Haplogroup E1b1 (Y-DNA)
Encyclopedia
In human genetics
, Haplogroup E1b1 (E-P2/PN2) is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.
, as this is the place with the high frequency of ancestral subclades of this haplogroup. E1b1 is the ancestor of the majority of E subclade lineages existing today. It has diverged into two subclades: E1b1a and E1b1b approximately 24-27,000 years ago (Cruciani et al. 2004).
, mainly in the forms of its predominant sub-clades, E1b1a and E1b1b, with E1b1a being more common in Western Africa, Central Africa
, southern Eastern Africa, and Southern Africa
and E1b1b being more common in Northern Africa and northern East Africa
as well as being found also in Southern Africa
and Western Eurasia
.
The paraclade, referred to as E1b1* or E-P2*, and including cases which are neither in E1b1a or E1b1b are either rare or nonexistant. So far none have been found. found E1b1-P2 (xE1b1b1-M35, xE1b1a1-M2, xE1b1a2-M329) in 10.4% of 48 Ethiopian Amhara
, 12.8% of 78 Ethiopian Jews, 1.9% of 53 South Africa
n Bantu, and 2.9% of 139 Senegalese that can be resolved in E1b1a*-V38, E1b1b*-M215 or E1b1b2-V16 & M281. Wood et al. (2005) have reported finding E1b1-P2(xE1b1a1-P1, xE1b1b1-M35), which should be resolved into E1b1b*-M215, E1b1b2-M281, or E1b1a2-M329, in 11% (1/9) of a sample of Oromo
from Ethiopia, 11% (1/9) of a sample of Iraqw
from Tanzania, 10% (2/20) of a mixed sample of speakers of various South Semitic
languages from Ethiopia, 6% (1/18) of a sample of Amhara
from Ethiopia, 3% (1/30) of a sample of Ewe
from Ghana, 3% (1/32) of a sample of Fante from Ghana, and 3% (1/34) of a sample of Wolof
from Gambia/Senegal. Stefflova et al. 2009 reported one individual out of a sample of 217 African American men from Philadelphia with haplogroup E1b1 but did not report value for V38.
did not report for M329, M215, or V38 but found the following which were either E1b1b*, E1b1b2 or E1b1a2: 18% of 22 Ethiopian Jews, 2% of 49 Mossi from Burkina Faso
, 3% of 37 Rimaibe also from Burkina Faso, and 6% of 17 Fulbe from Cameroon
.
Human genetics
Human genetics describes the study of inheritance as it occurs in human beings. Human genetics encompasses a variety of overlapping fields including: classical genetics, cytogenetics, molecular genetics, biochemical genetics, genomics, population genetics, developmental genetics, clinical genetics,...
, Haplogroup E1b1 (E-P2/PN2) is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.
Origin
E1b1 is likely to have originated in the highlands of East Africa's EthiopiaEthiopia
Ethiopia , officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is the second-most populous nation in Africa, with over 82 million inhabitants, and the tenth-largest by area, occupying 1,100,000 km2...
, as this is the place with the high frequency of ancestral subclades of this haplogroup. E1b1 is the ancestor of the majority of E subclade lineages existing today. It has diverged into two subclades: E1b1a and E1b1b approximately 24-27,000 years ago (Cruciani et al. 2004).
Distribution
This haplogroup is found mostly in AfricaAfrica
Africa is the world's second largest and second most populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km² including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area...
, mainly in the forms of its predominant sub-clades, E1b1a and E1b1b, with E1b1a being more common in Western Africa, Central Africa
Central Africa
Central Africa is a core region of the African continent which includes Burundi, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Rwanda....
, southern Eastern Africa, and Southern Africa
Southern Africa
Southern Africa is the southernmost region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics. Within the region are numerous territories, including the Republic of South Africa ; nowadays, the simpler term South Africa is generally reserved for the country in English.-UN...
and E1b1b being more common in Northern Africa and northern East Africa
East Africa
East Africa or Eastern Africa is the easterly region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics. In the UN scheme of geographic regions, 19 territories constitute Eastern Africa:...
as well as being found also in Southern Africa
Southern Africa
Southern Africa is the southernmost region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics. Within the region are numerous territories, including the Republic of South Africa ; nowadays, the simpler term South Africa is generally reserved for the country in English.-UN...
and Western Eurasia
Eurasia
Eurasia is a continent or supercontinent comprising the traditional continents of Europe and Asia ; covering about 52,990,000 km2 or about 10.6% of the Earth's surface located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres...
