List of surgical procedures

Surgical procedures have long and possibly daunting names. The meaning of many surgical procedure names can often be understood if the name is broken into parts. For example in splenectomy

Splenectomy

A splenectomy is a surgical procedure that partially or completely removes the spleen.-Indications:The spleen, similar in structure to a large lymph node, acts as a blood filter. Current knowledge of its purpose includes the removal of old red blood cells and platelets, and the detection and fight...

, "ectomy" is a suffix meaning the removal of a part of the body. "Splene-" means spleen

Spleen

The spleen is an organ found in virtually all vertebrate animals with important roles in regard to red blood cells and the immune system. In humans, it is located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. It removes old red blood cells and holds a reserve of blood in case of hemorrhagic shock...

. Thus, splenectomy refers to the surgical removal of the spleen (or sections thereof). "otomy" means to cut into a part of the body; a splenotomy would be to cut into, but not necessarily remove, the spleen.

The field of minimally invasive surgery has spawned another set of words, such as arthroscopic or laparoscopic surgery. These take the same form as above; an arthroscope is a device which allows the inside of the joint to be seen.

See also: :Category:Surgical procedures

Prefixes

angio- : related to blood vessels
arthr- : related to a joint
Joint
A joint is the location at which two or more bones make contact. They are constructed to allow movement and provide mechanical support, and are classified structurally and functionally.-Classification:...
bi- : two
colpo- : related to the vagina
Vagina
The vagina is a fibromuscular tubular tract leading from the uterus to the exterior of the body in female placental mammals and marsupials, or to the cloaca in female birds, monotremes, and some reptiles. Female insects and other invertebrates also have a vagina, which is the terminal part of the...
encephal- : related to the brain
Brain
The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals—only a few primitive invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, sea squirts and starfishes do not have one. It is located in the head, usually close to primary sensory apparatus such as vision, hearing,...
hepat- : related to the liver
Liver
The liver is a vital organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. It has a wide range of functions, including detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of biochemicals necessary for digestion...
hyster- : related to the uterus
Uterus
The uterus or womb is a major female hormone-responsive reproductive sex organ of most mammals including humans. One end, the cervix, opens into the vagina, while the other is connected to one or both fallopian tubes, depending on the species...
lapar- : related to the abdominal cavity
- Etymology actually refers to soft, fleshy part of abdominal wall. The term celio- is probably more accurate and used in America.
lobo- : related to a lobe (of the brain
Brain
The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals—only a few primitive invertebrates such as sponges, jellyfish, sea squirts and starfishes do not have one. It is located in the head, usually close to primary sensory apparatus such as vision, hearing,...

or lungs)
mammo- and masto-: related to the breast
Breast
The breast is the upper ventral region of the torso of a primate, in left and right sides, which in a female contains the mammary gland that secretes milk used to feed infants.Both men and women develop breasts from the same embryological tissues...
myo- : related to muscle
Muscle
Muscle is a contractile tissue of animals and is derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells. Muscle cells contain contractile filaments that move past each other and change the size of the cell. They are classified as skeletal, cardiac, or smooth muscles. Their function is to...

tissue
nephro- : related to the kidney
Kidney
The kidneys, organs with several functions, serve essential regulatory roles in most animals, including vertebrates and some invertebrates. They are essential in the urinary system and also serve homeostatic functions such as the regulation of electrolytes, maintenance of acid–base balance, and...
oophor- : related to the ovary
Ovary
The ovary is an ovum-producing reproductive organ, often found in pairs as part of the vertebrate female reproductive system. Ovaries in anatomically female individuals are analogous to testes in anatomically male individuals, in that they are both gonads and endocrine glands.-Human anatomy:Ovaries...
orchid- : related to the testicle
Testicle
The testicle is the male gonad in animals. Like the ovaries to which they are homologous, testes are components of both the reproductive system and the endocrine system...
vas- : related to a duct, usually the vas deferens
Vas deferens
The vas deferens , also called ductus deferens, , is part of the male anatomy of many vertebrates; they transport sperm from the epididymis in anticipation of ejaculation....
lamino- : related to vertebrae intervertebral disc
Intervertebral disc
Intervertebral discs lie between adjacent vertebrae in the spine. Each disc forms a cartilaginous joint to allow slight movement of the vertebrae, and acts as a ligament to hold the vertebrae together.-Structure:...
gastro- : related to stomach
Stomach
The stomach is a muscular, hollow, dilated part of the alimentary canal which functions as an important organ of the digestive tract in some animals, including vertebrates, echinoderms, insects , and molluscs. It is involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication .The stomach is...
colono- : related to large intestine colon
Colon (anatomy)
The colon is the last part of the digestive system in most vertebrates; it extracts water and salt from solid wastes before they are eliminated from the body, and is the site in which flora-aided fermentation of unabsorbed material occurs. Unlike the small intestine, the colon does not play a...
cysto- : related to the bladder
Bladder
Bladder usually refers to an anatomical hollow organBladder may also refer to:-Biology:* Urinary bladder in humans** Urinary bladder ** Bladder control; see Urinary incontinence** Artificial urinary bladder, in humans...

Suffixes

-centesis : surgical puncture
-desis : fusion of two parts into one, stabilization
-ectomy : surgical removal (see List of -ectomies). The term 'resection' is also used, especially when referring to a tumor
Tumor
A tumor or tumour is commonly used as a synonym for a neoplasm that appears enlarged in size. Tumor is not synonymous with cancer...

.
-opsy : looking at
-oscopy : viewing of, normally with a scope
-ostomy or -stomy : surgically creating a hole (a new "mouth" or "stoma
Stoma (medicine)
A stoma is an opening , either natural or surgically created, which connects a portion of the body cavity to the outside environment...

")
-otomy or -tomy : surgical incision (see List of -otomies)
-pexy : to fix or secure
-plasty : to modify or reshape (sometimes entails replacement with a prosthesis)
-rrhapy : to strengthen, usually with suture

