Shammar
Encyclopedia
The tribe of Shammar is one of the largest tribe
s of Nejd-Saudi Arabia
, with an estimated 1 million in Iraq
, over 2.5 million in Saudi Arabia
(concentrated in Hail), a Kuwait
i population (centered in Aljahra) of around 100,000, a Syria
n population is thought to exceed 1 million and with an unknown number in Jordan
. In its "golden age", around 1850, the tribe ruled much of central and northern Arabia from Riyadh
to the frontiers of Syria
and the vast area known as Al Jazira in Northern Iraq
.
One of the early famous figures from "Tayy" Shammar was the legendary Hatim Al-Ta'i (Hatim of Tayy), a Christian Arab renowned for generosity and hospitality. He also figures in the Arabian Nights. The early Islamic historical sources report that his son, Adiyy ibn Hatim, whom they sometimes refer to as the "king" of Tayy, converted to Islam before Muhammad's death. Another figure from Tayy during this period was Zayd al-Khayr, a prominent member of Tayy who is said to have led Tayy's delegation to Muhammad accepting Islam.
Though sections of Tayy began migrating to neighboring regions such as Iraq and Syria before Islam, Tayy participated heavily in the Muslim Conquests of the early centuries of Islam, with sections or individual members of the tribe settling in many parts of the Islamic Empire, including Lebanon and Egypt. Most of these, however, were later assimilated into the general populations of these areas or into other tribes.
In the Namarah Inscription (the second oldest pre-Islamic Arabic inscription, dating from 328 CE), the name "Shammar" is believed to refer to a city in Yemen. Although, "the city of shammar" may refer to the city where Shammar lives. The currently named Rada City, is said to have been taken by the Himyarite King, Shammar Yahri'sh, as residence. It is located about 100 km from Dhamar it is one of the ancient historic sites. Since Shammar Yahrish ruled during the last decade of the 3rd century AD, it could be referring to the city he lives in or one named after him. IT could also be referring to he city of Hayel, although there is no evidence that Imru alqais fought Tai. Although, By that time, Tai would have been in Ija and salma for 400 years. Jahiliyyah is an Islamic concept referring to the spiritual condition of pre-Islamic Arabian society.
Led by Usma bin Luai in their massive exodus out of Yemen (115 BCE), the Tayy invaded the mountains of Ajaa and Salma from Banu Assad and Banu Tamim in northern Arabia. These mountains are now known as Jabal Shammar. The Tayy became camel herders and horse breeders and lived a nomadic lifestyle in northern Nejd for centuries. Because of their strength and blood relations with the Yemenite dynasties that came to rule Syria (Ghassan) and Iraq (the Lakhmids), they expanded north into Iraq all the way to the capital at the time al-Hirah.
The first mention of Shammar comes from the 14th century. The area of the two mountains subsequently came to be known as Jabal Shammar ("Shammar's Mountain") from that time. In modern times, it has become common to link the Shammar with the tribe of Tayy
, the ancient inhabitants of that area, and some genealogists believe that Shammar may have indeed absorbed some remnants of that tribe.
, reaching as far as the northern city of Mosul
. The Shammar are currently one of the largest tribes in Iraq, and are divided into two large branches. The northern branch, known as Shammar al-Jarba, is mainly Sunni, while the southern branch, Shammar Toga, converted to Shi'ism largely just before or during the 19th century after settling in southern Iraq.
The Shammar that remained in Arabia had their tribal territories in the area around the city of Ha'il
, and extending from Ha'il northwards to the frontiers of the Syrian Desert
. The Shammar had a long traditional rivalry with the confederation of 'Anizzah, who inhabited the same area.
The city of Ha'il became the heart of the Jabal Shammar region and was inhabited largely by settled members of Shammar and their clients. Two clans succeeded each other in ruling the city in the 19th century. The first clan, the Al Ali, were replaced by the Al Rashid with their uncles Al Sabhan
, who pledged allegiance to the Al Saud family in Riyadh
. Both these clans belonged to the 'Abda section of Shammar.
During the civil war that tore apart the Second Saudi State
in the late 19th century, the emirs ("rulers") of Ha'il from Al Rashid intervened and were able to gradually take control of much of the Saudi realm, finally taking over the Saudi capital Riyadh
in 1895 and expelling the Saudi leaders to Kuwait
. The bedouin
Shammari tribesmen provided the majority of the Al Rashid's military support.
The Al Rashid were defeated by Ibn Saud during his campaign to restore his family's rule in the Arabian Peninsula
in the first two decades of the 20th century, with Jabal Shammar falling to Saudi rule in 1921. Later, some sections of Shammar were incorporated in the Ikhwan
militias loyal to Ibn Saud. Ibn Saud also married a daughter of one of the Shammari chiefs, who bore him the current Saudi king, Abdullah
.
