History of rail transport in Turkey
Encyclopedia
Izmir
Izmir is a large metropolis in the western extremity of Anatolia. The metropolitan area in the entire Izmir Province had a population of 3.35 million as of 2010, making the city third most populous in Turkey...
and Aydın
Aydin
Aydın is a city in and the seat of Aydın Province in Turkey's Aegean Region. The city is located at the heart of the lower valley of Büyük Menderes River at a commanding position for the region extending from the uplands of the valley down to the seacoast...
. The first finished Ottoman railway line was a 66 kilometres (41 mi) line between Köstence (Constanţa
Constanta
Constanța is the oldest extant city in Romania, founded around 600 BC. The city is located in the Dobruja region of Romania, on the Black Sea coast. It is the capital of Constanța County and the largest city in the region....
, Romania
Romania
Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea...
today) and Boğazköy (Cernavodă
Cernavoda
Cernavodă is a town in Constanţa County, Dobrogea, Romania with a population of 20,514.The town's name is derived from the Slavic černa voda , meaning "black water". This name is regarded by some scholars as a calque of the earlier Thracian name Axíopa, from IE *n.ksei "dark" and upā "water"...
, Romania today) built in 1859-1860.
The state corporation that manages the Turkish railway system, Turkish State Railways
Turkish State Railways
The State Railways of the Turkish Republic or TCDD is the government owned, national railway carrier in the Republic of Turkey, headquartered in Ankara...
, subdivides the history into the Pre-Republic period (Ottoman
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman EmpireIt was usually referred to as the "Ottoman Empire", the "Turkish Empire", the "Ottoman Caliphate" or more commonly "Turkey" by its contemporaries...
period), the Republic period (which extends from 1923 to 1950) and the period after 1950. During the first period, railways were built and operated by foreign concerns with permission from the state. In the second, the state took over its own railways and expanded them in support of Turkish financial interests. In the third period, attention turned from rail travel to highways, and the expansion of railways dramatically slowed.
Ottoman Empire period
During the period of the Ottoman Empire British, French and German concerns funded and ran private railways in Turkey having gotten permits to do so from the state.İzmir-Aydın railway (1860-)
The first railway to be constructed in Turkey was the Izmir-Aydin line, the first part of which was opened in 1860. Further construction and extension of the line continued up to 1912, by which time the total length was in excess of 700 km.İzmir-Turgutlu railway (1865-)
The second railway to be opened was the Izmir-TurgutluTurgutlu
Turgutlu is a very large town and district of Manisa Province in the Aegean region of Turkey. According to the 2009 census, population of the district is 140,753 of which 115930 live in the city of Turgutlu.The district covers an area of and the city lies at an elevation of...
railway. As with the Izmir-Aydin line expansion continued for several decades, and by 1912 the total length was well in excess of 500 km.
Şark railway (1871-)
In 1871 the YenikapıYenikapi
Yenikapı is a port and a neighborhood of Istanbul, Turkey, in the metropolitan district of Fatih on the European side of the Bosphorus and along the southern shore of the city's historically central peninsula....
to Florya
Florya
Florya is a neighborhood belonging to the Bakırköy district of the greater Istanbul, Turkey. It is located along Marmara Sea, and borders to the northeast the neighborhood of Yeşilköy, to the northwest that of Küçükçekmece. It is one of the high class and rich areas of Istanbul...
section of the Sark railway opened, further lines were added in the years 1872 and 1873 to create 288 km of lines. A further extension was added in 1912 of 46 km.
Anatolian railway (1872-)
The first section of the Anatolian railway (Anadolu demiryollari) opened in 1872, and the line saw constant growth through the next three decades.Mersin Tarsus Adana railway (1882-)
The MersinMersin
-Mersin today:Today, Mersin is a large city spreading out along the coast, with Turkey's second tallest skyscraper , huge hotels, an opera house, expensive real estate near the sea or up in the hills, and many other modern urban...
to Adana
Adana
Adana is a city in southern Turkey and a major agricultural and commercial center. The city is situated on the Seyhan River, 30 kilometres inland from the Mediterranean, in south-central Anatolia...
opened the section to Yenice
Yenice
Yenice refers to various towns :In Turkey:*Yenice, Çanakkale, a district of Çanakkale Province in Turkey*Yenice, Karabük, a district of Karabük Province in Turkey...
in 1882, and was completed, having reached Adana by 1886.
