Loyset Compère
Encyclopedia
Loyset Compère was a French
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...

 composer
Composer
A composer is a person who creates music, either by musical notation or oral tradition, for interpretation and performance, or through direct manipulation of sonic material through electronic media...

 of the Renaissance
Renaissance music
Renaissance music is European music written during the Renaissance. Defining the beginning of the musical era is difficult, given that its defining characteristics were adopted only gradually; musicologists have placed its beginnings from as early as 1300 to as late as the 1470s.Literally meaning...

. Of the same generation as Josquin des Prez
Josquin Des Prez
Josquin des Prez [Josquin Lebloitte dit Desprez] , often referred to simply as Josquin, was a Franco-Flemish composer of the Renaissance...

, he was one of the most significant composers of motet
Motet
In classical music, motet is a word that is applied to a number of highly varied choral musical compositions.-Etymology:The name comes either from the Latin movere, or a Latinized version of Old French mot, "word" or "verbal utterance." The Medieval Latin for "motet" is motectum, and the Italian...

s and chanson
Chanson
A chanson is in general any lyric-driven French song, usually polyphonic and secular. A singer specialising in chansons is known as a "chanteur" or "chanteuse" ; a collection of chansons, especially from the late Middle Ages and Renaissance, is also known as a chansonnier.-Chanson de geste:The...

s of that era, and one of the first musicians to bring the light Italianate Renaissance style to France.

Life

His exact place of birth is not known, but documents of the time assign him to a family from the province of Artois
Artois
Artois is a former province of northern France. Its territory has an area of around 4000 km² and a population of about one million. Its principal cities are Arras , Saint-Omer, Lens and Béthune.-Location:...

 (in modern France), and suggest he may have been born in Hainaut
County of Hainaut
The County of Hainaut was a historical region in the Low Countries with its capital at Mons . In English sources it is often given the archaic spelling Hainault....

 (in modern Belgium
Belgium
Belgium , officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO.Belgium is also a member of, or affiliated to, many...

). At least one source from Milan
Milan
Milan is the second-largest city in Italy and the capital city of the region of Lombardy and of the province of Milan. The city proper has a population of about 1.3 million, while its urban area, roughly coinciding with its administrative province and the bordering Province of Monza and Brianza ,...

 indicates he described himself as coming from Arras
Arras
Arras is the capital of the Pas-de-Calais department in northern France. The historic centre of the Artois region, its local speech is characterized as a Picard dialect...

, also in Artois. Both the date and probable place of birth are extremely close to those of Josquin des Prez; indeed the area around the current French-Belgian border produced an astonishing number of excellent composers in the 15th and 16th centuries, composers whose fame spread throughout Europe. Often these composers are known as the Franco-Flemish
Franco-Flemish School
In music, the Franco-Flemish School or more precisely the Netherlandish School refers, somewhat imprecisely, to the style of polyphonic vocal music composition in Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries, and to the composers who wrote it...

, or as the Dutch School.

In the 1470s Compère worked as a singer in Milan
Milan
Milan is the second-largest city in Italy and the capital city of the region of Lombardy and of the province of Milan. The city proper has a population of about 1.3 million, while its urban area, roughly coinciding with its administrative province and the bordering Province of Monza and Brianza ,...

 at the chapel of Duke Galeazzo Maria Sforza
Galeazzo Maria Sforza
Galeazzo Maria Sforza was Duke of Milan from 1466 until his death. He was famous for being lustful, cruel and tyrannical....

, during the time that composers such as Johannes Martini
Johannes Martini
Johannes Martini was a Franco-Flemish composer of the Renaissance.-Life:He was born in Brabant around 1440, but information about his early life is scanty. He probably received his early training in Flanders, as did most of the composers of his generation...

 and Gaspar van Weerbeke
Gaspar van Weerbeke
Gaspar van Weerbeke was a Netherlandish composer of the Renaissance. He was of the same generation as Josquin des Prez, but unique in his blending of the contemporary Italian style with the older Burgundian style of Dufay.- Life :...

 were also singing there. The chapel choir in the early 1470s grew into one of the largest and most famous singing ensembles in Europe. After the murder of the duke in 1476, Compère appears to have been "laid off" from the chapel, and he may have returned to France at this time. Sometime during the next ten years he began to work at the French court, and he accompanied Charles VIII
Charles VIII of France
Charles VIII, called the Affable, , was King of France from 1483 to his death in 1498. Charles was a member of the House of Valois...

 on his invasion of Italy in 1494 (in what capacity is not known). He was in Rome
Rome
Rome is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, on the Tiber River within the Lazio region of Italy.Rome's history spans two and a half...

 in early 1495 during the occupation of the city by Charles and his army.

