The non-marine molluscs of the country of Turkey

Turkey

Turkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe...

are a part of the molluscan fauna of Turkey. The biodiversity of non-marine molluscs of Turkey is richer than in surrounding European states.

There are at least 825 species of non-marine molluscs

Mollusca

The Mollusca , common name molluscs or mollusksSpelled mollusks in the USA, see reasons given in Rosenberg's ; for the spelling mollusc see the reasons given by , is a large phylum of invertebrate animals. There are around 85,000 recognized extant species of molluscs. Mollusca is the largest...

 living in the wild in Turkey. An approximate guess to the total number, however, is of about 1030 non-marine molluscs in Turkey (see the table bellow).

There are a total of 825 species of gastropods

Gastropoda

The Gastropoda or gastropods, more commonly known as snails and slugs, are a large taxonomic class within the phylum Mollusca. The class Gastropoda includes snails and slugs of all kinds and all sizes from microscopic to quite large...

, which breaks down to 95 (counted 80 "Prosobranchia

Prosobranchia

Not to be confused with the bivalve order Protobranchia.Prosobranchia was a large taxonomic subclass of sea snails, land snails and freshwater snails. This taxon of gastropods dates back to the 1920s...

" only and at least 15 other freshwater snails from this list) taxa of freshwater gastropods (including brackish water species), and 730 species (and subspecies) of land gastropods. There is also relevant number of freshwater bivalves

Bivalvia

Bivalvia is a taxonomic class of marine and freshwater molluscs. This class includes clams, oysters, mussels, scallops, and many other families of molluscs that have two hinged shells...

 living in the wild in Turkey.
According to Gümüş et al. (2009), the Turkish malacofauna of land gastropods currently comprises 730 valid species and subspecies of terrestrial snails, belonging to 36 families.

Gümüş et al. (2009) stated that Turkey has a very rich freshwater malacofauna with a very large proportion of endemic species. Those authors estimated that Turkey is inhabited by at least 300 species of freshwater molluscs.

Summary table of species in the wild of Turkey

Mollusc	Number
Freshwater gastropods	at least 95 taxa (80 species and subspecies of "Prosobranchia" include brackish waters + 15 other freshwater snails from this list)
Land gastropods	730 valid species and subspecies and estimation is over 1.000 including species and subspecies waiting to be recovered
Total gastropods	825
Bivalves	??
non-marine molluscs	at least 825 gastropods plus unknown number of freshwater bivalves. (730 taxa of land gastropods + approximate guess 300 freshwater molluscs = gives approximate guess of about 1030 taxa of non-marine molluscs.)

There are also significant numbers of non-indigenous species, including bivalves and various synanthropic gastropods and bivalves.

Land gastropods overview

A country such as Turkey, with a highly variable relief and a diversified climate

Geography of Turkey

Turkey is situated in Anatolia and the Balkans, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Georgia, and bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, between Greece and Syria. The geographic coordinates of the country lie at:...

 and vegetation

Flora and Vegetation of Turkey

In the year 2000 about 9300 species of vascular plants were known for the area of the Turkish Republic. The significance of this number becomes evident if we compare it with Europe as a whole, containing about 24% more species , distributed over a thirteen times larger area.The most important...

, can support a similarly rich and diversified malacofauna of terrestrial gastropods. Consequently, the recent changes in both land use

Land use

Land use is the human use of land. Land use involves the management and modification of natural environment or wilderness into built environment such as fields, pastures, and settlements. It has also been defined as "the arrangements, activities and inputs people undertake in a certain land cover...

 and climate (which is gradually shifting from semi-arid and winter-cold Central Turkey to a subtropical periphery with high humidity during winter) have immediately affected the malacofauna, causing area shifts following the unstable environmental conditions, including depletion or even complete loss of some populations. Increasing pasture

Pasture

Pasture is land used for grazing. Pasture lands in the narrow sense are enclosed tracts of farmland, grazed by domesticated livestock, such as horses, cattle, sheep or swine. The vegetation of tended pasture, forage, consists mainly of grasses, with an interspersion of legumes and other forbs...

 farming leads to a loss of forest

Deforestation

Deforestation is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is thereafter converted to a nonforest use. Examples of deforestation include conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use....

 vegetation, and thus to a loss of those molluscan species which are adapted to such conditions.