Category	Plasty	Ectomy	Stomy	Otomy	Other
CNS Central nervous system The central nervous system is the part of the nervous system that integrates the information that it receives from, and coordinates the activity of, all parts of the bodies of bilaterian animals—that is, all multicellular animals except sponges and radially symmetric animals such as jellyfish...		Decompressive craniectomy Decompressive craniectomy Decompressive craniectomy is a neurosurgical procedure in which part of the skull is removed to allow a swelling brain room to expand without being squeezed. It is performed on victims of traumatic brain injury and stroke. Use of the surgery is controversial.... , Hemispherectomy Hemispherectomy Hemispherectomy is a very rare surgical procedure where one cerebral hemisphere is removed or disabled. This procedure is used to treat a variety of seizure disorders where the source of the epilepsy is localized to a broad area of a single hemisphere of the brain... , Anterior temporal lobectomy Anterior temporal lobectomy Anterior temporal lobectomy is the complete removal of the anterior portion of the temporal lobe of the brain. It is a treatment option in temporal lobe epilepsy for those in whom anticonvulsant medications do not control epileptic seizures.... , Hypophysectomy Hypophysectomy Hypophysectomy is the surgical removal of the hypophysis . It is most commonly performed to treat tumors, especially craniopharyngioma tumors. Sometimes it is used to treat Cushing's syndrome due to pituitary adenoma... , Amygdalohippocampectomy Amygdalohippocampectomy Amygdalohippocampectomy is a surgical procedure for the treatment of epilepsy. It consists of the removal of the hippocampus, which has a role in memory, spatial awareness, and navigation, and the amygdalae, which have a role in the processing and memory of emotional reactions, both structures...	Ventriculostomy Ventriculostomy Ventriculostomy is a neurosurgical procedure that involves creating a hole within a cerebral ventricle for drainage. It is done by surgically penetrating the skull, dura mater, and brain such that the ventricle of the brain is accessed. When catheter drainage is temporary, it is commonly referred...	Craniotomy Craniotomy A craniotomy is a surgical operation in which a bone flap is temporarily removed from the skull to access the brain. Craniotomies are often a critical operation performed on patients recording, brain imaging, and for neurological manipulations such as electrical stimulation and chemical... , Pallidotomy Pallidotomy Pallidotomy is a procedure where a tiny electrical probe is placed in the globus pallidus , which is then heated to 80 degrees celsius for 60 seconds, to destroy a small area of brain cells... , Thalamotomy Thalamotomy First introduced in the 1950s, thalamotomy is an invasive procedure, primarily effective for tremors such as those associated with Parkinson's Disease , where a selected portion of the thalamus is surgically destroyed... , Lobotomy Lobotomy Lobotomy "; τομή – tomē: "cut/slice") is a neurosurgical procedure, a form of psychosurgery, also known as a leukotomy or leucotomy . It consists of cutting the connections to and from the prefrontal cortex, the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain... , Bilateral cingulotomy Bilateral cingulotomy Bilateral cingulotomy is a form of psychosurgery, introduced in 1948 as an alternative to lobotomy. Today, it is mainly used in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression and addiction. It is also, rarely, used in the treatment of chronic pain... , Cordotomy Cordotomy Cordotomy is a surgical procedure that disables selected pain-conducting tracts in the spinal cord, in order to achieve loss of pain and temperature perception. This procedure is commonly performed on patients experiencing severe pain due to cancer or other diseases for which there is currently no... , Rhizotomy Rhizotomy A rhizotomy is a term chiefly referring to a neurosurgical procedure that selectively severs problematic nerve roots in the spinal cord, most often to relieve the symptoms of neuromuscular conditions such as spastic diplegia and other forms of spastic cerebral palsy...	Neurosurgery Neurosurgery Neurosurgery is the medical specialty concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of disorders which affect any portion of the nervous system including the brain, spine, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and extra-cranial cerebrovascular system.-In the United States:In... Psychosurgery Psychosurgery Psychosurgery, also called neurosurgery for mental disorder , is the neurosurgical treatment of mental disorder. Psychosurgery has always been a controversial medical field. The modern history of psychosurgery begins in the 1880s under the Swiss psychiatrist Gottlieb Burckhardt... Brain biopsy Brain biopsy Brain biopsy is the removal of a small piece of brain tissue for the diagnosis of abnormalities of the brain. It is used to diagnose Alzheimer's disease, tumors, infection, inflammation, and other brain disorders....
PNS Peripheral nervous system The peripheral nervous system consists of the nerves and ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord. The main function of the PNS is to connect the central nervous system to the limbs and organs. Unlike the CNS, the PNS is not protected by the bone of spine and skull, or by the blood–brain...		Ganglionectomy Ganglionectomy A ganglionectomy, also called a gangliectomy, is the surgical removal of a ganglion. The removal of a ganglion cyst usually requires a ganglionectomy. Such cysts usually form on the hand, foot or wrist and may cause pain or impair body function. Aspiration of the cyst and steroid injections are... , Sympathectomy Sympathectomy A Sympathectomy is a procedure during which at least one sympathetic ganglion is removed.An example is endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy.... /Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy is a surgical procedure where certain portions of the sympathetic nerve trunk are destroyed. ETS is used to treat hyperhidrosis, facial blushing, Raynaud's disease and reflex sympathetic dystrophy. By far the most common complaint treated with ETS is palmar... , Neurectomy Neurectomy Neurectomy is the surgical removal of a nerve or a section of a nerve. This procedure may be performed, for example, in cases of chronic pain where other treatments have failed. However the removal of the nerve can also cause negative effects, such as permanent numbness...		Axotomy Axotomy An axotomy is the cutting or otherwise severing an axon. Derived from axo- and -tomy . This type of denervation is often used in experimental studies on neuronal physiology and neuronal death or survival as a method to better understand nervous system diseases.Axotomy may cause neuronal cell... Vagotomy Vagotomy A vagotomy is a surgical procedure that involves resection of the vagus nerve.-Applications:Truncal vagotomy is a treatment option for chronic duodenal ulcers...	Nerve biopsy Nerve biopsy In medicine, a nerve biopsy is an invasive procedure in which a piece of a nerve is removed from an organism and examined microscopically. A nerve biopsy can lead to the discovery of necrotizing vasculitis, amyloidosis, sarcoidosis, leprosy, metabolic neuropathies, inflammation of the nerve, loss...
Endocrine Endocrine system In physiology, the endocrine system is a system of glands, each of which secretes a type of hormone directly into the bloodstream to regulate the body. The endocrine system is in contrast to the exocrine system, which secretes its chemicals using ducts. It derives from the Greek words "endo"...		Hypophysectomy Hypophysectomy Hypophysectomy is the surgical removal of the hypophysis . It is most commonly performed to treat tumors, especially craniopharyngioma tumors. Sometimes it is used to treat Cushing's syndrome due to pituitary adenoma... , Thyroidectomy Thyroidectomy A thyroidectomy is an operation that involves the surgical removal of all or part of the thyroid gland. Surgeons often perform a thyroidectomy when a patient has thyroid cancer or some other condition of the thyroid gland... , Parathyroidectomy Parathyroidectomy Also known as "Parathyroid gland removal", Parathyroidectomy is the surgical removal of one or more parathyroid glands. This procedure is used to remove primary tumors or hyperplasia of the glands, especially when they produce excessive parathyroid hormone. As drugs such as Fosamax do not treat the... , Adrenalectomy Adrenalectomy Adrenalectomy is the surgical removal of one or both adrenal glands. It is usually advised for patients with tumors of the adrenal glands. The procedure can be performed using an open incision or laparoscopic technique.... , Pinealectomy
