Susi Air
Encyclopedia
PT ASI Pujiastuti Aviation (Susi Air) is a scheduled and charter airline based in Pangandaran
Pangandaran
Pangandaran is a small town and a subdistrict in southern Ciamis regency, West Java, Indonesia. It is located on the southern coast of Java. Pangandaran is a popular tourist destination, having a beach which is considered to be one of the finest in Java and which offers excellent surfing.A...

, West Java
West Java
West Java , with a population of over 43 million, is the most populous and most densely populated province of Indonesia. Located on the island of Java, it is slightly smaller in area than densely populated Taiwan, but with nearly double the population...

, Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia , officially the Republic of Indonesia , is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 13,000 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an...

. The company currently operates from 4 main bases across the Indonesian archipelago. Susi Air is listed in category 2 by Indonesian Civil Aviation Authority
Civil Aviation Authority
This is a list of national and supra-national civil aviation authorities.-See also:* Air route authority between the United States and the People's Republic of China* National Transportation Safety Board -External links:****...

 for airline safety quality.

History

Susi Air was established in late 2004 by husband and wife team Christian von Strombeck and Susi Pudjiastuti, it was originally setup to transport the fisheries cargo of sister company PT ASI Pudjiastuti.

The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake was an undersea megathrust earthquake that occurred at 00:58:53 UTC on Sunday, December 26, 2004, with an epicentre off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. The quake itself is known by the scientific community as the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake...

 triggered devastating Tsunami's along the Western coast of Sumatra. The 2 new Cessna Grand Caravan's
Cessna 208
The Cessna 208 Caravan is a single turboprop engine, fixed-gear short-haul regional airliner and utility aircraft built in the United States by Cessna. The airplane typically seats nine passengers, with a single person crew, although with a FAR Part 23 waiver, it can seat up to fourteen passengers...

 that had just been ordered by Susi Air were very quickly pressed into service transporting equipment and medicine for aid agencies.

In 2005 a third Grand Caravan was added which enabled the company to begin scheduled services out of Medan
Medan
- Demography :The city is Indonesia's fourth most populous after Jakarta, Surabaya, and Bandung, and Indonesia's largest city outside of Java island. Much of the population lies outside its city limits, especially in Deli Serdang....

, capital of North Sumatra
North Sumatra
North Sumatra is a province of Indonesia on the Sumatra island. Its capital is Medan. It is the most populous Indonesian province outside of Java. It is slightly larger than Sri Lanka in area.- Geography and population :...

. In late 2006 this aircraft was moved to Jayapura
Jayapura
Jayapura City is the capital of Papua province, Indonesia, on the island of New Guinea. It is situated on Yos Sudarso Bay . Its approximate population in 2002 was 200,000....

, Papua
Papua (Indonesian province)
Papua comprises most of the western half of the island of New Guinea and nearby islands. Its capital is Jayapura. It's the largest and easternmost province of Indonesia. The province originally covered the entire western half of New Guinea...

, to establish a base in what is one of the more challenging flying environments in the world.

A fourth Grand Caravan was added to the fleet in early 2007 along with the addition of a new type, the Diamond Twin Star
Diamond DA42
The Diamond DA42 Twin Star is a four seat, twin engine, propeller-driven airplane manufactured by Diamond Aircraft Industries. Its airframe is molded largely of composite materials.-Development:...

, for use on charter flights as well as opening up the possibility for training of their own pilots. By the end of 2007 another 4 Grand Caravan's had been added to the fleet along with the addition of 2 of a further type for the company, the Pilatus Turbo Porter
Pilatus PC-6
|-See also:-References:* Lambert, Mark. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1993–1994. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Data Division, 1993. ISBN 0 7106 1066 1.* Taylor, John W. R. Janes's All The World's Aircraft 1965–66. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, 1965....

.

