Mieko Kamiya
Encyclopedia
was a Japanese psychiatrist
who treated leprosy
patients at Nagashima Aiseien Sanatorium
. She was known for the translation of books on philosophy. She worked as a medical doctor in the Department of Psychiatry at Tokyo University following World War II. She was said to have greatly helped the Ministry of Education and the General Headquarters, where Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers
stayed, in her role as an English-speaking secretary, and served as an adviser to Empress Michiko. She wrote many books as a highly-educated, multi-lingual person; one of her books, titled On the Meaning of Life (Ikigai Ni Tsuite in Japanese), based on her experiences with leprosy
patients, attracted many readers.
Fusako, a daughter of raw silk trader in Gunma, received scholarship for five-year-study at girls' high school of Friends School (Japan)
in Tokyo, that was established by Religious Society of Friends
(Quaker), Fusako had English and Christian education there. Fusako was introduced Tamon from Inazo Nitobe
and was married with Tamon in 1910.
Tamon moved to Nagasaki
and in 1920 became a deputy mayor of metropolitan Tokyo city. In 1921 he was appointed the Japanese representative to International Labour Organization
(ILO) at Geneva
, Switzerland, where Inazo Nitobe
worked as one of the Under-Secretaries General of the League of Nations
. Mieko educated at Jean-Jacques Rousseau Institute (in French: Académie De Genève or Institut Jean-Jacques Rousseau), when Jean Piaget
, a developmental psychologist and philosopher known for his epistemological studies with children, was administrated the school as the principal. From 1932, she studied at junior high school of the International School of Geneva
(in French: Ecole Internationale de Genève). She later wrote that in reading and writing, French was most easy.
Emiko had started to study English from her second grade at Sacred Heart School
in Tokyo from 1921. Kamiya family speaks English when they arrived in Geneva.
In 1926, her family returned to Tokyo. She entered the Juyu Gakuen, but changed her school within few months to the Girls' High School of Seijo Gakuen (now it has higher education department; Seijo University
).
. In 1934, she happened to visit Tama Zenshoen Sanatorium
as an organist accompanying a missionary. She was deeply impressed with leprosy patients there and felt that she should someday work for them. At that time, leprosy was an incurable disease, and all around her were against her becoming a physician. In 1935, she entered the College of the same school. She contracted tuberculosis, and while treating the disease, she studied by herself, classical literature in many languages, in Italian, French, German and Greek. Especially her favorite was Marcus Aurelius's book which she translated into Japanese later. Her tuberculosis cleared with pneumothorax therapy.
In 1938, Japan set up a Japan Culture Center in New York, in view of the worsening US-Japan relations, and her father, who was one of the editorial writers of Newspaper Asahi Shimbun
, was appointed as its head and the family moved to New York, except her elder brother, Yoichi Maeda who had been resided in Paris. Mieko began to study Greek literature at Graduate School of Columbia University
and lived with her family in Scarsdale, New York. After her health condition improved, Mieko moved to Pendle Hill
in Philadelphia and studied at Bryn Mawr College
from February to the end of June 1939. She met with Masa Uraguchi, who was a graduated student of botany at Philadelphia University
and became her life time best friend, and with Wilhelm Sollmann
, who was a German journalist, politician, and Interior Minister of the Weimar Republic
, Mieko had close relationship with Mr and Mrs Sollmann until June 16, 1939. Mieko also had close relationship with Caroline C Graveson, an English psychologist. She said to Mieko when Graveson was leaving the United States: "I predict your future. You'll be an author after you graduate from three M (Medicine, Marriage and Motherhood)."
. In 1941, she returned to Japan and entered Tokyo Women's Medical University in fear of the coming war. Her father returned after the beginning of the US-Japan war in an exchange ship. In October 1942, she visited Masao Oota or Mokutaro Kinoshita who was an authority on leprosy research at Tokyo University and visited Nagashima Aiseien Sanatorium
and spent 12 days there; she met Kensuke Mitsuda
and other staff and reconfirmed her interest in leprosy patients.
In the fall of 1944, she graduated from the medical school and entered the department of psychiatry of Tokyo University, because of her interest in psychiatry; one of her friends developed schizophrenia
. In May 1945, her house was burned down and she had to stay in the University, treating patients.
.