Bagdad railway (1904-)
The Bagdad (modern day Iraq) railway extended into Turkey, with lines reaching KonyaKonya
Konya is a city in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. The metropolitan area in the entire Konya Province had a population of 1,036,027 as of 2010, making the city seventh most populous in Turkey.-Etymology:...
and other parts of western Turkey.
Republican Period (1920-1950)
During the Turkish War of IndependenceTurkish War of Independence
The Turkish War of Independence was a war of independence waged by Turkish nationalists against the Allies, after the country was partitioned by the Allies following the Ottoman Empire's defeat in World War I...
, the new breakaway government in Ankara
Ankara
Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after Istanbul. The city has a mean elevation of , and as of 2010 the metropolitan area in the entire Ankara Province had a population of 4.4 million....
held control over sections of railways located in central and southern Anatolia. In 1920, these were brought under the roof of Chemin de Fer d'Anatolie ("Anadolu Şimendiferleri" - distinct from "Ottoman Anatolian Railways") with its center in Ankara and administered by Behiç Erkin
Behiç Erkin
Behiç Erkin was a career Army officer; first director of the Turkish State Railways, nationalized under his auspices; and statesman with the Turkish government who helped save almost 20,000 of ethnic Turkish Jews in France during World War II...
, the founding figure of modern Turkey's railway network and a colonel at the time. Erkin pursued his office as director general beyond the war during a crucial period that lasted until 1926, after which he was Turkey's minister for transports for two years.
In 1923, Turkish railways entered into what the Turkish State Railways term the "Republic Period", a "golden age" that lasted until 1950. During this time, the railways that had already been created were repurposed to serve Turkish financial interests, prioritizing industrial growth in such industries as iron
Iron
Iron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe and atomic number 26. It is a metal in the first transition series. It is the most common element forming the planet Earth as a whole, forming much of Earth's outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth's crust...
, steel
Steel
Steel is an alloy that consists mostly of iron and has a carbon content between 0.2% and 2.1% by weight, depending on the grade. Carbon is the most common alloying material for iron, but various other alloying elements are used, such as manganese, chromium, vanadium, and tungsten...
and coal
Coal
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. The harder forms, such as anthracite coal, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure...
. In addition to claiming existing lines, the Turkish government extended lines into the previously underrepresented Central and Eastern areas of Turkey to achieve near balance. Between 1935 and 1945, emphasis was placed on construction of junction
Junction (rail)
A junction, in the context of rail transport, is a place at which two or more rail routes converge or diverge.This implies a physical connection between the tracks of the two routes , 'points' and signalling.one or two tracks each meet at a junction, a fairly simple layout of tracks suffices to...
lines, to improve industrial connectivity and also strengthen national defense. As a result, distance of travel between various points was significantly shortened.
During this period, the following main routes were constructed:
- Ankara-KayseriKayseriKayseri is a large and industrialized city in Central Anatolia, Turkey. It is the seat of Kayseri Province. The city of Kayseri, as defined by the boundaries of Kayseri Metropolitan Municipality, is structurally composed of five metropolitan districts, the two core districts of Kocasinan and...
-Sivas - Sivas-ErzurumErzurumErzurum is a city in Turkey. It is the largest city, the capital of Erzurum Province. The city is situated 1757 meters above sea level. Erzurum had a population of 361,235 in the 2000 census. .Erzurum, known as "The Rock" in NATO code, served as NATO's southeastern-most air force post during the...
(CaucasusCaucasusThe Caucasus, also Caucas or Caucasia , is a geopolitical region at the border of Europe and Asia, and situated between the Black and the Caspian sea...
line) - Samsun-KalinKalinKalin is a famous mythological hero in the Hindu epic Rigveda. His name derives from the Greek word kalos which means 'handsome'....
(near Sivas) - IrmakIrmakIrmak is a common feminine Turkish given name. In Turkish, "Irmak" means "river".-Given name:* Irmak Arkadaşlar, a Turkish contestant in the north team of Survivor: Büyük Macera.* Irmak Atuk, a Turkish model and titleholder of Best Model of Turkey 2002....