In 2008 a Diamond Diamond Star
Diamond DA40
The Diamond DA40 Diamond Star is an Austrian four-seat, single engine, light aircraft constructed from composite materials. Built in both Austria and Canada, it was developed as a four-seat version of the earlier DA20 by Diamond Aircraft Industries....

 was added to the fleet for use by the Susi Flying School based at the Company Headquarters in Pangandaran
Pangandaran
Pangandaran is a small town and a subdistrict in southern Ciamis regency, West Java, Indonesia. It is located on the southern coast of Java. Pangandaran is a popular tourist destination, having a beach which is considered to be one of the finest in Java and which offers excellent surfing.A...

, West Java
West Java
West Java , with a population of over 43 million, is the most populous and most densely populated province of Indonesia. Located on the island of Java, it is slightly smaller in area than densely populated Taiwan, but with nearly double the population...

 thus furthering the company's commitment to train local pilots. The ninth Grand Caravan arrived in May continuing the steady growth of the company. September 2008 saw the arrival of the tenth Grand Caravan. In October the Diamond Star aircraft suffered an Engine Failure and successfully made a forced landing near Bandung.

The first Garmin G1000
Garmin G1000
The Garmin G1000 is an integrated flight instrument system manufactured by Garmin typically composed of two display units, one serving as a primary flight display, and one as a multi-function display...

 cockpit Grand Caravan arrived in April 2009, another followed shortly after. July 2009 saw the arrival of the first Piaggio Avanti.

Susi Air is known within Indonesia for hiring of its pilots from overseas and mainly from Western Countries. Indonesian has strict rules of the amount of foreign professionals any one company can employ. In a news article Susi Pujiastuti stated that out of her 80 pilots only 26 were from overseas. http://www.surabayapost.co.id/?mnu=berita&act=view&id=af03fa0ed0346907a6fa11b809f5601e&jenis=d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e<1>. In another article Susi Pujiastuti has said that all of her 100 pilot are foreign, under indonesian law this would indicate that the majority of Susi Air pilots are working illegally within the country. http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/10/30/susi-pudjiastuti-from-sea-air.html

Destinations

Susi Air operates charter flights from its 4 main bases in Medan
Medan
- Demography :The city is Indonesia's fourth most populous after Jakarta, Surabaya, and Bandung, and Indonesia's largest city outside of Java island. Much of the population lies outside its city limits, especially in Deli Serdang....

 (North Sumatra
North Sumatra
North Sumatra is a province of Indonesia on the Sumatra island. Its capital is Medan. It is the most populous Indonesian province outside of Java. It is slightly larger than Sri Lanka in area.- Geography and population :...

), East Jakarta
East Jakarta
East Jakarta is a city within Jakarta Special District, Indonesia. It had a population of 2,687,027 at the 2010, making it the most populous of the five cities within Jakarta....

 (Jakarta
Jakarta
Jakarta is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. Officially known as the Special Capital Territory of Jakarta, it is located on the northwest coast of Java, has an area of , and a population of 9,580,000. Jakarta is the country's economic, cultural and political centre...

), Balikpapan
Balikpapan
Balikpapan is a seaport city on the eastern coast of the island of Borneo, Indonesia, in the East Kalimantan province, a resource-rich region well known for its timber, mining, and petroleum export products. Two harbors, Semayang and Kariangau , and the Sepinggan International Airport are the main...

 (East Kalimantan
East Kalimantan
East Kalimantan is the second largest Indonesian province, located on the Kalimantan region on the east of Borneo island. The resource-rich province has two major cities, Samarinda and Balikpapan...

) and Jayapura
Jayapura
Jayapura City is the capital of Papua province, Indonesia, on the island of New Guinea. It is situated on Yos Sudarso Bay . Its approximate population in 2002 was 200,000....

 (Papua
Papua (Indonesian province)
Papua comprises most of the western half of the island of New Guinea and nearby islands. Its capital is Jayapura. It's the largest and easternmost province of Indonesia. The province originally covered the entire western half of New Guinea...

). Daily scheduled flights are operated out of Medan to Ngan Raya Airport (Meulaboh
Meulaboh
Meulaboh is the capital of West Aceh Regency, Indonesia. Meulaboh is among the hardest hit areas by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. Being just 150 km from the epicenter of the earthquake, Meulaboh was hit by tsunami, leaving the estimated deaths of 40,000 people out of 120,000...