After the establishment of modern borders, most bedouins gradually left their nomadic lifestyle. Today, most members of Shammar live in Saudi Arabia and Iraq, and some sections have settled in Syria
and Jordan
.
The Al Rasheed derived their name from the grandfather of Abdullah, the first Rasheedi amir ("prince") of Ha'il, who was named Rasheed.
The Rasheedi amirs cooperated closely with the Ottoman empire. However, this cooperation became problematic as the Ottoman empire lost popularity.
As with many Arab ruling dynasties, the lack of a generally accepted rule of succession was a recurrent problem with the Rasheedi rule. The internal dispute normally centered on whether succession to the position of amir should be horizontal (i.e. to a brother) or vertical (to a son). These internal divisions within the family led to bloody infighting. In the last years of the nineteenth century six Rasheedi leaders died violently. Nevertheless The Al Rasheed Family still ruled and fought with each other hand with hand against Ibn Saud.
During the first twenty years of the 20th century the Arabian Peninsula saw a long-running series of wars as the Saudis and their allies sought to unite the peninsula under their rule. While the Al Rasheed rallied the majority of other tribes to their side the effort proved futile, and by 1921 Ha'il was captured and given to Ibn Saud's army by the British command.
Some members of the Rasheed family left the country and went into voluntary exile, mostly to Iraq. By the 1990s only a handful were still outside Saudi Arabia
of Alaslam in the city of Nasiriyah
are a few examples of Shammar outside of the Jazirah. The Shammar took over the Jazirah after displasing Al-Ubaid tribe. According to the Sheikh Abdullah Humaid Alyawar, the son of the sheikh of all of Shammar, in Iraq the total population of Shammar is estimated to be 1.5 million. Abdullah Alyawar also stated that the majority of Shammar in Iraq is in the South and is Shia, but it does not affect the tribe's unity. Iraq is also the home of Aljarba, the Sheikh ("chief") of all of Shammar. Shammar Toga, which is entirely Shiite, is based in Al Hafriya, very close to Al Suwayrah, in the province of Wasit. Its head was Shaikh Hamed Hmayed Al-Sayyid. The Shammar Alsayeh, a tribal confederation of tribes from Shammar, is the branch of Shammar who were independent of Aljraba's authority. Shammar is divided in to groups for example Al-Zuhairy and Al-Towej in Najaf.
In Iraq the Shammar became one of the most powerful tribes, owning vast tracts of land. They were important supporters of the Iraqi monarchy of the House of Hashem
. Shammar power was threatened after the overthrow of the monarchy in 1958 by Abdul-Karim Qassem, and the Shammar welcomed Ba'athist rule. With the rivalry between Saudi Arabia and Saddam Hussein
, the tribe of Shammar lost favour in Iraq due to their close links to their Saudi relatives. After the overthrow of Saddam
, Ghazi al-Yawar, from the Al Jarbah clan, was unanimously chosen as interim president. His uncle is the current Sheikh of Sheikh
s of the tribe of Shammar. "Samir", an Iraqi-American Shammari, pulled Saddam out of his "spider hole" in the famous picture of the capture of Saddam
.
Abdull bin Rashid the future founder of the emirate of Hail is said to have participated
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Tribe
A tribe, viewed historically or developmentally, consists of a social group existing before the development of, or outside of, states.Many anthropologists use the term tribal society to refer to societies organized largely on the basis of kinship, especially corporate descent groups .Some theorists...
s of Nejd-Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , commonly known in British English as Saudi Arabia and in Arabic as as-Sa‘ūdiyyah , is the largest state in Western Asia by land area, constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula, and the second-largest in the Arab World...
, with an estimated 1 million in Iraq
Iraq
Iraq ; officially the Republic of Iraq is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert....
, over 2.5 million in Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , commonly known in British English as Saudi Arabia and in Arabic as as-Sa‘ūdiyyah , is the largest state in Western Asia by land area, constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula, and the second-largest in the Arab World...
(concentrated in Hail), a Kuwait
Kuwait
The State of Kuwait is a sovereign Arab state situated in the north-east of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south at Khafji, and Iraq to the north at Basra. It lies on the north-western shore of the Persian Gulf. The name Kuwait is derived from the...
i population (centered in Aljahra) of around 100,000, a Syria
Syria
Syria , officially the Syrian Arab Republic , is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest....
n population is thought to exceed 1 million and with an unknown number in Jordan
Jordan
Jordan , officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan , Al-Mamlaka al-Urduniyya al-Hashemiyya) is a kingdom on the East Bank of the River Jordan. The country borders Saudi Arabia to the east and south-east, Iraq to the north-east, Syria to the north and the West Bank and Israel to the west, sharing...
