In human genetics

Human genetics

Human genetics describes the study of inheritance as it occurs in human beings. Human genetics encompasses a variety of overlapping fields including: classical genetics, cytogenetics, molecular genetics, biochemical genetics, genomics, population genetics, developmental genetics, clinical genetics,...

, Haplogroup E1a (M33) is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup E1a, along with haplogroup E1b

Haplogroup E1b (Y-DNA)

In human genetics, Haplogroup E1b is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.Haplogroup E1b, along with haplogroup E1a, make up the two main components of the older E1. So far there are no attested exempliars of E1b*. The clade is dominated by subclade E1b1 , which is by far the most frequent...

, is one of the two main branches of the older E1

Haplogroup E1 (Y-DNA)

In human genetics, Haplogroup E1 is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup E1, along with haplogroup E2, is one of the two main branches of the older Haplogroup E. The E1 clade is divided into two subclades: E1a & E1b.- External links :*...

. The E1a clade is divided into several subclades.

Distribution

E1a (E-M33) is found most often in West Africa, and today it is especially common in the region of Mali

Mali

Mali , officially the Republic of Mali , is a landlocked country in Western Africa. Mali borders Algeria on the north, Niger on the east, Burkina Faso and the Côte d'Ivoire on the south, Guinea on the south-west, and Senegal and Mauritania on the west. Its size is just over 1,240,000 km² with...

. One study has found haplogroup E1a-M33 Y-chromosomes in as much as 34% (15/44) of a sample of Malian men, including 2/44 E1a1-M44 and 13/44 E1a-M33/M132(xE1a1-M44). In particular, the Dogon people

Dogon people

The Dogon are an ethnic group living in the central plateau region of Mali, south of the Niger bend near the city of Bandiagara in the Mopti region. The population numbers between 400,000 and 800,000 The Dogon are best known for their religious traditions, their mask dances, wooden sculpture and...

 of Mali have been found to carry haplogroup E1a-M33 with a frequency as high as 45.5% (25/55), making it perhaps the most common Y-DNA haplogroup in this population, though haplogroup E1b1a-P1 appears to be almost equally frequent among the Dogon (24/55 = 43.6%). Another study has found haplogroup E1a-M33 in 15.6% (44/282) of a pool of seven samples of various ethnic groups in Guinea-Bissau

Guinea-Bissau

The Republic of Guinea-Bissau is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Senegal to the north, and Guinea to the south and east, with the Atlantic Ocean to its west....

. Haplogroup E1a also has been found in samples obtained from Moroccan

Morocco

Morocco , officially the Kingdom of Morocco , is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of more than 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², and also primarily administers the disputed region of the Western Sahara...

 Berbers

Berber people

Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. They are continuously distributed from the Atlantic to the Siwa oasis, in Egypt, and from the Mediterranean to the Niger River. Historically they spoke the Berber language or varieties of it, which together form a branch...

, Sahrawis, Burkina Faso

Burkina Faso

Burkina Faso – also known by its short-form name Burkina – is a landlocked country in west Africa. It is surrounded by six countries: Mali to the north, Niger to the east, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and Côte d'Ivoire to the southwest.Its size is with an estimated...

 (including E1a-M33/M132(xE1a1-M44) in 2/20 = 10% Fulbe

Fula people

Fula people or Fulani or Fulbe are an ethnic group spread over many countries, predominantly in West Africa, but found also in Central Africa and Sudanese North Africa...

 and 2/37 = 5.4% Rimaibe), northern Cameroon

Cameroon

Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon , is a country in west Central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Cameroon's coastline lies on the...

 (including E1a1-M44 in 9/17 = 53% Fulbe

Fula people

Fula people or Fulani or Fulbe are an ethnic group spread over many countries, predominantly in West Africa, but found also in Central Africa and Sudanese North Africa...

 and E1a-M33/M132(xE1a1-M44) in 3/15 = 20% Tali), Senegal

Senegal

Senegal , officially the Republic of Senegal , is a country in western Africa. It owes its name to the Sénégal River that borders it to the east and north...

 (7/139 = 5.0%), Ghana

Ghana

Ghana , officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country located in West Africa. It is bordered by Côte d'Ivoire to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, Togo to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south...

 (1/29 = 3% Ga

Ga people

The Ga-Adangbe are an ethnic group in the West African nation of Ghana. It is part of the Dangme ethnic group. The Ga people are grouped as part of theGa–Dangme ethnolinguistic group. They speak Kwa languages...

, 1/32 = 3% Fante), Sudan

Sudan

Sudan , officially the Republic of the Sudan , is a country in North Africa, sometimes considered part of the Middle East politically. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the...

 (including 5/32 = 15.6% Hausa

Hausa people

The Hausa are one of the largest ethnic groups in West Africa. They are a Sahelian people chiefly located in northern Nigeria and southeastern Niger, but having significant numbers living in regions of Cameroon, Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire, Chad and Sudan...

 and 3/26 = 11.5% Fulani

Fula people

Fula people or Fulani or Fulbe are an ethnic group spread over many countries, predominantly in West Africa, but found also in Central Africa and Sudanese North Africa...

), Egypt

Egypt

Egypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: , is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world...

, Calabria

Calabria

Calabria , in antiquity known as Bruttium, is a region in southern Italy, south of Naples, located at the "toe" of the Italian Peninsula. The capital city of Calabria is Catanzaro....

 (including both Italian

Italian people

The Italian people are an ethnic group that share a common Italian culture, ancestry and speak the Italian language as a mother tongue. Within Italy, Italians are defined by citizenship, regardless of ancestry or country of residence , and are distinguished from people...

 and Albanian

Albanians

Albanians are a nation and ethnic group native to Albania and neighbouring countries. They speak the Albanian language. More than half of all Albanians live in Albania and Kosovo...

 inhabitants of the region), Italians from Trentino in northeastern Italy, and Romanians from Constanţa

Constanta

Constanța is the oldest extant city in Romania, founded around 600 BC. The city is located in the Dobruja region of Romania, on the Black Sea coast. It is the capital of Constanța County and the largest city in the region....

.

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research.

• E1
  Haplogroup E1 (Y-DNA)
  In human genetics, Haplogroup E1 is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup E1, along with haplogroup E2, is one of the two main branches of the older Haplogroup E. The E1 clade is divided into two subclades: E1a & E1b.- External links :*...
  
  (P147)
  • E1a (L633, M33, M132)
    • E1a1 (M44)
    • E1a2 (P110)
    • E1a3 (L94)
    • E1a4 (L133)

External links

• Y-DNA Haplogroup E and Its Subclades from ISOGG 2008