayevna of Russia. This was said to have caused the Grand Duchess considerable discomfort.
The monument to Nicholas I depicts a determined absolutist Russian ruler as a powerful military figure. However, being a junior army officer at heart, Nicholas I was especially devoted to his troops and intricately involved in the details of the military — from ordering the alteration of military uniforms to specializing in the engineering of military fortresses. At the same time, his despotic regime (1825–1855) saw the crushing of the liberal Decembrist revolt
Decembrist revolt
The Decembrist revolt or the Decembrist uprising took place in Imperial Russia on 14 December , 1825. Russian army officers led about 3,000 soldiers in a protest against Nicholas I's assumption of the throne after his elder brother Constantine removed himself from the line of succession...
and the November Uprising
November Uprising
The November Uprising , Polish–Russian War 1830–31 also known as the Cadet Revolution, was an armed rebellion in the heartland of partitioned Poland against the Russian Empire. The uprising began on 29 November 1830 in Warsaw when the young Polish officers from the local Army of the Congress...
in Poland
Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
.
The monument place is social activitiу of the emperor: Nikolay I was many years the chief of Konnogvardejsky regiment, apartments of there were nearby.
The city toponymics reminds of it is Konnogvardejsky parkway and Konnogvardejsky lane, konnogvardejsky arena that is combined with Konnogvardejsky regiment uniform in which the emperor is dressed.
The Soviet historians and critics it is low estimated a composite-stylistic composition of a monument and noticed that as a uniform composition elements do not look:
- The pedestal, reliefs on a pedestal and an equestrian statue are not subordinated to uniform idea and in some measure prortivorechat each other.
- Forms of a monument are crushed and overloaded by fine details, and the composition is elaborate and unduly decorative.
- The composition answers the appointed purpose and, supplementing area ensemble gives it completeness and integrity.
- All parts whole are professionally made by experts, art value of elements is doubtless.
The legends connected with a statue
Contemporaries noticed that Peter the GreatPeter I of Russia
Peter the Great, Peter I or Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov Dates indicated by the letters "O.S." are Old Style. All other dates in this article are New Style. ruled the Tsardom of Russia and later the Russian Empire from until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his half-brother, Ivan V...
was Nikolay I idol which in all tried to imitate the glorified ancestor.
The answer of Mathilde Kschessinska
Mathilde Kschessinska
Mathilda-Marie Feliksovna Kschessinskaya She was known in the West as Mathilde Kschessinska or Matilda Kshesinskaya.- Life :Kschessinska was born at Ligovo, near Peterhof. Like all her Polish family, to whom she was known as Matylda Krzesińska, Mathilde performed at the Imperial Mariinsky Theatre...
is Nicholas II
Nicholas II of Russia
Nicholas II was the last Emperor of Russia, Grand Prince of Finland, and titular King of Poland. His official short title was Nicholas II, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias and he is known as Saint Nicholas the Passion-Bearer by the Russian Orthodox Church.Nicholas II ruled from 1894 until...
favourites on the offer is widely known to lodge in Mariinsky Palace
Mariinsky Palace
Mariinsky Palace, also known as Marie Palace , was the last Neoclassical imperial palace to be constructed in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It was built between 1839 and 1844 to a design by the court architect Andrei Stackensneider....
: she has refused, motivating with that two emperors have already turned away from an ill-fated building and it would not like at all that the third has joined them.
By two emperors ballerina meant statues Bronze Horseman and Monument to Nicholas I.
Later similar moods began to attribute and Grand Duchess Maria Nikolayevna of Russia.
But that Maria actively participated in work on a monument and it so anywhere and has not moved calls into question this legend.
Contemporaries have noticed that this monument is on one line with Bronze Horseman and are turned into one party, and practically are on identical distance from a Saint Isaac's Cathedral
Saint Isaac's Cathedral
Saint Isaac's Cathedral or Isaakievskiy Sobor in Saint Petersburg, Russia is the largest Russian Orthodox cathedral in the city...
. It has generated every possible jokes of type "Kolya to Petia catches up, but Isaak's Cathedral disturbs!"