Eye Eye Eyes are organs that detect light and convert it into electro-chemical impulses in neurons. The simplest photoreceptors in conscious vision connect light to movement...	Punctoplasty Punctoplasty Punctoplasty is a surgical procedure to restore the proper drainage of tears when the Lacrimal punctum gets blocked in one or both the eyes.... Trabeculoplasty Trabeculoplasty Trabeculoplasty is a treatment for glaucoma plastic surgery. It is done on a argon laser equipped slit lamp, using a Goldmann gonioscope lens mirror. The laser is directed to the trabecular meshwork...	Photorefractive keratectomy Photorefractive keratectomy Photorefractive keratectomy and Laser-Assisted Sub-Epithelial Keratectomy are laser eye surgery procedures intended to correct a person's vision, reducing dependency on glasses or contact lenses. The first PRK procedure was performed in 1987 by Dr. Theo Seiler, then at the Free University... Trabeculectomy Trabeculectomy Trabeculectomy is a surgical procedure used in the treatment of glaucoma to relieve intraocular pressure by removing part of the eye's trabecular meshwork and adjacent structures. It is the most common glaucoma surgery performed and allows drainage of aqueous humor from within the eye to underneath... Iridectomy Iridectomy An iridectomy, also known as a surgical iridectomy or corectomy, is the surgical removal of part of the iris. These procedures are most frequently performed in the treatment of closed-angle glaucoma and iris melanoma.... Vitrectomy Vitrectomy Vitrectomy is a surgery to remove some or all of the vitreous humor from the eye. Anterior vitrectomy entails removing small portions of the vitreous from the front structures of the eye—often because these are tangled in an intraocular lens or other structures...	Dacryocystorhinostomy Dacryocystorhinostomy Dacryocystorhinostomy is a surgical procedure to restore the flow of tears into the nose from the lacrimal sac when the nasolacrimal duct does not function.-Traditional:...	Radial keratotomy Radial keratotomy Radial keratotomy is a refractive surgical procedure to correct myopia.- Discovery :The procedure was discovered by Svyatoslav Fyodorov who removed glass from the eye of one of his patients who had been in an accident. A boy, who wore eyeglasses, fell off his bicycle and his glasses shattered on...	Corneal transplantation
Ears EARS EARS may refer to:* Electoral software* Electronic Arts, Redwood Shores campus.* Emirates Amateur Radio Society...	Otoplasty Otoplasty Otoplasty denotes the surgical and non-surgical procedures for correcting the deformities and defects of the pinna ; and for reconstructing a defective, or deformed, or absent external ear, consequent to congenital conditions and trauma...	Stapedectomy Stapedectomy A stapedectomy is a surgical procedure of the middle ear performed to improve hearing. The world's first stapedectomy is credited to Dr. John J.Shea Jr. who performed it in May 1956 on a 54-year-old housewife who could no longer hear even with a hearing aid. Significant contributions to modern... Mastoidectomy Auriculectomy Auriculectomy Auriculectomy is the surgical removal of the ear due to disease or trauma, generally followed by rehabilitation involving Ear Prosthesis....		Myringotomy Myringotomy Myringotomy is a surgical procedure in which a tiny incision is created in the eardrum, so as to relieve pressure caused by the excessive build-up of fluid, or to drain pus. Myringotomy is often performed as a treatment for acute suppurative otitis media...
Respiratory Respiratory system The respiratory system is the anatomical system of an organism that introduces respiratory gases to the interior and performs gas exchange. In humans and other mammals, the anatomical features of the respiratory system include airways, lungs, and the respiratory muscles...	Rhinoplasty Rhinoplasty Rhinoplasty , also nose job, is a plastic surgery procedure for correcting and reconstructing the form, restoring the functions, and aesthetically enhancing the nose, by resolving nasal trauma , congenital defect, respiratory impediment, and a failed primary rhinoplasty... Septoplasty Septoplasty Septoplasty is a corrective surgical procedure done fix to straighten the nasal septum, the partition between the two nasal cavities. Ideally, the septum should run down the center of the nose. When it deviates into one of the cavities, it narrows that cavity and impedes airflow. Often the...	Rhinectomy Rhinectomy A Rhinectomy is the surgical removal of a nose. If only part of the nose is removed it is called a partial rhinectomy, while entire nose removal is called a total rhinectomy. Often, a nose prosthesis is required for rehabilitation.... Laryngectomy Laryngectomy Laryngectomy is the removal of the larynx and separation of the airway from the mouth, nose and esophagus. The laryngectomee breathes through an opening in the neck, a stoma. This procedure is usually performed in cases of laryngeal cancer... Pneumonectomy Pneumonectomy A pneumonectomy is a surgical procedure to remove a lung. Removal of just one lobe of the lung is specifically referred to as a lobectomy, and that of a segment of the lung as a wedge resection .-Indications:...	Tracheostomy	Sinusotomy Sinusotomy A sinusotomy is a surgical operation in which an incision is made in a sinus.... , Pneumotomy, Cricothyroidotomy, Cricothyrotomy Cricothyrotomy A cricothyrotomy is an incision made through the skin and cricothyroid membrane to establish a patent airway during certain life-threatening situations, such as airway obstruction by a foreign body, angioedema, or massive... Bronchotomy Bronchotomy Bronchotomy is a medical term used to describe a surgical incision into the throat; now largely superseded by the terms laryngotomy, thyrotomy and tracheotomy, which indicate more accurately the place of incision.... Thoracotomy Thoracotomy Thoracotomy is an incision into the pleural space of the chest. It is performed by a surgeon, and, rarely, by emergency physicians, to gain access to the thoracic organs, most commonly the heart, the lungs, the esophagus or thoracic aorta, or for access to the anterior spine such as is necessary... Thyrotomy Thyrotomy Thyrotomy is an incision of the larynx through the thyroid cartilage.... Tracheotomy Tracheotomy Among the oldest described surgical procedures, tracheotomy consists of making an incision on the anterior aspect of the neck and opening a direct airway through an incision in the trachea...	Pleurodesis Pleurodesis Pleurodesis is a medical procedure in which the pleural space is artificially obliterated. It involves the adhesion of the two pleura.- Uses :Pleurodesis is done to prevent recurrence of pneumothorax or recurrent pleural effusion... Lung transplantation Lung transplantation Lung transplantation, or pulmonary transplantation is a surgical procedure in which a patient's diseased lungs are partially or totally replaced by lungs which come from a donor...
CV	Angioplasty Angioplasty Angioplasty is the technique of mechanically widening a narrowed or obstructed blood vessel, the latter typically being a result of atherosclerosis. An empty and collapsed balloon on a guide wire, known as a balloon catheter, is passed into the narrowed locations and then inflated to a fixed size...	Pericardiectomy Pericardiectomy Pericardiectomy is the surgical removal of part or most of the pericardium. This operation is most commonly done to relieve constrictive pericarditis, or to remove a pericardium that is calcified and fibrous... Endarterectomy Endarterectomy Endarterectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the atheromatous plaque material, or blockage, in the lining of an artery constricted by the buildup of soft/hardening deposits. It is carried out by separating the plaque from the arterial wall....		Cardiotomy Cardiotomy A cardiotomy is a procedure where an incision is made in the heart.It can be used for suction during heart surgery.... Pericardiotomy	Heart transplantation Heart transplantation A heart transplant, or a cardiac transplantation, is a surgical transplant procedure performed on patients with end-stage heart failure or severe coronary artery disease. As of 2007 the most common procedure was to take a working heart from a recently deceased organ donor and implant it into the...
