
, as well as the coterminous Baghdad Governorate. The population of Baghdad in 2011 is approximately 7,216,040. It is the largest city in Iraq, the second largest city in the Arab World
(after Cairo
, Egypt
), and the second largest city in Western Asia (after Tehran
, Iran
).
Located along the Tigris River
, the city was founded in the 8th century and became the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate.
762 Baghdad is founded by caliph Al-Mansur.
1258 Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed.
1917 World War I: Baghdad falls to Anglo-Indian forces commanded by General Stanley Maude.
1991 Gulf War: Two laser-guided "smart bombs" destroy the Amiriyah shelter in Baghdad. Allied forces said the bunker was being used as a military communications outpost, but over 400 Iraqi civilians inside were killed.
1991 Gulf War: On Baghdad Radio Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein announces the withdrawal of Iraqi troops from Kuwait.
2003 U.S. troops capture Baghdad; Saddam Hussein's regime falls two days later.
2003 2003 invasion of Iraq: Baghdad falls to American forces;Saddam Hussein statue topples as Iraqis turn on symbols of their former leader, pulling down the statue and tearing it to pieces.
2003 U.S. troops in Baghdad capture Abu Abbas, leader of the Palestinian group that killed an American on the hijacked cruise liner the {{MS|Achille Lauro}} in 1985.
2005 A stampede on Al-Aaimmah bridge in Baghdad kills 1,199 people.
2006 Three Christian Peacemaker Team hostages are freed by British forces in Baghdad after 118 days of captivity and the death of their colleague, American Tom Fox.
, as well as the coterminous Baghdad Governorate. The population of Baghdad in 2011 is approximately 7,216,040. It is the largest city in Iraq, the second largest city in the Arab World
(after Cairo
, Egypt
), and the second largest city in Western Asia (after Tehran
, Iran
).
Located along the Tigris River
, the city was founded in the 8th century and became the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. Within a short time of its inception, Baghdad evolved into a significant cultural, commercial, and intellectual center for the Islamic World. This in addition to housing several key academic institutions (e.g. House of Wisdom
) garnered the city a worldwide reputation as the "Center of Learning". Throughout the High Middle Ages
, Baghdad was considered to be the largest city in the world with an estimated population of 1,200,000 people. The city was largely destroyed at the hands of the Mongol Empire
in 1258, resulting in a decline that would linger through many centuries due to frequent plagues and multiple successive empires. With the recognition of Iraq as an independent state (formerly the British Mandate of Mesopotamia) in 1938, Baghdad gradually regained some of its former prominence as a significant center of Arabic culture
.
In contemporary times the city has often faced severe infrastructural damage, most recently due to the US-led occupation
in 2003 and the subsequent state of war that lasted until 2010. In recent years the city has been a frequent subject to insurgency activities and terrorist attacks.
Toponym
There have been several rival proposals as to the specific etymology of the name Baghdad. The most reliable and most widely accepted among these is that the name is a Middle Persiancompound of Bag "god" + dād "given", translating to "God-given" or "God's gift", whence Modern Persian
Baɣdād. This in turn can be traced to Old Persian.
.
A less probable guess has been Persian
compound Bağ "garden" + dād "fair", translating to "The fair Garden",
Another leading proposal is that the name comes from Middle Persian Bāgh-dād "The Given Garden". The name is pre-Islamic and the origins are unclear, but it is related to previous settlements, which did not have any political or commercial power, making it a virtually new foundation in the time of the Abbasids.
However Baghdad, as a name, had been mentioned as Baghdadu on the Assyrian cuneiform records of the 9th century BC, and Babylonian bricks bearing the Royal Seal of King Nebuchadnezzar (6th century BC)
The village of Baghdad importance increased rapidly by the time it was founded by the Abbasid
caliph al-Mansur
, who chose the name Madinat al-Salaam or "City of Peace" for his new foundation. This was the official name on coins, weights, and other official usage, although the common people continued to use the old name. By the 11th century, "Baghdad" had become almost the exclusive name for the world-renowned metropolis.
Foundation
On 30 July 762 the caliphAl Mansur commissioned the construction of the city and it was built under the supervision of the Barmakids
. Mansur believed that Baghdad was the perfect city to be the capital of the Islamic empire under the Abbasids. Mansur loved the site so much he is quoted saying, "This is indeed the city that I am to found, where I am to live, and where my descendants will reign afterward".
The city's growth was helped by its location, which gave it control over strategic and trading routes, along the Tigris. A reason why Baghdad provided an excellent location was the abundance of water and the dry climate. Water exists on both north and south ends of the city gates, allowing all households to have a plentiful supply, which was very uncommon during this time.

, the capital of the Persian Empire
, which was located some 30 km (18.6 mi) to the southeast. Today, all that remains of Ctesiphon is the shrine town of Salman Pak
, just to the south of Greater Baghdad. Ctesiphon itself had replaced and absorbed Seleucia
, the first capital of the Seleucid Empire
. Seleucia
had earlier replaced the city of Babylon
.