-FilyosFilyosFilyos is a town in Çaycuma district of Zonguldak Province, Turkey. It is a coastal town of Black Sea at situated along a river with the same name. It is to Çaycuma. The population of the town is 5559 as of 2010. In the ancient history the town was known as Billaios meaning water passage....
(ZonguldakZonguldakZonguldak is a city and the capital of Zonguldak Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. Its population, according to the 2009 census, was 108,792. It is an important port on the Black Sea because of the coal mining in Zonguldak Province...
( coalCoalCoal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. The harder forms, such as anthracite coal, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure...
line) - Adana-FevzipaşaFevzipaşaFevzipaşa is a town in Gaziantep Province, Turkey- Geography :Fevzipaşa is a part of İslahiye district of Gaziantep Province. It is north of Islahiye. The highway distance to Gaziantep at the east is . Nur Mountains are just at the west of the town and the meadow-lands of Amik are at the east of...
-DiyarbakırDiyarbakırDiyarbakır is one of the largest cities in southeastern Turkey...
( CopperCopperCopper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu and atomic number 29. It is a ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Pure copper is soft and malleable; an exposed surface has a reddish-orange tarnish...
line) - Sivas-Çetinkaya (IronIronIron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe and atomic number 26. It is a metal in the first transition series. It is the most common element forming the planet Earth as a whole, forming much of Earth's outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth's crust...
line)
1950s forward
According to the Turkish State Railways, beginning in 1950 the railways of Turkey were ignored and neglected as focus turned to land routes. In the early part of the period, the improvement of the roadway system was conceived to support the rail system, but instead of the coordinated building of both road and rail structures intended, railroad constructed slowed dramatically. In the 1980s, the national transportation plan "1983-1993 Transportation Interim Planning" was adopted with a goal in part of decreasing highway transportation share from 72% to 36%, but the plan was abolished in 1986 without implementation. In 2002, only 4% of freight transported in Turkey traveled by rail, and only 2% of passenger travel was conducted by rail.Timeline of railway investment and construction under the Ottoman Empire
| CONSTRUCTED MAIN LINES Constructed branches |
Year of concession | length in km | construction period | initial investors | later investors |
| LINE IN ISOLATION; Köstence (Constanţa Constanta Constanța is the oldest extant city in Romania, founded around 600 BC. The city is located in the Dobruja region of Romania, on the Black Sea coast. It is the capital of Constanța County and the largest city in the region.... today) - Boğazköy (Cernavodă Cernavoda Cernavodă is a town in Constanţa County, Dobrogea, Romania with a population of 20,514.The town's name is derived from the Slavic černa voda , meaning "black water". This name is regarded by some scholars as a calque of the earlier Thracian name Axíopa, from IE *n.ksei "dark" and upā "water"... today) |
1856 | 66 | 1859–1860 | UK | UK |
| İZMİR-AYDIN RAILWAY AND PROLONGEMENTS (Oriental Railway Company Oriental Railway Company The Oriental Railway Company or the İzmir-Aydın Railway was the first railway in Anatolia. The railway operated from 1856 to 1935 when TCDD absorbed it.-History:... ) |
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| İzmir Izmir Izmir is a large metropolis in the western extremity of Anatolia. The metropolitan area in the entire Izmir Province had a population of 3.35 million as of 2010, making the city third most populous in Turkey... -Aydın Aydin Aydın is a city in and the seat of Aydın Province in Turkey's Aegean Region. The city is located at the heart of the lower valley of Büyük Menderes River at a commanding position for the region extending from the uplands of the valley down to the seacoast... section |
1856 | 130 | 1856–1867 | UK | UK |