), Lasikin Airport (Simeulue Island), Silangit Airport and Aek Godang Airport.

Susi Air operates the following services (at April 2011):
  • Indonesia
    Indonesia
    Indonesia , officially the Republic of Indonesia , is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 13,000 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an...

    • Java
      Java
      Java is an island of Indonesia. With a population of 135 million , it is the world's most populous island, and one of the most densely populated regions in the world. It is home to 60% of Indonesia's population. The Indonesian capital city, Jakarta, is in west Java...

      • Bandung
        Bandung
        Bandung is the capital of West Java province in Indonesia, and the country's third largest city, and 2nd largest metropolitan area in Indonesia, with a population of 7.4 million in 2007. Located 768 metres above sea level, approximately 140 km southeast of Jakarta, Bandung has cooler...

         - Husein Sastranegara International Airport
        Husein Sastranegara International Airport
        Husein Sastranegara International Airport is an airport in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. This fast-growing international airport is located 5 km north-west from the city center, 3 km from Bandung Central train station, occupying area of 145 hectares and serves the area of civil aviation in the...

      • Cilacap
        Cilacap
        Cilacap is a regency in the southwestern part of Central Java province in Indonesia. Its capital is Cilacap, which is an municipality in its own right....

         - Tunggul Wulung Airport
        Tunggul Wulung Airport
        -References:*...

      • Jakarta
        Jakarta
        Jakarta is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. Officially known as the Special Capital Territory of Jakarta, it is located on the northwest coast of Java, has an area of , and a population of 9,580,000. Jakarta is the country's economic, cultural and political centre...

         - Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport
        Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport
        -Accidents and Incidents:*On 24 June 1982, British Airways Flight 009, a Boeing 747-200 flew through a cloud of volcanic ash thrown up by the eruption of Mount Galunggung, causing the failure of all four engines. The crew diverted the aircraft to Jakarta and it landed safely.-References:* -External...

      • Pangandaran
        Pangandaran
        Pangandaran is a small town and a subdistrict in southern Ciamis regency, West Java, Indonesia. It is located on the southern coast of Java. Pangandaran is a popular tourist destination, having a beach which is considered to be one of the finest in Java and which offers excellent surfing.A...

         - Pangandaran Airport
    • Kalimantan
      Kalimantan
      In English, the term Kalimantan refers to the Indonesian portion of the island of Borneo, while in Indonesian, the term "Kalimantan" refers to the whole island of Borneo....

      • Balikpapan
        Balikpapan
        Balikpapan is a seaport city on the eastern coast of the island of Borneo, Indonesia, in the East Kalimantan province, a resource-rich region well known for its timber, mining, and petroleum export products. Two harbors, Semayang and Kariangau , and the Sepinggan International Airport are the main...

         - Sepinggan International Airport
        Sepinggan International Airport
        Sepinggan International Airport is the principal airport serving East Kalimantan area on the island of Kalimantan, Indonesia. It is located about 4.5 km east of Balikpapan. The airport began its new operational phase in 1997, with new building and runway structure, replacing old structure on the...

      • Banjarmasin
        Banjarmasin
        Banjarmasin is the capital of South Kalimantan, Indonesia. It is located on a delta island near the junction of the Barito and Martapura rivers. As a result, Banjarmasin is sometimes called the "River City"...

         - Syamsudin Noor Airport
        Syamsudin Noor Airport
        Syamsudin Noor Airport is an airport serving Banjarmasin in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. It is located 10km south-west of Banjarbaru and 25km south-east of Banjarmasin, the largest city in Kalimantan. The airport has two distinctive apron. One in front of the terminal capable of hosting 4 medium...

      • Batulicin - Batulicin Airport
      • Datah Dawai - Datadawai Airport
        Datadawai Airport
        Datadawai Airport or Datah Dawai Airport is an airport in Long Lunuk, Long Pahangai, West Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan, Indonesia.Susi Air has 1 daily flight from Datadawai to Samarinda, for a total of 12 seats daily....