In its early years the city was known as a deliberate reminder of an expression in the Qur'an
, when it refers to Paradise
. Four years before Baghdad's foundation, in 758, Mansur assembled engineers, surveyors, and art constructionists from around the world to come together and draw up plans for the city. Over 100,000 construction workers came to survey the plans; many were distributed salaries to start the building of the city. July was chosen as the starting time because two astronomers, Naubakht Ahvaz and Mashallah, believed that the city should be built under the sign of the lion, Leo
. Leo is associated with fire and symbolises productivity, pride, and expansion.
The bricks used to make the city were 18 inches (457.2 mm) on all four sides. Abu Hanifa was the counter of the bricks and he developed a canal, which brought water to the work site for the use of both human consumption and the manufacturing of the bricks. Marble was also used to make buildings throughout the city, and marble steps led down to the river's edge.
The basic framework of the city consists of two large semicircles about 19 km (11.8 mi) in diameter. The city was designed as a circle about 2 km in diameter, leading it to be known as the "Round City". The original design shows as single ring of residential and commercial structures along the inside of the city walls, but the final construction added another ring inside the first. Within the city there were many parks, gardens, villas, and promenades. In the center of the city lay the mosque
, as well as headquarters for guards. The purpose or use of the remaining space in the center is unknown. The circular design of the city was a direct reflection of the traditional Persian Sasanian urban design
. The Sasanian city of Gur
in Fars, built 500 years before Baghdad, is nearly identical in its general circular design, radiating avenues, and the government buildings and temples at the centre of the city. This style of urban planning contrasted with Ancient Greek
and Roman
urban planning, in which cities are designed as squares or rectangles with streets intersecting each other at right angles.
The surrounding walls
The four surrounding walls of Baghdad were named Kufa, Basra
, Khurasan, and Damascus
; named because their gates pointed in the directions of these destinations. The distance between these gates was a little less than 1.5 miles (2.4 km). Each gate had double doors that were made of iron; the doors were so heavy it took several men to open and close them. The wall itself was about 44 m thick at the base and about 12 m thick at the top. Also, the wall was 30 m high, which included merlon
s, a solid part of an embattled parapet usually pierced by embrasure
s. This wall was surrounded by another wall with a thickness of 50 m. The second wall had towers and rounded merlons, which surrounded the towers. This outer wall was protected by solid glacis
, which is made out of bricks and quicklime. Beyond the outer wall was a water-filled moat.
Golden Gate lounge
In the middle of Baghdad, in the central square was the Golden Gate Palace. The Palace was the residence of the caliph and his family. In the central part of the building was a green dome that was 39 m high. Surrounding the palace was an esplanade, a waterside building, in which only the caliph could come riding on horseback. In addition, the palace was near other mansions and officer's residences. Near the Gate of Syria a building served as the home for the guards. It was made of brick and marble. The palace governor lived in the latter part of the building and the commander of the guards in the front. In 813, after the death of caliph Al-Mansur
the palace was no longer used as the home for the caliph and his family.
The roundness points to the fact that it was based on Arab. The two designers who were hired by al-Mansur
to plan the city's design were Naubakht
, a Zoroastrian who also determined that the date of the foundation of the city would be astrologically auspicious, and Mashallah, a Jew from Khorasan, Iran
.
The Abbasids and the round city
The Abbasid Caliphate was based on their being the descendants of the uncle of Muhammadand being part of the Quraysh tribe. They used Shi'a resentment, Khorasan
ian movement, and appeals to the ambitions and traditions of the newly conquered Persian
aristocracy to overthrow the Umayyads.
The Abbasids sought to combine the hegemony of the Arabic tribes with the imperial, court, ceremonial, and administrative structures of the Persians. The Abbasids considered themselves the inheritors of two traditions: the Arabian-Islamic (bearers of the mantle of Muhammad) and the Persian (successors to the Sassanid monarchs).
These two things are evident from the construction, which is modeled after Persian structures and the need of Mansur to place the capital in a place that was representative of Arab-Islamic identity by building the House of Wisdom
, where ancient texts were translated from their original language, such as Greek, to Arabic. Mansur is credited with the "Translation Movement
" for this. Further, Baghdad is also near the ancient Sassanid imperial seat of Ctesiphon
on the Tigris River.
A centre of learning (8th to 13th centuries)
Within a generation of its founding, Baghdad became a hub of learningand commerce
. The House of Wisdom
was an establishment dedicated to the translation of Greek
, Middle Persian
and Syriac works. Scholars headed to Baghdad from all over the Abbasid
empire, facilitating the introduction of Greek and Indian science
into the Arabic and Islamic world at that time. Baghdad was likely the largest city in the world
from shortly after its foundation until the 930s, when it was tied by Córdoba
.
Several estimates suggest that the city contained over a million inhabitants at its peak. Many of the One Thousand and One Nights tales are set in Baghdad during this period.
The end of the Abbasids in Baghdad

, including relocations of the capital to Samarra
(during 808–819 and 836–892), the loss of the western and easternmost provinces, and periods of political domination by the Iran
ian Buwayhid
s (945–1055) and Seljuk Turks (1055–1135).