. In its "golden age", around 1850, the tribe ruled much of central and northern Arabia from Riyadh
Riyadh
Riyadh is the capital and largest city of Saudi Arabia. It is also the capital of Riyadh Province, and belongs to the historical regions of Najd and Al-Yamama. It is situated in the center of the Arabian Peninsula on a large plateau, and is home to 5,254,560 people, and the urban center of a...
to the frontiers of Syria
Syria
Syria , officially the Syrian Arab Republic , is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest....
and the vast area known as Al Jazira in Northern Iraq
Iraq
Iraq ; officially the Republic of Iraq is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert....
.
One of the early famous figures from "Tayy" Shammar was the legendary Hatim Al-Ta'i (Hatim of Tayy), a Christian Arab renowned for generosity and hospitality. He also figures in the Arabian Nights. The early Islamic historical sources report that his son, Adiyy ibn Hatim, whom they sometimes refer to as the "king" of Tayy, converted to Islam before Muhammad's death. Another figure from Tayy during this period was Zayd al-Khayr, a prominent member of Tayy who is said to have led Tayy's delegation to Muhammad accepting Islam.
Origins
The Shammar is a tribal confederation made up of three main branches: the Abdah, the Aslam, and the Zoba. The modern Qabila of Shammar are descendants of the Tayy tribe of Yemen. The earliest non Arab sources refer to Arabs as Taits, generally thought of as referring to Tayy. Ayas ibn Qabisa, a man from the Tayy tribe, ruled pre-Islamic Iraq for several years. This contact with Persian is reason for the belief that Taits refers to Tayy.[1]Though sections of Tayy began migrating to neighboring regions such as Iraq and Syria before Islam, Tayy participated heavily in the Muslim Conquests of the early centuries of Islam, with sections or individual members of the tribe settling in many parts of the Islamic Empire, including Lebanon and Egypt. Most of these, however, were later assimilated into the general populations of these areas or into other tribes.
In the Namarah Inscription (the second oldest pre-Islamic Arabic inscription, dating from 328 CE), the name "Shammar" is believed to refer to a city in Yemen. Although, "the city of shammar" may refer to the city where Shammar lives. The currently named Rada City, is said to have been taken by the Himyarite King, Shammar Yahri'sh, as residence. It is located about 100 km from Dhamar it is one of the ancient historic sites. Since Shammar Yahrish ruled during the last decade of the 3rd century AD, it could be referring to the city he lives in or one named after him. IT could also be referring to he city of Hayel, although there is no evidence that Imru alqais fought Tai. Although, By that time, Tai would have been in Ija and salma for 400 years. Jahiliyyah is an Islamic concept referring to the spiritual condition of pre-Islamic Arabian society.
Led by Usma bin Luai in their massive exodus out of Yemen (115 BCE), the Tayy invaded the mountains of Ajaa and Salma from Banu Assad and Banu Tamim in northern Arabia. These mountains are now known as Jabal Shammar. The Tayy became camel herders and horse breeders and lived a nomadic lifestyle in northern Nejd for centuries. Because of their strength and blood relations with the Yemenite dynasties that came to rule Syria (Ghassan) and Iraq (the Lakhmids), they expanded north into Iraq all the way to the capital at the time al-Hirah.
The first mention of Shammar comes from the 14th century. The area of the two mountains subsequently came to be known as Jabal Shammar ("Shammar's Mountain") from that time. In modern times, it has become common to link the Shammar with the tribe of Tayy
Tayy
Tayy is a large and ancient Arabian tribe belonging to the southern or Qahtanite branch of Arab tribes. Their original homeland was the area of the two mountains Aja and Salma in north central Arabia , though, like all Qahtanite tribes, it is believed they originally moved there from Yemen...
, the ancient inhabitants of that area, and some genealogists believe that Shammar may have indeed absorbed some remnants of that tribe.
History
Oral tradition mentions that the first chiefs of the Shammar tribe were the family of Dhaigham, (Arar & Omair) from 'abda, who supposedly ruled Shammar at the center of their presence in Jabal Shammar. In the 17th century, a large section of the Shammar left Jabal Shammar under the leadership of Al Jarba and settled in IraqIraq
Iraq ; officially the Republic of Iraq is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert....
, reaching as far as the northern city of Mosul
Mosul
Mosul , is a city in northern Iraq and the capital of the Ninawa Governorate, some northwest of Baghdad. The original city stands on the west bank of the Tigris River, opposite the ancient Assyrian city of Nineveh on the east bank, but the metropolitan area has now grown to encompass substantial...
. The Shammar are currently one of the largest tribes in Iraq, and are divided into two large branches. The northern branch, known as Shammar al-Jarba, is mainly Sunni, while the southern branch, Shammar Toga, converted to Shi'ism largely just before or during the 19th century after settling in southern Iraq.
