Minuscule 94
Encyclopedia
Minuscule 94 O31 (von Soden), is a Greek
minuscule manuscript
of the New Testament
, on parchment and paper, dated to the 12th or 13th century. Formerly it was labelled by 18a, 21p, and 19r.
, Pauline epistles
, Book of Revelation
on 328 parchment and paper leaves (size ) with some lacunae
. The order of books is usual: Acts, Catholic epistles, Pauline epistles (Hebrews
are placed before 1 Timothy), and Revelation of John.
The leaves 1-26 are written on vellum, the rest on cotton paper (leaves 27-328).
The text is written in one column per page, 22 lines per page (38 lines with text of Commentary). It contains scholia to the Acts and Catholic epistles, Andreas
's Commentary to the Apocalypse, and Prolegomena to the Pauline epistles. The initial letters are written in red.
The Book of Revelation palaeographically
had been assigned to the 12th century, and rest part of the codex to the 13th century. According to the colophon
, the Book of Revelation was written by a monk named Anthony, dates it to the year 1079.
. Aland
placed it in Category III for the Acts and Catholic Epistles, "but clearly lower for Paul and Revelation. According to David Alan Black
it represents the Alexandrian text-type
in the Book of Revelation.
In Acts 8:39 instead of πνεῦμα κυρίου (spirit of the Lord) it has unusual textual variant (the Holy Spirit fell on the eunuch, and an angel of the Lord caught up Philip) supported by Codex Alexandrinus
and several minuscule manuscripts: 103
, 307
, 322
, 323
, 385
, 453
, 467
, 945, 1739
, 1765, 1891, 2298, 36a
, itp, vg, syrh.
In Acts 12:18 it reads μεγας for ουκ ολιγος, the reading is supported by 307
, 431
, 1175, 2818
, copsa, arm.
In Rev 1:5 it reads λουσαντι ημας απο along with the manuscripts 025
, 046
, 1006, 1859, 2042, 2065, 2073, 2138, 2432.
ground to the 12th or 13th century.
The manuscript was examined by Montfaucon
, Wettstein
, Paulin Martin
, and Henri Omont
. C. R. Gregory saw the manuscript in 1885. Herman C. Hoskier
collated text of the Apocalypse.
Formerly it was labelled by 18a, 21p, and 19r. In 1908 Gregory gave number 94 for it.
It is currently housed at the Bibliothèque nationale de France
(Fonds Coislin, Gr. 202.2), at Paris
.
Greek language
Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages. Native to the southern Balkans, it has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning 34 centuries of written records. Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the majority of its history;...
minuscule manuscript
Manuscript
A manuscript or handwrite is written information that has been manually created by someone or some people, such as a hand-written letter, as opposed to being printed or reproduced some other way...
of the New Testament
New Testament
The New Testament is the second major division of the Christian biblical canon, the first such division being the much longer Old Testament....
, on parchment and paper, dated to the 12th or 13th century. Formerly it was labelled by 18a, 21p, and 19r.
Description
The codex contains the text of the Acts of the ApostlesActs of the Apostles
The Acts of the Apostles , usually referred to simply as Acts, is the fifth book of the New Testament; Acts outlines the history of the Apostolic Age...
, Pauline epistles
Pauline epistles
The Pauline epistles, Epistles of Paul, or Letters of Paul, are the thirteen New Testament books which have the name Paul as the first word, hence claiming authorship by Paul the Apostle. Among these letters are some of the earliest extant Christian documents...
, Book of Revelation
Book of Revelation
The Book of Revelation is the final book of the New Testament. The title came into usage from the first word of the book in Koine Greek: apokalupsis, meaning "unveiling" or "revelation"...
on 328 parchment and paper leaves (size ) with some lacunae
Lacuna (manuscripts)
A lacunaPlural lacunae. From Latin lacūna , diminutive form of lacus . is a gap in a manuscript, inscription, text, painting, or a musical work...
. The order of books is usual: Acts, Catholic epistles, Pauline epistles (Hebrews
Epistle to the Hebrews
The Epistle to the Hebrews is one of the books in the New Testament. Its author is not known.The primary purpose of the Letter to the Hebrews is to exhort Christians to persevere in the face of persecution. The central thought of the entire Epistle is the doctrine of the Person of Christ and his...
are placed before 1 Timothy), and Revelation of John.