The Seljuks were a clan of the Oghuz Turks
from the Siberian steppes that converted to the Sunni branch of Islam. In 1040, they destroyed the Ghaznavids, taking over their land and in 1055, Tughril Beg, the leader of the Seljuks, took over Baghdad. The Seljuks expelled the Buyids dynasty of Shiites that ruled for some time and took over power and control of Baghdad. They ruled as Sultans in the name of the Abbasid caliphs (they saw themselves as being part of the Abbasid regime) Tughril Beg saw himself as the protector of the Abbasid Caliphs.
In 1058, Baghdad was captured by the Fatimids under the Turkish general Abu'l-Ḥārith Arslān al-Basasiri, an adherent of the Ismailis along with the 'Uqaylid Quraysh. Not long before the arrival of the Saljuqs in Baghdad, al-Basasiri petitioned to the Fatimid Imam-Caliph al-Mustansir to support him in conquering Baghdad on the Ismaili Imam's behalf. It has recently come to light that the famed Fatimid da'i al-Mu'ayyad al-Shirazi had a direct role in supporting al-Basasiri and helped the general to succeed in taking Mawṣil, Wāsit and Kufa
. Soonafter, By December 1058, a Shi'i adhān
(call to prayer) was implemented in Baghdad and a khutba
(sermon) was delivered in the name of the Fatimid Imam-Caliph. Despite his Shi'i inclinations, Al-Basasiri received support from Sunnis and Shi'is alike, for whom opposition to the Saljuq power was a common factor.
On February 10, 1258, Baghdad was captured by the Mongols
led by Hulegu, a grandson of Chingiz Khan (Genghis Khan
) during the sack of Baghdad
. Many quarters were ruined by fire, siege, or looting. The Mongols massacred most of the city's inhabitants, including the caliph Al-Musta'sim
, and destroyed large sections of the city. The canal
s and dykes forming the city's irrigation
system were also destroyed. The sack of Baghdad put an end to the Abbasid Caliphate, a blow from which the Islamic civilization never fully recovered.
At this point Baghdad was ruled by the Il-Khanids, the Mongol emperors of Iran
. In 1401, Baghdad was again sacked, by Timur
("Tamerlane"). When his forces took Baghdad, he spared almost no one, and ordered that each of his soldiers bring back two severed human heads. It became a provincial capital controlled by the Jalayirid (1400–1411), Kara Koyunlu (1411–1469), Ak Koyunlu (1469–1508), and the Iranian Safavid (1508–1534) dynasties.

Ottoman era (16th to 19th centuries)
In 1534, Baghdad was captured by the Ottoman Turks. Under the Ottomans
, Baghdad fell into a period of decline, partially as a result of the enmity between its rulers and Safavid Turks, which did not accept the Sunni control of the city. Between 1623 and 1638
, it returned briefly to Iranian rule before falling back into Ottoman hands.
Baghdad has suffered severely from visitations of the plague and cholera
, and sometimes two-thirds of its population has been wiped out.
For a time, Baghdad had been the largest city in the Middle East. The city saw relative revival in the latter part of the 18th century under a Mamluk
government. Direct Ottoman rule was reimposed by Ali Ridha Pasha
in 1831. From 1851-1852 and from 1861–1867, Baghdad was governed, under the Ottoman Empire by Mehmed Namık Pasha
. The Nuttall Encyclopedia reports the 1907 population of Baghdad as 185,000. Aside from ethnically Arab Iraqis, the city was also home to a substantial ancient Jewish community, which comprised over a quarter of the city's population (this proportion would grow in later years).
20th century

. Iraq was given formal independence in 1932 and increased autonomy in 1946. The city's population grew from an estimated 145,000 in 1900 to 580,000 in 1950 of which 140,000 (nearly a quarter) were Jewish. In the 1920s, Baghdad was 40 percent Jewish. Jews made up the largest single community in the city and controlled up to 95 percent of business. Baghdad was also home to many prominent Jewish figures, such as Sassoon Eskell
.
On 1 April 1941 members of the "Golden Square" and Rashid Ali staged a coup in Baghdad. Rashid Ali installed a pro-German
and pro-Italian
government to replace the pro-British government of Regent
Abdul Ilah
. On 31 May, after the resulting Anglo-Iraqi War
and after Rashid Ali and his government had fled, the Mayor of Baghdad surrendered to British and Commonwealth forces. After the collapse, a pogrom
(Farhud
) took place against the Jewish population of Baghdad, where around 175 Jews had been killed, one thousand injured, and 900 Jewish homes were destroyed.
On 14 July 1958, members of the Iraqi Army
under Abdul Karim Kassem staged a coup to topple the Kingdom of Iraq
. King Faisal II, former Prime Minister Nuri al-Said, former Regent Prince
Abdul Ilah, members of the royal family, and others were brutally killed during the coup. Many of the victim's bodies were then dragged through the streets of Baghdad.
During the 1970s, Baghdad experienced a period of prosperity and growth because of a sharp increase in the price of petroleum
, Iraq's main export. New infrastructure including modern sewerage, water, and highway facilities were built during this period. However, the Iran–Iraq War of the 1980s was a difficult time for the city, as money was diverted by Saddam Hussein
to the army and thousands of residents were killed. Iran launched a number of missile attacks against Baghdad.