There is the city legend, telling that next day after monument opening on a foot of a horse there was a wooden tablet on which it has been written: "you will not catch up!". On the basis of this legend in 19th century in St. Petersburg there was a saying: "the Fool of the clever catches up, but the monument to it disturbs"
In a Soviet time there was a legend about uniqueness of a design of a monument is that axle load distribution a monument is executed by lead shot
Lead shot
Lead shot is a collective term for small balls of lead. These were the original projectiles for muskets and early rifles, but today lead shot is fired primarily from shotguns. It is also used for a variety of other purposes...
.
But at reconstruction in 1980s a monument opened also any fraction have not found.
Erection of the monument
In the first anniversary of death of emperor Nikolas I (in February 1856) emperor Alexander IIAlexander II of Russia
Alexander II , also known as Alexander the Liberator was the Emperor of the Russian Empire from 3 March 1855 until his assassination in 1881...
has published on the Highest command about the beginning of designing of a monument.
Architect Monferran has received the commission to present "reasons about a monument to Nikolay I" .
In May 1856 Monferran's project has been confirmed and in June the monument installation site is defined: "opposite to the Mariinsky palace, faced to the Isaakievsky cathedral" .
Horse figure
Several different sculpture models were used in creating the monument. A large model of the horse which Nicholas I sits on was commissioned from the Tsar's favourite sculptor, Peter Klodt.The initial sketch created by it represented the horseman
Horseman
Horseman may refer to:* Horse rider; see Equestrianism* Wrangler , in the United States* Stockman , who works with horses rather than with cattle or sheep* Horseman, a 2003 Croatian film...
on easy standing game.
The author planned by means of a mimicry and gestures to reflect character of the emperor, but this variant has been rejected of Monferran's for the reason that could not serve the primary purpose of association of spatial ensembles.
Klodt has created the new sketch in which it has represented a horse in the movement, leaning only on back pair feet.
It is composite, the prompt pose of a horse is resisted by the smart figure of the emperor extended in a string.
For an embodiment of this sketch the sculptor has precisely calculated weight of all horse figure that it stood, leaning only on two points of support.
On Monferran's drawing sculptor Robert Salemann has executed monument model "in 1/8 full sizes with all architectural parts and ornaments" .
This variant has been accepted by the architect and the emperor, it is embodied in bronze; this model has remained and is in a museum of a city sculpture.
Base of a statue
On it high reliefs which are devoted key episodes of thirty-year reign of Nikolay I have been fixed:December 14th 1825:On a high relief of a face sheet the young emperor goes on the area for suppression Decembrist revolt
Decembrist revolt
The Decembrist revolt or the Decembrist uprising took place in Imperial Russia on 14 December , 1825. Russian army officers led about 3,000 soldiers in a protest against Nicholas I's assumption of the throne after his elder brother Constantine removed himself from the line of succession...
on transferring to hands of soldiers of sentry of the son of the successor (the future emperor Alexander II). The author is sculptor Ramazanov, the High relief are cast in masterful Academy of arts under the direction of Peter Klodt.
Sennaya Square
Sennaya Square or Sennaya Ploshchad , known as Peace Square between 1963 and 1991, is a large city square in Central Saint Petersburg, located at the crossing of Garden Street, Moskovsky Prospekt, and Grivtsova Lane....
, having stopped cholera riot. The author is sculptor Ramazanov, the High relief are cast in masterful Academy of arts under the direction of Peter Klodt. In a plot there are some historical errors:
- At first, the emperor did not pacify cholera revolt, it has arrived already after the termination of power actions.
- At Second, the specified events occurred not on February 14th, and on June 22nd, 1931.
Most likely, this error is admitted for the first time in work of Marquis de Custine
Marquis de Custine
Astolphe-Louis-Léonor, Marquis de Custine was a French aristocrat and writer who is best known for his travel writing, in particular his account of his visit to Russia in 1839 Empire of the Czar: A Journey Through Eternal Russia...
"La Russie en 1839", in which it confuses cholera revolt of 1831 to an episode of 1825 (Decembrist revolt). Russian researcher Nikolay Shilder has specified in the works in this error.