In May 1946, she was married to Noburoh Kamiya, an instructor in botanical research at Tokyo University. In 1949, he was appointed Professor at Osaka University
and their family moved to Osaka. She translated Marcus Aurelius Antoninus's book, which was published. Her husband was invited to teach at Pennsylvania University
where he used to study, but she and her two children remained in Osaka
. She earned money for living expenses for their children, who had contracted tuberculosis
, by teaching French.
In 1951, her family moved to Ashiya
. In 1957, she started her studies in psychiatry at Nagashima Aiseien Sanatorium
and she became a Ph.D. in 1960, based on her studies there. In the same year, she became Professor at Kobe College
and in 1963, also Professor at her Alma Mater Tsuda College
. She taught not only psychiatry but also French literature. In 1965, she became chief psychiatrist at Nagashima Aiseien Sanatorium
. Her unique studies included her visit to the husband of Virginia Woolf
and also to Michel Foucault
in 1966. She published her representative book "On the Meaning of Life ("Ikigai Ni Tsuite")".
According to Mieko Kamiya, the Japanese word "Ikigai
" means two things; the object itself and the feeling of the one who feels Ikigai. The latter may also be called Ikigai-kan (Ikigai feeling). When a person considers what their Ikigai is, they are likely to consider the following questions.
Ikigai may be felt most when what a person wants to do is also their duty, when the answers to questions 1 and 2 are the same. However, there are people whose Ikigai differs from what they do to make a living. In trying to forcibly match these, they may become nervous, may develop reactive depression, or even commit suicide.
Kamiya stated that those who have firm Ikigai would be those who realize their own mission, or purpose in life, and who are deliberately progressing toward their goals. They are usually not distinguished persons; they may be teachers at secondary schools, or those engaged in special education, or those working in hospitals in remote areas. If they are too busy or are otherwise unable to be faithful to what they should be, this spoils their Ikigai most. What is important is pursuing their purpose, not whether or not what they accomplish their goal. They will be satisfied even if they die, if they are on the road to the accomplishments; but if they are not faithful, they cannot die satisfied.
According to Kamiya, when a person discovers a new theme for their existence, this theme should be in line with their true nature. The decision is very important, and if there is trouble in the decision, neurosis, or a pseudo-way of life, or even suicide may result. A new theme of life may be related to the former one, or may be a totally different one. An example might be the change from love for a human to love for God. This change in the theme of existence may be referred to as replacement of passion. Paul Gauguin
may be cited as someone who experienced this, as he started his career as a stockbroker, but went into drawing art at the age of 35.
According to Kamiya, the fundamental role of religion is to give a person unified standards of value, or Ikigai (meaning of life).
Psychiatrist
A psychiatrist is a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. All psychiatrists are trained in diagnostic evaluation and in psychotherapy...
who treated leprosy
Leprosy
Leprosy or Hansen's disease is a chronic disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis. Named after physician Gerhard Armauer Hansen, leprosy is primarily a granulomatous disease of the peripheral nerves and mucosa of the upper respiratory tract; skin lesions...
patients at Nagashima Aiseien Sanatorium
Nagashima Aiseien Sanatorium
, or the National Sanatorium Nagashima Aiseien, is a sanatorium for leprosy or ex-leprosy patients on the island of Nagashima in Setouchi, Okayama, Japan, which was founded in 1930.-Background:...
. She was known for the translation of books on philosophy. She worked as a medical doctor in the Department of Psychiatry at Tokyo University following World War II. She was said to have greatly helped the Ministry of Education and the General Headquarters, where Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers
Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers
Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers was the title held by General Douglas MacArthur during the Occupation of Japan following World War II...
stayed, in her role as an English-speaking secretary, and served as an adviser to Empress Michiko. She wrote many books as a highly-educated, multi-lingual person; one of her books, titled On the Meaning of Life (Ikigai Ni Tsuite in Japanese), based on her experiences with leprosy
Leprosy
Leprosy or Hansen's disease is a chronic disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis. Named after physician Gerhard Armauer Hansen, leprosy is primarily a granulomatous disease of the peripheral nerves and mucosa of the upper respiratory tract; skin lesions...
patients, attracted many readers.