| Aydın-Sütlaç Sütlaç, Dinar Sütlaç is a village in the District of Dinar, Afyonkarahisar Province, Turkey.-References:... -Çivril Çivril Çivril is a town and district of Denizli Province in the inner Aegean region of Turkey. Çivril district area neighbors those of two districts of Uşak Province to its north, namely Sivaslı and Karahallı, and four districts of Afyonkarahisar Province from the north-east to the south which are,... section and Sütlaç-Dinar Dinar, Turkey Dinar is a town and large district of Afyonkarahisar Province in the Aegean region of Turkey, 106 km from the city of Afyon. The mayor is Saffet Acar .... -Eğirdir Egirdir Eğirdir, Turkey is a town and district of Isparta Province in the Mediterranean region of Turkey.-Features:Eğirdir lies between Lake Eğirdir and the Mount Sivri, and contains a castle said to have been built by Croesus, king of Lydia—though additions were built by the Romans, Byzantines and... section |
1879/1911 | 342 | 1879–1912 | UK | UK |
| Tire-Ödemiş Ödemis Ödemiş is a district of İzmir Province of Turkey. North of Ödemiş, which is 113 km southeast of İzmir, are the ruins of Hypaiapa... section |
1882/1911 | 137 | 1883–1911 | UK | UK |
| LINE IN ISOLATION; Rusçuk (Ruse today) - Varna Varna Varna is the largest city and seaside resort on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast and third-largest in Bulgaria after Sofia and Plovdiv, with a population of 334,870 inhabitants according to Census 2011... |
1861 | 224 | 1863–1866 | UK | UK |
| THE SMYRNE CASSABA RAILWAY AND PROLONGEMENTS Smyrne Cassaba & Prolongements The Smyrne Cassaba & Prolongements , formerly The Smyrna Cassaba Railway, was a railway company operating in Western Anatolia from 1863 to 1934.-History:... |
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| İzmir-Kasaba (Turgutlu Turgutlu Turgutlu is a very large town and district of Manisa Province in the Aegean region of Turkey. According to the 2009 census, population of the district is 140,753 of which 115930 live in the city of Turgutlu.The district covers an area of and the city lies at an elevation of... ) section |
1863 | 93 | 1863–1866 | UK | F |
| İzmir-Bornova Bornova Bornova is a metropolitan district of İzmir in İzmir Province in Turkey. It is the third largest district in İzmir's Greater Metropolitan Area of and is almost fully urbanized at the rate of 98,6 per cent, with corresponding high levels of development in terms of industry and services... section |
1863 | 5 | 1866 | UK | F |
| Kasaba (Turgutlu) - Alaşehir Alasehir Alaşehir, in Antiquity and the Middle Ages known as Philadelphia , i.e. " brotherly love" is a town and district of Manisa Province in the Aegean region of Turkey. It is situated in the valley of the Kuzuçay , at the foot of the Bozdağ... section |
1872 | 76 | 1872–1875 | UK | F |
| Manisa Manisa Manisa is a large city in Turkey's Aegean Region and the administrative seat of Manisa Province.Modern Manisa is a booming center of industry and services, advantaged by its closeness to the international port city and the regional metropolitan center of İzmir and by its fertile hinterland rich in... - Soma Soma, Manisa Soma is a town and district of Manisa Province in the Aegean region of Turkey. According to the 2009 census, population of the district is 101,011 of which 74,158 live in the town of Soma... connection |
1888 | 92 | 1888–1890 | UK | F |
| Alaşehir-Afyon (Afyonkarahisar Afyonkarahisar Afyonkarahisar is a city in western Turkey, the capital of Afyon Province. Afyon is in mountainous countryside inland from the Aegean coast, south-west of Ankara along the Akarçay River. Elevation... ) section |
1884 | 252 | 1894–1896 | F | F |
| Soma-Bandırma Bandirma Bandırma is a city in northwestern Turkey with 113,385 inhabitants on the Sea of Marmara. Also, Bandırma is a district of Balıkesir.... connection |
1910 | 184 | 1910–1912 | F | F |
| ORIENTAL RAILWAY (also famous for the Orient Express Orient Express The Orient Express is the name of a long-distance passenger train service originally operated by the Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits. It ran from 1883 to 2009 and is not to be confused with the Venice-Simplon Orient Express train service, which continues to run.The route and rolling stock... ) |