Lymphatic Lymphatic system The lymphoid system is the part of the immune system comprising a network of conduits called lymphatic vessels that carry a clear fluid called lymph unidirectionally toward the heart. Lymphoid tissue is found in many organs, particularly the lymph nodes, and in the lymphoid follicles associated...		Tonsillectomy Tonsillectomy A tonsillectomy is a 3,000-year-old surgical procedure in which the tonsils are removed from either side of the throat. The procedure is performed in response to cases of repeated occurrence of acute tonsillitis or adenoiditis, obstructive sleep apnea, nasal airway obstruction, snoring, or... Adenoidectomy Adenoidectomy Adenoidectomy is the surgical removal of the adenoids. They may be removed for several reasons, including impaired breathing through the nose and chronic infections or earaches. The surgery is less common for adults. It is most often done on an outpatient basis under general anesthesia.... Thymectomy Thymectomy A thymectomy is an operation to remove the thymus. It usually results in remission of myasthenia gravis with the help of medication including steroids... Splenectomy Splenectomy A splenectomy is a surgical procedure that partially or completely removes the spleen.-Indications:The spleen, similar in structure to a large lymph node, acts as a blood filter. Current knowledge of its purpose includes the removal of old red blood cells and platelets, and the detection and fight... Lymphadenectomy Lymphadenectomy Lymphadenectomy consists of the surgical removal of one or more groups of lymph nodes. It is almost always performed as part of the surgical management of cancer....			Thymus transplantation Thymus transplantation Thymus transplantation is a form of organ transplantation where the thymus is moved from one body to another.-Indication:Thymus transplantation can be used to treat infants with DiGeorge syndrome, which results in an absent or hypoplastic thymus, in turn causing problems with the immune system's... Spleen transplantation Spleen transplantation Spleen transplantation is the transfer of spleen or spleen fragments from one individual to another. It is under research for induction of immunological tolerance for other transplanted organs. Success has been achieved in rodent models. Recently, evidence has been obtained for a tolerogenic effect... Splenopexy Lymph node biopsy Lymph node biopsy Lymph node biopsy is a test in which a lymph node or a piece of a lymph node is removed for examination under a microscope .The lymphatic system is made up of several lymph nodes connected by lymph vessels. The nodes produce white blood cells that fight infections...
GI/mouth Mouth The mouth is the first portion of the alimentary canal that receives food andsaliva. The oral mucosa is the mucous membrane epithelium lining the inside of the mouth....	Uvulopalatoplasty Uvulopalatoplasty Uvulopalatoplasty is a surgical procedure performed with the aim of reducing or eliminating snoring. It is an out-patient procedure, in which a laser is used to remove parts or all of the uvula at the rear of the mouth. The surgery usually requires three to five visits, with each lasting less than... Palatoplasty Palatoplasty Palatoplasty is a surgical procedure used to correct or reconstruct the palate in a person with a cleft palate. The basic goals of the procedure are to close the abnormal opening between the nose and mouth, to help the patient develop normal speech, and to aid in swallowing, breathing and normal...	Gingivectomy Gingivectomy A gingivectomy is a periodontal surgical procedure which includes the removal of gingival tissue in order to achieve a more aesthetic appearance and/or functional contour. The procedure is particularly useful if the gingival tissues have become enlarged, e.g. due to certain medications... Glossectomy Glossectomy A glossectomy is the surgical removal of all or part of the tongue. It is performed in order to curtail malignant growth such as oral cancer. Often only a portion of the tongue needs to be removed, in which case the procedure is called a hemiglossectomy.... Esophagectomy Esophagectomy Esophagectomy or Oesophagectomy is the surgical removal of all or part of the esophagus .-Purpose:... Gastrectomy Gastrectomy A gastrectomy is a partial or full surgical removal of the stomach.-Indications:Gastrectomies are performed to treat cancer and perforations of the stomach wall.... Appendectomy Proctocolectomy Proctocolectomy Proctocolectomy is the surgical removal of the rectum and all or part of the colon. It is a most widely accepted surgical method for ulcerative colitis and Familial adenomatous polyposis .- References :... Colectomy Colectomy Colectomy consists of the surgical resection of any extent of the large intestine .-History:Sir William Arbuthnot-Lane was one of the early proponents of the usefulness of total colectomies, although his overuse of the procedure called the wisdom of the surgery into question.-Indications:Some of... Hepatectomy Hepatectomy Hepatectomy consists on the surgical resection of the liver. While the term is often employed for the removal of the liver from a liver transplant recipient, this article will focus on partial resections of hepatic tissue.-History:... Cholecystectomy Cholecystectomy Cholecystectomy is the surgical removal of the gallbladder. It is the most common method for treating symptomatic gallstones. Surgical options include the standard procedure, called laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and an older more invasive procedure, called open cholecystectomy.-Open surgery:A... Pancreatectomy Pancreatectomy In medicine, a pancreatectomy is the surgical removal of all or part of the pancreas. Several types of pancreatectomy exist, including pancreaticoduodenectomy , distal pancreatectomy, segmental pancreatectomy, and total pancreatectomy... /Pancreaticoduodenectomy Pancreaticoduodenectomy A pancreaticoduodenectomy, pancreatoduodenectomy, Whipple procedure, or Kausch-Whipple procedure, is a major surgical operation involving the pancreas, duodenum, and other organs...	Gastrostomy Gastrostomy Gastrostomy refers to a surgical opening into the stomach. Creation of an artificial external opening into the stomach for nutritional support or gastrointestinal compression.... (Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy is an endoscopic medical procedure in which a tube is passed into a patient's stomach through the abdominal wall, most commonly to provide a means of feeding when oral intake is not adequate. The procedure is an alternative to surgical gastrostomy insertion, and... ) Gastroduodenostomy Gastroduodenostomy Gastroduodenostomy is a surgical procedure where the doctor creates a new connection between the stomach and the duodenum. This procedure may be performed in cases of stomach cancer or in the case of a malfunctioning pyloric valve.... Gastroenterostomy Gastroenterostomy A gastroenterostomy is the surgical creation of a connection between the stomach and the jejunum. The operation can sometimes be performed at the same time as a partial gastrectomy... Ileostomy Ileostomy An ileostomy is a surgical opening constructed by bringing the end or loop of small intestine out onto the surface of the skin. Intestinal waste passes out of the ileostomy and is collected in an external pouching system stuck to the skin... Jejunostomy Jejunostomy Jejunostomy refers to an artificial opening into the jejunum. It is performed to allow feeding tube placement. Jejunostomy is an alternative to gastrostomy when the stomach is unsuitable for a feeding tube.... Colostomy Colostomy A colostomy is a surgical procedure in which a stoma is formed by drawing the healthy end of the large intestine or colon through an incision in the anterior abdominal wall and suturing it into place. This opening, in conjunction with the attached stoma appliance, provides an alternative channel... Cholecystostomy Cholecystostomy A cholecystostomy is a procedure where a stoma is created in the gallbladder, which can facilitate placement of a tube for drainage.... Hepatoportoenterostomy Hepatoportoenterostomy A hepatoportoenterostomy, or Kasai portoenterostomy is a surgical treatment performed on infants with biliary atresia to allow for bile drainage... , Sigmoidostomy	Uvulotomy Uvulotomy A uvulotomy or staphylotomy is any cutting operation performed on the uvula.The procedure was performed in European medieval medicine. The Norwegian Eiríkr Hákonarson bled to death following such an operation.... Myotomy Myotomy Myotomy describes a surgical procedure in which muscle is cut.A common example of a myotomy is the Heller myotomy.... (Heller myotomy Heller myotomy Heller myotomy is a surgical procedure in which the muscles of the cardia are cut, allowing food and liquids to pass to the stomach... , Pyloromyotomy Pyloromyotomy Pyloromyotomy is a surgical procedure in which an incision is made in the longitudinal and circular muscles of the pylorus. It is used to treat hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. It is also known as Ramstedt's Operation, after Conrad Ramstedt who first performed the procedure in 1911.... ) Anal sphincterotomy Anal sphincterotomy Anal sphincterotomy is a surgical procedure that involves treating mucosal fissures from the anal canal/sphincter. The word is formed from sphincter + otomy .