      • Long Apung - Long Ampung Airport
      • Long Bawan - Long Bawan Airport
        Long Bawan Airport
        Juvai Semaring Airport is an airport serving Long Bawan, located in the province of East Kalimantan in Indonesia. It is also known as Long Bawan Airport.-Facilities:...

      • Malinau - Malinau Airport
      • Melak - Melak Airport
      • Muara Teweh - Muara Teweh Airpport
      • Nunukan
        Nunukan
        Nunukan is a regency of East Kalimantan in Indonesia.Nunukan is also the name of an island within this regency. It has an area of 226 km2. Nunukan borders with the Malaysian state of Sabah to the north, and Bulungan Regency and Malinau Regency to the south....

         - Nunukan Airport
        Nunukan Airport
        -Facilities:The airport has one runway designated 13/31 which measures ....

      • Samarinda
        Samarinda
        Samarinda is the capital of the Indonesian province of East Kalimantan on the island of Borneo. The city lies on the banks of the Mahakam River. It is the most populous city in East Kalimantan with a population of 726,223...

         - Temindung Airport
        Temindung Airport
        Temindung Airport is an airport in Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia . Soon, it will be replaced with the new Sungai Siring Airport which is located outside of the city.-Airlines and destinations:...

    • Lesser Sunda Islands
      Lesser Sunda Islands
      The Lesser Sunda Islands or Nusa Tenggara are a group of islands in the southern Maritime Southeast Asia, north of Australia. Together with the Greater Sunda Islands to the west they make up the Sunda Islands...

      • Kupang
        Kupang
        Not to be confused with Tanjung Kupang in JohoreKupang is the provincial capital of East Nusa Tenggara province in southeast Indonesia....

         - El Tari Airport
        El Tari Airport
        El Tari Airport is an airport in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. The airport's ICAO code was changed from WRKK to WATT in 2004.-Airlines and destinations:...

      • Larantuka
        Larantuka
        Larantuka is a subdistrict of East Flores Regency, on the eastern end of Flores Island, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Like much of the region, Larantuka has a strong a colonial Portuguese influence...

         - Dewayangtana Airport
      • Lewoleba - Atambua Airport
      • Rote Island
        Rote Island
        right|thumb|300px|Satellite photo of RotiRote Island is an island of Indonesia, part of the East Nusa Tenggara province of the Lesser Sunda Islands. It has an area of . It lies northeast of the Australian coast and northeast of the Ashmore and Cartier Islands. The island is situated to the...

         - Rote Airport
      • Sabu Island - Sabu Airport
    • Papua
      Western New Guinea
      West Papua informally refers to the Indonesian western half of the island of New Guinea and other smaller islands to its west. The region is officially administered as two provinces: Papua and West Papua. The eastern half of New Guinea is Papua New Guinea.The population of approximately 3 million...

      • Biak
        Biak
        Biak features a tropical rainforest climate with nearly identical temperatures throughout the course of the year. The average annual temperature in the city is 27 degrees celsius, which is also generally the average temperature of each day in Biak...

         - Frans Kaisiepo Airport
        Frans Kaisiepo Airport
        -History:Mokmer Airfield was part of a complex of airfields built on Biak Island by the Japanese , of which Mokmer was the main USAAF facility after the island was taken by the United States after fierce fighting in late May and June 1944....

      • Bintuni
        Bintuni
        Bintuni is a small town in West Papua, Indonesia and seat of the Teluk Bintuni Regency. The village is located near southeast coast of the Bird's Head Peninsula on Bintuni Bay. It is served by Bintuni Airport....

         - Stenkol Airport
      • FakFak
        Fakfak
        Fakfak is a city in Indonesia and seat of the Fakfak Regency. It is served by Fakfak Airport. It is the only town in West Papua with a Muslim Indian and Arab Indonesian presence.-History:...

         - Torea Airport
      • Manokwari
        Manokwari
        Manokwari is a city in Indonesia. It is the largest city and, since 2003, the capital of the province of West Papua, at the western end of New Guinea. The city has many resorts and is a major tourist area. It is one of the seats of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Manokwari–Sorong. It is also the...