Next he had a series of church positions. By 1498 Compère was at Cambrai
Cambrai
Cambrai is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. It is a sub-prefecture of the department.Cambrai is the seat of an archdiocese whose jurisdiction was immense during the Middle Ages. The territory of the Bishopric of Cambrai, roughly coinciding with the shire of Brabant, included...

, and from 1500 to around 1504 he was at Douai
Douai
-Main sights:Douai's ornate Gothic style belfry was begun in 1380, on the site of an earlier tower. The 80 m high structure includes an impressive carillon, consisting of 62 bells spanning 5 octaves. The originals, some dating from 1391 were removed in 1917 during World War I by the occupying...

; his final appointment was at a church in Saint-Quentin
Saint-Quentin, Aisne
Saint-Quentin is a commune in the Aisne department in Picardy in northern France. It has been identified as the Augusta Veromanduorum of antiquity. It is named after Saint Quentin, who is said to have been martyred here in the 3rd century....

. Throughout this time he seems to have been in part-time service to the French court, as evidenced by his many compositions for official and ceremonial occasions. He died at Saint-Quentin.

Works

Unlike his contemporaries, Compère seems to have written few masses
Mass (music)
The Mass, a form of sacred musical composition, is a choral composition that sets the invariable portions of the Eucharistic liturgy to music...

 (at least very few survive). By temperament he seems to have been a miniaturist, and his most popular and numerous works were in the shorter forms of the day—primarily chanson
Chanson
A chanson is in general any lyric-driven French song, usually polyphonic and secular. A singer specialising in chansons is known as a "chanteur" or "chanteuse" ; a collection of chansons, especially from the late Middle Ages and Renaissance, is also known as a chansonnier.-Chanson de geste:The...

s and motet
Motet
In classical music, motet is a word that is applied to a number of highly varied choral musical compositions.-Etymology:The name comes either from the Latin movere, or a Latinized version of Old French mot, "word" or "verbal utterance." The Medieval Latin for "motet" is motectum, and the Italian...

s. Two stylistic trends are evident in his music: the style of the Burgundian School
Burgundian School
The Burgundian School is a term used to denote a group of composers active in the 15th century in what is now northern and eastern France, Belgium, and the Netherlands, centered on the court of the Dukes of Burgundy. The main names associated with this school are Guillaume Dufay, Gilles Binchois,...

, which he seems to have learned in his early career before coming to Italy, and the lighter style of the Italian composers current at the time, who were writing frottola
Frottola
The frottola was the predominant type of Italian popular, secular song of the late fifteenth and early sixteenth century. It was the most important and widespread predecessor to the madrigal...

s (the light and popular predecessor to the madrigal
Madrigal (music)
A madrigal is a secular vocal music composition, usually a partsong, of the Renaissance and early Baroque eras. Traditionally, polyphonic madrigals are unaccompanied; the number of voices varies from two to eight, and most frequently from three to six....

). Compère had a gift for melody, and many of his chansons became popular; later composers used several as cantus firmi
Cantus firmus
In music, a cantus firmus is a pre-existing melody forming the basis of a polyphonic composition.The plural of this Latin term is , though the corrupt form canti firmi is also attested...

 for masses. Occasionally he seems to have given himself a formidable technical challenge and set out to solve it, such as writing quodlibet
Quodlibet
A quodlibet is a piece of music combining several different melodies, usually popular tunes, in counterpoint and often a light-hearted, humorous manner...

s (an example is Au travail suis, which combines no less than six different tunes written to the same text by different composers).

Compère wrote several works in a unique form, sometimes called a free motet, which combines some of the light elegance of the Italian popular song of the time with the contrapuntal
Counterpoint
In music, counterpoint is the relationship between two or more voices that are independent in contour and rhythm and are harmonically interdependent . It has been most commonly identified in classical music, developing strongly during the Renaissance and in much of the common practice period,...

 technique of the Netherlanders. Some mix texts from different sources, for instance a rather paradoxical Sile fragor which combines a supplication to the Virgin Mary with a drinking song dedicated to Bacchus
Dionysus
Dionysus was the god of the grape harvest, winemaking and wine, of ritual madness and ecstasy in Greek mythology. His name in Linear B tablets shows he was worshipped from c. 1500—1100 BC by Mycenean Greeks: other traces of Dionysian-type cult have been found in ancient Minoan Crete...