Childhood
She was born as the second child and the first daughter of five children of Tamon Maeda and Fusako Maeda. Tamon, a son of Osaka merchant, became a bureaucrat of Interior Ministry after his hard study. He was a Christian and learned Christianity under Kanzo Uchimura.Fusako, a daughter of raw silk trader in Gunma, received scholarship for five-year-study at girls' high school of Friends School (Japan)
Friends School (Japan)
is a women's junior and senior high school , authorised by the Japanese Education Law, of Religious Society of Friends in Minato, Tokyo, Japan....
in Tokyo, that was established by Religious Society of Friends
Religious Society of Friends
The Religious Society of Friends, or Friends Church, is a Christian movement which stresses the doctrine of the priesthood of all believers. Members are known as Friends, or popularly as Quakers. It is made of independent organisations, which have split from one another due to doctrinal differences...
(Quaker), Fusako had English and Christian education there. Fusako was introduced Tamon from Inazo Nitobe
Inazo Nitobe
was a Japanese agricultural economist, author, educator, diplomat, politician, and Christian during Meiji and Taishō period Japan.-Early Life:Nitobe was born in Morioka, Mutsu Province . His father was a retainer to the local daimyō of the Nambu clan. His infant name was Inanosuke...
and was married with Tamon in 1910.
Tamon moved to Nagasaki
Nagasaki
is the capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture on the island of Kyushu in Japan. Nagasaki was founded by the Portuguese in the second half of the 16th century on the site of a small fishing village, formerly part of Nishisonogi District...
and in 1920 became a deputy mayor of metropolitan Tokyo city. In 1921 he was appointed the Japanese representative to International Labour Organization
International Labour Organization
The International Labour Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations that deals with labour issues pertaining to international labour standards. Its headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland. Its secretariat — the people who are employed by it throughout the world — is known as the...
(ILO) at Geneva
Geneva
Geneva In the national languages of Switzerland the city is known as Genf , Ginevra and Genevra is the second-most-populous city in Switzerland and is the most populous city of Romandie, the French-speaking part of Switzerland...
, Switzerland, where Inazo Nitobe
Inazo Nitobe
was a Japanese agricultural economist, author, educator, diplomat, politician, and Christian during Meiji and Taishō period Japan.-Early Life:Nitobe was born in Morioka, Mutsu Province . His father was a retainer to the local daimyō of the Nambu clan. His infant name was Inanosuke...
worked as one of the Under-Secretaries General of the League of Nations
League of Nations
The League of Nations was an intergovernmental organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It was the first permanent international organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace...
. Mieko educated at Jean-Jacques Rousseau Institute (in French: Académie De Genève or Institut Jean-Jacques Rousseau), when Jean Piaget
Jean Piaget
Jean Piaget was a French-speaking Swiss developmental psychologist and philosopher known for his epistemological studies with children. His theory of cognitive development and epistemological view are together called "genetic epistemology"....
, a developmental psychologist and philosopher known for his epistemological studies with children, was administrated the school as the principal. From 1932, she studied at junior high school of the International School of Geneva
International School of Geneva
The International School of Geneva , also known as Ecolint, is a private international school based in Geneva, Switzerland. It is the oldest currently operating International School in the world...
(in French: Ecole Internationale de Genève). She later wrote that in reading and writing, French was most easy.
Emiko had started to study English from her second grade at Sacred Heart School
International School of the Sacred Heart
International School of the Sacred Heart is a K-12 school in Tokyo, Japan, founded in 1908. As part of the Network of Sacred Heart Schools it is affiliated with schools and institutions in 44 countries :-About the school:...
in Tokyo from 1921. Kamiya family speaks English when they arrived in Geneva.
In 1926, her family returned to Tokyo. She entered the Juyu Gakuen, but changed her school within few months to the Girls' High School of Seijo Gakuen (now it has higher education department; Seijo University
Seijo University
Seijo University（成城大学）is a private university in Seijo, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Seijo University has its origins in ‘Seijo Gakuen（成城学園）’, which was founded in 1917, by Dr. Masataro Sawayanagi, a former Minister of Education...
).
Higher education
In 1932, she entered the Tsuda CollegeTsuda College
is a private women's college in Kodaira, Tokyo. The college was founded in 1900 by Tsuda Umeko as Joshi Eigaku Juku. The name was later changed to Tsuda Eigaku Juku and then Tsuda Juku Senmon Gakko and finally Tsuda Juku Daigaku in 1948....