In 1991 and 2003, the Gulf War
and the 2003 invasion of Iraq
caused significant damage to Baghdad's transportation, power
, and sanitary infrastructure as the US-led coalition forces launched massive aerial assaults in the city in the two wars.
Main sights
Points of interest include the National Museum of Iraqwhose priceless collection of artifacts was looted during the 2003 invasion, and the iconic Hands of Victory arches. Multiple Iraqi parties are in discussions as to whether the arches should remain as historical monuments or be dismantled. Thousands of ancient manuscripts in the National Library
were destroyed when it was set alight by the library staff and looters before and during the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
The Al Kadhimain Shrine in the northwest of Baghdad (in al-Kāżimiyyah) is one of the most important Shi'ite religious sites in Iraq. It was finished in 1515 and the 7th (Musa ibn Jafar al-Kathim) and the 9th Imams
(Mohammed Al-Jawad
) were buried there. One of the oldest buildings is the 12th century or 13th century Abbasid Palace. The palace is part of the central historical area of the city and close to other historically important buildings such as the Saray Building and Al-Mustansiriyah School (From the Abbasid Period). Baghdad International Airport
(BIAP) is Iraq's largest airport located 16 km from Baghdad's central business district. It is the home of Iraq's national airline, Iraqi Airways
.
Other sights include:
- Baghdad Tower, now the Ma'amoon Telecommunication Center tower. The tower after extensive renovations has been re-opened. It features a revolving restaurant with panoramic views from the top.
- The Two Level Bridge in Jadriyah (Jisr Abul Tabqain). Even though planning for this bridge began before the Gulf War takeover, the bridge was not built until 1995. It connects Al-Doura area with the rest of Baghdad and compliments the 14th of July Bridge.
- The National Museum of IraqNational Museum of IraqThe National Museum of Iraq is a museum located in Baghdad, Iraq. It contains precious relics from Mesopotamian civilization.-Foundation:...
- The Khan Murjan
- Sahat Al Tahrir (Liberation Square) in central Baghdad.
- Souq Saray (Saray Market)
- Baghdadi Museum (wax museum)
- Mustansiriya SchoolMustansiriya SchoolMustansiriya Madrasah is a historical building in Baghdad, Iraq. It was the premises of one of the oldest Islamic universities in the world, established in 1227 as a Madrasah by the Abbasid Caliph al-Mustansir. Located on the left bank of the Tigris River, the building survived the Mongol...
, a 13th century Abbasid structure - Al-Zawra'a Park in Al-Mansour Area and almost in a central location of Baghdad.
- Kahramana and the 40 Thieves Square.
- Al Jundi Al Majhool Monument (The Monument to the Unknown SoldierThe Monument to the Unknown SoldierThe Monument to the Unknown Soldier is said to be inspired by the glorification of a martyr from the Iran–Iraq War. The Monument represents a traditional shield dropping from the dying grasp of an Iraqi warrior. The monument also houses an underground museum.The artificial hill is shaped like a...
). - Al Shaheed Monument. Monument to the Iraqi soldiers killed in the Iran–Iraq War, located on the east bank of the Tigris.
- A wide road built under Saddam as a parade route, and across it is the Hands of VictoryHands of VictoryThe Arc of Triumph; , also called the Swords of Qādisīyah، and Hands of Victory in some Western sources, are a pair of triumphal arches in central Baghdad, Iraq. Each arch consists of a pair of hands holding crossed swords...
, a pair of enormous crossed swordSwordA sword is a bladed weapon used primarily for cutting or thrusting. The precise definition of the term varies with the historical epoch or the geographical region under consideration...
s cast from weapons of soldiers who died in the Iran–Iraq War under SaddamSaddam–Saddam is an Arabic name which means "One who confronts", other meanings include: "One who frequently causes collisions", "Powerful collider", "One who causes a collision that had bad results", "Powerful confronter", "One who frequently crashes", or "Powerful commander"...
's command.
Baghdad Zoo
The Baghdad Zoowas the largest zoo in the Middle East. Within eight days following the 2003 invasion, however, only 35 of the 650 animals in the facility survived. This was a result of theft of some animals for human food, and starvation of caged animals that had no food or water. Survivors included larger animals like lion
s, tiger
s, and bear
s. Notwithstanding the chaos brought by the invasion, South African Lawrence Anthony
and some of the zoo keepers cared for the animals and fed the carnivores with donkey
s they had bought locally. Eventually, L. Paul Bremer
, Director of the Coalition Provisional Authority
in Iraq from May 11, 2003 to June 28, 2004 ordered protection of the zoo and U.S. engineers helped to reopen the facility.
Geography and climate
The city is located on a vast plain bisected by the River Tigris. The Tigris splits Baghdad in half, with the eastern half being called 'Risafa' and the Western half known as 'Karkh'. The land on which the city is built is almost entirely flat and low-lying, being of alluvial
origin due to the periodic large floods which have occurred on the river.