-Procedure:# The surgery can be performed under any kind of anesthesia.... Lateral internal sphincterotomy Lateral internal sphincterotomy Lateral internal sphincterotomy is an operation performed on the internal anal sphincter muscle for the treatment of chronic anal fissure. The internal anal sphincter is one of two muscles that comprise the anal sphincter which controls the passage of feces...	Vertical banded gastroplasty, Gastropexy Gastropexy Gastropexy is a surgical operation in which the stomach is sutured to the abdominal wall.... , Colon resection, Nissen fundoplication Nissen fundoplication Nissen fundoplication is a surgical procedure to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease and hiatus hernia. In GERD it is usually performed when medical therapy has failed, but with paraesophageal hiatus hernia, it is the first-line procedure... , Hernia repair Omentopexy Omentopexy Omentopexy is a surgical procedure whereby the greater omentum is sutured to a nearby organ. Suture to the abdominal wall is used to induce circulation away from portal circulation into caval circulation. It may also be sutured to another organ to increase arterial circulation.... Liver biopsy Liver biopsy Liver biopsy is the biopsy from the liver. It is a medical test that is done to aid diagnosis of liver disease, to assess the severity of known liver disease, and to monitor the progress of treatment.-History:...
Urinary Urinary system The urinary system is the organ system that produces, stores, and eliminates urine. In humans it includes two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder and the urethra.-Kidney:...	Urethroplasty Urethroplasty A urethroplasty is an operation for the repair of an injury or a defect in the walls of the urethra. Commonly, this involves removal and end-to-end anastomosis for shorter strictures or grafting using buccal mucosa for longer ones.... Pyeloplasty Pyeloplasty Pyeloplasty is the surgical reconstruction or revision of the renal pelvis to drain and decompress the kidney. Most commonly it is performed to treat an uretero-pelvic junction obstruction if residual renal function is adequate....	Nephrectomy Nephrectomy Nephrectomy is the surgical removal of a kidney.-History:The first successful nephrectomy was performed by the German surgeon Gustav Simon on August 2, 1869 in Heidelberg. Simon practiced the operation beforehand in animal experiments... Cystectomy Cystectomy Cystectomy is a medical term for surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder. It may also be rarely used to refer to the removal of a cyst, or the gallbladder. The most common condition warranting removal of the urinary bladder is bladder cancer. After the bladder has been removed, an...	Nephrostomy Nephrostomy A nephrostomy is an artificial opening created between the kidney and the skin which allows for the urinary diversion directly from the upper part of the urinary system .... Ureterostomy Ureterostomy A ureterostomy is the creation of a stoma for a ureter or kidney.The procedure is performed to divert the flow of urine away from the bladder when the bladder is not functioning or has been removed.Indications may include:... Cystostomy (Suprapubic cystostomy Suprapubic cystostomy A suprapubic cystostomy is a surgically-created connection between the urinary bladder and the skin which is used to drain urine from the bladder in individuals with obstruction of normal urinary flow... ) Urostomy Urostomy A urostomy is a stoma for the urinary system. A urostomy is made to avail for urinary diversion in cases where drainage of urine through the bladder and urethra is not possible, e.g...	Nephrotomy Nephrotomy Nephrotomy describes a surgical procedure in which the kidney is cut....	Nephropexy Nephropexy Nephropexy is the surgical fixation of a floating or mobile kidney .It was first performed by Eugen Hahn on 10 April 1881.... Urethropexy Urethropexy A Urethropexy is a surgical procedure where support is provided to the urethra.One form is the "Burch urethropexy".It is sometimes performed in the treatment of incontinence... Lithotripsy Lithotripsy Lithotripsy refers to the physical destruction of gallstones or kidney stones. The term is derived from the Greek words meaning "breaking stones" .Forms include:* Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy... Kidney transplantation Kidney transplantation Kidney transplantation or renal transplantation is the organ transplant of a kidney into a patient with end-stage renal disease. Kidney transplantation is typically classified as deceased-donor or living-donor transplantation depending on the source of the donor organ... Renal biopsy Renal biopsy A renal biopsy is a procedure in which a sample of kidney tissue is obtained. Microscopic examination of the tissue can provide information needed to diagnose, monitor or treat a renal disorder.-Indications:...
Reproductive Reproductive system The reproductive system or genital system is a system of organs within an organism which work together for the purpose of reproduction. Many non-living substances such as fluids, hormones, and pheromones are also important accessories to the reproductive system. Unlike most organ systems, the sexes... ♂	Phalloplasty Phalloplasty Phalloplasty refers to the construction of a penis or, sometimes, artificial modification of the penis by surgery, often for cosmetic purposes. It is also occasionally used to refer to penis enlargement.... Scrotoplasty Scrotoplasty Scrotoplasty, also known as oscheoplasty, is reparative or plastic surgery of the scrotum.As part of the surgical options for trans men, scrotoplasty is one of several operations performed to transform/reform the external genitalia into a penis and a scrotum.In this procedure, the labia majora are...	Vasectomy Vasectomy Vasectomy is a surgical procedure for male sterilization and/or permanent birth control. During the procedure, the vasa deferentia of a man are severed, and then tied/sealed in a manner such to prevent sperm from entering into the seminal stream... Penectomy Penectomy Penectomy is the surgical removal of the penis for medical or personal reasons.- Medical Reasons for Penectomy :Cancer, for example, sometimes necessitates removal of part or of the penis. The amount of the penis removed depends on the severity of the cancer. Some men have only the tip of their... Orchidectomy Prostatectomy Prostatectomy A prostatectomy is the surgical removal of all or part of the prostate gland. Abnormalities of the prostate, such as a tumour, or if the gland itself becomes enlarged for any reason, can restrict the normal flow of urine along the urethra.... Posthectomy Circumcision Male circumcision is the surgical removal of some or all of the foreskin from the penis. The word "circumcision" comes from Latin and .... Gonadectomy	Vasovasostomy Vasovasostomy Vasovasostomy is a surgery by which vasectomies are partially reversed. Another surgery for vasectomy reversal is vasoepididymostomy.-Limitations:... Vasoepididymostomy Vasoepididymostomy Vasoepididymostomy or epididymovasostomy is a surgery by which vasectomies are reversed. It involves connection of the severed vas deferens to the epididymis and is more technically demanding than the vasovasostomy....	Meatotomy Meatotomy A meatotomy is a form of penile modification in which the underside of the glans is split. The procedure may be performed by a doctor to alleviate meatal stenosis or urethral stricture...	Circumcision Circumcision Male circumcision is the surgical removal of some or all of the foreskin from the penis. The word "circumcision" comes from Latin and .... Foreskin restoration Foreskin restoration Foreskin restoration is the process of expanding the residual skin on the penis, via surgical or non-surgical methods. It can be performed for several reasons, among them being a desire to create the appearance of a natural foreskin covering the glans penis, or to increase sexual sensitivity of... Orchiopexy Orchiopexy Orchiopexy is a surgery to move an undescended testicle into the scrotum and permanently fix it there. It is performed by a pediatric urologist or surgeon on boys with cryptorchidism, typically before they reach the age of two... Prostate biopsy Prostate biopsy Prostate biopsy is a procedure in which small samples are removed from a man's prostate gland to be tested for the presence of cancer. It is typically performed when the scores from a PSA blood test rise to a level that is associated with the possible presence of prostate cancer.The procedure,...