.
The paraclade, referred to as E1b1* or E-P2*, and including cases which are neither in E1b1a or E1b1b are either rare or nonexistant. So far none have been found. found E1b1-P2 (xE1b1b1-M35, xE1b1a1-M2, xE1b1a2-M329) in 10.4% of 48 Ethiopian Amhara
Amhara people
Amhara are a highland people inhabiting the Northwestern highlands of Ethiopia. Numbering about 19.8 million people, they comprise 26% of the country's population, according to the 2007 national census...
, 12.8% of 78 Ethiopian Jews, 1.9% of 53 South Africa
South Africa
The Republic of South Africa is a country in southern Africa. Located at the southern tip of Africa, it is divided into nine provinces, with of coastline on the Atlantic and Indian oceans...
n Bantu, and 2.9% of 139 Senegalese that can be resolved in E1b1a*-V38, E1b1b*-M215 or E1b1b2-V16 & M281. Wood et al. (2005) have reported finding E1b1-P2(xE1b1a1-P1, xE1b1b1-M35), which should be resolved into E1b1b*-M215, E1b1b2-M281, or E1b1a2-M329, in 11% (1/9) of a sample of Oromo
Oromo people
The Oromo are an ethnic group found in Ethiopia, northern Kenya, .and parts of Somalia. With 30 million members, they constitute the single largest ethnic group in Ethiopia and approximately 34.49% of the population according to the 2007 census...
from Ethiopia, 11% (1/9) of a sample of Iraqw
Iraqw
The Iraqw, known as the Mbulu in Swahili, are a Cushitic people of the Arusha and Manyara Regions of north-central Tanzania, near the Rift Valley wall and south of Ngorongoro Crater...
from Tanzania, 10% (2/20) of a mixed sample of speakers of various South Semitic
South Semitic
South Semitic is a commonly accepted branch of the Semitic languages. Semitic itself is a branch of the larger Afro-Asiatic language family found in Africa and Asia....
languages from Ethiopia, 6% (1/18) of a sample of Amhara
Amhara people
Amhara are a highland people inhabiting the Northwestern highlands of Ethiopia. Numbering about 19.8 million people, they comprise 26% of the country's population, according to the 2007 national census...
from Ethiopia, 3% (1/30) of a sample of Ewe
Ewe people
The Ewe are a people located in the southeast corner of Ghana, east of the Volta River, in an area now described as the Volta Region, in southern Togo and western Benin...
from Ghana, 3% (1/32) of a sample of Fante from Ghana, and 3% (1/34) of a sample of Wolof
Wolof people
The Wolof are an ethnic group found in Senegal, The Gambia, and Mauritania.In Senegal, the Wolof form an ethnic plurality with about 43.3% of the population are Wolofs...
from Gambia/Senegal. Stefflova et al. 2009 reported one individual out of a sample of 217 African American men from Philadelphia with haplogroup E1b1 but did not report value for V38.
did not report for M329, M215, or V38 but found the following which were either E1b1b*, E1b1b2 or E1b1a2: 18% of 22 Ethiopian Jews, 2% of 49 Mossi from Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso – also known by its short-form name Burkina – is a landlocked country in west Africa. It is surrounded by six countries: Mali to the north, Niger to the east, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and Côte d'Ivoire to the southwest.Its size is with an estimated...
, 3% of 37 Rimaibe also from Burkina Faso, and 6% of 17 Fulbe from Cameroon
Cameroon
Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon , is a country in west Central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Cameroon's coastline lies on the...
.
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research.- E1b1 (DYS391p, L337, L339, L342, L487, L492, L613, P2/PN2, P179, P180, P181)
- E1b1a (L222.1, V38, V100)
- E1b1a1 ( DYS271/M2/SY81, P1/PN1, P189, P293, V43, V95)
- E1b1a2 (M329)
- E1b1b (M215/PAGES00040)
- E1b1b1 (L336, M35.1, M243)
- E1b1b2 (M281, V16)
- E1b1a (L222.1, V38, V100)