. His choice of secular texts tended towards the irreverent and suggestive.

His chansons are his most characteristic compositions, and many scholars of Renaissance music consider them to be his best work. They are for three or four voices, and are in three general categories: Italianate, light works for four a cappella
A cappella
A cappella music is specifically solo or group singing without instrumental sound, or a piece intended to be performed in this way. It is the opposite of cantata, which is accompanied singing. A cappella was originally intended to differentiate between Renaissance polyphony and Baroque concertato...

 voices, very much like frottolas, with text set syllabically and often homophonically
Homophony
In music, homophony is a texture in which two or more parts move together in harmony, the relationship between them creating chords. This is distinct from polyphony, in which parts move with rhythmic independence, and monophony, in which all parts move in parallel rhythm and pitch. A homophonic...

, and having frequent cadences; three-voice works in the Burgundian style, rather like the music of Dufay
Guillaume Dufay
Guillaume Dufay was a Franco-Flemish composer of the early Renaissance. As the central figure in the Burgundian School, he was the most famous and influential composer in Europe in the mid-15th century.-Early life:From the evidence of his will, he was probably born in Beersel, in the vicinity of...

; and three-voice motet-chanson
Motet-chanson
The motet-chanson was a specialized musical form of the Renaissance, developed in Milan during the 1470s and 1480s, which combined aspects of the contemporary motet and chanson....

s, which resemble the medieval
Medieval music
Medieval music is Western music written during the Middle Ages. This era begins with the fall of the Roman Empire and ends sometime in the early fifteenth century...

 motet more than anything else. In these works the lowest voice usually sings a slow-moving cantus firmus with a Latin
Latin
Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...

 text, usually from chant, while the upper voices sing more animated parts, in French, on a secular text.

Many of Compère's compositions were printed by Ottaviano Petrucci
Ottaviano Petrucci
Ottaviano Petrucci was an Italian printer. His Harmonice Musices Odhecaton, a collection of chansons printed in 1501, is commonly misidentified as the first book of sheet music printed from movable type. Actually that distinction belongs to the Roman printer Ulrich Han's Missale Romanum of 1476...

 in Venice
Venice
Venice is a city in northern Italy which is renowned for the beauty of its setting, its architecture and its artworks. It is the capital of the Veneto region...

, and disseminated widely; obviously their availability contributed to their popularity. Compère was one of the first composers to benefit from the new technology of printing
Printing
Printing is a process for reproducing text and image, typically with ink on paper using a printing press. It is often carried out as a large-scale industrial process, and is an essential part of publishing and transaction printing....

, which had a profound impact on the spread of the Franco-Flemish musical style throughout Europe.

Compère also wrote several settings of the Magnificat
Magnificat
The Magnificat — also known as the Song of Mary or the Canticle of Mary — is a canticle frequently sung liturgically in Christian church services. It is one of the eight most ancient Christian hymns and perhaps the earliest Marian hymn...

 (the hymn of praise to the Virgin Mary, from the first chapter of the Gospel of Luke
Gospel of Luke
The Gospel According to Luke , commonly shortened to the Gospel of Luke or simply Luke, is the third and longest of the four canonical Gospels. This synoptic gospel is an account of the life and ministry of Jesus of Nazareth. It details his story from the events of his birth to his Ascension.The...

), as well as numerous short motets.

Masses and mass fragments

  1. Missa alles regretz;
  2. Missa de tous bien plaine;
  3. Missa l'homme armé;
  4. Kyrie et Gloria sine nomine;
  5. Credo 'Mon pére';
  6. Credo sine nomine.

Motet cycles (substitution masses)

These are cycles of motets, in which each motet is to be sung in place of a section of the mass ordinary or one of the Proper chants. In the list, the motet is given along with the name of the Proper chant or mass ordinary section:

1. Ave Domine Jesu Christe (Missa de D.N.J.C). Ave Domine Jesu Christe (Introit); Ave Domine Jesu Christe (Gloria); Ave Domine Jesu Christe, (Credo); Ave Domine Jesu Christe (Offertory); Salve, salvator mundi (Sanctus); Adoramus te, Christe (Elevation); Parce, Domine (Agnus dei); Da pacem, Domine (Deo Gratias).