The Shammar that remained in Arabia had their tribal territories in the area around the city of Ha'il
Ha'il
Ha'il , also spelled Hail, Ha'yel, or Hayil, is an oasis city in Nejd in northwestern Saudi Arabia. It is the capital of the Ha'il Province. The city has a population of 356,876 according to Ha'il Province....
, and extending from Ha'il northwards to the frontiers of the Syrian Desert
Syrian Desert
The Syrian Desert , also known as the Syro-Arabian desert is a combination of steppe and true desert that is located in the northern Arabian Peninsula covering 200,000 square miles . also the desert is very rocky and flat...
. The Shammar had a long traditional rivalry with the confederation of 'Anizzah, who inhabited the same area.
The city of Ha'il became the heart of the Jabal Shammar region and was inhabited largely by settled members of Shammar and their clients. Two clans succeeded each other in ruling the city in the 19th century. The first clan, the Al Ali, were replaced by the Al Rashid with their uncles Al Sabhan
Al Sabhan
The House of Sabhan were a historic dynasty of the Arabian Peninsula, and supporters of the House of Rashid. Ha'il city was their main center. The Al Sabhan were a part of the Jafaar lineage of the Abda section of the Shammar tribe...
, who pledged allegiance to the Al Saud family in Riyadh
Riyadh
Riyadh is the capital and largest city of Saudi Arabia. It is also the capital of Riyadh Province, and belongs to the historical regions of Najd and Al-Yamama. It is situated in the center of the Arabian Peninsula on a large plateau, and is home to 5,254,560 people, and the urban center of a...
. Both these clans belonged to the 'Abda section of Shammar.
During the civil war that tore apart the Second Saudi State
Second Saudi State
The Second Saudi State existed during the 19th century when the rule of the House of Saud was restored to central and eastern Arabia after having previously been brought down by an Ottoman-Egyptian invasion in 1818...
in the late 19th century, the emirs ("rulers") of Ha'il from Al Rashid intervened and were able to gradually take control of much of the Saudi realm, finally taking over the Saudi capital Riyadh
Riyadh
Riyadh is the capital and largest city of Saudi Arabia. It is also the capital of Riyadh Province, and belongs to the historical regions of Najd and Al-Yamama. It is situated in the center of the Arabian Peninsula on a large plateau, and is home to 5,254,560 people, and the urban center of a...
in 1895 and expelling the Saudi leaders to Kuwait
Kuwait
The State of Kuwait is a sovereign Arab state situated in the north-east of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south at Khafji, and Iraq to the north at Basra. It lies on the north-western shore of the Persian Gulf. The name Kuwait is derived from the...
. The bedouin
Bedouin
The Bedouin are a part of a predominantly desert-dwelling Arab ethnic group traditionally divided into tribes or clans, known in Arabic as ..-Etymology:...
Shammari tribesmen provided the majority of the Al Rashid's military support.
The Al Rashid were defeated by Ibn Saud during his campaign to restore his family's rule in the Arabian Peninsula
Arabian Peninsula
The Arabian Peninsula is a land mass situated north-east of Africa. Also known as Arabia or the Arabian subcontinent, it is the world's largest peninsula and covers 3,237,500 km2...
in the first two decades of the 20th century, with Jabal Shammar falling to Saudi rule in 1921. Later, some sections of Shammar were incorporated in the Ikhwan
Ikhwan
The Ikhwan was the Islamic religious militia which formed the main military force of the Arabian ruler Ibn Saud and played a key role in establishing him as ruler of most of the Arabian Peninsula, in his new state of Saudi Arabia. The Ikhwan were made up of Bedouin tribes...
militias loyal to Ibn Saud. Ibn Saud also married a daughter of one of the Shammari chiefs, who bore him the current Saudi king, Abdullah
Abdullah of Saudi Arabia
Abdullah bin Abdul-Aziz Al Saud, Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, is the King of Saudi Arabia. He succeeded to the throne on 1 August 2005 upon the death of his half-brother, King Fahd. When Crown Prince, he governed Saudi Arabia as regent from 1998 to 2005...
.
After the establishment of modern borders, most bedouins gradually left their nomadic lifestyle. Today, most members of Shammar live in Saudi Arabia and Iraq, and some sections have settled in Syria
Syria
Syria , officially the Syrian Arab Republic , is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest....
and Jordan
Jordan
Jordan , officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan , Al-Mamlaka al-Urduniyya al-Hashemiyya) is a kingdom on the East Bank of the River Jordan. The country borders Saudi Arabia to the east and south-east, Iraq to the north-east, Syria to the north and the West Bank and Israel to the west, sharing...
.
