Bundjalung Nation - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

Bundjalung language

Bundjalung (also spelt Bandjalang or Banjalang) belongs to the Pama–Nyungan family of Australian Aboriginal languages. ‘Bundjalung’ has been used as a general term for the whole language (covering all the different dialects) and also as a term to refer to certain individual dialects. Historically, at the time of the first European settlement in the mid 1800s, Bundjalung Nation people in the New South Wales North Coast and South East Queensland region, spoke up to twenty related dialects of Bundjalung and today there is only about nine tribal clan dialects of Bundjalung left. All Bundjalung Nation dialects were interwoven, so that each Bundjalung Nation tribal area knew what each person from another tribal clan was speaking about.

Bundjalung dialects

The Bundjalung Nation Bundjalung language dialects include:

#	Tribal Group	Areas Spoken	Dialects	Bundjalung language chain
1.	Badjalang	From northern bank of Clarence River to Richmond River; at Ballina; inland to Tabulam and Baryugil. Coastal hordes or Widje (horde or hordes at Evans Head) go inland only to Rappville. The boundary between the dialect spoken on the Clarence River, presumably Badjalang and that of the Richmond River comes at a place called Moonim, which is near Coraki.	Bandjalang	Bundjalung (also known as Bandjalang)
2.	Badjalang	Clarence Valley Council Local Government Area	Baryulgal (also known as Baryulgil or Barryugil or Yugilbar)	Bundjalung (also known as Banjalang)
3.	Badjalang	Rappville Area	Biriin (also known as Birrihn)	Bundjalung (also known as Banjalang)
4.	Kalibal	Macpherson Range from near Unumgar, N.S.W., to Christmas Creek, Qld.; east to upper Nerang and south to Mount Cougal and Tweed Range, Tyalgum, and the Brunswick River divide	Dinggabal	Bundjalung (also known as Banjalang)
5.	Badjalang	Casino Casino In modern English, a casino is a facility which houses and accommodates certain types of gambling activities. Casinos are most commonly built near or combined with hotels, restaurants, retail shopping, cruise ships or other tourist attractions... Area	Walunumgmira	Bundjalung (also known as Banjalang)
6.	Kitabal	Tabulam Area	Wahlubal (also known as Gidabal and Gidhabal)	Bundjalung (also known as Banjalang)
7.	Jukambal	Kyogle, Woodenbong and Tenterfield Area	Githabul	Bundjalung (also known as Banjalang)
8.	Arakwal	From Ballina and northern bank of Richmond River to Cape Byron; south to Ballina where they met Widje hordes of the Badjalang; inland to Lismore, Casino, and Coraki.	Minjungbal	Bundjalung (also known as Banjalang)
9.	Moorang-Moobar	Brunswick River Valley Area	Nganduwal (also known as Ngarakwal)	Yugambeh (also known as Yugumbir or Yugambal)
10.			Ngarrahngbal	Bundjalung (also known as Banjalang)
11.	Tul-gi-gin	Rous River Rous River The Rous River is a river in the Northern Rivers region of the state of New South Wales in Australia. It is a tributary of the Tweed River, joining the Tweed at Tumbulgum, northeast of Murwillumbah.... Valley Area	Nganduwal (also known as Ngarakwal)	Yugambeh (also known as Yugumbir or Yugambal)
12.	Badjalang	Ballina Ballina, County Mayo Ballina is a large town in north County Mayo in Ireland. It lies at the mouth of the River Moy near Killala Bay, in the Moy valley and Parish of Kilmoremoy, with the Ox Mountain range to the east and the Nephin Beg mountains to the west... and Evans Head Area	Njangbal	Bundjalung (also known as Banjalang)
13.	Badjalang	Casino Casino In modern English, a casino is a facility which houses and accommodates certain types of gambling activities. Casinos are most commonly built near or combined with hotels, restaurants, retail shopping, cruise ships or other tourist attractions... Area	Wahlubal (also known as Waalubal or Western Bandjalang)	Bundjalung (also known as Banjalang)
14.	Badjalang	Upper Richmond River from north of Kyogle south to near Casino, east to Dunoon; not to Coraki	Wiyabal	Bundjalung (also known as Banjalang)
15.			Wuhyabal	Bundjalung (also known as Banjalang)
16.			Wudjeebal (also known as Wudjebal)	Bundjalung (also known as Banjalang)
17.	Goodjingburra	South-East Queensland coast between the Logan River and the Tweed River (including South Stradbroke Island)	Minyangbal (also known as Minjungbal)	Yugambeh (also known as Yugumbir or Yugambal)