Reproductive Reproductive system The reproductive system or genital system is a system of organs within an organism which work together for the purpose of reproduction. Many non-living substances such as fluids, hormones, and pheromones are also important accessories to the reproductive system. Unlike most organ systems, the sexes... ♀	Vaginoplasty Vaginoplasty thumb\|right\|300px\|Vaginoplasty: the pre-operative aspect , and the post-operative aspect of a [[Labiaplasty\|labial reduction]].Vaginoplasty is a reconstructive plastic surgery procedure for correcting the defects and deformities of the vaginal canal and its mucous membrane, and of vulvo-vaginal... Clitoroplasty Clitoroplasty Clitoroplasty is a term for the surgical creation of a clitoris , or restoration, in the case of procedures reversing the damage caused by female genital cutting.... Labiaplasty Labiaplasty Labiaplasty is a plastic surgery procedure for altering the labia minora and the labia majora, the paired tissue structures bounding the vestibule of the vulva. The indications for the correction of labial hypertrophy are two-fold: the correction of defect and deformity, and the cosmetic...	Cervicectomy Trachelectomy In gynecologic oncology, trachelectomy, also cervicectomy, is a surgical removal of the uterine cervix. As the uterine body is preserved, this type of surgery is a fertility preserving surgical alternative to a radical hysterectomy and applicable in selected younger women with early cervical... Clitoridectomy Clitoridectomy Clitoridectomy is the surgical removal of the clitoris. It is rarely needed as a therapeutic medical procedure, such as when cancer has developed in or spread to the clitoris... Oophorectomy Oophorectomy Oophorectomy is the surgical removal of an ovary or ovaries. The surgery is also called ovariectomy, but this term has been traditionally used in basic science research describing the surgical removal of ovaries in laboratory animals... Salpingoophorectomy Salpingoophorectomy In medicine, salpingoophorectomy is the removal of an ovary and its uterine tube.This spelling: "salpingoophorectomy," is a correct and accepted spelling, but much less common than "salpingo-oophorectomy."... Salpingectomy Salpingectomy Salpingectomy refers to the surgical removal of a Fallopian tube.-Indications:The procedure was first performed by Lawson Tait in patients with a bleeding ectopic pregnancy; this procedure has since saved the lives of countless women... Hysterectomy Hysterectomy A hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the uterus, usually performed by a gynecologist. Hysterectomy may be total or partial... Vaginectomy Vaginectomy Vaginectomy is a medical procedure to remove all or part of the vagina. It is usually used as a treatment for vaginal cancer. Vaginectomy is also used as part of some types of female-to-male sex reassignment surgery.-Cancer:... Vulvectomy Vulvectomy Vulvectomy refers to a gynecological procedure in which the vulva is partly or completely removed. Usually performed as a last resort in certain cases of cancer, vulvar dysplasia, Human Papilloma Virus or FGM/C...		Amniotomy Amniotomy An artificial rupture of membranes , also known as an amniotomy, may be performed by a midwife or obstetrician. This is usually performed using an amnihook or fingercot. It is intended to induce or accelerate labour.-Indications:... Clitoridotomy Hysterotomy Hysterotomy A hysterotomy is an incision in the uterus, commonly combined with a laparotomy during a caesarean section. Hysterotomies are also performed during fetal surgery.... Hymenotomy Hymenotomy A hymenotomy is a minor medical procedure involving the surgical removal or opening of the hymen. It is often performed on patients with imperforate hymens or septate hymens, or other situations where the hymen is unusually thick or rigid. In the case of a female with a hymen without any opening,... Episiotomy Episiotomy An episiotomy , also known as perineotomy, is a surgically planned incision on the perineum and the posterior vaginal wall during second stage of labor. The incision, which can be midline or at an angle from the posterior end of the vulva, is performed under local anaesthetic , and is sutured... Symphysiotomy Symphysiotomy Symphysiotomy is a surgical procedure in which the cartilage of the pubic symphysis is divided to widen the pelvis allowing childbirth when there is a mechanical problem.- Introduction :...	Tubal ligation Tubal ligation Tubal ligation or tubectomy is a surgical procedure for sterilization in which a woman's fallopian tubes are clamped and blocked, or severed and sealed, either method of which prevents eggs from reaching the uterus for fertilization... , Tubal reversal Tubal reversal Tubal reversal, also called tubal sterilization reversal or tubal ligation reversal, is a surgical procedure that attempts to restore fertility to women after a tubal ligation... , Colporrhaphy Colporrhaphy Colporrhaphy is a surgical procedure in humans that repairs a defect in the wall of the vagina... , Cesarean section Hymenorrhaphy Hymenorrhaphy Hymenorrhaphy or hymenoplasty or hymen reconstruction surgery is the surgical restoration of the hymen. The term comes from the Greek words hymen meaning membrane, and raphe meaning suture... Endometrial biopsy Endometrial biopsy The endometrial biopsy is a medical office procedure that is used to remove a sample of the lining of the uterus. The tissue subsequently undergoes a histologic evaluation which is supplied to the physician to aid in the diagnosis.-Indications:...
Bone Bone Bones are rigid organs that constitute part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates. They support, and protect the various organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells and store minerals. Bone tissue is a type of dense connective tissue... , cartilage Cartilage Cartilage is a flexible connective tissue found in many areas in the bodies of humans and other animals, including the joints between bones, the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the elbow, the knee, the ankle, the bronchial tubes and the intervertebral discs... , and joint Joint A joint is the location at which two or more bones make contact. They are constructed to allow movement and provide mechanical support, and are classified structurally and functionally.-Classification:...	bone: Acromioplasty Acromioplasty Acromioplasty is a arthroscopic surgical procedure of the acromion.Generally, it implies removal of a small piece of the surface of the bone that is in contact with a tendon causing, by friction, damage to the latter tissue.-External links:... Khyphoplasty Khyphoplasty Khyphoplasty is a type of surgery to repair compression fracture to vertebra, often from osteoporosis. In the procedure, a damaged vertebra is expanded with a balloon-like instrument, and the void which was created is filled with a setting material.... Mentoplasty Mentoplasty Mentoplasty is a term that refers to plastic surgery procedures for the chin. It comes from the Latin word mentum, which means chin, and the Greek verb plassein, which means "to form" or "to shape." Mentoplasty is also known as genioplasty, though mentoplasty is often used to refer to chin... Acromioplasty Acromioplasty Acromioplasty is a arthroscopic surgical procedure of the acromion.Generally, it implies removal of a small piece of the surface of the bone that is in contact with a tendon causing, by friction, damage to the latter tissue.-External links:... joint: Arthroplasty Arthroplasty Arthroplasty is an operative procedure of orthopedic surgery performed, in which the arthritic or dysfunctional joint surface is replaced with something better or by remodeling or realigning the joint by osteotomy or some other procedure.-Background:Previously, a popular form of arthroplasty was... Rotationplasty Rotationplasty Rotationplasty is type of autograft wherein a portion of a limb is removed, while the remaining limb below the involved portion is rotated and reattached. This procedure is used when a portion of an extremity is injured or involved with a disease, such as cancer.Typically the ankle joint becomes...	