House of Al Rashid
The House of Rasheed (Arabic: آل رشيد Āl Rashid or Alrasheed) were a historic dynasty of the Arabian Peninsula from Shammar tribe, and the most formidable enemies of the House of Saud in Nejd. They were centered in Ha'il, a city in northern Nejd that derived its wealth from being on the route of the Hajj.The Al Rasheed derived their name from the grandfather of Abdullah, the first Rasheedi amir ("prince") of Ha'il, who was named Rasheed.
The Rasheedi amirs cooperated closely with the Ottoman empire. However, this cooperation became problematic as the Ottoman empire lost popularity.
As with many Arab ruling dynasties, the lack of a generally accepted rule of succession was a recurrent problem with the Rasheedi rule. The internal dispute normally centered on whether succession to the position of amir should be horizontal (i.e. to a brother) or vertical (to a son). These internal divisions within the family led to bloody infighting. In the last years of the nineteenth century six Rasheedi leaders died violently. Nevertheless The Al Rasheed Family still ruled and fought with each other hand with hand against Ibn Saud.
During the first twenty years of the 20th century the Arabian Peninsula saw a long-running series of wars as the Saudis and their allies sought to unite the peninsula under their rule. While the Al Rasheed rallied the majority of other tribes to their side the effort proved futile, and by 1921 Ha'il was captured and given to Ibn Saud's army by the British command.
Some members of the Rasheed family left the country and went into voluntary exile, mostly to Iraq. By the 1990s only a handful were still outside Saudi Arabia
Shammar in Iraq
Under the leadership of Banu Mohamad known as Al Jarba, there was a massive exodus into Iraq. Many of the Shammar in Iraq gave up the nomadic life to settle in the major cities, especially the Jazirah plain, which is the area between the Tigris and Euphrates from Baghdad all the way to Mosul. In times of drought, there were several migrations of Shammar into Iraq, which, according to the Ottoman census upon its annexation, had only 1.5 million inhabitants. Today, Alhuchaim tribes of Samawa have a large majority of Shammar. Clans from Abda in Ain Tamur, Hacham of Alaslam in Souq Alshiokh, AladhadhAladhadh
The House of Aladhadh is an Arabic house belonging to one of two major tribes in Arabia Shammar and Uniza. The Uniza decrndants are of the Aldabra clan and centered in Authal in Saudi Arabia. The Shammar progeny named Aladhadh is of the Alaslam tribe of the Shammar. There is also the House of...
of Alaslam in the city of Nasiriyah
Nasiriyah
Nasiriyah is a city in Iraq. It is on the Euphrates about 225 miles southeast of Baghdad, near the ruins of the ancient city of Ur. It is the capital of the province of Dhi Qar...
are a few examples of Shammar outside of the Jazirah. The Shammar took over the Jazirah after displasing Al-Ubaid tribe. According to the Sheikh Abdullah Humaid Alyawar, the son of the sheikh of all of Shammar, in Iraq the total population of Shammar is estimated to be 1.5 million. Abdullah Alyawar also stated that the majority of Shammar in Iraq is in the South and is Shia, but it does not affect the tribe's unity. Iraq is also the home of Aljarba, the Sheikh ("chief") of all of Shammar. Shammar Toga, which is entirely Shiite, is based in Al Hafriya, very close to Al Suwayrah, in the province of Wasit. Its head was Shaikh Hamed Hmayed Al-Sayyid. The Shammar Alsayeh, a tribal confederation of tribes from Shammar, is the branch of Shammar who were independent of Aljraba's authority. Shammar is divided in to groups for example Al-Zuhairy and Al-Towej in Najaf.
In Iraq the Shammar became one of the most powerful tribes, owning vast tracts of land. They were important supporters of the Iraqi monarchy of the House of Hashem
Hashemite
Hashemite is the Latinate version of the , transliteration: Hāšimī, and traditionally refers to those belonging to the Banu Hashim, or "clan of Hashim", a clan within the larger Quraish tribe...
. Shammar power was threatened after the overthrow of the monarchy in 1958 by Abdul-Karim Qassem, and the Shammar welcomed Ba'athist rule. With the rivalry between Saudi Arabia and Saddam Hussein
Saddam Hussein
Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti was the fifth President of Iraq, serving in this capacity from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003...
, the tribe of Shammar lost favour in Iraq due to their close links to their Saudi relatives. After the overthrow of Saddam
Operation Red Dawn
Operation Red Dawn was the U.S. military operation conducted on 13 December 2003 in the town of ad-Dawr, Iraq, near Tikrit, that captured Iraq President Saddam Hussein, ending rumours of his death. The operation was named after the 1984 film Red Dawn. The mission was assigned to the 1st Brigade...