The leaves 1-26 are written on vellum, the rest on cotton paper (leaves 27-328).
The text is written in one column per page, 22 lines per page (38 lines with text of Commentary). It contains scholia to the Acts and Catholic epistles, Andreas
Andreas of Caesarea
Andreas of Caesarea was a Greek theological writer and bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia. Krumbacher assigned him to the first half of the sixth century. He is variously placed by other scholars, from the fifth to the ninth century.-Works:...
's Commentary to the Apocalypse, and Prolegomena to the Pauline epistles. The initial letters are written in red.
The Book of Revelation palaeographically
Palaeography
Palaeography, also spelt paleography is the study of ancient writing. Included in the discipline is the practice of deciphering, reading, and dating historical manuscripts, and the cultural context of writing, including the methods with which writing and books were produced, and the history of...
had been assigned to the 12th century, and rest part of the codex to the 13th century. According to the colophon
Colophon (publishing)
In publishing, a colophon is either:* A brief description of publication or production notes relevant to the edition, in modern books usually located at the reverse of the title page, but can also sometimes be located at the end of the book, or...
, the Book of Revelation was written by a monk named Anthony, dates it to the year 1079.
Text
The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-typeByzantine text-type
The Byzantine text-type is one of several text-types used in textual criticism to describe the textual character of Greek New Testament manuscripts. It is the form found in the largest number of surviving manuscripts, though not in the oldest...
. Aland
Kurt Aland
Kurt Aland was a German Theologian and Professor of New Testament Research and Church History. He founded the Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung in Münster and served as its first director for many years...
placed it in Category III for the Acts and Catholic Epistles, "but clearly lower for Paul and Revelation. According to David Alan Black
David Alan Black
David Alan Black, born 1952, professor of New Testament at the Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary, textual critic.In 1975 he finished his studies at the Biola University. In 1983 he received a D.Theol...
it represents the Alexandrian text-type
Alexandrian text-type
The Alexandrian text-type , associated with Alexandria, is one of several text-types used in New Testament textual criticism to describe and group the textual character of biblical manuscripts...
in the Book of Revelation.
In Acts 8:39 instead of πνεῦμα κυρίου (spirit of the Lord) it has unusual textual variant (the Holy Spirit fell on the eunuch, and an angel of the Lord caught up Philip) supported by Codex Alexandrinus
Codex Alexandrinus
The Codex Alexandrinus is a 5th century manuscript of the Greek Bible,The Greek Bible in this context refers to the Bible used by Greek-speaking Christians who lived in Egypt and elsewhere during the early history of Christianity...
and several minuscule manuscripts: 103
Minuscule 103
Minuscule 103 , ΟΘ28 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment leaves. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century...
, 307
Minuscule 307
Minuscule 307 , Aπρ11 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 10th century.It has marginalia. Aland's III Category.- Description :...
, 322
Minuscule 322
Minuscule 322 , α 550 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on paper. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 15th century.Formerly it was labelled by 27a and 33p.- Description :...
, 323
Minuscule 323
Minuscule 323 , α 157 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century.Formerly it was designated by 29a and 35p.- Description :...
, 385
Minuscule 385
Minuscule 385 , α 506 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on paper. Dated by a colophon to the year 1407 .The manuscript has no complex context...
, 453
Minuscule 453
Minuscule 453 , A πρ40 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on a parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 14th century.Formerly it was labelled by 81a.- Description :...
, 467
Minuscule 467
Minuscule 467 , α 502 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on paper. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 15th century.The manuscript has complex contents...
, 945, 1739
Minuscule 1739
Minuscule 1739 ; α 78 per is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on 102 parchment leaves . It is dated paleographically to the 10th century.- Description :...
, 1765, 1891, 2298, 36a
Minuscule 2818
Minuscule 2818 , Aπρ20 . Formerly it was labelled as 36aK in all catalogues, but it was renumbered by Aland, because two manuscripts had number 36...
, itp, vg, syrh.
In Acts 12:18 it reads μεγας for ουκ ολιγος, the reading is supported by 307
Minuscule 307
Minuscule 307 , Aπρ11 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 10th century.It has marginalia. Aland's III Category.- Description :...