Baghdad has a Subtropical Arid
climate (Köppen climate classification
BWh) and is, in terms of maximum temperatures, one of the hottest cities in the world. In the summer from June to August, the average maximum temperature is as high as 44 °C (111.2 °F) accompanied by blazing sunshine: rainfall is almost completely unknown at this time of year. Temperatures exceeding 50 °C (122 °F) in the shade are by no means unheard of, and even at night temperatures in summer are seldom below 24 °C (75.2 °F). Because the humidity
is very low (usually under 10%) due to Baghdad's distance from the marshy Persian Gulf
, dust storm
s from the deserts to the west are a normal occurrence during the summer.
Winters boast mild to warm days and variable nights. From December to February, Baghdad has maximum temperatures averaging 15.5 to 18.5 °C (59.9 to 65.3 F), though highs above 70 °F (21.1 °C) are not unheard of. Low temperatures can be chilly: the average January low is 3.8 °C (38.8 °F) but lows below freezing only occur a couple of times per year.
Annual rainfall, almost entirely confined to the period from November to March, averages around 120 mm (4.72 in), but has been as high as 575 mm (22.64 in) and as low as 23 mm (0.905511811023622 in). On January 11, 2008, light snow fell across Baghdad for the first time in memory.
Administrative divisions
The city of Baghdad has 89 official neighbourhoods within 9 districts. These official subdivisions of the city served as administrative centres for the delivery of municipal services but until 2003 had no political function. Beginning in April 2003, the U.S. controlled Coalition Provisional Authority(CPA) began the process of creating new functions for these. The process initially focused on the election of neighbourhood councils in the official neighbourhoods, elected by neighbourhood caucuses.
The CPA convened a series of meetings in each neighbourhood to explain local government, to describe the caucus election process and to encourage participants to spread the word and bring friends, relatives and neighbours to subsequent meetings. Each neighbourhood process ultimately ended with a final meeting where candidates for the new neighbourhood councils identified themselves and asked their neighbours to vote for them.
Once all 88 (later increased to 89) neighbourhood councils were in place, each neighbourhood council elected representatives from among their members to serve on one of the city's nine district councils. The number of neighbourhood representatives on a district council is based upon the neighbourhood's population. The next step was to have each of the nine district councils elect representatives from their membership to serve on the 37 member Baghdad City Council. This three tier system of local government connected the people of Baghdad to the central government through their representatives from the neighbourhood, through the district, and up to the city council.
The same process was used to provide representative councils for the other communities in Baghdad Province outside of the city itself. There, local councils were elected from 20 neighbourhoods (Nahia) and these councils elected representatives from their members to serve on six district councils (Qada). As within the city, the district councils then elected representatives from among their members to serve on the 35 member Baghdad Regional Council.
The first step in the establishment of the system of local government for Baghdad Province was the election of the Baghdad Provincial Council. As before, the representatives to the Provincial Council were elected by their peers from the lower councils in numbers proportional to the population of the districts they represent. The 41 member Provincial Council took office in February, 2004 and served until national elections held in January 2005, when a new Provincial Council was elected.
This system of 127 separate councils may seem overly cumbersome but Baghdad Province is home to approximately seven million people. At the lowest level, the neighbourhood councils, each council represents an average of 75,000 people.
The nine District Advisory Councils (DAC) are as follows:


- AdhamiyahAdhamiyahAl-Adhamiyah , also Azamiya, is a neighborhood and east-central district of the city of Baghdad, Iraq....
- KarkhKarkhKarkh or Al-Karkh is historically the name of the western half of Baghdad, Iraq, or alternatively, the western shore of the river Tigris as it ran through Baghdad. The eastern shore is known as Al-Rasafa....
- Karadah
- Kadhimyah
- MansourMansour districtAl Mansour district is one of nine administrative districts in Baghdad, Iraq. It is named after Abu Ja'far al-Mansur, the second Abbasid Caliph and founder of Baghdad....
- Sadr CitySadr CitySadr City is a suburb district of the city of Baghdad, Iraq. It was built in 1959 by Prime Minister Abdul Karim Qassim and later unofficially renamed Sadr City after deceased Shia leader Mohammad Mohammad Sadeq al-Sadr....
(Thawra) - Al Rashid
- RusafaRusafaAl Rusafa or Rasafa is the east-bank settlement of Baghdad, Iraq, or the eastern shore of the river Tigris. It is also one of nine administrative districts in Baghdad...
- New BaghdadNew BaghdadNew Baghdad or Baghdad Al-Jidida is one of nine administrative districts in Baghdad, Iraq. This district has nine Neighborhood Advisory Councils and a District Advisory Council. It is located east of the city center...
(Tisaa Nissan) (9 April)
The nine districts are subdivided into 89 smaller neighborhoods which may make up sectors of any of the districts above. The following is a selection (rather than a complete list) of these neighborhoods:
- Al-GhazaliyaGhazaliyaGhazaliya is a neighborhood in West Baghdad, Iraq.It is believed the area was named after the Muslim scholar Abu Hāmed Mohammad ibn Mohammad al-Ghazzālī, and it is surrounded by various other districts, such as Al sheoala, Albakrea, Alkadraa and al Aadel.Originally patrolled by elements of the...
- Al-A'amiriyaAl-A'amiriyaAl-A'amiriya is a western neighborhood of Baghdad, Iraq. It is an upper-class Sunni neighborhood in the west of the city on the way to Anbar Province.-History:...