. In 1934, she happened to visit Tama Zenshoen Sanatorium
Tama Zenshoen Sanatorium
Tama Zenshoen Sanatorium, or National Sanatorium Tama Zenshoen, is a sanatorium for leprosy or ex-leprosy patients situated in Higashimurayama-shi, Tokyo-to, Japan starting in 1909.-Background:...
as an organist accompanying a missionary. She was deeply impressed with leprosy patients there and felt that she should someday work for them. At that time, leprosy was an incurable disease, and all around her were against her becoming a physician. In 1935, she entered the College of the same school. She contracted tuberculosis, and while treating the disease, she studied by herself, classical literature in many languages, in Italian, French, German and Greek. Especially her favorite was Marcus Aurelius's book which she translated into Japanese later. Her tuberculosis cleared with pneumothorax therapy.
In 1938, Japan set up a Japan Culture Center in New York, in view of the worsening US-Japan relations, and her father, who was one of the editorial writers of Newspaper Asahi Shimbun
Asahi Shimbun
The is the second most circulated out of the five national newspapers in Japan. Its circulation, which was 7.96 million for its morning edition and 3.1 million for its evening edition as of June 2010, was second behind that of Yomiuri Shimbun...
, was appointed as its head and the family moved to New York, except her elder brother, Yoichi Maeda who had been resided in Paris. Mieko began to study Greek literature at Graduate School of Columbia University
Columbia University
Columbia University in the City of New York is a private, Ivy League university in Manhattan, New York City. Columbia is the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York, the fifth oldest in the United States, and one of the country's nine Colonial Colleges founded before the...
and lived with her family in Scarsdale, New York. After her health condition improved, Mieko moved to Pendle Hill
Pendle Hill
Pendle Hill is located in the north-east of Lancashire, England, near the towns of Burnley, Nelson, Colne, Clitheroe and Padiham, an area known as Pendleside. Its summit is above mean sea level. It gives its name to the Borough of Pendle. It is an isolated hill, separated from the Pennines to the...
in Philadelphia and studied at Bryn Mawr College
Bryn Mawr College
Bryn Mawr College is a women's liberal arts college located in Bryn Mawr, a community in Lower Merion Township, Pennsylvania, ten miles west of Philadelphia. The name "Bryn Mawr" means "big hill" in Welsh....
from February to the end of June 1939. She met with Masa Uraguchi, who was a graduated student of botany at Philadelphia University
Philadelphia University
Philadelphia University, founded in 1884, is a private university located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Philadelphia University's student body consists of about 3,500 individuals from all 50 states and over 50 countries...
and became her life time best friend, and with Wilhelm Sollmann
Wilhelm Sollmann
Friedrich Wilhelm Sollmann was a German journalist, politician, and interior minister of the Weimar Republic. In 1919 he was a member of the German delegation to the Treaty of Versailles...
, who was a German journalist, politician, and Interior Minister of the Weimar Republic
Weimar Republic
The Weimar Republic is the name given by historians to the parliamentary republic established in 1919 in Germany to replace the imperial form of government...
, Mieko had close relationship with Mr and Mrs Sollmann until June 16, 1939. Mieko also had close relationship with Caroline C Graveson, an English psychologist. She said to Mieko when Graveson was leaving the United States: "I predict your future. You'll be an author after you graduate from three M (Medicine, Marriage and Motherhood)."
Medicine
In 1940, she began to study medicine with the approval of her father at the premedical course of Columbia UniversityColumbia University
Columbia University in the City of New York is a private, Ivy League university in Manhattan, New York City. Columbia is the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York, the fifth oldest in the United States, and one of the country's nine Colonial Colleges founded before the...
. In 1941, she returned to Japan and entered Tokyo Women's Medical University in fear of the coming war. Her father returned after the beginning of the US-Japan war in an exchange ship. In October 1942, she visited Masao Oota or Mokutaro Kinoshita who was an authority on leprosy research at Tokyo University and visited Nagashima Aiseien Sanatorium
Nagashima Aiseien Sanatorium
, or the National Sanatorium Nagashima Aiseien, is a sanatorium for leprosy or ex-leprosy patients on the island of Nagashima in Setouchi, Okayama, Japan, which was founded in 1930.-Background:...
and spent 12 days there; she met Kensuke Mitsuda
Kensuke Mitsuda
was a Japanese leprologist and director of the Tama Zenshoen Sanatorium and the National Sanatorum Nagashima Aiseien. He had been at the frontier of leprosy policy of Japan. He was given the Order of Cultural Merits and Damien-Dutton Award...
and other staff and reconfirmed her interest in leprosy patients.