January, 20th, 1833 or Delivery of the Codification of Law to Count Mikhail Speransky
Mikhail Speransky
Count Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky was probably the greatest of Russian reformers during the reign of Alexander I of Russia. He was a close advisor to Tsar Alexander I of Russia and later to Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, he is sometimes called the father of Russian liberalism.-Early life and...
: The certificate of rewarding of Mikhail Speransky of Nikolay I Is represented: the emperor removes from itself a tape of an Order of St. Andrew
Order of St. Andrew
The Order of St. Andrew the First-Called is the first and the highest order of chivalry of the Russian Empire.- Russian Empire :The Order was established in 1698 by Tsar Peter the Great, in honour of Saint Andrew, the first apostle of Jesus and patron saint of Russia...
. It was mainly through the work of Speransky that a new code was introduced during Nicholas I's reign in January 1835, marking a milestone in Russian legal history. Date specifies decree signing about rewarding has been signed. The author is sculptor Salemann, the High relief are cast in masterful in Galvanic institution of Maximilian, Duke of Leuchtenberg
Maximilian, Duke of Leuchtenberg
Maximilian Joseph Eugene Auguste Napoleon de Beauharnais , 3rd Duke of Leuchtenberg, 3rd Prince of Venice Prince des Français and Hereditary Prince of the Kingdom of Italy and claimant to the Grand Duchy of Frankfurt was the husband of Grand Duchess Maria Nikolayevna of...
.
November, 13th, 1851: Survey by the emperor of Verebinsky bridge on Nikolaevskaya railway between Petersburg and Moscow at the first journey on this road. The author is sculptor Ramazanov, the High relief are cast in masterful in Galvanic institution of Maximilian, Duke of Leuchtenberg.
On pedestal corners allegorical figures of Justice
Justice
Justice is a concept of moral rightness based on ethics, rationality, law, natural law, religion, or equity, along with the punishment of the breach of said ethics; justice is the act of being just and/or fair.-Concept of justice:...
, Force
Force
In physics, a force is any influence that causes an object to undergo a change in speed, a change in direction, or a change in shape. In other words, a force is that which can cause an object with mass to change its velocity , i.e., to accelerate, or which can cause a flexible object to deform...
, Wisdom
Wisdom
Wisdom is a deep understanding and realization of people, things, events or situations, resulting in the ability to apply perceptions, judgements and actions in keeping with this understanding. It often requires control of one's emotional reactions so that universal principles, reason and...
and Belief
Belief
Belief is the psychological state in which an individual holds a proposition or premise to be true.-Belief, knowledge and epistemology:The terms belief and knowledge are used differently in philosophy....
to which portrait similarity to empress Alexandra Feodorovna and her daughters is given: grand duchesses
Grand Duke
The title grand duke is used in Western Europe and particularly in Germanic countries for provincial sovereigns. Grand duke is of a protocolary rank below a king but higher than a sovereign duke. Grand duke is also the usual and established translation of grand prince in languages which do not...
Alexandra
Grand Duchess Alexandra Nikolaevna of Russia
Grand Duchess Alexandra Nikolaevna of Russia was the youngest daughter of Tsar Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia, and his wife, Princess Charlotte of Prussia.-Biography:...
, Maria and Olga.
The Russian masters Nicholas Ramazanov and Robert Salemann designed for the monument's pedestal. Salemann also sculpted the four allegorical female figures, steel fixtures, ornaments on the pedestal.
The pedestal stands on a short platform made of red Finnish granite
Granite
Granite is a common and widely occurring type of intrusive, felsic, igneous rock. Granite usually has a medium- to coarse-grained texture. Occasionally some individual crystals are larger than the groundmass, in which case the texture is known as porphyritic. A granitic rock with a porphyritic...
with three steps. The lower part of the pedestal is of dark gray granite and red porphyry
Porphyry (geology)
Porphyry is a variety of igneous rock consisting of large-grained crystals, such as feldspar or quartz, dispersed in a fine-grained feldspathic matrix or groundmass. The larger crystals are called phenocrysts...