- DoraDora (Baghdad)Dora is a neighborhood in Al Rashid administrative district, southern Baghdad, Iraq. Although this was a majority Christian neighborhood, it became controlled by Sunni Muslim Extremists during the Iraq War...
- KarradaKarradaKarrada is a major affluent district of the city Baghdad, Iraq. It is of a mixed population but it is noted for having majority of Shia population. The presence of Christians are notable in the area...
- Al-JadriyaAl-JadriyaAl-Jadriya is a neighborhood in Baghdad, Iraq along the Tigris river. Al-Jadriya shares a significant but comparatively smaller part of the peninsula with Karrada. Al-Jadriya lies at the south tip of the peninsula where Tigris river makes its major turn and heads to the north-east. Its...
- ZayounaZayounaZayouna is a neighborhood of Baghdad, Iraq.Zayouna a beautiful residential area in Baghdad, Iraq's capital city located on the side of the Rusafa city of Baghdad, surrounded by the Army Channel from the north to the south by the rapid and Muhammad al-Qasim al-Ghadeer is located between the east...
- Al-SaydiyaAl-SaydiyaAl-Saydiya is a neighborhood of Baghdad, Iraq. A once middle-class district in southwest Baghdad, much of it was built within the last three decades on prime real estate between Baghdad Airport Road and the main highway where it forks into central Baghdad and south to Basra. Al-Saydiya is one of...
- HurriyaHurriyaHurriya is a neighborhood in Baghdad. It is the location of the Jamil Hussein controversy....
City - Al-Sa'adoonAl-Sa'adoonAl-Sa'adoon is a neighborhood of Baghdad, Iraq....
- Al-Shu'alaAl-Shu'alaAl-Shu'ala is a neighborhood of Baghdad, Iraq....
- Al-MahmudiyahAl-MahmudiyahAl-Mahmudiyah is a southern neighborhood and a suburb district of the city of Baghdad, Iraq.* Known as the “Gateway to Baghdad,”...
- Bab Al-MoathamBab Al-MoathamBab Al-Moatham is a neighborhood of Baghdad, Iraq....
- Al-Baya'BaiyaaBaiyaa is a middle-class district in western Baghdad, Iraq along the Baghdad Airport Road. It contains separate Sunni and Shiite enclaves within it...
- Al-Baya'
- Al-Za'franiyaAl-Za'franiyaAl-Za'franiya is a neighborhood of Baghdad, Iraq....
- Hayy Ur
- Sha'abSha'ab, BaghdadSha'ab is a neighborhood of Adhamiyah district, Baghdad, Iraq, It is subdivided to Sha'ab east , Sha'ab south , Sha'ab north ....
- Hayy Al-Jami'aJamiaJamia is the Arabic word for gathering . It can also refer to a mosque, or more generally, a community or association....
- Al-AdelAl-AdelAl-Adel is a neighborhood of Baghdad, Iraq....
- Al KhadhraaAl KhadhraaAl Khadhraa is a neighborhood of Baghdad, Iraq....
- Hayy Al-JihadHayy Al-JihadHayy Al-Jihad is a neighborhood of Baghdad, Iraq.Jihad district is located along the Avenue area of Baghdad Airport, near Ameriya. The neighborhood is one of the most important sites where Iraqi families are educated. Numerous doctors have their practices located in the district....
- Hayy Al-A'amelHayy Al-A'amelHayy Al-A'amel is a neighborhood of Baghdad, Iraq....
- Hayy AoorHayy AoorHayy Aoor is a neighborhood of Baghdad, Iraq....
- Al-HorayaAl-HorayaAl-Horaya is a neighborhood of Baghdad, Iraq....
- Hayy Al-ShurttaHayy Al-ShurttaHayy Al-Shurtta is a neighborhood of Baghdad, Iraq....
- Yarmouk
- Jesr DiyalaJesr DiyalaJesr Diyala is a neighborhood of Baghdad, Iraq....
- Abu DisherAbu DisherAbu Disher is a neighborhood of Baghdad, Iraq....
- Raghiba KhatounRaghiba KhatounRaghiba Khatoun is a neighborhood of Baghdad, Iraq....
- Arab Jijur
- Al-Awashosh
- Al-FathelAl-FathelAl-Fathel is a neighborhood of Baghdad, Iraq....
- Al-UbedyAl-UbedyAl-Ubedy is a neighborhood of Baghdad, Iraq....
- Al-WazireyaAl-WazireyaAl-Wazireya is a neighborhood of Baghdad, Iraq.The neighborhood has a turbulent history. On August 27, 2006 a Vehicle Born Improvised Explosive Devise exploded on the street outside of the Al Sabah newspaper office. It destroyed more than 20 cars, killing two people and wounding as many as 30....
Economy
Iraqi Airways, the national airline of Iraq, has its headquarters on the grounds of Baghdad International Airport
in Baghdad. Al-Naser Airlines
has its head office in Karrada
, Baghdad.
Reconstruction efforts
Most Iraqi reconstructionefforts have been devoted to the restoration and repair of badly damaged urban infrastructure. More visible efforts at reconstruction through private development, like architect and urban designer Hisham N. Ashkouri
's Baghdad Renaissance Plan and the Sindbad Hotel Complex and Conference Center
have also been made.
There are also plans to build a giant Ferris wheel
akin to the London Eye
. Iraq's Tourism Board also is seeking investors to develop a "romantic" island on the River Tigris in Baghdad that was once a popular honeymoon spot for newlywed Iraqis. The project would include a six-star hotel, spa, an 18-hole golf course and a country club. In addition, the go-ahead has been given to build numerous architecturally unique skyscrapers along the Tigris that would develop the city's financial centre in Kadhehemiah.
In October, 2008, the Baghdad Metro
resumed service. It connects the center to the southern neighborhood of Dora
.
In 2010, a new residential and commercial project nicknamed Baghdad Gate was announced. This project not only addresses the urgent need for new residential units in Baghdad but also acts as a real symbol of progress in the war torn city, as Baghdad has not seen projects of this scale for decades.
Culture

poets and singers such as Nizar Qabbani
, Umm Kulthum, Fairuz
, Salah Al-Hamdani
, Ilham al-Madfai
and others wrote beautiful poems and sang for Baghdad.
The dialect of Arabic spoken in Baghdad today
differs from that of other large urban centres in Iraq, having features more characteristic of nomadic Arabic dialects (Verseegh, The Arabic Language). It is possible that this was caused by the repopulating of the city with rural residents after the multiple sacks of the late Middle Ages
.
Institutions

- Iraqi National Orchestra– Rehearsals and performances were briefly interrupted during the Second Gulf War, but have since returned to normal.
- National Theatre of Iraq– The theatre was looted during the 2003 Invasion of Iraq2003 invasion of IraqThe 2003 invasion of Iraq , was the start of the conflict known as the Iraq War, or Operation Iraqi Freedom, in which a combined force of troops from the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Poland invaded Iraq and toppled the regime of Saddam Hussein in 21 days of major combat operations...
, but efforts are underway to restore the theatre.
The live theatre scene received a boost during the 1990s when UN sanctions
limited the import of foreign films. As many as 30 movie theatres were reported to have been converted to live stages, producing a wide range of comedies
and drama
tic productions.
Institutions offering cultural education in Baghdad include the Academy of Music, Institute of Fine Arts and the Music and Ballet school Baghdad. Baghdad is also home to a number of museums which housed artifacts
and relics of ancient civilizations; many of these were stolen, and the museums looted, during the widespread chaos immediately after United States forces entered the city.
During the 2003 occupation of Iraq, AFN Iraq
("Freedom Radio") broadcast news and entertainment within Baghdad, among other locations. There is also a private radio station called "Dijlah" (named after the Arabic word for the Tigris River) that was created in 2004 as Iraq's first independent talk radio station. Radio Dijlah offices, in the Jamia
neighborhood of Baghdad, have been attacked on several occasions.
Sport
Baghdad is home to some of the most successful football (soccer) teams in Iraq, the biggest being Al Quwa Al Jawiya (Airforce club), Al Zawra, Al Shurta (Police) and Al Talaba(Students). The largest stadium in Baghdad is Al Shaab Stadium
which was opened in 1966. Another, but much larger stadium, is still in the opening stages of construction.
The city has also had a strong tradition of horseracing ever since World War I, known to Baghdadis simply as 'Races'. There are reports of pressures by the Islamists to stop this tradition due to the associated gambling.
Major streets
Source: stripes.com
- Haifa StreetHaifa StreetHaifa Street is a two mile long street in Baghdad, Iraq. Along with Yafa Street , it runs southeast to the Assassin's Gate, an archway that served as the main entrance to the American-run Green Zone during the 2003 invasion of Iraq, paralleling the Tigris river...
- Salihiya Residential area - situated off Al Sinak bridge in central Baghdad,surrounded by Al- Mansur Hotel in the north and Al-Rasheed hotel in the south.
- Hilla Road – Runs from the south into Baghdad via Yarmouk (Baghdad)Yarmouk (Baghdad)Yarmouk is an upmarket neighborhood located within Mansour district in Baghdad, Iraq. It is adjacent to Baghdad Airport Road. Is was once home to members of high-ranking officials from Saddam Hussein's regime. Yarmouk is considered a mirror image of east Baghdad's Shiite- dominated Sadr City i.e...
- Caliphs Street – site of historical mosques and churches.
- Sadoun Street – stretching from Liberation Square to Masbah
- Mohammed Al-Qassim highway near AdhamiyahAdhamiyahAl-Adhamiyah , also Azamiya, is a neighborhood and east-central district of the city of Baghdad, Iraq....
- Abu Nuwas Street – runs along the Tigris from the from Jumhouriya Bridge to 14 July Suspended Bridge
- Damascus Street – goes from Damascus Square to the International Airport Road
- Mutanabbi StreetMutanabbi StreetMutanabbi Street is located in Baghdad, Iraq, near the old quarter of Baghdad; at Al Rasheed Street. It is the historic center of Baghdad bookselling, a street filled with bookstores and outdoor book stalls...