, Ghazi al-Yawar, from the Al Jarbah clan, was unanimously chosen as interim president. His uncle is the current Sheikh of Sheikh
Sheikh
Not to be confused with sikhSheikh — also spelled Sheik or Shaikh, or transliterated as Shaykh — is an honorific in the Arabic language that literally means "elder" and carries the meaning "leader and/or governor"...
s of the tribe of Shammar. "Samir", an Iraqi-American Shammari, pulled Saddam out of his "spider hole" in the famous picture of the capture of Saddam
Operation Red Dawn
Operation Red Dawn was the U.S. military operation conducted on 13 December 2003 in the town of ad-Dawr, Iraq, near Tikrit, that captured Iraq President Saddam Hussein, ending rumours of his death. The operation was named after the 1984 film Red Dawn. The mission was assigned to the 1st Brigade...
.
Battle Scores
39% Shammar Participated in 34 of 87 major battles reported by historian Bin Ghaslan. That is 34% of total major battles in the Arabian Peninsula during the last two centuries. Shammar emerged victorious 71% of the time.Timeline
- 1171–1172 – Abda joins Saladin against the crusaders Internet source cites an Arabic source below
- 1301 First Mention of a tribe called "Shammar" in a book called Masalik Alabsar by Ibn Fadhl.
- 1442 – The city of Mujmaa is built by abdullah ibn saif alwibari alshammari
- 1446 First known battle between Shammar and Unizah between Bin Baqar of Alaslam and altayyar of Unizah
- 1517 The Ottoman empire is established
- 1521 (Circa) – the name shammar becomes prominent
- 1522 – Shammar backs bani Khalid against aluyonien
- 1609 Shammar unites with Bani Khalid against the sheriff of Makkah
- 1690 Exodus into Iraq Reference(JFW)P.43
- 1696 Shammar Raids Baghdad (JFW)P.43
- 1744 The First Saudi Kingdom
- 1749-1762 Shammar raids reaches northern baghdad despite the strong ruler Sulaiman abul laila
- 1750-1760 Wahabi movement emerges
- 1764 Migration of individuals of alzagareet of Abdah to Southern Iraq under the leadership of Yousef bin Nasr
- 1765 alaslam and zaghareet between Heet and karabla (JFW)P.44
- 1776 Shikh Mutlag bin Thanian invades Alhafeer Area
- 1779 Jabal Shammar falls to Saudi Domination
- 1781 Aladwa battle between Aljarba and Ibn Saud (or 1791)
- 1780 Shammar joins bani Khalid and Muntafig and the Sheriff of Mecca to attack Alsaud they win
- 1790 Early that year Wahabis raid southern Iraq P46
- 1790 Shammar is allied with the Sherif of Mecca against Alasaud.
- 1791 Alsaud launches a surprise attack on Shammar and wins two battles 70 miles SE of Hayel
- 1791 Late that year some Shamaris join other bedouins in an attack against Alsaud and Muslit bin Mutlag dies (Muslat Ibn Mutlag is killed Shammar lost 6000 camels and 10000 sheep PAO)
- 1791 Mutlag Aljarba takes Shammar to safer places in southern Iraq
- 1792 Sheikh abudl Wahab dies, Wahabi forces raid southern Iraq defeating Bani Khalid JFW P.46
- 1792 Mohamad Bin Abdul mohsin Bin Ali Also believed to be "Alsamn alurabi" becomes Emir of Hail internet source
- 1795 Saudi forces attack Shammar near Samawa and Mutlag is killed PAO 35 (some say it was 1797 in the battle of alabyadh and in the same year Mutlag dies and Shammar enter aljazeera)
- 1797 Alsaud attacks north of Soug Alshiokh, Faris Bin Mohammad aljarba takes over, Wahabis turned back (JFW)
- 1798 A large coalition including Shammar alubaid and Ottoman Armies more than 500 strong goes to Basra) and Mutlag dies(JFW)47
- 1799 Ali basha leaves Zuabir with new allies from almuntafig, althufair, and bani Khalid and fights for a year(JFW)
- 1800 Truce is broken and an indecisive battle take place near karbala with the Wahabi's(JFW)
- 1800 Incident between Faris al jarba and Shiekh alamoud Fayez Ibn Huthayl
- 1801 Wahabi pressure on Southern Iraq subsides, Shammar migrates to reach Jabal Sinjar in northern Iraq(JFW). The Shiite holy city of Karbala was raided by 10k men on 6k camels plundering Hussien's tomb
- Wahisha al mashlahya killz fayez bin huthayl shiekh alamoud
- 1802 Late that year, an anti Yezedi campaign was launched By the Ottomans, shammar, and Alubaid (JFW)P50
- 1803 Ottoman seeks Shammar's help in a campaign against Al ubaid mutiny, campaign fails (JFW)50
- 1805 Faris Aljarba decisively defeats Alubaid(JFW)50
- 1808–1812 Baghdad comes under Saudi threats
- 1809 Anti Thufair rebellion Ottoman- campaign under Faris aljarba and Sulaimna Basha alsaghir, Althufair and Rola Triomph
- 1814 Shammar aljarba raids several Iraqi cities
- 1815 Khazaal, Zuabair, and Shammar rebel against Said Basha Uniza, alubaid, and thufair put down the rebellion, Shiekh Banaia is killed in battle
- 1818 Shiekh Sfoug bin Faris Aljarba Takes over JFW 61. Mohamad Bin Abdul mohsin Bin Ali is beheaded by Ibrahim Pasah and sent to his father Mohamad Ali Pasha in Egypt (Hail online Arabic reference). Dirayiya is under siege 2000 cavalryCavalryCavalry or horsemen were soldiers or warriors who fought mounted on horseback. Cavalry were historically the third oldest and the most mobile of the combat arms...