The recent rise of average summer temperature resulting from global warming

Global warming

Global warming refers to the rising average temperature of Earth's atmosphere and oceans and its projected continuation. In the last 100 years, Earth's average surface temperature increased by about with about two thirds of the increase occurring over just the last three decades...

 may particularly affect the Mediterranean species. Gümüş et al. (2009) speculated that both the average length of the dry summer period and the absolute temperature are rising, and that the aestivation period of species adapted to the Mediterranean drought is now too long. The animals die from starvation

Starvation

Starvation is a severe deficiency in caloric energy, nutrient and vitamin intake. It is the most extreme form of malnutrition. In humans, prolonged starvation can cause permanent organ damage and eventually, death...

 or desiccation

Desiccation

Desiccation is the state of extreme dryness, or the process of extreme drying. A desiccant is a hygroscopic substance that induces or sustains such a state in its local vicinity in a moderately sealed container.-Science:...

, and several species or subspecies may already be approaching the verge of extinction

Extinction

In biology and ecology, extinction is the end of an organism or of a group of organisms , normally a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and recover may have been lost before this point...

.

As far as nomenclature, an average of two to three additional synonym names for each taxon are available to land gastropods in Turkey.

The degree of endemism for the area of Turkey is about 65%. The degree of endemism on the species level is relatively high and is comparable to that of Greece, which houses the highest number of terrestrial snail taxa in Europe, with a similarly high value of endemism. In Turkey, several pulmonate families reach a maximum of biodiversity

Biodiversity

Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome, or an entire planet. Biodiversity is a measure of the health of ecosystems. Biodiversity is in part a function of climate. In terrestrial habitats, tropical regions are typically rich whereas polar regions...

. The biodiversity has been able to develop there without any major interruptions since the Pliocene

Pliocene

The Pliocene Epoch is the period in the geologic timescale that extends from 5.332 million to 2.588 million years before present. It is the second and youngest epoch of the Neogene Period in the Cenozoic Era. The Pliocene follows the Miocene Epoch and is followed by the Pleistocene Epoch...

.

The malacofauna of some areas, such as the inner Anatolia

Anatolia

Anatolia is a geographic and historical term denoting the westernmost protrusion of Asia, comprising the majority of the Republic of Turkey...

n steppe

Steppe

In physical geography, steppe is an ecoregion, in the montane grasslands and shrublands and temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biomes, characterized by grassland plains without trees apart from those near rivers and lakes...

 areas, and many of the densely forested mountain ranges, is incompletely ascertained or almost completely unknown. As research progresses, records of species new to science can be expected, and the knowledge of the ranges of already-known taxa will increase. Another accretion in taxa numbers may be caused by the resolution of cryptic species clusters with the help of DNA sequencing

DNA sequencing

DNA sequencing includes several methods and technologies that are used for determining the order of the nucleotide bases—adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine—in a molecule of DNA....

 methods, the Barcoding Project, and other related activities.

History of malacozoology of terrestrial gastropods

The first species from the Turkish terrestrial malacofauna were described by Guillaume-Antoine Olivier

Guillaume-Antoine Olivier

Guillaume-Antoine Olivier was a French entomologist.He was the author of Entomologie, ou histoire naturelle des Insectes and Le Voyage dans l'Empire Othoman, l'Égypte et la Perse . He was a close friend of Johan Christian Fabricius and a patron of Pierre André Latreille.-References:...

 (1756–1814), who, amongst others, collected natural history objects in the Middle East. For example he named the following species: Multidentula ovularis

Multidentula ovularis

Multidentula ovularis is a species of minute air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Enidae....

(Olivier, 1801) and Bulgarica denticulata

Bulgarica denticulata

Bulgarica denticulata is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Clausiliidae, the door snails.- Distribution :This species lives in Turkey....

(Olivier, 1801) from “Ghemlek” (= Gemlik

Gemlik

Gemlik is a harbor town bordering the Sea of Marmara in Western Turkey, at approximately 29 kilometres from Bursa and not far from Istanbul. Gemlik was called Kios until 1922 when its Greek inhabitants left Asia Minor because of the population exchange. In2004, Gemlik had approximately 70,000...

 in the Bay of Mudanya) or Assyriella guttata

Assyriella guttata

Assyriella guttata is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Helicidae, the typical snails.Assyriella guttata is the type species of the genus Assyriella....