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| Istanbul Istanbul Istanbul , historically known as Byzantium and Constantinople , is the largest city of Turkey. Istanbul metropolitan province had 13.26 million people living in it as of December, 2010, which is 18% of Turkey's population and the 3rd largest metropolitan area in Europe after London and... -Edirne Edirne Edirne is a city in Eastern Thrace, the northwestern part of Turkey, close to the borders with Greece and Bulgaria. Edirne served as the capital city of the Ottoman Empire from 1365 to 1453, before Constantinople became the empire's new capital. At present, Edirne is the capital of the Edirne... section |
1868/1869 | 318 | 1869–1870 | F - B - S - A | G |
| Eastern Rumelia Eastern Rumelia Eastern Rumelia or Eastern Roumelia was an administratively autonomous province in the Ottoman Empire and Principality of Bulgaria from 1878 to 1908. It was under full Bulgarian control from 1885 on, when it willingly united with the tributary Principality of Bulgaria after a bloodless revolution... section |
1868/1869 | 386 | 1872–1888 | F - B - S - A | G |
| Salonica-Mitrovica Mitrovica Mitrovica, which stems from the name "Saint Demetrius" or "Sveti Dimitrije" may refer to:- Places :* Kosovska Mitrovica, a city in the disputed region of Kosovo* Sremska Mitrovica, a city in Srem, Serbia... (Kosovska Mitrovica Kosovska Mitrovica Kosovska Mitrovica , is a city and municipality in northern Kosovo. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous district.... today) section |
1868/1869 | 363 | 1872–1874 | F - B - S - A | G |
| Edirne - Dedeağaç (Alexandroupoli Alexandroupoli Alexandroupoli , is a city of Greece and the capital of the Evros peripheral unit in Thrace. Named after King Alexander, it is an important port and commercial center of northeastern Greece.-Name:... today) section |
1868/1869 | 149 | 1870–1872 | F - B - S - A | G |
| Bosnia section | 1868/1869 | 102 | 1870–1872 | F - B - S - A | G |
| Babaeski Babaeski Babaeski is a town and district of Kırklareli Province in the Marmara region of Turkey. The countyship has a population of 27,712 and the total area of the district is 652 km².-Name:... - Kırklareli Kirklareli Kırklareli is the capital of Kırklareli Province in Eastern Thrace, on the European part of Turkey. The province has a coastline on the Black Sea. There is a Jewish community.-Name:It is not clearly known when the city was founded, nor under what name... connection |
1910 | 46 | 1911–1913 | F - B - S - A | G |
| Üsküp (Skopje Skopje Skopje is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Macedonia with about a third of the total population. It is the country's political, cultural, economic, and academic centre... today) - Serbia Serbia Serbia , officially the Republic of Serbia , is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, covering the southern part of the Carpathian basin and the central part of the Balkans... border connection |
1885 | 131 | 1885–1887 | Int'l | Int'l |
| LINE IN ISOLATION; Mudanya Mudanya Mudanya , is a town and district of Bursa Province in the Marmara region of Turkey. It is located on the Gulf of Gemlik, part of the south coast of the Sea of Marmara. As of 1911, it was connected with Bursa by a railway and a carriage road, and with Istanbul by steamers... - Bursa (Chemin de Fer Moudania Brousse Chemin de Fer Moudania Brousse The Chemin de Fer Moudania Brousse, , , or CFMB was a long railway line from the port of Mudanya to Bursa.-History:... ) |
1881 | 41 | 1872–1892 | O - F - B | O - F - B |
| LINE IN ISOLATION (later connected to Baghdad Railway Baghdad Railway The Baghdad Railway , was built from 1903 to 1940 to connect Berlin with the Ottoman Empire city of Baghdad with a line through modern-day Turkey, Syria, and Iraq.... ); Mersin-Tarsus-Adana Railway |
1883 | 68 | 1885–1886 | UK | F |
| ANATOLIAN RAILROAD | |||||
| Haydarpaşa-İzmit Izmit İzmit is a city in Turkey, administrative center of Kocaeli Province as well as the Kocaeli Metropolitan Municipality. It is located at the Gulf of İzmit in the Sea of Marmara, about east of Istanbul, on the northwestern part of Anatolia. The city center has a population of 294.875... section (later incorporated to Baghdad Railway Baghdad Railway The Baghdad Railway , was built from 1903 to 1940 to connect Berlin with the Ottoman Empire city of Baghdad with a line through modern-day Turkey, Syria, and Iraq.... ) |
1871 | 93 | 1871–1873 | O | G |