56000 infantryInfantryInfantrymen are soldiers who are specifically trained for the role of fighting on foot to engage the enemy face to face and have historically borne the brunt of the casualties of combat in wars. As the oldest branch of combat arms, they are the backbone of armies...
and 12 guns - 1820s Mohamad bin Ali was killed and his brother Saleh becomes ruler of town PAO
- 1822 Shammar's Sfoug aljarba defeats a 40 thousand strong Persian army meant for Baghdad JFW 70
- 1822 Alawajya wars stars
- 1823 Anna is bequeathed to Sfoug
- 1824 Uniza raids Shammar and steals their Arabian horses
- 1826-1926 Period of little information
- 1831 Shammar aids the Ottoman siege of Baghdad to remove its rebellious Dawood Pasha JFW 73
- 1832 Shammar retaliates against Ali Pasha and declares rebellion JFW 77
- 1832 Uniza is forced to leave Syria's desert and enter aljazera 35000 man strong due to the Egyptian invasion of Syria
- 1833 Two Pashas join the rebellion and attack the yazidis in Sinjar to stop their looting
- 1833 July Shammar Sieges Baghdad and intercepts all Ottoman correspondence 20-30 Miles North JFW 78
Abdull bin Rashid the future founder of the emirate of Hail is said to have participated
- 1833 5000 Ottomans under Mohamad Pasha leave a rebellion near Hilla and attack Shammar, siege remains active JFW 79
- 1833 late that year Shammar moves north to help Mosul's Pasha, Siege is broken and ottomans launch a successful surprise attack
- 1834 Rogue Shiekh Shlash of Shammar attacks Uniza supporting the ottomans, Sfoug supports Shlash with 2000 men Uniza wins
- 1835 Uniza cross the Euphrates and leaves Aljazeera
- 1835 Shammar is at the peak of its power in aljazeera and Sfoug Aljarba is Soultan Albar
- 1835 Rasheed Pasha ambushed Sfoug and his son Farhan and exiles him to the Istana
- 1835 Shammar retaliates by raiding and destroying the fields of Tikrit
- 1836 Battles ensue between Shammar and Uniza, Sfoug's brother Faris bin Mohamad rules over 12000 families Mohamad Ali Pasha forces reach Yanbo for a second invasion of Arabia
- 1836 Alrashid establish an emirate centered at Hail
- 1837 Shammar's unity fragments In Iraq
- 1838 Abdullah bin Rasheed goes to Iraq
- 1840 Shammar Jarba attacks the Egyptians at Orfa
- 1841 Anna is taken away from Sfoug
- 1842 Shammar jarba retaliates by raiding near alkhabor, some internal splintering
- 1843 Sfoug is reappointed as Shammar's Shiekh
- 1844 Shammar Jarba raids Uniza near Harran, famine year
- 1844 Summer, Unizaa brings 20000 man and raids areas between baghdad and Mosul
- 1844 Shammar, only 1000 men, allies with Kurdish cavalry to expel Uniza. Fighting continues in the Fall
- 1845 Uniza seeks a truce and gives 15000 sheep, 3000 camels, and 8 horses,
- 1845 Shammar Jarba defeats Uniza and spoils 7000 sheep, famine strike Shammar
- 1845 The Emirate of Hail is declared
- 1846 Farhan becomes the Shiekh of Shiekhs the runner up from the other six brothers is abdulkareem
- 1846? Abdulkarim declares a revolution against the ottomans he is delivered by Naser Alsadoun to Ottomans and hanged
- 1847 Internal fighting between rebellious Shammaris, Sfoug is assassinated and beheaded by Najeeb Pasha (some say 1857)
- 1847 December, Shammar raids aljazeera, Najeeb Pasha appoints Oda as Shiekh
- 1848 Spring Uniza raids Shammar under Daham Ibn Gaishish and Ibnn Hath-thal.