. The middle part, hewn from a block of red Finnish granite, is decorated with bronze bas-reliefs. The upper part of the pedestal is made of red porphyry. The pedestal of the horse statue is made of white Italian marble
Marble
Marble is a metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals, most commonly calcite or dolomite.Geologists use the term "marble" to refer to metamorphosed limestone; however stonemasons use the term more broadly to encompass unmetamorphosed limestone.Marble is commonly used for...
.
Registration Base of a statue have added with graceful lanterns-floor lamp
Street light
A street light, lamppost, street lamp, light standard, or lamp standard is a raised source of light on the edge of a road or walkway, which is turned on or lit at a certain time every night. Modern lamps may also have light-sensitive photocells to turn them on at dusk, off at dawn, or activate...
s with fixtures, they are made on a of Monferran's plan, the project was executed by architect Robert Veigelt.
In 1860 the monument composition was finished by a bronze lattice from twenty links. The lattice project belongs to architect Ludvig Bonstedt.
All these elements are cast in Galvanic institution of Maximilian, Duke of Leuchtenberg.
Safety and restorations
The monument without changes has existed to October RevolutionOctober Revolution
The October Revolution , also known as the Great October Socialist Revolution , Red October, the October Uprising or the Bolshevik Revolution, was a political revolution and a part of the Russian Revolution of 1917...
in 1917, after that the majority of monuments to emperors have been dismantled.
This monument culture experts managed to be defended as a difficult engineering design which keeps all on two support.
The monument's technical proficiency was cited as a reason why this statue — the only one from a cluster of outdoor sculptures representing 19th century Russian royalty — survived the Soviet period virtually intact. However, a bronze fencing
Fencing
Fencing, which is also known as modern fencing to distinguish it from historical fencing, is a family of combat sports using bladed weapons.Fencing is one of four sports which have been featured at every one of the modern Olympic Games...
around the monument, first installed in 1860, was dismantled in 1940. In days of World War II the monument has been covered by a case from the board
Lumber
Lumber or timber is wood in any of its stages from felling through readiness for use as structural material for construction, or wood pulp for paper production....
s, filled with bags with sand
Sand
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles.The composition of sand is highly variable, depending on the local rock sources and conditions, but the most common constituent of sand in inland continental settings and non-tropical coastal...
.
In 1987-1988 State museum of a city sculpture has spent full monument restoration.
Restorers have opened the hatch on a croup
Croup
Croup is a respiratory condition that is usually triggered by an acute viral infection of the upper airway. The infection leads to swelling inside the throat, which interferes with normal breathing and produces the classical symptoms of a "barking" cough, stridor, and hoarseness...
of a horse, surveyed a condition of an internal skeleton
Skeleton
The skeleton is the body part that forms the supporting structure of an organism. There are two different skeletal types: the exoskeleton, which is the stable outer shell of an organism, and the endoskeleton, which forms the support structure inside the body.In a figurative sense, skeleton can...
, have spent complex technical expert appraisal, including gamma-ray examination
Gamma ray
Gamma radiation, also known as gamma rays or hyphenated as gamma-rays and denoted as γ, is electromagnetic radiation of high frequency . Gamma rays are usually naturally produced on Earth by decay of high energy states in atomic nuclei...
basic feet of a horse.
Also the lost fragments have been recreated, inserts in bronze, a granite and marble are made. Gilding of signs on an inscription by galvanic way
Galvanic skin response
Skin conductance, also known as galvanic skin response , electrodermal response , psychogalvanic reflex , skin conductance response or skin conductance level , is a method of measuring the electrical conductance of the skin, which varies with its moisture level...
is made.
In 1991-1992 restorers have anew cast a fencing on the sample of a link who has remained in funds of the Museum of a city sculpture. Works were executed by factory "Monumentskulptura".
In 2009 State museum of a city sculpture has made inspection base of a statue, Julia Loginova is managing service on current leaving and the maintenance of monuments supervised over works.
Results of research will be ready on October, 15th, on them the museum can estimate amount of works which will begin in the end of 2009.
Further reading
- Монументальная и декоративная скульптура Ленинграда. [Monumental and Decorative Sculpture of Saint Petersburg]. / Сост. Е. В. Плюхин, А. Г. Раскин. Leningrad, 1991.