(Olivier, 1804) from Urfa. After Olivier, the area was visited by the German Johannes Rudolf Roth and his party, and then was target of other scientists, naturalists and collectors like Bellardi, Boissier, Dubois de Montpereux, Frivaldsky, Huet de Pavillon, Parreyss, Schläfli, Sievers

Sievers

Sievers is a surname, and may refer to:* Eduard Sievers , German philologist* Eduard Wilhelm Sievers , German Shakespeare scholar* Eric Sievers , American professional football player...

 and others. Their collections went to the most prolific malacologists interested in the area like Jules René Bourguignat

Jules René Bourguignat

Jules René Bourguignat was a French malacologist, a scientist who studied mollusks.-Taxa:Bourguignat named and described many species of mollusks, including:* Lanistes alexandri Bourguignat, 1850, a species of freshwater snail...

, Jean de Charpentier

Jean de Charpentier

Jean de Charpentier or Johann von Charpentier was a German-Swiss geologist who studied Swiss glaciers...

, Heinrich Carl Küster

Heinrich Carl Küster

- Bibliography : Küster H. C. . "Die Gattungen Paludina, Hydrocaena und Valvata". Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet von Martini und Chemnitz: 1-56. Nurnberg, Bauer und Raspe. ....

, Johann Rudolf Albert Mousson, Ludwig Karl Georg Pfeiffer

Ludwig Karl Georg Pfeiffer

Ludwig Karl Georg Pfeiffer, also known as Louis Pfeiffer was a German physician, botanist and conchologist.-Biography:He received his education in Kassel, and became professor of pathology there in 1828...

 and Emil Adolf Rossmässler

Emil Adolf Rossmässler

Emil Adolf Rossmässler was a German biologist.- Bibliography :* 1832 - Systematische Übersicht des Tierreiches...

. In the second half of the 19th century, the famous German malacologists Oskar Boettger

Oskar Boettger

Oskar Boettger was a German zoologist who was a native of Frankfurt am Main. He was an uncle of the noted malacologist Caesar Rudolf Boettger ....

 and Wilhelm Kobelt

Wilhelm Kobelt

Wilhelm Kobelt was a German zoologist born in Alsfeld, Grand Duchy of Hesse. He specialized in the field of malacology.Kobelt is remembered for his work as curator of the Senckenberg Museum in Frankfurt am Main....

 from the Senckenberg Museum

Senckenberg Museum

The Naturmuseum Senckenberg in Frankfurt is the second largest museum of natural history in Germany. It is particularly popular with children, who enjoy the extensive collection of dinosaur skeletons: Senckenberg boasts the largest exhibition of large dinosaurs in Europe. One particular treasure is...

 in Frankfurt

Frankfurt

Frankfurt am Main , commonly known simply as Frankfurt, is the largest city in the German state of Hesse and the fifth-largest city in Germany, with a 2010 population of 688,249. The urban area had an estimated population of 2,300,000 in 2010...

 intensified the malacological research in Turkey, with contributions by Gottfried Nägele, Otto von Retowski and Carl Agardh Westerlund. After Kobelt’s death in 1916, the “Golden Age” of malacology

Malacology

Malacology is the branch of invertebrate zoology which deals with the study of the Mollusca , the second-largest phylum of animals in terms of described species after the arthropods. Mollusks include snails and slugs, clams, octopus and squid, and numerous other kinds, many of which have shells...

 was finished except for some contributions by Paul Hesse, Wassili Adolfovitch Lindholm and Otto W. von Rosen. After almost 50 years of scientific silence, it was the “Netherlands biological expedition to Turkey 1959”, which again shifted the focus of malacologists to Turkey. Since then, the malacological science received an enormous boost and stimulated both international as well as Turkish scientists to deepen the knowledge of the Turkish malacofauna. During this period, which now lasts about 50 years, one third of the number of taxa accepted today as valid has been added! Some of the most active contributors to this success should be mentioned here (in alphabetic order of the surnames): R. A. Bank; G. Falkner; L. Forcart; E. Gittenberger; Z. P. Erőss; Z. Fehér; B. A. Gümüş; B. Hausdorf; V. Hudec; H.P.M.G. Menkhorst; L. Németh; E. Neubert; H. Nordsieck; B. Páll-Gergely; W. Rähle; A. Riedel; H. Schütt; R. Şeşen; M.I. Szekeres; A. Wiktor and M. Z. Yıldırım.

Freshwater gastropods

Neritidae

Neritidae

Neritidae, common name the nerites, is a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized saltwater and freshwater snails which have a gill and a distinctive operculum, marine, brackish water and freshwater gastropod mollusks in the order Neritoida....

• Theodoxus fluviatilis
  Theodoxus fluviatilis
  Theodoxus fluviatilis, common name the river nerite, is a small species of freshwater and brackish water snail with a gill and an operculum. It is an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Neritidae, the nerites....
  