- 1850-1851 Abdi Pasha stops his Shammar rations, Shammar raids Sothern Baghdad. JFW 108
- 1852 Shammar Deafeat Unizah and Alqusaim in the battale of Baqa
- 1853-1856 Ottoman control plummeted outside of big cities
- 1855 Ibn Sulaim raid Hail and kills wild alaslamya in Ramdhan
- 1856 Ibn Rashid Kills Ibn sulaim in Ramdhan as vengeance
- 1859 The famous feast for a wolf by Mukazi ibn sayed
- 1871 Ubaid bin rasheed dies of old age( oral tradition source)
- 1876 Mohammed bin Abdullah bin rasheed capitalizes on internal disputes between abdullah and Saud bin faisal and enters alqaseem.
- 1887 Mohammed Bin Rasheed is asked in a poem by Mohammed bin Jasem of Qatar to help against a coalition of other emirate. The coalition was defeated and Barzan Tower is built in Qatar to commemorate the occasion.
- 1882 Mohammed bin Abdullah bin rasheed and hassan bin muhana defends the town of almujamaaa against abdulla bin faisal
- 1895 Almulaida battles against Alquseem
- 1897 Binban battle and all of najd is under Mohammed bin Rasheed
- 1901 March Alsarif Battle: 1200 Shammaris lost 400 under abdul aziz almutab Alrashid defeat an invasion of Hayel against the Emir of Kuwait over 64000 men and lost 9000.
- 1907 aljanazah is assassinated and Hail is ruled by the sons of SH Humoud Bin Ubaid alrasheed
- 1910 Ajumaima against Saud Abdulaziz bin rasheed Shammar defeats Alruoula and Unizah> hail is ruled by aljanazah under the guardianship of alsabhan
- 1910 aljumaima shammar against Unizah and Alerwilah
- 1910 March Hadya Battle: 500 shammari horsemen join alsadoun on 4000 in a battle again Sabah backed by Abdulaziz alsaud and defeat them
- 1914 Zamel Alsabhan is killed
- 1915 Aljurab Battle and Ibn rasheed is victorious against Ibn Saud and the death of a British intelligence officer called Shakespeare.
- 1916 Abu ajaj battle shammar defeats alshfair and albudoor
- 1920 Zuba participates in Iraq's 1920 revolution against the British
- 1921, 1299+622 Mohamad Ibn adullah bin Rashid ends the siegeSiegeA siege is a military blockade of a city or fortress with the intent of conquering by attrition or assault. The term derives from sedere, Latin for "to sit". Generally speaking, siege warfare is a form of constant, low intensity conflict characterized by one party holding a strong, static...
of Aridh and Abdullah ibn faisal retreats - 1921 Arwa Battle Utaiba and Shammar Utaiba is defeated
- 1932 population estimates of Hail's population is 20000, badu Shammar 150k-200k: 30% alaslam,37% Abde, 25% sinjara, Tuman 7.5%
- 1948 Shammar is driven out of Naqab desert south of Palestine by Israeli forces
- February 16, 1948, Zaraa Battle
- April 10, 1948, Almanara
- October 1948, Naqab battle 143 shammaris join the Arab army to reclaim Naqab
- June 26, 2007, Shamar Mahon was given the President's Education Award signed by George W. BushGeorge W. BushGeorge Walker Bush is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States, from 2001 to 2009. Before that, he was the 46th Governor of Texas, having served from 1995 to 2000....
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Main sections
- ABDA
(CLANS)
-
- Aljaafar -ruler of shammar comes from this clan.
- Alrubaeya - sub clan of rubeya sharefat,gesham,zagareet,nabhan
- Alyihya
- ALASLAM
(CLANS)
-
- Almanee' - Albu SalihAlbu SalihThe Albu Salih tribe is an original Arabic tribe that descends from the Shammar tribe, through the Al Aslam tribe. They are located in Iraq and are concentrated in Al'Aslah , a village in the city of Nasiriyah; they can also be found in Amarah, AlBasra, and Al Diwaniyah.The population of this...
, Fayid, Twalah, Masud and Kamel (subclans) - Wahab - Qder, Muhammed, Jathel
- Alsultah -al jarba the sheiks of shammar come from this clan
- AladhadhAladhadhThe House of Aladhadh is an Arabic house belonging to one of two major tribes in Arabia Shammar and Uniza. The Uniza decrndants are of the Aldabra clan and centered in Authal in Saudi Arabia. The Shammar progeny named Aladhadh is of the Alaslam tribe of the Shammar. There is also the House of...
- Alkhashman
- Almanee' - Albu Salih
- ZOBA'
(CLANS)
-
- Zoba' Al- Mathlothah.
- Alkhrusah, Leaders of shammar "Aljarba family" come from this clan.
- Sinjarah:
- Althabit
- Alghafilah
- Alzameel sometimes referred to as Alsouid or Alfaddaghah
- Alzomail