, 431
Minuscule 431
Minuscule 431 , δ 268 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century....
, 1175, 2818
Minuscule 2818
Minuscule 2818 , Aπρ20 . Formerly it was labelled as 36aK in all catalogues, but it was renumbered by Aland, because two manuscripts had number 36...
, copsa, arm.
In Rev 1:5 it reads λουσαντι ημας απο along with the manuscripts 025
Codex Porphyrianus
Codex Porphyrianus designated by Papr or 025 , α 3 , is a Greek uncial manuscript of the Acts of Apostles, Pauline epistles, and General epistles, with some lacunae, dated paleographically to the 9th century. It is one of a few uncial manuscripts that include the Book of Revelation.It was...
, 046
Codex Vaticanus 2066
Codex Vaticanus 2066, designed by 046 , α 1070 , formerly it was known also as Codex Basilianus, previously it was designated by Br or B2. It is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament written on vellum...
, 1006, 1859, 2042, 2065, 2073, 2138, 2432.
History
The manuscript is dated by the INTF on the paleographicalPalaeography
Palaeography, also spelt paleography is the study of ancient writing. Included in the discipline is the practice of deciphering, reading, and dating historical manuscripts, and the cultural context of writing, including the methods with which writing and books were produced, and the history of...
ground to the 12th or 13th century.
The manuscript was examined by Montfaucon
Bernard de Montfaucon
Bernard de Montfaucon was a French Benedictine monk, a scholar who founded a new discipline, palaeography; an editor of works of the Fathers of the Church; he is also regarded to be one of the founders of modern archaeology.-Early life:Montfaucon was born January 13, 1655 in the castle of...
, Wettstein
Johann Jakob Wettstein
Johann Jakob Wettstein was a Swiss theologian, best known as a New Testament critic.-Youth and study:...
, Paulin Martin
Paulin Martin
Paulin Martin was a French Catholic Biblical scholar.-Life:...
, and Henri Omont
Henri Omont
Henri Auguste Omont, was a librarian, philologist and French historian, born on September 15, 1857, died December 9, 1940.- Life :In 1881 he wrote a thesis De la ponctuation and was employed in the École Nationale des Chartes as an archivist. He became general inspector in the Bibliothèque...
. C. R. Gregory saw the manuscript in 1885. Herman C. Hoskier
Herman C. Hoskier
Herman Charles Hoskier , was a biblical scholar, British textual critic, and son of a merchant banker, Herman Hoskier .Hoskier, as textual critic, supported the Byzantine text-type against the Alexandrian text-type...
collated text of the Apocalypse.
Formerly it was labelled by 18a, 21p, and 19r. In 1908 Gregory gave number 94 for it.
It is currently housed at the Bibliothèque nationale de France
Bibliothèque nationale de France
The is the National Library of France, located in Paris. It is intended to be the repository of all that is published in France. The current president of the library is Bruno Racine.-History:...
(Fonds Coislin, Gr. 202.2), at Paris
Paris
Paris is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region...
.
See also
- List of New Testament minuscules
- Biblical manuscriptBiblical manuscriptA biblical manuscript is any handwritten copy of a portion of the text of the Bible. The word Bible comes from the Greek biblia ; manuscript comes from Latin manu and scriptum...
- Textual criticismTextual criticismTextual criticism is a branch of literary criticism that is concerned with the identification and removal of transcription errors in the texts of manuscripts...
Further reading
- Herman C. HoskierHerman C. HoskierHerman Charles Hoskier , was a biblical scholar, British textual critic, and son of a merchant banker, Herman Hoskier .Hoskier, as textual critic, supported the Byzantine text-type against the Alexandrian text-type...
, "Manuscripts of the Apocalypse - Recent Investigations V", BJRL vol. 8 pt 2 (London, 1924), pp. 13-16. - Herman C. Hoskier, Concerning the Text of the Apocalypse: Collation of All Existing Available Greek Documents with the Standard Text of Stephen’s Third Edition Together with the Testimony of Versions, Commentaries and Fathers. 1 vol. (London: Bernard Quaritch, Ltd., 1929), pp. 34-36.
External links
- Minuscule 94 at the Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism