Tennessee marble
Encyclopedia
Tennessee marble is a type of crystalline limestone
found primarily in East Tennessee
, in the southeastern United States. Long esteemed by architects and builders for its pinkish-gray color and the ease with which it is polished, this stone has been used in the construction of numerous notable buildings and monuments throughout the United States and Canada, including the National Gallery of Art
and the National Air and Space Museum
in Washington, D.C.
, as well as parts of the United States Capitol
in Washington, Grand Central Terminal in New York, and Union Station
in Toronto
. Tennessee marble achieved such popularity in the late-19th century that Knoxville
, the stone's primary finishing and distribution center, became known as "The Marble City."
While Tennessee marble is not true marble
, its crystalline nature lends it a strong resemblance to marble, especially when polished. The stone occurs in belts of Ordovician
-period rocks known as the Holston Formation
, and is quarried primarily in Knox
, Blount
, Loudon, Union, and Hawkins
counties. While pink is the most well-known Tennessee marble color, the stone also occurs in gray, dark brown ("cedar"), and variegated shades.
The use of Tennessee marble declined after World War II
, when cheaper building materials became widely available. There are currently only six active Tennessee marble quarries, all operated by the Tennessee Marble Company. The stone has most recently been used in the floor of the United States Capitol Visitor Center, and for the 170-ton "First Amendment" tablet that adorns the facade of Washington's Newseum
.
, a series of alternating elongate ridges and valleys that lie between the Blue Ridge Mountains
and the Cumberland Plateau
. The Holston Formation, in which Tennessee marble is found, occurs in a series of belts that follow the natural folds and faults of the Ridges-and-Valleys. While these belts can be up to 75 miles (120.7 km) long, they are rarely more than a few miles wide. In 1911, the Tennessee State Geological Survey identified six primary Holston Formation belts containing Tennessee marble: the Luttrell, Black Oak, Concord, Knoxville, Bays Mountain, and French Broad belts. A seventh belt, the Galbraith in Hawkins County, is considered an extension of the Black Oak.
The Luttrell belt, the westernmost of the Holston Formation belts, stretches along Copper Ridge from Beaver Creek in Fountain City
northeast to Galbraith Springs (about 10 miles (16.1 km) west of Rogersville
) in Hawkins County. The Black Oak belt stretches along Black Oak Ridge from Monroe County to the Corryton
area in north Knox County. The Concord belt, one of the most heavily quarried, stretches from Sweetwater
through Knox County to Strawberry Plains
. The Knoxville belt, also heavily quarried, stretches from southeast of Sweetwater to Ruggles Ferry (east of Knoxville) in Knox. The Bays Mountain belt is found along the southwestern end of Bays Mountain
in south Knox County, and stretches into northern Blount County. The French Broad belt is a u-shaped belt found at the confluence of the French Broad
and Holston
rivers ("Forks-of-the-River").
fossils being among the most commonly found. A noticeable feature of Tennessee marble is the presence of jagged horizontal gray or black lines, or "stylolites." Known as "crowfeet" by quarrymen, these form from residual insoluble materials left over from the natural limestone dissolution processes.
The most well-known shades of Tennessee marble are pink, gray, and cedar, but it also is found in blue, yellow, and cream shades. Along with its aesthetic colors, builders preferred the stone for its durability, the ease with which it is polished, and the fact that the stone is virtually impervious to stains. Tennessee marble is also easily converted into lime, and mid-20th century lime companies occasionally erected kilns near defunct quarries for this purpose.
in Washington. While there was demand for Tennessee marble, the industry was slow to develop due to difficulty in transporting the blocks from the remote quarry locations. The construction of railroads in East Tennessee during the 1850s provided a convenient mode of shipping the quarried blocks out of the region, but the outbreak of the Civil War
again halted the industry's development.
After the war, Knoxville's economic promoters consistently extolled the qualities of Tennessee marble. In his 1862 work, Parson Brownlow's Book, Knoxville newspaper editor William G. Brownlow
mentioned the "beautiful varieties of marble" found in East Tennessee. In an 1869 speech before the Knoxville Industrial Association, attorney Oliver Perry Temple
argued that marble "lies all around Knoxville," and could provide wealth "sufficient to pay our State debt." During the following decade, the Baltimore-based W.H. Evans Company and the locally-headquartered John J. Craig Company established thriving quarrying operations in the region.
By 1882, eleven quarries were in operation in Knox County alone. By 1890, twenty-two quarries and three finishing mills were in operation in Knox County, including the massive Evans mill near what is now Lonsdale
. In 1892, the Tennessee marble industry generated more than one million dollars in corporate profits, and employed over a thousand workers. By the early 20th century, East Tennessee was second only to Vermont
as the nation's leading marble-producing region. While best known for its use in building and monument construction, nearly 80% of the Tennessee marble quarried during this period was used in furniture and interior decoration.
The Great Depression
in the 1930s brought about a collapse in the demand for Tennessee marble, and numerous producers were forced into bankruptcy. Companies that survived shifted away from quarrying and focused more and more on fabricating imported marble. As of 2010, only one company, the Tennessee Marble Company, was conducting major Tennessee marble quarrying operations.
Limestone
Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed largely of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate . Many limestones are composed from skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral or foraminifera....
found primarily in East Tennessee
East Tennessee
East Tennessee is a name given to approximately the eastern third of the U.S. state of Tennessee, one of the three Grand Divisions of Tennessee defined in state law. East Tennessee consists of 33 counties, 30 located within the Eastern Time Zone and three counties in the Central Time Zone, namely...
, in the southeastern United States. Long esteemed by architects and builders for its pinkish-gray color and the ease with which it is polished, this stone has been used in the construction of numerous notable buildings and monuments throughout the United States and Canada, including the National Gallery of Art
National Gallery of Art
The National Gallery of Art and its Sculpture Garden is a national art museum, located on the National Mall between 3rd and 9th Streets at Constitution Avenue NW, in Washington, DC...
and the National Air and Space Museum
National Air and Space Museum
The National Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Institution holds the largest collection of historic aircraft and spacecraft in the world. It was established in 1976. Located in Washington, D.C., United States, it is a center for research into the history and science of aviation and...
in Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, "the District", or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States. On July 16, 1790, the United States Congress approved the creation of a permanent national capital as permitted by the U.S. Constitution....
, as well as parts of the United States Capitol
United States Capitol
The United States Capitol is the meeting place of the United States Congress, the legislature of the federal government of the United States. Located in Washington, D.C., it sits atop Capitol Hill at the eastern end of the National Mall...
in Washington, Grand Central Terminal in New York, and Union Station
Union Station (Toronto)
Union Station is the major inter-city rail station and a major commuter rail hub in Toronto, located on Front Street West and occupying the south side of the block bounded by Bay Street and York Street in the central business district. The station building is owned by the City of Toronto, while the...
in Toronto
Toronto
Toronto is the provincial capital of Ontario and the largest city in Canada. It is located in Southern Ontario on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario. A relatively modern city, Toronto's history dates back to the late-18th century, when its land was first purchased by the British monarchy from...
. Tennessee marble achieved such popularity in the late-19th century that Knoxville
Knoxville, Tennessee
Founded in 1786, Knoxville is the third-largest city in the U.S. state of Tennessee, U.S.A., behind Memphis and Nashville, and is the county seat of Knox County. It is the largest city in East Tennessee, and the second-largest city in the Appalachia region...
, the stone's primary finishing and distribution center, became known as "The Marble City."
While Tennessee marble is not true marble
Marble
Marble is a metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals, most commonly calcite or dolomite.Geologists use the term "marble" to refer to metamorphosed limestone; however stonemasons use the term more broadly to encompass unmetamorphosed limestone.Marble is commonly used for...
, its crystalline nature lends it a strong resemblance to marble, especially when polished. The stone occurs in belts of Ordovician
Ordovician
The Ordovician is a geologic period and system, the second of six of the Paleozoic Era, and covers the time between 488.3±1.7 to 443.7±1.5 million years ago . It follows the Cambrian Period and is followed by the Silurian Period...
-period rocks known as the Holston Formation
Holston Formation
The Holston Formation, alternately known as the Holston Limestone, is a stratigraphic unit of Ordovician age within the Chickamauga Group in the Ridge-and-Valley physiographic province of the southeastern United States...
, and is quarried primarily in Knox
Knox County, Tennessee
Knox County is a county in the U.S. state of Tennessee. Its 2007 population was estimated at 423,874 by the United States Census Bureau. Its county seat is Knoxville, as it has been since the creation of the county. The county is at the geographical center of the Great Valley of East Tennessee...
, Blount
Blount County, Tennessee
Blount County is a U.S. county located in the U.S. state of Tennessee. Its population was 123,010 at the United States Census, 2010. The county seat is at Maryville, which is also the county's largest city....
, Loudon, Union, and Hawkins
Hawkins County, Tennessee
Hawkins County is a county located in the U.S. state of Tennessee. As of 2010, the population was 56,833. Its county seat is Rogersville, Tennessee's second-oldest town....
counties. While pink is the most well-known Tennessee marble color, the stone also occurs in gray, dark brown ("cedar"), and variegated shades.
The use of Tennessee marble declined after World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
, when cheaper building materials became widely available. There are currently only six active Tennessee marble quarries, all operated by the Tennessee Marble Company. The stone has most recently been used in the floor of the United States Capitol Visitor Center, and for the 170-ton "First Amendment" tablet that adorns the facade of Washington's Newseum
Newseum
The Newseum is an interactive museum of news and journalism located at 555 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Washington, D.C. The seven-level, museum features 15 theaters and 14 galleries. The Newseum's Berlin Wall Gallery includes the largest display of sections of the Berlin Wall outside of Germany...
.
Occurrence
Tennessee marble is found in the Appalachian Ridge-and-Valley ProvinceRidge-and-valley Appalachians
The Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians, also called the Ridge and Valley Province or the Valley and Ridge Appalachians, are a physiographic province of the larger Appalachian division and are also a belt within the Appalachian Mountains extending from southeastern New York through northwestern New...
, a series of alternating elongate ridges and valleys that lie between the Blue Ridge Mountains
Blue Ridge Mountains
The Blue Ridge Mountains are a physiographic province of the larger Appalachian Mountains range. This province consists of northern and southern physiographic regions, which divide near the Roanoke River gap. The mountain range is located in the eastern United States, starting at its southern-most...
and the Cumberland Plateau
Cumberland Plateau
The Cumberland Plateau is the southern part of the Appalachian Plateau. It includes much of eastern Kentucky and western West Virginia, part of Tennessee, and a small portion of northern Alabama and northwest Georgia . The terms "Allegheny Plateau" and the "Cumberland Plateau" both refer to the...
. The Holston Formation, in which Tennessee marble is found, occurs in a series of belts that follow the natural folds and faults of the Ridges-and-Valleys. While these belts can be up to 75 miles (120.7 km) long, they are rarely more than a few miles wide. In 1911, the Tennessee State Geological Survey identified six primary Holston Formation belts containing Tennessee marble: the Luttrell, Black Oak, Concord, Knoxville, Bays Mountain, and French Broad belts. A seventh belt, the Galbraith in Hawkins County, is considered an extension of the Black Oak.
The Luttrell belt, the westernmost of the Holston Formation belts, stretches along Copper Ridge from Beaver Creek in Fountain City
Fountain City, Tennessee
Fountain City is a neighborhood in northern Knoxville, Tennessee, in the southeastern United States. Although not a census-designated place , the populations of the two zip codes that serve Fountain City— 37918 and 37912— were 36,815 and 18,695, respectively, as of the 2000 U.S. census...
northeast to Galbraith Springs (about 10 miles (16.1 km) west of Rogersville
Rogersville, Tennessee
Rogersville is a town in Hawkins County, Tennessee, United States. It was settled in 1775 by the grandparents of Davy Crockett and is the second-oldest town in the state. It is named for its founder, Joseph Rogers....
) in Hawkins County. The Black Oak belt stretches along Black Oak Ridge from Monroe County to the Corryton
Corryton, Tennessee
Corryton is an unincorporated community in northeastern Knox County, Tennessee, United States, about 15 miles north of Knoxville. The United States Geographic Names System classifies Corryton as a populated place...
area in north Knox County. The Concord belt, one of the most heavily quarried, stretches from Sweetwater
Sweetwater, Tennessee
Sweetwater is a city in Monroe and McMinn counties in the U.S. state of Tennessee, and the most populous city in Monroe County. The population was 5,586 at the 2000 census. Sweetwater is the home of the Craighead Caverns which contains the Lost Sea, the United States' largest underground...
through Knox County to Strawberry Plains
Strawberry Plains, Tennessee
Strawberry Plains is an unincorporated community straddling the boundary between Jefferson and Sevier and Knox counties in the U.S. state of Tennessee. The United States Geographic Names System classifies Strawberry Plains as a populated place....
. The Knoxville belt, also heavily quarried, stretches from southeast of Sweetwater to Ruggles Ferry (east of Knoxville) in Knox. The Bays Mountain belt is found along the southwestern end of Bays Mountain
Bays Mountain
Bays Mountain is a ridge of the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians, located in eastern Tennessee. It runs southwest to northeast, from just south of Knoxville to Kingsport.Its southern segment is relatively low in elevation...
in south Knox County, and stretches into northern Blount County. The French Broad belt is a u-shaped belt found at the confluence of the French Broad
French Broad River
The French Broad River flows from near the village of Rosman in Transylvania County, North Carolina, into the state of Tennessee. Its confluence with the Holston River at Knoxville is the beginning of the Tennessee River....
and Holston
Holston River
The Holston River is a major river system of southwestern Virginia and east Tennessee. The three major forks of the Holston rise in southwestern Virginia and have their confluence near Kingsport, Tennessee. The North Fork flows southwest from Sharon Springs in Bland County, Virginia...
rivers ("Forks-of-the-River").
Lithology
While true marble is metamorphic, Tennessee marble is sedimentary, and is therefore classified as limestone. Tennessee marble was formed from the accumulation of bryozoan and other primordial marine lifeforms 460 million years ago, during the Ordovician period. Even when polished, Tennessee marble retains a fossiliferous texture, with bryozoan and crinoidCrinoid
Crinoids are marine animals that make up the class Crinoidea of the echinoderms . Crinoidea comes from the Greek word krinon, "a lily", and eidos, "form". They live both in shallow water and in depths as great as 6,000 meters. Sea lilies refer to the crinoids which, in their adult form, are...
fossils being among the most commonly found. A noticeable feature of Tennessee marble is the presence of jagged horizontal gray or black lines, or "stylolites." Known as "crowfeet" by quarrymen, these form from residual insoluble materials left over from the natural limestone dissolution processes.
The most well-known shades of Tennessee marble are pink, gray, and cedar, but it also is found in blue, yellow, and cream shades. Along with its aesthetic colors, builders preferred the stone for its durability, the ease with which it is polished, and the fact that the stone is virtually impervious to stains. Tennessee marble is also easily converted into lime, and mid-20th century lime companies occasionally erected kilns near defunct quarries for this purpose.
Quarrying and production history
The first major Tennessee marble quarrying operations took place in Hawkins County in 1838, when blocks were cut for use in the United States CapitolUnited States Capitol
The United States Capitol is the meeting place of the United States Congress, the legislature of the federal government of the United States. Located in Washington, D.C., it sits atop Capitol Hill at the eastern end of the National Mall...
in Washington. While there was demand for Tennessee marble, the industry was slow to develop due to difficulty in transporting the blocks from the remote quarry locations. The construction of railroads in East Tennessee during the 1850s provided a convenient mode of shipping the quarried blocks out of the region, but the outbreak of the Civil War
American Civil War
The American Civil War was a civil war fought in the United States of America. In response to the election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States, 11 southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America ; the other 25...
again halted the industry's development.
After the war, Knoxville's economic promoters consistently extolled the qualities of Tennessee marble. In his 1862 work, Parson Brownlow's Book, Knoxville newspaper editor William G. Brownlow
William Gannaway Brownlow
William Gannaway "Parson" Brownlow was an American newspaper editor, minister, and politician who served as Governor of the state of Tennessee from 1865 to 1869 and as a United States Senator from Tennessee from 1869 to 1875...
mentioned the "beautiful varieties of marble" found in East Tennessee. In an 1869 speech before the Knoxville Industrial Association, attorney Oliver Perry Temple
Oliver Perry Temple
Oliver Perry Temple was an American attorney, author, judge, and economic promoter active primarily in East Tennessee in the latter half of the 19th century. During the months leading up to the Civil War, Temple played a pivotal role in organizing East Tennessee's Unionists...
argued that marble "lies all around Knoxville," and could provide wealth "sufficient to pay our State debt." During the following decade, the Baltimore-based W.H. Evans Company and the locally-headquartered John J. Craig Company established thriving quarrying operations in the region.
By 1882, eleven quarries were in operation in Knox County alone. By 1890, twenty-two quarries and three finishing mills were in operation in Knox County, including the massive Evans mill near what is now Lonsdale
Lonsdale (Knoxville, Tennessee)
Lonsdale is a neighborhood in Knoxville, Tennessee, USA, located northwest of the city's downtown area. Established in the late-19th century as a land development project, Lonsdale incorporated as a separate city in 1907, and was annexed by Knoxville in 1917...
. In 1892, the Tennessee marble industry generated more than one million dollars in corporate profits, and employed over a thousand workers. By the early 20th century, East Tennessee was second only to Vermont
Vermont
Vermont is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The state ranks 43rd in land area, , and 45th in total area. Its population according to the 2010 census, 630,337, is the second smallest in the country, larger only than Wyoming. It is the only New England...
as the nation's leading marble-producing region. While best known for its use in building and monument construction, nearly 80% of the Tennessee marble quarried during this period was used in furniture and interior decoration.
The Great Depression
Great Depression
The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression in the decade preceding World War II. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, but in most countries it started in about 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s or early 1940s...
in the 1930s brought about a collapse in the demand for Tennessee marble, and numerous producers were forced into bankruptcy. Companies that survived shifted away from quarrying and focused more and more on fabricating imported marble. As of 2010, only one company, the Tennessee Marble Company, was conducting major Tennessee marble quarrying operations.
Notable Tennessee marble producers
The following companies, most of which operated in the late-19th and early-20th centuries, were involved in the production of Tennessee marble. Some focused solely on quarrying, some focused solely on carving and finishing, and some were involved in both. Most of the finishing companies used both Tennessee marble and marble imported from Europe and South America.- W.H. Evans Marble Company, established in Baltimore in 1867, operated quarries near FriendsvilleFriendsville, TennesseeFriendsville is a city in Blount County, Tennessee, United States. Its population was 890 at the 2000 U.S. census. It is included in the Knoxville, Tennessee Metropolitan Statistical Area.-Geography:...
and Forks-of-the-River. In 1886, this company built its massive mill near Lonsdale, which by 1911 employed twenty-six gang saws, nine rubbing beds, and over 100 workers to produce over 40000 square feet (3,716.1 m²) of finished marble per year.
- John J. Craig Company, founded by John J. Craig (1820–1892) in 1878, reorganized as the Great Southern Marble Company in 1884, and joined with Evans to form the Tennessee Producers Marble Company in 1889. In 1896, the company left the Tennessee Producers partnership, and once again operated as the John J. Craig Company. Craig's son, John J. Craig, Jr. (1860–1904), and grandson, John J. Craig III (1885–1944), would eventually serve as presidents of the company. The company operated quarries near Friendsville and ConcordConcord, Knox County, TennesseeConcord is an unincorporated community in Knox County, Tennessee, United States and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as an historic district. The United States Geographic Names System classifies Concord as a populated place...
, and was the foremost producer of pink Tennessee marble in the early 1900s. The company's Friendsville quarry, now abandoned, has been listed on the National Register of Historic PlacesNational Register of Historic PlacesThe National Register of Historic Places is the United States government's official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation...
.
- Meadow Marble Company, headquartered in CincinnatiCincinnati, OhioCincinnati is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio. Cincinnati is the county seat of Hamilton County. Settled in 1788, the city is located to north of the Ohio River at the Ohio-Kentucky border, near Indiana. The population within city limits is 296,943 according to the 2010 census, making it Ohio's...
, operated a quarry northeast of the Meadow community in Blount County, which produced primarily gray Tennessee marble. Most of this quarry's output was finished and polished at the Cumberland Marble Company mill, located near the quarry. In 1911, this mill was producing 7500 square feet (696.8 m²) of finished marble per year.
- Ross-Republic Marble Company, established in 1892 by a merger of the Ross Marble Company, which operated a quarry (the "Island Home Quarry") and mill in South KnoxvilleSouth KnoxvilleSouth Knoxville is the section of Knoxville, Tennessee, USA, that lies south of the Tennessee River. It is concentrated along Chapman Highway , Alcoa Highway , Maryville Pike , Sevierville Pike, and adjacent roads, and includes the neighborhoods of Lindbergh Forest, Island Home Park, Old Sevier,...
, and the Republic Marble Company. Republic president Frank Seymour Mead (1864–1936) served as president of the new company into the 20th century. By 1919, the company was operating three quarries in the Island HomeIsland Home ParkIsland Home Park is a neighborhood in Knoxville, Tennessee, USA, located in the southeastern part of the city along the Tennessee River. Developed as a streetcar suburb in the early 1900s, the neighborhood retains most of its original houses and streetscapes, and is home to the city's largest...
area. Two of these quarries, abandoned since the 1970s, have since been converted into recreational areas by the Ijams Nature Center.
- Fenton's Monumental Marble Works, founded by W.B. Fenton in the late 19th century. Operating from a studio on Market SquareMarket Square, KnoxvilleMarket Square is a pedestrian mall located in Knoxville, Tennessee, USA. Established in 1854 as a market place for regional farmers, the square has developed over the decades into a multipurpose venue that accommodates events ranging from concerts to political rallies, and has long provided a...
in Knoxville, Fenton employed six sculptors, and specialized in grave monuments (including several that still stand at Knoxville's Old Gray Cemetery). Knoxville historian Jack Neely suggests that Fenton's sculptors were among Knoxville's first professional artists.
- Tennessee Producers Marble Company, founded in 1889 by John J. Craig and W.H. Evans to market their respective quarrying companies' output; while these two companies left the partnership within a few years, this company persisted and bought its own quarries. In 1911, it was operating the Bond Quarry near Concord, the McMillan Quarry northeast of Knoxville, and the Dunlap Quarry near Friendsville. The company also operated a large mill on University Avenue in downtown Knoxville that employed over twenty-five gang saws to produce over 40000 square feet (3,716.1 m²) of finished marble per year.
- Gray Eagle Marble Company, founded in 1902, and operated quarries at Forks-of-the-River; supplied "gray, gray-pink, eagle-pink and argent-gray" shades of marble.
- Candoro Marble WorksCandoro Marble WorksThe Candoro Marble Works is a marble cutting and polishing facility located in Knoxville, Tennessee, USA. Established as a subsidiary of the John J. Craig Company in 1914, the facility's marble products were used in the construction of numerous monumental buildings across the United States during...
, founded by John J. Craig III and several business partners in 1914 to finish and carve the John J. Craig Company's quarried marble. Under the guidance of renowned Italian American sculptor Albert Milani (1892–1972), who became chief carver in 1927, this facility provided Tennessee marble for buildings such as the National Gallery of Art and the National Air and Space Museum. Candoro's showroom and other buildings in South Knoxville have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
- Tennessee Marble Company, founded in 1993. This company currently operates six quarries and two production factories in East Tennessee. After acquiring the assets of Tennessee Valley Marble in 2007, the Tennessee Marble Company became the primary producer of Tennessee marble.
Structures with Tennessee marble exteriors
- Adriance Memorial LibraryAdriance Memorial LibraryThe Adriance Memorial Library is the main public library of the Poughkeepsie Public Library District, serving the city and town of Poughkeepsie, New York, United States. It is on Market Street south of downtown...