| İzmit Izmit İzmit is a city in Turkey, administrative center of Kocaeli Province as well as the Kocaeli Metropolitan Municipality. It is located at the Gulf of İzmit in the Sea of Marmara, about east of Istanbul, on the northwestern part of Anatolia. The city center has a population of 294.875... -Eskişehir Eskisehir Eskişehir is a city in northwestern Turkey and the capital of the Eskişehir Province. According to the 2009 census, the population of the city is 631,905. The city is located on the banks of the Porsuk River, 792 m above sea level, where it overlooks the fertile Phrygian Valley. In the nearby... -Ankara Ankara Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after Istanbul. The city has a mean elevation of , and as of 2010 the metropolitan area in the entire Ankara Province had a population of 4.4 million.... section (İzmit-Eskişehir section later incorporated to Baghdad Railway Baghdad Railway The Baghdad Railway , was built from 1903 to 1940 to connect Berlin with the Ottoman Empire city of Baghdad with a line through modern-day Turkey, Syria, and Iraq.... ) |
1888 | 486 | 1888–1890 | G | G |
| Eskişehir Eskisehir Eskişehir is a city in northwestern Turkey and the capital of the Eskişehir Province. According to the 2009 census, the population of the city is 631,905. The city is located on the banks of the Porsuk River, 792 m above sea level, where it overlooks the fertile Phrygian Valley. In the nearby... -Konya Konya Konya is a city in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. The metropolitan area in the entire Konya Province had a population of 1,036,027 as of 2010, making the city seventh most populous in Turkey.-Etymology:... connection (later incorporated to Baghdad Railway Baghdad Railway The Baghdad Railway , was built from 1903 to 1940 to connect Berlin with the Ottoman Empire city of Baghdad with a line through modern-day Turkey, Syria, and Iraq.... ) |
1893 | 445 | 1893–1896 | G | G |
| Arifiye-Adapazarı Adapazari Adapazarı is a city in northwestern Turkey and the capital of Sakarya Province. The province itself was originally named Adapazarı as well. Adapazarı is a part of the densely populated region of the country, known as the Marmara Region. As of 2010, the city has a population of 560,876 ... connection |
1898 | 9 | 1898–1899 | G | G |
| DEDEAĞAÇ-MANASTIR LINE | |||||
| Salonica-Monastir (Bitola Bitola Bitola is a city in the southwestern part of the Republic of Macedonia. The city is an administrative, cultural, industrial, commercial, and educational centre. It is located in the southern part of the Pelagonia valley, surrounded by the Baba and Nidže mountains, 14 km north of the... today) |
1890 | 219 | 1891–1894 | G | G |
| Dedeağaç-Salonica | 1892 | 508 | 1892–1896 | F | F |
| BAGHDAD RAILWAY | |||||
| Konya Konya Konya is a city in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. The metropolitan area in the entire Konya Province had a population of 1,036,027 as of 2010, making the city seventh most populous in Turkey.-Etymology:... -Karapınar Karapinar Karapınar is a town and district of Konya Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. According to 2000 census, population of the district is 55,734 of which 35,285 live in the town of Karapınar. Volcanic Karapınar Field is located nearby.... -Ulukışla Ulukisla Ulukışla is a town and district of Niğde Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. It covers an area of 1,502 km², and the altitude is 1,427 m... section |
1898 | 291 | 1904–1912 | G | G |
| Toprakkale Toprakkale Rusahinili ", modern Toprakkale, Turkey) is an ancient Urartian fortress built by Rusa I, located near the modern city of Van in southeastern Turkey.... -İskenderun Iskenderun İskenderun is a city and urban district in the province of Hatay on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey. The current mayor is Yusuf Hamit Civelek .-Names:... section |
1898 | 59 | 1904–1912 | G | G |
| Islahiye Islahiye Islahiye is a town and district of Gaziantep Province in southeastern Turkey. It is a railway border crossing into Syria.The train station of Islahiye is the last stop on the railway to Damascus in Syria... -Resulayn section |
1898 | 453 | 1911–1914 | G | G |
| Baghdad Baghdad Baghdad is the capital of Iraq, as well as the coterminous Baghdad Governorate. The population of Baghdad in 2011 is approximately 7,216,040... -Samarra Samarra Sāmarrā is a city in Iraq. It stands on the east bank of the Tigris in the Salah ad-Din Governorate, north of Baghdad and, in 2003, had an estimated population of 348,700.... section |
1898 | 119 | 1912–1914 | G | G |