         - Rendani
      • Merdey - Merdey Airport
      • Nabire - Nabire Airport
      • Sorong
        Sorong
        Sorong is a chartered coastal city in the eastern Indonesian province of West Papua. Its only land borders are with Sorong Regency. It is the gateway to Indonesia's Raja Ampat Islands, species rich coral reef islands in an area considered the heart of the world's coral reef biodiversity. It also...

         - Dominique Eduard Osok
      • Serui - Sudjarwo Tjondronegoro Airport
      • Sinak - Sinak Airport
      • Wasior - Wasior Airport
      • Wamena
        Wamena
        Wamena is the capital town of the Jayawijaya Regency of Indonesia. It is the largest town in Indonesian Papua's highlands, in the Baliem Valley and has a population of around 10,000 . Wamena is the urban centre of a rural area housing West Papua's highest concentration of population, with over 300...

         - Wamena Airport
      • Sentani
        Sentani
        Sentani can refer to several things related to a region on the north coast of the province of Papua, Indonesia:* Sentani *Lake Sentani, a relatively large, oddly-shaped freshwater lake* Sentani , a tribal group who originate from this area...

         - Sentani Airport
        Sentani Airport
        Sentani Airport is an airport serving Jayapura, the capital of Papua province, Indonesia, on the island of New Guinea. The name of this airport is taken from a lake nearby.-History:...

    • Sumatra
      Sumatra
      Sumatra is an island in western Indonesia, westernmost of the Sunda Islands. It is the largest island entirely in Indonesia , and the sixth largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 with a population of 50,365,538...

      • Aek Godang - Aek Godang Airort
      • Blang Pidie - Blang Pidie Airport
      • Banda Aceh
        Banda Aceh
        Banda Aceh is the provincial capital and largest city in the province of Aceh, Indonesia, located on the island of Sumatra, with an elevation of 35 meters. The city regency covers an area of 64 square kilometres and according to the 2000 census had a population of 219,070 people...

         - Sultan Iskandarmuda Airport
        Sultan Iskandarmuda Airport
        -Airport Facilities:Facilities CIQ*Immigration including VOA*Quarantine: Health, Animals, Plants & FishFacilities public*Banks and money changers*Restaurants and cafes*Duty free shoppingFacilities other*Administration...

      • Kutacane
        Kutacane
        Kutacane is a town in Aceh province of Indonesia and it is the seat of Southeast Aceh Regency. Kutacane is known as the main gate to the Gunung Leuser National Park....

         - Alas Leuser Airport
      • Medan
        Medan
        - Demography :The city is Indonesia's fourth most populous after Jakarta, Surabaya, and Bandung, and Indonesia's largest city outside of Java island. Much of the population lies outside its city limits, especially in Deli Serdang....

         - Polonia International Airport
        Polonia International Airport
        Polonia International Airport is located in the city of Medan, Indonesia, about 5 km from the Central Business District. It is the first international airport in Medan, the other being the planned Kuala Namu International Airport...

      • Meulaboh
        Meulaboh
        Meulaboh is the capital of West Aceh Regency, Indonesia. Meulaboh is among the hardest hit areas by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. Being just 150 km from the epicenter of the earthquake, Meulaboh was hit by tsunami, leaving the estimated deaths of 40,000 people out of 120,000...

         - Ngan Raya Airport
      • Silangit - Silangit Airport
      • Simeulue Island - Lasikin Airport
        Lasikin Airport
        Lasikin Airport is an airport in Sinabang, Simeulue island, Aceh, Indonesia. The airport was damaged by the 2004 tsnuami and destroyed by the 2005 Sumatra earthquake...

    • Celebes
      Celebes
      Celebes may refer to:*Sulawesi, an island in Indonesia, formerly known as Celebes*Celebes Sea*The Elephant Celebes, a 1921 Surrealist work by Max Ernst...