bone: Ostectomy Ostectomy An Ostectomy is a procedure involving the removal of bone.An example is femoral head ostectomy.In dentistry, ostectomy refers specifically to the removal of bone surrounding a tooth in an attempt to eliminate an adjacent periodontal pocket.-References:... (Femoral head ostectomy Femoral head ostectomy Femoral Head Ostectomy is a surgical procedure that removes the femoral head and neck from the femur. FHO surgery is performed to alleviate pain. It is a salvage procedure, reserved for condition where pain can not be alleviated in any other way. It is common in veterinary surgery... , Vertebrectomy Coccygectomy Coccygectomy Coccygectomy is a surgical procedure during which the coccyx, is removed. It can be performed for many reasons for instance in patients with coccyx pain , however it is typically reserved for patients with malignant cancer or for patients whose tailbone pain has failed to respond to nonsurgical... , Astragalectomy Astragalectomy Astragalectomy, sometimes called a talectomy is a surgical operation for removal of the talus bone for stabilization of the ankle.... )Corpectomy Corpectomy A corpectomy is a surgical procedure that involves removing part of the vertebral body , usually as a way to decompress the spinal cord and nerves. Corpectomy is often performed in association with some form of discectomy.... , Facetectomy Facetectomy Facetectomy is a surgical procedure which involves decompression of a spinal nerve root. For example, it can be performed in severely resistant cases of cervical rhizalgia, where the cervical nerve roots within the intervertebral foramina are decompressed.... Laminectomy Laminectomy Laminectomy is a spine operation to remove the portion of the vertebral bone called the lamina. There are many variations of laminectomy. In the most minimal form small skin incisions are made, back muscles are pushed aside rather than cut, and the parts of the vertebra adjacent to the lamina are... (Hemilaminectomy) joint: Synovectomy Synovectomy Synovectomy is the surgical removal of a part of the synovial membrane of a synovial joint.-Indications:It is one of the treatment options for certain diseases involving the synovium like:* Severe rheumatoid arthritis or juvenile idiopathic arthritis... Discectomy Discectomy A Discectomy is the surgical removal of herniated disc material that presses on a nerve root or the spinal cord. The procedure involves removing the central portion of an intervertebral disc, the nucleus pulposus, which causes pain by stressing the spinal cord or radiating nerves...		bone: Osteotomy Osteotomy An osteotomy is a surgical operation whereby a bone is cut to shorten, lengthen, or change its alignment. It is sometimes performed to correct a hallux valgus, or to straighten a bone that has healed crookedly following a fracture. It is also used to correct a coxa vara, genu valgum, and genu varum... joint: Arthrotomy Arthrotomy An Arthrotomy is a process involving creating an opening in a joint.It may be involved in drainage.-References:... Laminotomy Laminotomy A laminotomy is a neurosurgical procedure that removes part of a lamina of the vertebral arch in order to decompress the corresponding spinal cord and/or spinal nerve root.... Foraminotomy Foraminotomy Foraminotomy is a medical operation used to relieve pressure on nerves that are being compressed by the intervertebral foramina, the passages through the bones of the vertebrae of the spine that pass nerve bundles to the body from the spinal cord....	bone: Epiphysiodesis Epiphysiodesis Epiphysiodesis is a Pediatric surgical procedure in which the epiphyseal plate of a bone is either removed, or a cube containing part of it rotated 90° and reinserted.This procedure is used to:*Lengthen an abnormally short leg... joint: Arthrodesis Arthrodesis Arthrodesis, also known as artificial ankylosis or syndesis, is the artificial induction of joint ossification between two bones via surgery. This is done to relieve intractable pain in a joint which cannot be managed by pain medication, splints, or other normally-indicated treatments. The typical... Arthroscopy Arthroscopy Arthroscopy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure in which an examination and sometimes treatment of damage of the interior of a joint is performed using an arthroscope, a type of endoscope that is inserted into the joint through a small incision... , Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction Tommy John surgery Tommy John surgery, known in medical practice as ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction, is a surgical procedure in which a ligament in the medial elbow is replaced with a tendon from elsewhere in the body...
Muscle Muscle Muscle is a contractile tissue of animals and is derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells. Muscle cells contain contractile filaments that move past each other and change the size of the cell. They are classified as skeletal, cardiac, or smooth muscles. Their function is to... / soft tissue Soft tissue In anatomy, the term soft tissue refers to tissues that connect, support, or surround other structures and organs of the body, not being bone. Soft tissue includes tendons, ligaments, fascia, skin, fibrous tissues, fat, and synovial membranes , and muscles, nerves and blood vessels .It is sometimes...		Bursectomy Bursectomy A bursa is a small sac filled with synovial fluid that cushions adjacent structures and reduces friction. Bursectomy refers to the removal of one of these structures, usually due to chronic inflammation or infection.... amputation (Hemicorporectomy Hemicorporectomy In medicine , hemicorporectomy is a radical surgery in which the body below the waist is amputated, transecting the lumbar spine. This removes the legs, the genitalia , urinary system, pelvic bones, anus, and rectum... , Hemipelvectomy Hemipelvectomy A hemipelvectomy is a high level pelvic amputation. Along with hip disarticulations, hemipelvectomies are the rarest of lower extremity amputations. In some cases, an internal hemipelvectomy can be performed, which is a limb-sparing procedure. A complete hemipelvectomy, however, is the... ),		Myotomy Myotomy Myotomy describes a surgical procedure in which muscle is cut.A common example of a myotomy is the Heller myotomy.... Tenotomy Tenotomy A tenotomy is a surgical act which involves the division of a tendon.When it involves the Achilles tendon, it is called a "Achillotenotomy".It has been used in the treatment of cerebral palsy.It has also been used for hammer toe.... Fasciotomy Fasciotomy Fasciotomy or fasciectomy is a surgical procedure where the fascia is cut to relieve tension or pressure . Fasciotomy is a limb-saving procedure when used to treat acute compartment syndrome. It is also sometimes used to treat chronic compartment stress syndrome...	Muscle biopsy Muscle biopsy In medicine, a muscle biopsy is a procedure in which a piece of muscle tissue is removed from an organism and examined microscopically. A biopsy needle is usually inserted into a muscle, wherein a small amount of tissue remains. Alternatively, an "open biopsy" can be performed by obtaining the... Amputation Amputation Amputation is the removal of a body extremity by trauma, prolonged constriction, or surgery. As a surgical measure, it is used to control pain or a disease process in the affected limb, such as malignancy or gangrene. In some cases, it is carried out on individuals as a preventative surgery for... Tendon transfer Tendon transfer A Tendon transfer is a surgical process in which the insertion of a tendon is moved, but the origin remains in the same location....
Breast Breast The breast is the upper ventral region of the torso of a primate, in left and right sides, which in a female contains the mammary gland that secretes milk used to feed infants.Both men and women develop breasts from the same embryological tissues...	Mammoplasty Mammoplasty Mammoplasty or mammaplasty can refer to the surgical procedure to insert cheek implants or augmentation mammoplasty, an enlarging of the breasts via implants...	Lumpectomy Lumpectomy Lumpectomy is a common surgical procedure designed to remove a discrete lump, usually a benign tumor or breast cancer, from an affected man or woman's breast... Mastectomy Mastectomy Mastectomy is the medical term for the surgical removal of one or both breasts, partially or completely. Mastectomy is usually done to treat breast cancer; in some cases, women and some men believed to be at high risk of breast cancer have the operation prophylactically, that is, to prevent cancer...			Breast implant Mastopexy Breast reconstruction Breast reconstruction Breast reconstruction is the rebuilding of a breast, usually in women. It involves using autologous tissue or prosthetic material to construct a natural-looking breast. Often this includes the reformation of a natural-looking areola and nipple... Breast reduction Breast reduction Reduction mammoplasty is the plastic surgery procedure for correcting over-sized breasts...