, Poughkeepsie, N.Y. - Chilhowee ParkChilhowee ParkChilhowee Park is a public park, fairgrounds and exhibition venue in Knoxville, Tennessee, USA, located off Magnolia Avenue in East Knoxville. Developed in the late 19th century, the park is now home to the Tennessee Valley Fair, and hosts several dozen expositions annually...
bandstand, Knoxville, Tenn. - Cochise County Courthouse, Bisbee, ArizBisbee, ArizonaBisbee is a city in Cochise County, Arizona, United States, 82 miles southeast of Tucson. According to 2005 Census Bureau estimates, the population of the city was 6,177...
. - Knoxville Customs HouseCustoms House, KnoxvilleThe Old Customs House, also called the Old Post Office, is a historic building located at the corner of Clinch Avenue and Market Street in Knoxville, Tennessee, USA. Completed in 1874, it was the city's first federal building. It housed the federal courts, excise offices and post office until...
, Knoxville, Tenn. - East Tennessee History Center, Knoxville, Tenn.
- Knoxville Post OfficeUnited States Post Office and Courthouse (Knoxville, Tennessee)The United States Post Office and Courthouse, commonly called the Knoxville Post Office, is a federal building located at 501 Main Street in Knoxville, Tennessee, USA. Constructed in the early 1930s for use as a post office and federal courthouse, the building contains numerous Art Deco and...
, Knoxville, Tenn. - Knoxville Museum of ArtKnoxville Museum of ArtThe Knoxville Museum of Art is a contemporary art museum located at 1050 World's Fair Park in Knoxville, Tennessee. The KMA is committed to developing exhibitions by emerging artists of national and international reputation.- History :...
, Knoxville, Tenn. - Richard C. Lee United States CourthouseRichard C. Lee United States CourthouseThe Richard C. Lee United States Courthouse is a monumental courthouse of the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut, located on the east side of the New Haven Green. Built between 1913 and 1919, the structure was spared from a planned demolition in the 1960s, and instead...
, New Haven, Conn. - The Morgan Library & Museum, New York, N.Y.
- National Gallery of ArtNational Gallery of ArtThe National Gallery of Art and its Sculpture Garden is a national art museum, located on the National Mall between 3rd and 9th Streets at Constitution Avenue NW, in Washington, DC...
, Washington, D.C. - National Air and Space MuseumNational Air and Space MuseumThe National Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Institution holds the largest collection of historic aircraft and spacecraft in the world. It was established in 1976. Located in Washington, D.C., United States, it is a center for research into the history and science of aviation and...
, Washington, D.C. - Ramsey House, Knoxville, Tenn.
- Robert A. Taft MemorialRobert A. Taft MemorialThe Robert A. Taft Memorial and Carillon is a carillon dedicated as a memorial to U.S. Senator Robert A. Taft, son of President William Howard Taft....
tower, Washington, D.C. - Tennessee Supreme Court building, Nashville, Tenn.
Structures containing Tennessee marble
- Grand Central TerminalGrand Central TerminalGrand Central Terminal —often incorrectly called Grand Central Station, or shortened to simply Grand Central—is a terminal station at 42nd Street and Park Avenue in Midtown Manhattan in New York City, United States...
, New York, N.Y. (main concourse floor) - The HolstonThe HolstonThe Holston is a condominium high-rise located at 531 South Gay Street in Knoxville, Tennessee, USA. Completed in 1913 as the headquarters for the Holston National Bank, the fourteen-story building was the tallest in Knoxville until the construction in the late 1920s of the Andrew Johnson Hotel,...
, Knoxville, Tenn. (lower Gay Street and Clinch Avenue facades) - Indiana World War Memorial PlazaIndiana World War Memorial PlazaThe Indiana World War Memorial Plaza is an urban feature located in Indianapolis, Indiana, originally built to honor the veterans of World War I. The five-city-block plaza was conceived in 1919 as a location for the national headquarters of the American Legion and a memorial to the state's and...