In the fall of 1944, she graduated from the medical school and entered the department of psychiatry of Tokyo University, because of her interest in psychiatry; one of her friends developed schizophrenia
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by a disintegration of thought processes and of emotional responsiveness. It most commonly manifests itself as auditory hallucinations, paranoid or bizarre delusions, or disorganized speech and thinking, and it is accompanied by significant social...
. In May 1945, her house was burned down and she had to stay in the University, treating patients.
After the war
After Japan's defeat in World War II, her father was appointed Minister of Education, and she was asked to become a secretary. She could speak fluent English and translated many papers. Her work continued after her father resigned in January, 1946. In May, she returned to Tokyo University and helped to examine Shūmei Ōkawa who was a prisoner of International Military Tribunal for the Far EastInternational Military Tribunal for the Far East
The International Military Tribunal for the Far East , also known as the Tokyo Trials, the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal, or simply the Tribunal, was convened on April 29, 1946, to try the leaders of the Empire of Japan for three types of crimes: "Class A" crimes were reserved for those who...
.
In May 1946, she was married to Noburoh Kamiya, an instructor in botanical research at Tokyo University. In 1949, he was appointed Professor at Osaka University
Osaka University
, or , is a major national university located in Osaka, Japan. It is the sixth oldest university in Japan as the Osaka Prefectural Medical College, and formerly one of the Imperial Universities of Japan...
and their family moved to Osaka. She translated Marcus Aurelius Antoninus's book, which was published. Her husband was invited to teach at Pennsylvania University
Pennsylvania University
Pennsylvania University may refer to one of two unrelated universities:* University of Pennsylvania, a private university* Pennsylvania State University, a state-related university...
where he used to study, but she and her two children remained in Osaka
Osaka
is a city in the Kansai region of Japan's main island of Honshu, a designated city under the Local Autonomy Law, the capital city of Osaka Prefecture and also the biggest part of Keihanshin area, which is represented by three major cities of Japan, Kyoto, Osaka and Kobe...
. She earned money for living expenses for their children, who had contracted tuberculosis
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis, MTB, or TB is a common, and in many cases lethal, infectious disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body...
, by teaching French.
In 1951, her family moved to Ashiya
Ashiya
Ashiya may refer to:* Ashiya, Hyōgo, Japan* Ashiya, Fukuoka, Japan* Ashiya, a subcaste of Charans from Rajasthan, India-People with the family name Ashiya:* Mizuki Ashiya, the lead character in the manga series Hana-Kimi...
. In 1957, she started her studies in psychiatry at Nagashima Aiseien Sanatorium
Nagashima Aiseien Sanatorium
, or the National Sanatorium Nagashima Aiseien, is a sanatorium for leprosy or ex-leprosy patients on the island of Nagashima in Setouchi, Okayama, Japan, which was founded in 1930.-Background:...
and she became a Ph.D. in 1960, based on her studies there. In the same year, she became Professor at Kobe College
Kobe College
, abbreviated to , is a private non-sectarian liberal arts college located in Nishinomiya, Hyōgo, Japan. Chartered in 1948, it is the first women's college with university status in West Japan.-Campus:...
and in 1963, also Professor at her Alma Mater Tsuda College
Tsuda College
is a private women's college in Kodaira, Tokyo. The college was founded in 1900 by Tsuda Umeko as Joshi Eigaku Juku. The name was later changed to Tsuda Eigaku Juku and then Tsuda Juku Senmon Gakko and finally Tsuda Juku Daigaku in 1948....
. She taught not only psychiatry but also French literature. In 1965, she became chief psychiatrist at Nagashima Aiseien Sanatorium
Nagashima Aiseien Sanatorium
, or the National Sanatorium Nagashima Aiseien, is a sanatorium for leprosy or ex-leprosy patients on the island of Nagashima in Setouchi, Okayama, Japan, which was founded in 1930.-Background:...