Skin Skin -Dermis:The dermis is the layer of skin beneath the epidermis that consists of connective tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain. The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis by a basement membrane. It also harbors many Mechanoreceptors that provide the sense of touch and heat...				Escharotomy Escharotomy An escharotomy is a surgical procedure used to treat full thickness circumferential burns. Since full thickness burns are characterized by tough, leathery eschar, an escharotomy is used primarily to combat compartment syndrome...	Skin biopsy Skin biopsy Skin biopsy is a biopsy technique in which a skin lesion is removed and sent to the pathologist to render a microscopic diagnosis. It is usually done under local anesthetic in a physician's office, and results are often available in 4 to 10 days. It is commonly performed by dermatologists. Skin...
Other/ungrouped	Abdominoplasty Abdominoplasty Abdominoplasty or "tummy tuck" is a cosmetic surgery procedure used to make the abdomen more firm. The surgery involves the removal of excess skin and fat from the middle and lower abdomen in order to tighten the muscle and fascia of the abdominal wall... , Frenuloplasty Frenuloplasty A Frenuloplasty of tongue is a Frenuloplasty of the frenulum of tongue.A tight frenulum in this context is sometimes referred to as "tongue-tie" which is also known as ankyloglossia. In this condition the frenulum of the tongue restricts range of motion which may interfere with breastfeeding or... , Z-plasty Z-plasty Z-plasty is a plastic surgery technique that is used to improve the functional and cosmetic appearance of scars. It can elongate a contracted scar or rotate the scar tension line. The middle line of the Z-shaped incision is made along the line of greatest tension or contraction, and triangular...	Discectomy Discectomy A Discectomy is the surgical removal of herniated disc material that presses on a nerve root or the spinal cord. The procedure involves removing the central portion of an intervertebral disc, the nucleus pulposus, which causes pain by stressing the spinal cord or radiating nerves... , Diverticulectomy, Frenectomy Frenectomy A lingual frenectomy is a form of frenectomy associated with the tongue.The removal of the lingual frenulum under the tongue can be accomplished with either frenectomy or frenuloplasty. This is used to treat a tongue tied patient. It is rumored that, immediately after this minor oral surgery, the... , Hemorrhoidectomy, Mastoidectomy, Thrombectomy, Embolectomy Embolectomy Embolectomy is the emergency surgical removal of emboli which are blocking blood circulation. It usually involves removal of thrombi , and is then referred to as thrombectomy. Embolectomy is an emergency procedure often as the last resort because permanent occlusion of a significant blood flow to... Ganglionectomy Ganglionectomy A ganglionectomy, also called a gangliectomy, is the surgical removal of a ganglion. The removal of a ganglion cyst usually requires a ganglionectomy. Such cysts usually form on the hand, foot or wrist and may cause pain or impair body function. Aspiration of the cyst and steroid injections are... Lobectomy Lobectomy Lobectomy means surgical excision of a lobe. This may refer to a lobe of the lung, a lobe of the thyroid , or a lobe of the brain .... Myomectomy Myomectomy Myomectomy, sometimes also fibroidectomy, refers to the surgical removal of uterine leiomyomas, also known as fibroids. In contrast to a hysterectomy the uterus remains preserved and the woman retains her reproductive potential.-Indications:... Panniculectomy	Ureterosigmoidostomy Ureterosigmoidostomy A ureterosigmoidostomy is a surgical procedure where the ureters which carry urine from the kidneys, are diverted into the sigmoid colon. It is done as a treatment for bladder cancer, where the urinary bladder had to be removed...	Fistulotomy Fistulotomy A Fistulotomy is the surgical opening of a fistulous tract. They can be performed by excision of the tract and surrounding tissue, simple division of the tract, or gradual division and assisted drainage of the tract by means of a seton; a cord passed through the tract in a loop which is slowly... , Laparotomy Laparotomy A laparotomy is a surgical procedure involving a large incision through the abdominal wall to gain access into the abdominal cavity. It is also known as coeliotomy.- Terminology :... , Myringotomy Myringotomy Myringotomy is a surgical procedure in which a tiny incision is created in the eardrum, so as to relieve pressure caused by the excessive build-up of fluid, or to drain pus. Myringotomy is often performed as a treatment for acute suppurative otitis media... , Sphincterotomy, Commissurotomy Commissurotomy A commissurotomy is a surgical incision of a commissure in the body, as one made in the heart at the edges of the commissure formed by cardiac valves, or one made in the brain to treat certain psychiatric disorders....	Abdominal surgery Abdominal surgery The term abdominal surgery broadly covers surgical procedures that involve opening the abdomen. Surgery of each abdominal organ is dealt with separately in connection with the description of that organ Diseases affecting the abdominal cavity are dealt with generally under their own names The term... , Biopsy Biopsy A biopsy is a medical test involving sampling of cells or tissues for examination. It is the medical removal of tissue from a living subject to determine the presence or extent of a disease. The tissue is generally examined under a microscope by a pathologist, and can also be analyzed chemically... , Brostrom prodedure, Cauterization Cauterization The medical practice or technique of cauterization is the burning of part of a body to remove or close off a part of it in a process called cautery, which destroys some tissue, in an attempt to mitigate damage, remove an undesired growth, or minimize other potential medical harmful possibilities... , Grafting Medical grafting Grafting refers to a surgical procedure to move tissue from one site to another on the body, or from another person, without bringing its own blood supply with it. Instead, a new blood supply grows in after it is placed. A similar technique where tissue is transferred with the blood supply intact... , Hypnosurgery Hypnosurgery Hypnosurgery is the term given to an operation where the patient is sedated using hypnotherapy rather than traditional anaesthetics. It is still in its experimental stages, and not often used.... , Laparoscopy Laparoscopy Laparoscopy is an operation performed in the abdomen or pelvis through small incisions with the aid of a camera... , NOTES NOTES Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery is an experimental surgical technique whereby "scarless" abdominal operations can be performed with an endoscope passed through a natural orifice then through an internal incision in the stomach, vagina, bladder or colon, thus avoiding any external... , Nuss procedure Nuss procedure The Nuss procedure is a minimally-invasive procedure, invented by Dr. Donald Nuss for treating pectus excavatum. He developed it at Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters, in Norfolk, Virginia... , Radiosurgery Radiosurgery Radiosurgery is a medical procedure that allows non-invasive treatment of benign and malignant tumors. It is also known as stereotactic radiotherapy, when used to target lesions in the brain, and stereotactic body radiotherapy when used to target lesions in the body... ,

External links

"In medicine, what's the difference between an -ectomy, an -ostomy, and an -otomy?" at The Straight Dope
Straight Dope
The Straight Dope is a popular question-and-answer newspaper column published in the Chicago Reader, syndicated in thirty newspapers in the United States and Canada, as well as being available and archived at the .-Newspapers:...
Medical suffixes
Multimedia Manual of Cardiothoracic Surgery
Surgical Procedures

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