, Indianapolis, Ind. (main hall floor) - Lincoln MemorialLincoln MemorialThe Lincoln Memorial is an American memorial built to honor the 16th President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln. It is located on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. The architect was Henry Bacon, the sculptor of the main statue was Daniel Chester French, and the painter of the interior...
, Washington, D.C. (entrance tripods) - Little Rock United States Post Office and CourthouseLittle Rock United States Post Office and CourthouseThe Little Rock U.S. Post Office and Courthouse, also known as Old Post Office and Courthouse, in Little Rock, Arkansas, is a historic post office, federal office, and courthouse building located at Little Rock in Pulaski County, Arkansas...
, Little Rock, Ark. (courtroom interior) - Eldon B. Mahon United States CourthouseEldon B. Mahon United States CourthouseThe Eldon B. Mahon United States Courthouse is a courthouse of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas and the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit located in Fort Worth, Texas...
, Fort Worth, Tex. (courtroom walls) - Manitoba Legislative BuildingManitoba Legislative BuildingThe Manitoba Legislative Building is the meeting place of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba, in central Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. It was originally named the Manitoba Parliament Building, not Legislative. The neoclassical building was completed in 1920 and stands seventy-seven meters tall...
, WinnipegWinnipegWinnipeg is the capital and largest city of Manitoba, Canada, and is the primary municipality of the Winnipeg Capital Region, with more than half of Manitoba's population. It is located near the longitudinal centre of North America, at the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers .The name...
(main rotunda floor) - Mechanics National Bank BuildingMechanics' Bank and Trust Company BuildingThe Mechanics' Bank and Trust Company Building is an office building located at 612 South Gay Street in Knoxville, Tennessee, USA. Built in 1907 for the Mechanics' Bank and Trust Company, the building now houses offices for several law firms and financial agencies...
, Knoxville, Tenn. (facade) - NewseumNewseumThe Newseum is an interactive museum of news and journalism located at 555 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Washington, D.C. The seven-level, museum features 15 theaters and 14 galleries. The Newseum's Berlin Wall Gallery includes the largest display of sections of the Berlin Wall outside of Germany...
, Washington, D.C. (large exterior tablet etched with the words of the First AmendmentFirst Amendment to the United States ConstitutionThe First Amendment to the United States Constitution is part of the Bill of Rights. The amendment prohibits the making of any law respecting an establishment of religion, impeding the free exercise of religion, abridging the freedom of speech, infringing on the freedom of the press, interfering...
) - New York Public LibraryNew York Public LibraryThe New York Public Library is the largest public library in North America and is one of the United States' most significant research libraries...
, New York, N.Y. (lion statues at entrance) - Pennsylvania State CapitolPennsylvania State CapitolThe Pennsylvania State Capitol is the seat of government for the U.S. state of Pennsylvania and is in downtown Harrisburg. It was designed in 1902 in a Beaux-Arts style with Renaissance themes throughout...
, Harrisburg, Penn. ("History of the World" relief) - James A. Redden Federal CourthouseJames A. Redden Federal CourthouseThe James A. Redden Federal Courthouse, formerly the United States Post Office and Courthouse, is federal courthouse located in Medford, Oregon, United States. Completed in 1916 under the supervision of architect Oscar Wenderoth, it houses the United States District Court for the District of Oregon...
, Medford, Ore. (lobby floor) - Union StationUnion Station (Toronto)Union Station is the major inter-city rail station and a major commuter rail hub in Toronto, located on Front Street West and occupying the south side of the block bounded by Bay Street and York Street in the central business district. The station building is owned by the City of Toronto, while the...
, Toronto (grand hall floor) - United States Capitol, Washington, D.C. (stairways leading to Senate and House galleries)
- United States Capitol Visitor Center, Washington, D.C. (first-story floor)
- Wilkin County CourthouseWilkin County CourthouseThe Wilkin County Courthouse, located at 316 Fifth Avenue South in Breckenridge, Wilkin County in the U.S. state of Minnesota is a two-story Beaux Arts cream-colored brick and Bedford limestone structure with a high parapet. Over the doorway is a four-foot stone eagle, carved rosettes and garlands,...
, Breckinridge, Minn. (wainscoting)