Some words of Bundjalung Nation Aboriginal tribal groups

Place Names
#
#	Name/Word	Pronounced	Synonyms	Dialect	Meaning
1
1	Ballina Ballina, County Mayo Ballina is a large town in north County Mayo in Ireland. It lies at the mouth of the River Moy near Killala Bay, in the Moy valley and Parish of Kilmoremoy, with the Ox Mountain range to the east and the Nephin Beg mountains to the west...			English English language English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...	Accidental or deliberate corruption of the Aboriginal words 'Bullinah and Boolinah' &/or 'Balloona, Balloonah, Balluna, Bullenah, Bullina and Bulluna'.
2
2	Bullenah		Balluna, Bullina, Bulluna, Balloona, Balloonah		'Blood running from the wounded' or 'The place of dying' or 'The place of the wounded after a fight' or 'Place where a battle was fought & people were found dying'.
3
3	Bullen-bullen	"Bul-na"			'A fight'.
4
4	Bulun				'River'.
5
5	Bullinah		Boolinah		'Place of many oysters'.
6
6	Cooriki		Gurigay, Hooraki, Kurrachee		'The meeting of the waters'.
7
7	Coraki			English English language English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...	Accidental or deliberate corruption of the Aboriginal words 'Kurrachee', 'Gurigay', 'Hooraki' & 'Cooriki'
8
8	Dahbalam		Tabulam	Galibal
9
9	Gunya				'A traditional native home, made from wood and bark'.
10
10	Gum			Ngarakwal	Crossing
11
11	Gummin				'meaning father's mother'.
12
12	Gummingarr				'Winter camping grounds'.
13
13	Jurbihls		Djuribil	Githabul	'Refers to both a site and the spirit that resides there'.
14
14	Maniworkan				'The place where the town of Woodburn is located'.
15
15	Nguthungali-garda			Githabul	'Spirits of our grandfathers'.
16
16	Uki Uki, New South Wales Uki is a village situated near Mount Warning in the Tweed Valley of far northern New South Wales, Australia in the Tweed Shire. At the 2006 census, Uki had a population of 203 people...	"Yoo-k-eye"			'A water fern with edible roots'.
17
17	Wollumbin			Ngarakwal	'Patriarch of mountains', 'Fighting Chief', 'Place of Death and Dying', 'Site at which one of the chief warriors lies' or 'Cloud Catcher'.
18
18	Woodenbong				'Wood ducks on water'.
19
19	Wulambiny Momoli		Mount Warning	Ngarakwal	'Turkey Nest'.

Language, Mythology and Ceremony
#
#	Name/Word	Pronounced	Synonyms	Dialect	Meaning
1
1	Dirawong	Dira-wong	Dirawonga, Goanna		Creator Being spirit that looked like a Goanna but behaved just like humans.

Human Classifications
#
#	Name/Word	Pronounced	Synonyms	Dialect	Meaning
1
1	Weeum	Wee-um			'Clever Man' also known as 'Man of high degree of initiation'.
2
2	Wuyun Gali	Wu-yun Ga-li			'Clever Man' also known as 'Doctor'
3
3	Cooradgi			Gidhabal and Dinggabal	'Clever Men of the tribe' who could cast spells of sleep or sleeping sickness (Hoop Pine curse) as a reprisal against offenders of tribal law, tribal codes, enemies or bad spiritual influences. The ritual coincided with the bone pointing procedure common among Aboriginal tribes throughout Australia.

Flora and Fauna
#
#	Name/Word	Pronounced	Synonyms	Dialect	Meaning
1
1	Jullum	Jul-lum	Jellum		Fish.
2
2	Ngumagal	Ngu-ma-gal			Goanna.
3
3	Yabbra	Yab-bra			Bird.
4
4	Wudgie-Wudgie	Wud-gie-Wud-gie			Red Cedar.

Aboriginal-sounding words not of Aboriginal origin
#
#	Name/Word	Pronounced	Synonyms	Dialect	Meaning
1
1	Bandicoot Bandicoot Bandicoots are a group of about 20 species of small to medium-sized, terrestrial marsupial omnivores in the order Peramelemorphia.- Etymology :...			Telugu Telugu language Telugu is a Central Dravidian language primarily spoken in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India, where it is an official language. It is also spoken in the neighbouring states of Chattisgarh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Orissa and Tamil Nadu...
2
2	Cockatoo Cockatoo A cockatoo is any of the 21 species belonging to the bird family Cacatuidae. Along with the Psittacidae and the Strigopidae , they make up the parrot order Psittaciformes . Placement of the cockatoos as a separate family is fairly undisputed, although many aspects of the other living lineages of...			Malay Malay language Malay is a major language of the Austronesian family. It is the official language of Malaysia , Indonesia , Brunei and Singapore...
3
3	Didgeridoo Didgeridoo The didgeridoo is a wind instrument developed by Indigenous Australians of northern Australia around 1,500 years ago and still in widespread usage today both in Australia and around the world. It is sometimes described as a natural wooden trumpet or "drone pipe"...			onomatopoeic
4
4	Emu Emu The Emu Dromaius novaehollandiae) is the largest bird native to Australia and the only extant member of the genus Dromaius. It is the second-largest extant bird in the world by height, after its ratite relative, the ostrich. There are three subspecies of Emus in Australia...			Arabic	Emu is not an Aboriginal word but is believed to have been derived from the Arabic word 'ema' via the Portuguese Portuguese language Portuguese is a Romance language that arose in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia, nowadays Galicia and Northern Portugal. The southern part of the Kingdom of Galicia became independent as the County of Portugal in 1095... , and is stands for 'large bird'.
5
5	Goanna Goanna Goanna is the name used to refer to any number of Australian monitor lizards of the genus Varanus, as well as to certain species from Southeast Asia.There are around 30 species of goanna, 25 of which are found in Australia...			English English language English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...	Goanna is not an Aboriginal word but is believed to have been derived from iguana, as early European settlers likened goannas to the South American lizards. Over time the initial vowel sound was dropped. A similar explanation is used to link possum to the American opossum. Another possibility is that the name might have been derived from the South African term for a monitor lizard Leguaan, as the Cape of Good Hope was a popular refresher stop for immigrant ships to Australia from Britain.
6
6	Jabiru Jabiru The Jabiru is a large stork found in the Americas from Mexico to Argentina, except west of the Andes. It is most common in the Pantanal region of Brazil and the Eastern Chaco region of Paraguay. It is the only member of the genus Jabiru...			Spanish Spanish language Spanish , also known as Castilian , is a Romance language in the Ibero-Romance group that evolved from several languages and dialects in central-northern Iberia around the 9th century and gradually spread with the expansion of the Kingdom of Castile into central and southern Iberia during the...
7
7	Nullarbor Nullarbor Plain The Nullarbor Plain is part of the area of flat, almost treeless, arid or semi-arid country of southern Australia, located on the Great Australian Bight coast with the Great Victoria Desert to its north. It is the world's largest single piece of limestone, and occupies an area of about...			Latin Latin Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...	No trees

Selected cognates

The following is a very brief selection of cognate

Cognate

In linguistics, cognates are words that have a common etymological origin. This learned term derives from the Latin cognatus . Cognates within the same language are called doublets. Strictly speaking, loanwords from another language are usually not meant by the term, e.g...

s in basic vocabulary across the Pama–Nyungan family, which may serve to give an idea of the sound changes involved. This is not a list of translations: cognates have a common origin, but their meaning may be shifted and loanwords may have replaced them.

English English language English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...	Badjalang	Baryulgal	Dinggabal	Walunumgmira	Wahlubal	Githabul	Minjungbal	Nganduwal	Ngarrahngbal	Njangbal	Wahlubal	Wiyabal	Wuhyabal	Wudjeebal	Minyangbal
'fire'	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
'fish'	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
'nest'	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
'hand, arm'	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
'eye'	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
'fathom'	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
'vein / sinew'	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
'bone'	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
'liver'	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
'urine'	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
'to go'	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
'to live'	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
'to die'	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
'to wash'	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
'heart'	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
'ice'	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
'louse' / 'nits' / 'fleas'	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