. Her unique studies included her visit to the husband of Virginia Woolf
Virginia Woolf
Adeline Virginia Woolf was an English author, essayist, publisher, and writer of short stories, regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the twentieth century....
and also to Michel Foucault
Michel Foucault
Michel Foucault , born Paul-Michel Foucault , was a French philosopher, social theorist and historian of ideas...
in 1966. She published her representative book "On the Meaning of Life ("Ikigai Ni Tsuite")".
On the Meaning of Life (Ikigai)
Her most known work is described in the Japanese Wikipedia article, On the meaning of life (ikigai).According to Mieko Kamiya, the Japanese word "Ikigai
Ikigai
Ikigai is the Japanese equivalent of the French, raison d'être. In English, these translate respectively as 'something one lives for' and 'a reason for being'. Although the meanings are similar, cultural attitudes toward the concept they embody differ.Few possess a raison d’être...
" means two things; the object itself and the feeling of the one who feels Ikigai. The latter may also be called Ikigai-kan (Ikigai feeling). When a person considers what their Ikigai is, they are likely to consider the following questions.
- What is my existence for? Is it for someone?
- What is my purpose of my existence? If there is any, am I faithful to it?
Ikigai may be felt most when what a person wants to do is also their duty, when the answers to questions 1 and 2 are the same. However, there are people whose Ikigai differs from what they do to make a living. In trying to forcibly match these, they may become nervous, may develop reactive depression, or even commit suicide.
Kamiya stated that those who have firm Ikigai would be those who realize their own mission, or purpose in life, and who are deliberately progressing toward their goals. They are usually not distinguished persons; they may be teachers at secondary schools, or those engaged in special education, or those working in hospitals in remote areas. If they are too busy or are otherwise unable to be faithful to what they should be, this spoils their Ikigai most. What is important is pursuing their purpose, not whether or not what they accomplish their goal. They will be satisfied even if they die, if they are on the road to the accomplishments; but if they are not faithful, they cannot die satisfied.
According to Kamiya, when a person discovers a new theme for their existence, this theme should be in line with their true nature. The decision is very important, and if there is trouble in the decision, neurosis, or a pseudo-way of life, or even suicide may result. A new theme of life may be related to the former one, or may be a totally different one. An example might be the change from love for a human to love for God. This change in the theme of existence may be referred to as replacement of passion. Paul Gauguin
Paul Gauguin
Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin was a leading French Post-Impressionist artist. He was an important figure in the Symbolist movement as a painter, sculptor, print-maker, ceramist, and writer...
may be cited as someone who experienced this, as he started his career as a stockbroker, but went into drawing art at the age of 35.
According to Kamiya, the fundamental role of religion is to give a person unified standards of value, or Ikigai (meaning of life).
Works transled into Japanese
- Marcus AntoninusMarcus AntoninusMarcus Antoninus may refer to:* Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus , Roman Emperor from 161-180* Elagabalus , Roman Emperor from 218-222...
: MeditationMeditationMeditation is any form of a family of practices in which practitioners train their minds or self-induce a mode of consciousness to realize some benefit....
(Τὰ εἰς ἑαυτόν, Ta eis heauton), 1956. - Gregory ZilboorgGregory ZilboorgGregory Zilboorg was a psychoanalyst and historian of psychiatry who is remembered for situating psychiatry within a broad sociological and humanistic context in his many writings and lectures....
: A history of medical psychiatry, 1958. - Michel FoucaultMichel FoucaultMichel Foucault , born Paul-Michel Foucault , was a French philosopher, social theorist and historian of ideas...
: Naissance de la clinique maladie mentale et psychologie, 1969. - Michel FoucaultMichel FoucaultMichel Foucault , born Paul-Michel Foucault , was a French philosopher, social theorist and historian of ideas...
: Maladie mentale et personnalité, 1970. - Virginia WoolfVirginia WoolfAdeline Virginia Woolf was an English author, essayist, publisher, and writer of short stories, regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the twentieth century....
: Diaries of a writer, 1999. - Khalil GibranKhalil GibranKhalil Gibran Jubrān Khalīl Jubrān,Jibrān Khalīl Jibrān, or Jibrān Xalīl Jibrān; Arabic , January 6, 1883 – April 10, 1931) also known as Kahlil Gibran, was a Lebanese American artist, poet, and writer...
: The poems of Khalil Gibran, 2003.