2. Hodie nobis de virgine(Missa in Nativitate Deus Noster Jesu Christe). Hodie nobis de Virgine (Introit); Beata Dei Genetrix Maria (Gloria); Hodie nobis Christus natus est (Credo); Genuit puerpera Regem (Offertory); Verbum caro factum est (Sanctus); Memento, salutis auctor (Elevation); Quem vidistis, pastores (Agnus dei); O admirabile commercium (Deo Gratias).

3. Missa Galeazescha (Missa de Beata Maria Virgine); Ave virgo gloriosa (Introit); Ave, salus infirmorum (Gloria); Ave, decus Virginale (Credo); Ave, sponsa verbi summi (Offertorii); O Maria (Sanctus); Adoramus te, Christe (Elevation); Salve, mater salvatoris (Agnus dei); Virginis Mariae laudes (Deo Gratias).

Magnificats

  1. Magnificat I toni;
  2. Magnificat IV toni (Esurientes only);
  3. Magnificat VI toni (I);
  4. Magnificat VI toni (II);
  5. Magnificat VII toni;
  6. Magnificat VIII toni (Esurientes only).

Motets

  1. Ad honorum tuum Christe;
  2. Asperges me Domine;
  3. Ave Maria, gratia plena;
  4. Crux triumphans;
  5. Gaude prole regia / Sancta Catharina (1501);
  6. O admirabile commercium;
  7. Officium de cruce (In nomine Jesu);
  8. O genetrix gloriosa;
  9. Omnium bonorum plena (before 1474, possibly for the dedication of Cambrai Cathedral on 5 July 1472);
  10. Paranymphus salutat virginem;
  11. Profitentes unitatem;
  12. Propter gravamen;
  13. Quis numerare queat / Da pacem (probably composed either on the occasion of the Peace of Etaples, November 3, 1492, or for the treaty between Pope Alexander VI and Charles VIII on January 15, 1495)
  14. Sile fragor;
  15. Sola caret monstris / Fera pessima (1507);
  16. Virgo caelesti.

Motets-Chansons

  1. Le corps / Corpusque meum;
  2. Male bouche / Circumdederunt me;
  3. Plaine d'ennuy / Anima mea;
  4. Tant ay d'ennuy / O vos omnes (=O devotz cueurs /O vos omnes).

Chansons à trois voix

  1. A qui diraige ma pensée;
  2. Au travail suis;
  3. Beaulté d' amours;
  4. Bergeronette savoysienne;
  5. Chanter ne puis;
  6. Des trois la plus;
  7. Dictes moy toutes;
  8. Discant adieu a madame (I);
  9. En attendant;
  10. Faisons boutons (Text: Jean II);
  11. Guerisses moy;
  12. La saison en est;
  13. Le grant dèsir d'aymer;
  14. Le renvoy;
  15. Mes pensées;
  16. Ne doibt on prendre (poem by John II, Duke of Bourbon
    John II, Duke of Bourbon
    John de Bourbon, Duke of Bourbon , sometimes referred to as John the Good and The Scourge of the English, was a son of Charles I of Bourbon and Agnes of Burgundy...

     (contrafactum
    Contrafactum
    In vocal music, contrafactum refers to "the substitution of one text for another without substantial change to the music"....

     on the piece by Costanzo Festa
    Costanzo Festa
    Costanzo Festa was an Italian composer of the Renaissance. While he is best known for his madrigals, he also wrote sacred vocal music...

     on the poem Venite amanti by Poliziano
    Poliziano
    Angelo Ambrogini, commonly known by his nickname, anglicized as Politian, Italian Poliziano, Latin Politianus was an Italian Renaissance classical scholar and poet, one of the revivers of Humanist Latin...

    ));
  17. Ne vous hastez pas (=Adieu a madame (II).);
  18. Pensant au bien;
  19. Pleut or a Dieu;
  20. Pour estre ou nombre;
  21. Puis que si bien;
  22. Reveille toy franc cueur;
  23. Se j'ay parlé (texte: Henry Baude);
  24. Se mieulx ne vient (adaptation d'une chanson de P. Convert);
  25. Se pis ne vient;
  26. Seray je vostre mieulx amée (not present in the complete works of Compère in Fallow's edition)
  27. Sourdes regrets;
  28. Tant ha bon oeul;
  29. Tout mal me vient;
  30. Va-t-en regret (poem by John II, Duke of Bourbon);
  31. Venes regrets;
  32. Vive le noble roy de France;
  33. Vous me faittes morir d'envie (poem by John II, Duke of Bourbon).