Musical Instruments

Place Names
#
	Instrument	Usage
1
	Didjeridu ("Didgeridoo")	Traditionally the Didjeridu originated in Arnhem Land Arnhem Land The Arnhem Land Region is one of the five regions of the Northern Territory of Australia. It is located in the north-eastern corner of the territory and is around 500 km from the territory capital Darwin. The region has an area of 97,000 km² which also covers the area of Kakadu National... on the northern coastline of the Northern Territory Northern Territory The Northern Territory is a federal territory of Australia, occupying much of the centre of the mainland continent, as well as the central northern regions... , Australia, where it is called a 'yidaki or yiraki' in the Local Aboriginal language. The Didjeridu has some similarity to bamboo trumpets and even bronze horns developed in other cultures, though it pre-dates most of these by many millennia.
2
	Gum leaf	Traditionally the leaf from a tree of the Eucalyptus family was used by Bundjalung Nation tribes as a musical instrument by holding against the lips and blowing to create a resonant vibration. Originally used in the imitation of bird-calls.
3
	Bull-roarer	A bullroarer, rhombus, or turndun is a primitive ritual musical instrument, made of a small flat slip of wood, through a hole in one end of which a string is passed; swung round rapidly it makes a booming, humming noise. The bullroarer is known as the "voice of God" to Australian Aborigines. It is also used as the Aboriginal "bush telephone" to communicate over extended or long-distances. The instrument is called a "Burliwarni", "Ngurrarngay" and "Muypak". Bullroarers are given to men during their naming ceremonies. The bullroarer itself is not unique to Australia. It has been used in ancient Egypt Ancient Egypt Ancient Egypt was an ancient civilization of Northeastern Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now the modern country of Egypt. Egyptian civilization coalesced around 3150 BC with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh... and by the Inuit Inuit The Inuit are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Canada , Denmark , Russia and the United States . Inuit means “the people” in the Inuktitut language... of Northern Canada Canada Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean... . Though treated as a toy by Europeans, the bullroarer has had the highest mystic significance and sanctity among primitive people. This is notably the case in Australia, where it used in a variety of ceremonies, from initiation ceremonies, burials, and to ward off evil spirits, bad tidings, even women and children, and is regarded with the utmost awe by the Australian Aboriginal. In New Guinea New Guinea New Guinea is the world's second largest island, after Greenland, covering a land area of 786,000 km2. Located in the southwest Pacific Ocean, it lies geographically to the east of the Malay Archipelago, with which it is sometimes included as part of a greater Indo-Australian Archipelago... , in some of the islands of the Torres Strait Torres Strait The Torres Strait is a body of water which lies between Australia and the Melanesian island of New Guinea. It is approximately wide at its narrowest extent. To the south is Cape York Peninsula, the northernmost continental extremity of the Australian state of Queensland... (where it is swung as a fishing-charm), in Ceylon (where it is used as a toy and figures as a sacred instrument at Buddhist festivals), and in Sumatra Sumatra Sumatra is an island in western Indonesia, westernmost of the Sunda Islands. It is the largest island entirely in Indonesia , and the sixth largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 with a population of 50,365,538... (where it is used to induce the demons to carry off the soul of a woman, and so drive her mad), the bullroarer is also found. Sometimes, as among the Minangkabos of Sumatra, it is made of the frontal bone of a man renowned for his bravery. Bull-roarers are considered secret men's business by some Aboriginal tribal groups, and hence taboo for women, children, non-initiated men and/or outsiders to even hear. They are used in men's initiation ceremonies accompanied by the didgeridoo, and the sound they produced is considered by some Indigenous cultures to represent the sound of the Rainbow Serpent. The sound of the bull-roarer is said to be the voice of an ancestor, a spirit, or a deity. In the cultures of South-East Australia, the sound of the bullroarer is the voice of Daramulan, and a successful bullroarer can only be made if it has been cut from a tree containing his spirit.
4
	Clap-sticks	Clapsticks were traditionally used by Bundjalung Nation tribes during a variety of ceremonies, ranging from secret ceremonies to rain-making ceremonies. Traditionally 'Clapsticks' are percussion instruments - a must in every aboriginal performance. By varying the position of percussion, the sound will vary in pitch and tone, from soft to loud, from heartbeat, clapping,...to a metallic clank and have "echo". The aboriginal art on clap-sticks represents the local flora & fauna.
5
	Emu-caller	Emu callers are short, one foot, about 30 cm long didgeridoos. The emu callers were traditionally used by Bundjalung Nation tribes when hunting Eastern Australia Coastal Emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae). When striking the emu-caller at one end with the open palm it sounds like an emu. This decoy attracts the bird out of the bush making it an easy prey.

Spiritual Medicine

Throughout Australia, Aborigines believed that serious illness and death were caused by spirits or persons practising sorcery. Even trivial ailments, or accidents such as falling from a tree, were often attributed to malevolence. Aboriginal culture was too rich in meaning to allow the possibility of accidental injury and death, and when someone succumbed to misfortune, a man versed in magic was called in to identify the culprit.

These spiritual doctors were men (rarely women) of great wisdom and stature with immense power. Trained from an early age by their elders and initiated into the deepest of tribal secrets, they were the supreme authorities on spiritual matters. They could visit the skies, witness events from afar, and fight with serpents. Only they could pronounce the cause of serious illness or death, and only they, by performing sacred rites, could effect a cure.

Medicine men sometimes employed plants and herbs in their rites, but they did not usually practice secular medicine.

Secular Medicine

The healing of trivial non-spiritual complaints, using herbs and other remedies, was practiced by all Aborigines, although older women were usually the experts. To ensure success, plants and magic were often prescribed side-by-side.

Plants were prepared as remedies in a number of ways. Leafy branches were often placed over a fire while the patient squatted on top and inhaled the steam. Sprigs of aromatic leaves might be crushed and inhaled, inserted into the nasal septum, or prepared into a pillow on which the patient slept. To make an infusion, leaves or bark were crushed and soaked in water (sometimes for a very long time), which was then drunk, or washed over the body. Ointment was prepared by mixing crushed leaves with animal fat. Other external treatment included rubbing down the patient with crushed seed paste, fruit pulp or animal oil, or dripping milky say or a gummy solution over them. Most plant medicines were externally applied.

Medicine plants were always common plants. Aborigines carried no medicine kits and had to have remedies that grew at hand when needed. If a preferred herb was unavailable, there was usually a local substitute. Except for ointments, which were made by mixing crushed leaves with animal fat, medicines were rarely mixed. Very occasionally two plants were used together.

Aboriginal medicines were never quantified - there were no measured doses or specific times of treatment. Since most remedies were applied externally, there was little risk of overdosing. Some medicines were known to vary in strength with the seasons. One area of Aboriginal medicine with no obvious Western parallel was baby medicine. Newborn babies were steamed or rubbed with oils to render them stronger. Often, mothers were also steamed.

A notable feature of Aboriginal medicine was the importance placed upon oil as a healing agent, an importance that passed to European colonists, and is reflected today in the continuing popularity of Australian Blue Cypress Oil (Callitris intratropica), Eucalyptus Oil

Eucalyptus oil

Eucalyptus oil is the generic name for distilled oil from the leaf of Eucalyptus, a genus of the plant family Myrtaceae native to Australia and cultivated worldwide. Eucalyptus oil has a history of wide application, as a pharmaceutical, antiseptic, repellent, flavouring, fragrance and industrial uses...

, Emu Oil

Emu oil

Emu oil is an oil made from the fat of the emu, Dromaius novaehollandiae, a bird native to Australia.Emu oil and eucalyptus oil have been used historically by the Australian aborigines for the treatment of fevers, coughs, arthritic joints, bruises, cuts and sores.Pure emu oil can vary widely in...

, Goanna Oil, Mutton Bird Oil, Snake Oil

Snake oil

Snake oil is a topical preparation made from the Chinese Water Snake , which is used to treat joint pain. However, the most common usage of the phrase is as a derogatory term for quack medicine...

and Australian Native Tea Tree Oil (Melaleuca Oil).

Earth, mud, sand, and termite dirt were also taken as medicines. In many parts of Australia, wounds were dressed with dirt or ash. Arnhem Land Aborigines still eat small balls of white clay and pieces of termite mound to cure diarrhea and stomach upsets.

Bush Medicine
#
#	Medicine	Ailment	Treatment
1
1	Gum	Burn Burn A burn is an injury to flesh caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, light, radiation, or friction.Burn may also refer to:CombustionBurn , type of watercourses so named in Scotland and north-eastern England... s, Wounds and Diarrhea Diarrhea Diarrhea , also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having three or more loose or liquid bowel movements per day. It is a common cause of death in developing countries and the second most common cause of infant deaths worldwide. The loss of fluids through diarrhea can cause dehydration and... .	Traditionally, the indigenous native Bundjalung Nation Aboriginals of eastern Australia would use the resin from the trunk of a eucalyptus Eucalyptus Eucalyptus is a diverse genus of flowering trees in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae. Members of the genus dominate the tree flora of Australia... gum tree to treat burn Burn A burn is an injury to flesh caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, light, radiation, or friction.Burn may also refer to:CombustionBurn , type of watercourses so named in Scotland and north-eastern England... s, wounds and diarrhea Diarrhea Diarrhea , also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having three or more loose or liquid bowel movements per day. It is a common cause of death in developing countries and the second most common cause of infant deaths worldwide. The loss of fluids through diarrhea can cause dehydration and... . The eucalyptus tree gum is high in tannin, a common astringent Astringent An astringent substance is a chemical compound that tends to shrink or constrict body tissues, usually locally after topical medicinal application. The word "astringent" derives from Latin adstringere, meaning "to bind fast"... also found in tea-leaves and still used for treating burns.
2
2	Tea tree leaves (Melaleuca alternifolia Melaleuca alternifolia Melaleuca alternifolia, commonly known as Narrow-leaved Paperbark, Narrow-leaved Tea-tree, Narrow-leaved Ti-tree, or Snow-in-summer, is a species of tree or tall shrub in the plant genus Melaleuca. Native to Australia, it occurs on the north coast and adjacent ranges of New South Wales... )	Wounds, Infections, Cough Cough A cough is a sudden and often repetitively occurring reflex which helps to clear the large breathing passages from secretions, irritants, foreign particles and microbes... s, Colds, Sore throats Throat In vertebrate anatomy, the throat is the anterior part of the neck, in front of the vertebral column. It consists of the pharynx and larynx... , Skin ailments.	Traditionally, the indigenous native Bundjalung Nation Aboriginals of eastern Australia exposed to harsh conditions with little or no protection were observed by Europeans crushing tea tree leaf and binding it over Wounds and Infections with paper bark strapping. The results were staggering, infection was controlled and wounds healed rapidly. In addition, the indigenous native Bundjalung Nation Aboriginal people used “tea trees” as a traditional medicine by inhaling the oils from the crushed leaves to treat Cough Cough A cough is a sudden and often repetitively occurring reflex which helps to clear the large breathing passages from secretions, irritants, foreign particles and microbes... s and Colds. Furthermore, tea tree leaves are soaked to make an infusion to treat Sore throats Throat In vertebrate anatomy, the throat is the anterior part of the neck, in front of the vertebral column. It consists of the pharynx and larynx... or Skin ailments. Almost everywhere in Aboriginal Australia, herbs that once were soaked in water are now boiled over fires. Aborigines today rarely distinguish this from a traditional practice, although they know the billycan is a white man's innovation. Boiling is much quicker than overnight soaking but it may destroy some active ingredients and increase the potency in solution of others.
3
3	Paperbark	Headache Headache A headache or cephalalgia is pain anywhere in the region of the head or neck. It can be a symptom of a number of different conditions of the head and neck. The brain tissue itself is not sensitive to pain because it lacks pain receptors. Rather, the pain is caused by disturbance of the... .	Traditionally, indigenous native Bundjalung Nation Aboriginals would chew young Paperbark leaves to alleviate headache.
4
4	Emu Oil Emu oil Emu oil is an oil made from the fat of the emu, Dromaius novaehollandiae, a bird native to Australia.Emu oil and eucalyptus oil have been used historically by the Australian aborigines for the treatment of fevers, coughs, arthritic joints, bruises, cuts and sores.Pure emu oil can vary widely in... (Dromaius Novae-Hollandiae)	Psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis, A variety of skin conditions, Bruises, Burns, Eczema, Sun dried skin, Painful joints, Swollen muscles.	Traditionally, indigenous native Bundjalung Nation Aboriginals would massage emu oil into the skin to promote wound healing and to alleviate pain and disability from musculo-skeletal disorders. The oil was collected by either hanging the emu skin from a tree or wrapping it around an affected area and allowing the heat of the sun to liquefy the emu fat to enhance absorption or penetration into the skin. An adult Emu (15 months old) weighing 45 kg carries up to 10 kg of body fat, from which 7-8 L of a thick oil is obtained by rendering at temperatures up to 15°C.

Notable Bundjalung Nation people

Famous Bundjalung Nation people include;

Albert Torrens
Albert Torrens
Albert Torrens is an Australian former rugby league footballer of the 1990s and 2000s. He played for the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles, Northern Eagles and St...

: (a former international rugby league footballer who played for the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles
Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles
The Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles are an Australian professional rugby league club based on the Northern Beaches of Sydney. They compete in the National Rugby League's Telstra Premiership, the premier rugby league competition of Australasia...

, Northern Eagles
Northern Eagles
The Northern Eagles were a rugby league team, that competed in the National Rugby League between 2000 and 2002. The club was formed during the rationalisation process of the NRL by the merger of the North Sydney Bears and the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles in 2000...

and St. George Illawarra Dragons in the Australian NRL and for the Huddersfield Giants
Huddersfield Giants
Huddersfield Giants are a professional rugby league club from Huddersfield, West Yorkshire who play in the European Super League competition. They play their home games at the Galpharm Stadium which is shared with Huddersfield Town F.C....

in the European Super League
Super League
Super League is the top-level professional rugby league football club competition in Europe. As a result of sponsorship from engage Mutual Assurance the competition is currently officially known as the engage Super League. The League features fourteen teams: thirteen from England and one from...

.)
Dr Ruby Langford Ginibi
Ruby Langford Ginibi
Ruby Langford Ginibi was an acclaimed Bundjalung author, historian and lecturer on Aboriginal history, culture and politics.-Names:...

: (an acclaimed author, lecturer in Aboriginal history, culture and politics), whose grandfather 'Sam', in the year 1928, in a game of cricket
Cricket
Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of 11 players on an oval-shaped field, at the centre of which is a rectangular 22-yard long pitch. One team bats, trying to score as many runs as possible while the other team bowls and fields, trying to dismiss the batsmen and thus limit the...

at Lismore
Lismore, New South Wales
Lismore is a subtropical town in northeastern New South Wales, Australia. Lismore is the main population centre in the City of Lismore local government area. Lismore is a regional centre in the Northern Rivers region of the State.-History:...

, New South Wales, Australia, became one of only two Aboriginal cricketers to ever get Sir Donald Bradman (widely acknowledged as the greatest batsman of all time), out. Later on in the cricket match, Sir Donald Bradman called Dr Ruby Langford Ginibi
Ruby Langford Ginibi
Ruby Langford Ginibi was an acclaimed Bundjalung author, historian and lecturer on Aboriginal history, culture and politics.-Names:...

's grandfather 'Sam' a 'black bastard' and Dr Ruby Langford Ginibi
Ruby Langford Ginibi
Ruby Langford Ginibi was an acclaimed Bundjalung author, historian and lecturer on Aboriginal history, culture and politics.-Names:...

's grandfather 'Sam' was in retaliation for the insult
Insult
An insult is an expression, statement which is considered degrading and offensive. Insults may be intentional or accidental...

from Sir Donald Bradman, going to hit Sir Donald Bradman with a cricket bat, and it is alleged that you will not find that in any European history books in Australia.
Mark Olive
Mark Olive
Mark Olive, also known as the Black Olive, is an Indigenous Australian chef.Olive was born in Wollongong in 1962 and is a Bundjulung man. Olive had a cooking segment on the ABC's Message Stick tv series and later got his own TV cooking series, The Outback Cafe. He has released a cookbook, The...

, also known as the 'Black Olive' & 'Bush food crusader': (a Wollongong born Australian, trained as a chef in Europe, with over twenty years cooking experience, and now has his own pay TV
Pay TV
Pay television, premium television, or premium channels refers to subscription-based television services, usually provided by both analog and digital cable and satellite, but also increasingly via digital terrestrial and internet television...

indigenous cooking show, "The Outback Cafe" and is also the author of cookbooks such as "Olive's Outback Cafe: A Taste of Australia".)
Warren Mundine
Warren Mundine
Warren Stephen Mundine is an Australian Aboriginal leader and the former National President of the Australian Labor Party . He is a member of the Bundjalung people....
Anthony Mundine
Anthony Mundine
Anthony Mundine is an Australian professional boxer and former rugby league footballer.He is the current interim WBA Light Middleweight Champion boxer, former two-time WBA Super Middleweight Champion, former IBO Middleweight Champion and New South Wales State of Origin representative footballer....