– A street with numerous books, named after the 10th century Iraqi poet Al-Mutanabbi - Rabia Street
- Arbataash Tamuz (14th July) Street (Mosul Road)
- Muthana al-Shaibani Street
- Bor Saeed (Port Said) Street
- Thawra Street
- Al Qanat Street – runs through Baghdad north-south
- Al Khat al Sare'a – Mohammed al Qasim (high speed lane) – runs through Bagdhad, north-south
- Al Sinaa Street (Industry Street) runs by the University of Technology – centre of computers trade in Baghdad.
- Al Nidhal Street
- Al Rasheed StreetAl Rasheed StreetAl Rasheed Street or Al Rashid Street is located in Downtown Baghdad and is one of the city's main streets, stretching from North Gate to South Gate....
– city centre Baghdad - Al Jamhuriah StreetAl Jamhuriah StreetAl Jamhuriah Street is one of the most important streets in Baghdad. It starts from Bab al Muadhm and ends in Al Tahreer Square. It contains many important areas...
– city centre Baghdad - Falastin (Palestine) Street
- Tariq el Muaskar – (Al Rasheed Camp Road)
- Baghdad Airport RoadBaghdad Airport RoadThe Baghdad Airport Road is a 12 kilometer stretch of highway in Baghdad, Iraq linking the International Zone, a heavily fortified area at the center of Baghdad, to Baghdad International Airport . It also links different parts of Baghdad to the Airport and connects neighboring areas to each other...
Sister cities
Amman, Jordan
Beirut
, Lebanon
Dubai
, United Arab Emirates
Sana'a
, Yemen
Nishapur
, Iran
Pyongyang
, North Korea
(from 21 September 2011) Basra
, Iraq
See also
- Round city of BaghdadRound city of BaghdadThe Round city of Baghdad is an ancient city built in the western part of Baghdad between 767 and 912 AD. In its territory is included the House of Wisdom.- External links :...
- List of places in Iraq
- Firdos SquareFirdos SquareFirdaus Square, or Firdos Square , is a public open space in Baghdad, Iraq. It is named after the Arabic word Firdows, which literally means "paradise". It is the location of two of the best-known hotels, the Palestine Hotel and the Sheraton Ishtar, which are the two tallest buildings in Baghdad...
- is a public open space in Baghdad and the location of two of the best-known hotels, the Palestine Hotel and the Sheraton Ishtar, which are both also the tallest buildings in Baghdad. The square was the site of the statue of Saddam Hussein that was pulled down by U.S. coalition forces in a widely-televised event during the 2003 invasion of Iraq. - Operation Imposing LawOperation Imposing LawOperation Imposing Law, also known as Operation Law and Order , Operation Fardh al-Qanoon , was a joint Coalition-Iraqi security plan conducted throughout Baghdad...
Baghdad Security Plan - 1950-1951 Baghdad bombings
Further reading
- By Desert Ways to Baghdad, by Louisa Jebb (Mrs. Roland Wilkins), 1908 (1909 ed) (a searchable facsimile at the University of Georgia Libraries; DjVuDjVuDjVu is a computer file format designed primarily to store scanned documents, especially those containing a combination of text, line drawings, and photographs. It uses technologies such as image layer separation of text and background/images, progressive loading, arithmetic coding, and lossy...
& format) - A Dweller in Mesopotamia, being the adventures of an official artist in the Garden of EdenGarden of EdenThe Garden of Eden is in the Bible's Book of Genesis as being the place where the first man, Adam, and his wife, Eve, lived after they were created by God. Literally, the Bible speaks about a garden in Eden...
, by Donald Maxwell, 1921 (a searchable facsimile at the University of GeorgiaUniversity of GeorgiaThe University of Georgia is a public research university located in Athens, Georgia, United States. Founded in 1785, it is the oldest and largest of the state's institutions of higher learning and is one of multiple schools to claim the title of the oldest public university in the United States...
Libraries; DjVuDjVuDjVu is a computer file format designed primarily to store scanned documents, especially those containing a combination of text, line drawings, and photographs. It uses technologies such as image layer separation of text and background/images, progressive loading, arithmetic coding, and lossy...
& format)
Books:
"Travels in Asia and Africa 1325-135" by Ibn Battuta.
"Gertrude Bell: the Arabian diaries,1913-1914." by Bell Gertrude Lowthian, and O'Brien, Rosemary.
"Historic cities of the Islamic world."by Bosworth, Clifford Edmund.
"Ottoman administration of Iraq, 1890-1908." by Cetinsaya, Gokhan.
"Naked in Baghdad." by Garrels, Anne, and Lawrence, Vint.
"A memoir of Major-General Sir Henry Creswicke Rawlinson." by Rawlinson, George.
External links
- Map of Baghdad
- Iraq Image - Baghdad Satellite Observation
- National Commission for Investment in Iraq
- Interactive map
- Iraq - Urban Society
- Envisioning Reconstruction In Iraq
- Description of the original layout of Baghdad
- Ethnic and sectarian map of Baghdad - Healingiraq
- UAE Investors Keen On Taking Part In Baghdad Renaissance Project
- Man With A Plan: Hisham Ashkouri
- Behind Baghdad's 9/11
- Iraq Inter-Agency Information & Analysis Unit Reports, maps and assessments of Iraq from the UN Inter-Agency Information & Analysis Unit