Pedro Celestino Negrete
Encyclopedia
Pedro Celestino Negrete (May 14, 1777 - April 11, 1846) was a Spanish politician and military man who served as a member of the interim government of México
after the abolition of the First Mexican Empire
. He fought alongside of Agustín de Iturbide
in the royalist army during the Mexican War of Independence
. He was a close collaborator of Iturbide during the empire, and then pressured him to abdicate to the Mexican crown.
had crowned himself Emperor of Mexico
, however, he decided to lend his support to the Plan de Casa Mata and, using his friendship with Iturbide, exerted pressure for him to abdicate. Once Iturbide was dethroned, the executive authority was without representation, and so Congress
created a provisional government
composed of General Pedro Celestino Negrete, General Nicolás Bravo
and General Guadalupe Victoria
; however, since the latter two were absent, José Mariano Michelena
, Miguel Domínguez
and General Vicente Guerrero
were designated in their place. On October 4, 1824 the Constitution of the United Mexican States was promulgated, adopting the system of republic
an, representative, popular, federal
government.
The country was divided into nineteen free and sovereign
states, four territories that depended on the center, and the Federal District
. Also, the government was divided into legislative, executive and judicial branches. This Constitution was largely inspired by the checks and balances of the United States Constitution
, of the French Constitution and the one of Cádiz
. It was in force from October 4, 1824 to April 30, 1836, when it was replaced by Santa Anna's centralist rewrite.
General Negrete chaired the Supreme Executive Power twice. The body ceded the executive on October 10, 1824, when General Guadalupe Victoria
assumed the position as first President of Mexico
. Although the fortress of San Juan de Ulúa
— the last redoubt of Spanish power in Mexico
, in the port of Veracruz — had been abandoned in 1825, some Peninsulares
still entertained notions about restoring the monarchy
, taking advantage of the general displeasure felt against the independent government. Thus, the friar
s Joaquín Arenas and Francisco Martínez
, along with some Mexican and Spanish military officers, including Negrete and Echávarri, rebelled against the government of Guadalupe Victoria
. On January 9, 1827 this conspiracy was discovered. The leaders were judged, the friars were sentenced to death, and Negrete and Echávarri were exiled. Pedro Celestino Negrete left for France
. He died in Bordeaux
in 1846.
Mexico
The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...
after the abolition of the First Mexican Empire
First Mexican Empire
The Mexican Empire was the official name of independent Mexico under a monarchical regime from 1821 to 1823. The territory of the Mexican Empire included the continental intendencies and provinces of New Spain proper...
. He fought alongside of Agustín de Iturbide
Agustín de Iturbide
Agustín Cosme Damián de Iturbide y Aramburu , also known as Augustine I of Mexico, was a Mexican army general who built a successful political and military coalition that was able to march into Mexico City on 27 September 1821, decisively ending the Mexican War of Independence...
in the royalist army during the Mexican War of Independence
Mexican War of Independence
The Mexican War of Independence was an armed conflict between the people of Mexico and the Spanish colonial authorities which started on 16 September 1810. The movement, which became known as the Mexican War of Independence, was led by Mexican-born Spaniards, Mestizos and Amerindians who sought...
. He was a close collaborator of Iturbide during the empire, and then pressured him to abdicate to the Mexican crown.
Supreme Executive Power
In 1821, Pedro Celestino Negrete was a supporter of the Plan de Iguala. After Agustín de IturbideAgustín de Iturbide
Agustín Cosme Damián de Iturbide y Aramburu , also known as Augustine I of Mexico, was a Mexican army general who built a successful political and military coalition that was able to march into Mexico City on 27 September 1821, decisively ending the Mexican War of Independence...
had crowned himself Emperor of Mexico
Mexican Empire
The Mexican Empire or rarely Gran Mexico was the name of modern Mexico on two brief occasions in the 19th century when it was ruled by an emperor. With the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire from Spain in 1821, Mexico became an independent monarchy, but was soon replaced with the...
, however, he decided to lend his support to the Plan de Casa Mata and, using his friendship with Iturbide, exerted pressure for him to abdicate. Once Iturbide was dethroned, the executive authority was without representation, and so Congress
Congress of Mexico
The Congress of the Union is the legislative branch of the Mexican government...
created a provisional government
Provisional government
A provisional government is an emergency or interim government set up when a political void has been created by the collapse of a very large government. The early provisional governments were created to prepare for the return of royal rule...
composed of General Pedro Celestino Negrete, General Nicolás Bravo
Nicolás Bravo
Nicolás Bravo was a Mexican politician and soldier. He distinguished himself in both offices during the 1846–1848 U.S. invasion of Mexico....
and General Guadalupe Victoria
Guadalupe Victoria
Guadalupe Victoria born José Miguel Ramón Adaucto Fernández y Félix, was a Mexican politician and military man who fought for independence against the Spanish Empire in the Mexican War of Independence. He was a deputy for Durango and a member of the Supreme Executive Power...
; however, since the latter two were absent, José Mariano Michelena
José Mariano Michelena
José Mariano Michelena was a Spanish military officer in New Spain and Spain, a precursor of Mexican independence, and a politician in independent Mexico...
, Miguel Domínguez
Miguel Domínguez
José Miguel Domínguez Alemán was a Spanish colonial official in New Spain who played a part in the Mexican independence movement...
and General Vicente Guerrero
Vicente Guerrero
Vicente Ramón Guerrero Saldaña was one of the leading revolutionary generals of the Mexican War of Independence, who fought against Spain for independence in the early 19th century, and served briefly as President of Mexico...
were designated in their place. On October 4, 1824 the Constitution of the United Mexican States was promulgated, adopting the system of republic
Republic
A republic is a form of government in which the people, or some significant portion of them, have supreme control over the government and where offices of state are elected or chosen by elected people. In modern times, a common simplified definition of a republic is a government where the head of...
an, representative, popular, federal
Federation
A federation , also known as a federal state, is a type of sovereign state characterized by a union of partially self-governing states or regions united by a central government...
government.
The country was divided into nineteen free and sovereign
Sovereignty
Sovereignty is the quality of having supreme, independent authority over a geographic area, such as a territory. It can be found in a power to rule and make law that rests on a political fact for which no purely legal explanation can be provided...
states, four territories that depended on the center, and the Federal District
Federal district
Federal districts are a type of administrative division of a federation, under the direct control of a federal government. They exist in various countries and states all over the world.-United States:...
. Also, the government was divided into legislative, executive and judicial branches. This Constitution was largely inspired by the checks and balances of the United States Constitution
United States Constitution
The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States of America. It is the framework for the organization of the United States government and for the relationship of the federal government with the states, citizens, and all people within the United States.The first three...
, of the French Constitution and the one of Cádiz
Cádiz
Cadiz is a city and port in southwestern Spain. It is the capital of the homonymous province, one of eight which make up the autonomous community of Andalusia....
. It was in force from October 4, 1824 to April 30, 1836, when it was replaced by Santa Anna's centralist rewrite.
General Negrete chaired the Supreme Executive Power twice. The body ceded the executive on October 10, 1824, when General Guadalupe Victoria
Guadalupe Victoria
Guadalupe Victoria born José Miguel Ramón Adaucto Fernández y Félix, was a Mexican politician and military man who fought for independence against the Spanish Empire in the Mexican War of Independence. He was a deputy for Durango and a member of the Supreme Executive Power...
assumed the position as first President of Mexico
President of Mexico
The President of the United Mexican States is the head of state and government of Mexico. Under the Constitution, the president is also the Supreme Commander of the Mexican armed forces...
. Although the fortress of San Juan de Ulúa
San Juan de Ulúa
San Juan de Ulúa, also known as Castle of San Juan de Ulúa is a large complex of fortresses, prisons and one former palace on an island overlooking the seaport of Veracruz, Mexico.-History:...
— the last redoubt of Spanish power in Mexico
Mexico
The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...
, in the port of Veracruz — had been abandoned in 1825, some Peninsulares
Peninsulares
In the colonial caste system of Spanish America, a peninsular was a Spanish-born Spaniard or mainland Spaniard residing in the New World, as opposed to a person of full Spanish descent born in the Americas or Philippines...
still entertained notions about restoring the monarchy
Spanish monarchy
The Monarchy of Spain, constitutionally referred to as The Crown and commonly referred to as the Spanish monarchy or Hispanic Monarchy, is a constitutional institution and an historic office of Spain...
, taking advantage of the general displeasure felt against the independent government. Thus, the friar
Friar
A friar is a member of one of the mendicant orders.-Friars and monks:...
s Joaquín Arenas and Francisco Martínez
Francisco Martínez
Francisco "El Quico" Martínez Cordero was a Mexican basketball player. He competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics....
, along with some Mexican and Spanish military officers, including Negrete and Echávarri, rebelled against the government of Guadalupe Victoria
Guadalupe Victoria
Guadalupe Victoria born José Miguel Ramón Adaucto Fernández y Félix, was a Mexican politician and military man who fought for independence against the Spanish Empire in the Mexican War of Independence. He was a deputy for Durango and a member of the Supreme Executive Power...
. On January 9, 1827 this conspiracy was discovered. The leaders were judged, the friars were sentenced to death, and Negrete and Echávarri were exiled. Pedro Celestino Negrete left for France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
. He died in Bordeaux
Bordeaux
Bordeaux is a port city on the Garonne River in the Gironde department in southwestern France.The Bordeaux-Arcachon-Libourne metropolitan area, has a population of 1,010,000 and constitutes the sixth-largest urban area in France. It is the capital of the Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture...
in 1846.