Chansons

  1. Alons fere nos barbes (possibly apocryphal);
  2. De les mon getes = Voles oir une chanson);
  3. Et dont revenes-vous;
  4. Gentil patron;
  5. J'ay un syon sur la porte;
  6. Je suis amie d'un fourrier;
  7. L'aultre jour me chevauchoye;
  8. Mon pére m'a donné mari;
  9. Nous sommes de l'ordre de St Babouin;
  10. Royne du ciel;
  11. Une plaisante fillette;
  12. Un franc archier;
  13. Vostre bargeronette.

Attributed or doubtful works

  1. Ave regina, cælorum (anonymous, but attributed to Compère);
  2. Cayphas (attributed to both Johannes Martini
    Johannes Martini
    Johannes Martini was a Franco-Flemish composer of the Renaissance.-Life:He was born in Brabant around 1440, but information about his early life is scanty. He probably received his early training in Flanders, as did most of the composers of his generation...

     and Compère);
  3. Lourdault lourdault garde que tu feras (attributed to both Compère and Ninot le Petit
    Ninot le Petit
    Ninot le Petit was a French composer of the Renaissance, probably associated with the French royal chapel. Although a substantial amount of his music has survived in several sources, his actual name is not known with certainty.-Life:Two identifications have been proposed by musicologists in the...

    ; scholarly consensus currently favoring Compère);
  4. Mais que ce fust (attributed to both Compère and Pietrequin Bonnel);
  5. O post partum munda (anonymous, attributed to Compère);
  6. Sanctus - O sapientia (doubtful due to stylistic reasons);
  7. Se non dormi dona (anonymous, attributed to Compère);
  8. Se (Si) vous voulez que je vous face (anonymous but in Compère's style);
  9. Vray dieu quel payne (multiple attributions, including Gaspar van Weerbeke
    Gaspar van Weerbeke
    Gaspar van Weerbeke was a Netherlandish composer of the Renaissance. He was of the same generation as Josquin des Prez, but unique in his blending of the contemporary Italian style with the older Burgundian style of Dufay.- Life :...

    , Jean Japart
    Jean Japart
    Jean Japart was a Franco-Flemish composer of the Renaissance, active in Italy. He was a popular composer of chansons, and may have been a friend of Josquin des Prez.-Life and work:...

    , and Matthaeus Pipelare
    Matthaeus Pipelare
    Matthaeus Pipelare was a Flemish composer, choir director, and possibly wind instrument player of the Renaissance.He was from Louvain, and spent part of his early life in Antwerp. Unlike many of his contemporaries, many of whom traveled to Italy, Spain or elsewhere, he seems never to have left...

    ).

Media

Recording

  • 2002 - Prioris
    Johannes Prioris
    Johannes Prioris was a Franco-Flemish composer of the Renaissance. He was one of the first composers to write a polyphonic setting of the Requiem mass....

    : Requiem. Eufoda 1349. Contains a recording of O vos omnes by Loyset Compère.
  • 2003 - Canticum Canticorum. In Praise of Love: The Song of Songs
    Song of songs
    Song of Songs, also known as the Song of Solomon, is a book of the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament. It may also refer to:In music:* Song of songs , the debut album by David and the Giants* A generic term for medleysPlays...

     in the Renaissance.
    Capilla Flamenca
    Capilla Flamenca
    Capilla Flamenca is a vocal and instrumental early music consort based in Leuven, Belgium. The group specialises in 14th to 16th Century music from Flanders and takes its name from the choir of the court chapel of Emperor Charles V...

    . Eufoda 1359. Contains a recording of Plaine d’ennuy – Anima mea by Loyset Compère
  • Désir D'aymer. Love Lyrics Around 1500: From Flanders To Italy, Capilla Flamenca
    Capilla Flamenca
    Capilla Flamenca is a vocal and instrumental early music consort based in Leuven, Belgium. The group specialises in 14th to 16th Century music from Flanders and takes its name from the choir of the court chapel of Emperor Charles V...

    , 2007 (Eufoda 1369). Contains recordings of Le grant désir, Lourdault lourdault and Nous sommes de l'ordre de Saynt Babuyn.

External links

  • O bone Jesu: sheet music transcription by Alessandro Simonetto
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