Fleet

Susi Air is the largest operator of Cessna Grand Caravan's
Cessna 208
The Cessna 208 Caravan is a single turboprop engine, fixed-gear short-haul regional airliner and utility aircraft built in the United States by Cessna. The airplane typically seats nine passengers, with a single person crew, although with a FAR Part 23 waiver, it can seat up to fourteen passengers...

 in the Asia Pacific region which make up the majority of the companies fleet:
Susi Air Fleet
Aircraft In Fleet Orders Options Passengers Routes Notes
Piaggio P.180 Avanti II 3 1 0 8 Passenger and medivac charter
Cessna C208B Grand Caravan
Cessna 208
The Cessna 208 Caravan is a single turboprop engine, fixed-gear short-haul regional airliner and utility aircraft built in the United States by Cessna. The airplane typically seats nine passengers, with a single person crew, although with a FAR Part 23 waiver, it can seat up to fourteen passengers...

30 9 0 12 Passenger and cargo charter 20 on order as of Paris airshow 2009. One crashed and exploded on 23.11.2011.
Pilatus PC-6 Porter 5 0 2 7 Passenger, cargo and survey charter
Diamond DA42 Twin Star 1 0 0 3 Passenger charter
AgustaWestland Koala
AgustaWestland AW119
|-See also:-External links:* *...

1 0 0 6
AgustaWestland Grand 1 0 0 7 VIP Charter in Jakarta
Total 45 10 2 Last Updated: November 2011

Incidents and accidents

In October 2008, a Diamond DA-40 (registration PK-VVL) from Susi Air made an emergency landing on a firing range in the hilly Army Infantry Training Center compound, some 40 kilometers from the West Java provincial capital Bandung. The pilot was forced to make an emergency landing because of a fuel pump failure. The aircraft's propeller gear was damaged after hitting the ground on the uneven grass field. Besides the Pilot, the airplane was carrying two mechanics to fix another Susi Air airplane that had broken down at Nusawiru airport.

An investigation into this accident was conducted by the Indonesian National Transportation Safety Committee, which found that the pilot was not licensed in Indonesia, and that the accident was caused by fuel starvation due to the failure of a fuel pump. The committee said that Susi Air should ensure all pilots have sufficient licenses and that the engine manufacturer, Thielert, should review its engines in order to prevent similar incidents.

On 9 September 2011 a Cessna 208B Grand Caravan(PK VVS) I was destroyed when it crashed in the Pasema District, Indonesia. Both pilots were killed.
The airplane carried four drums of diesel fuel and some goods from Wamena to a remote airstrip.
It failed to arrive at the destination. The wreckage was found in mountainous terrain.
The name of the airstrip has been named as Kenyem and Kenyam in Indonesian media. This is probably the same airstrip which is named Keneyan in the Australian Defence Force's Tactical Airfield Guide of the region.

Also on the same day, 9 September 2011, another Cessna 208B Grand Caravan (PK BVQ) slid off the runway at Kupang's El Tari airport. This incident resulted in the aircraft blocking the runway for 50 minutes causing two Boeing 737 commercial flights to divert to Makassar, Sulawesi.

On 23 November 2011 a Cessna 208B Grand Caravan (PK VVG) was destroyed after a go-around at Sugapa Airport in Nabire, Papua
Papua
Papua was the name, as provided to the Portuguese commander Jorge de Meneses while sheltering there in 1526, of the people living on Waigeo, one of the Raja Ampat Islands west of the Vogelkop Peninsula, now part of the West Papua province of Indonesia. The Spanish pilot Martin de Uriarte in the...

, killing the aircraft's co-pilot and leaving the pilot with severe injuries; the two crew were the only people on the aircraft, which was operating a cargo flight. The plane crash occurred after avoiding a runway jaywalker at a poorly managed runway in the Bintang Mountains in West Papua. The pilot decided to fly back up, but the area was surrounded by mountains and cliffs, causing the accident. The exact cause of the accident however will be determined after further investigation.

Blue Sky Network

Susi Air has equipped its aircraft with an advanced satellite tracking system from Blue Sky Network. The system allows the company to track aircraft movements via the Iridium network of satellites. The system also allows for voice calls to and from the aircraft over the Iridium satellite network, as well as for the sending and receiving of short-code messages.

Susi Air is the Indonesian reseller for Blue Sky Networks.

External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
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