  (Linnaeus, 1758) - Theodoxus fluviatilis fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1789), Theodoxus fluviatilis euxinus (Clessin, 1885)
• Theodoxus heldreichi (Martens, 1879) - Theodoxus heldreichi heldreichi (Martens, 1879), Theodoxus heldreichi fluvicola Schütt & Seşen, 1992
• Theodoxus anatolicus (Recluz, 1841)
• Theodoxus syriacus (Bourguignat, 1852)
• Theodoxus altenai
  Theodoxus altenai
  Theodoxus altenai is a species of freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum. It is an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Neritidae, the nerites.- Distribution :Distribution of this species include Antalya Province, southern Turkey....
  
  Schütt, 1965
• Theodoxus jordani (Sowerby, 1832)
• Theodoxus cinctellus (Martens, 1874)

Viviparidae

Viviparidae

Viviparidae, sometimes known as the river snails or mystery snails, are a family of large operculate freshwater snails, aquatic gastropod mollusks....

• Viviparus mamillatus (Küster, 1852)
• Viviparus contectus
  Viviparus contectus
  Viviparus contectus, common name Lister's river snail, is a species of large, freshwater snail with an operculum and a gill, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Viviparidae, the river snails.-Distribution:...
  
  (Millet, 1813)
• Viviparus viviparus
  Viviparus viviparus
  Viviparus viviparus is a species of large freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Viviparidae, the river snails.-Distribution:This is a European species....
  
   costae (Mousson, 1863)

Thiaridae

Thiaridae

Thiaridae, common name thiarids, is a family of tropical freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Cerithioidea....

• Melanoides tuberculata (O. F. Müller, 1774)

Melanopsidae

Melanopsidae

Melanopsidae, common name melanopsids, is a family of freshwater gastropods in the clade Sorbeoconcha. Species in this family are native to southern and eastern Europe, northern Africa, parts of the Middle East, New Zealand, and freshwater streams of some large South Pacific islands.These snails...

• Melanopsis praemorsa (Linnaeus, 1789) - Melanopsis praemorsa praemorsa (Linnaeus, 1789), Melanopsis praemorsa ferussaci Roth, 1839, Melanopsis praemorsa maximalis Schütt, 1974
• Melanopsis buccinoidea (Olivier, 1801)
• Melanopsis costata (Olivier, 1804) - Melanopsis costata costata (Olivier, 1804), Melanopsis costata chantrei Locard, 1921
• Melanopsis nodosa Férussac, 1823
• Esperiana esperi (A. Férussac, 1823)
• Esperiana sangarica Schütt, 1974
• Esperiana acicularis stussineri Schütt, 1974

Bithyniidae

Bithyniidae

Bithyniidae is a family of small freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod molluscs in the clade Littorinimorpha.Their minute shell is often colored. They are characterized by a calcareous operculum, a lobe on the upper surface of the neck. The ctenidium, the respiratory gill-comb, is...

• Bithynia tentaculata
  Bithynia tentaculata
  Bithynia tentaculata, common names the mud bithynia or common bithynia, or faucet snail is a relatively small species of freshwater snail with gills and an operculum, an aquatic prosobranch gastropod mollusk in the family Bithyniidae....
  
  (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Bithynia leachii
  Bithynia leachii
  Bithynia leachii is species of small freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic prosobranch gastropod mollusk in the family Bithyniidae.-Shell description:The shell of the species grows to be 6.5 mm in maximum dimension....
  
  (Sheppard, 1823)
• Bithynia pseudemmericia Schütt, 1964
• Bithynia phialensis (Conrad, 1852)
• Bithynia badiella (Küster, 1852)
• Bithynia pentheri Sturany, 1905
• Bithynia pesici - Note: listed by Şereflişan (2009), but not listed by Yildirim (2006)

Hydrobiidae

Hydrobiidae

Hydrobiidae, common name mud snails, is a large cosmopolitan taxonomic family of very small freshwater snails and brackish water snails that have an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks in the clade Littorinimorpha.- Distribution :...

• Potamopyrgus antipodarum J. E. Gray, 1843 - non-indigenous
• Hydrobia ventrosa
  Hydrobia ventrosa
  Ecrobia ventrosa, common name : the spire snail, is a European species of small brackish water snail with a gill and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Hydrobiidae.-Distribution:This species occurs on the coasts of:...
  
  (Montagu, 1803)
• Hydrobia stagnorum (Gmelin, 1790)
• Peringia ulvae
  Peringia ulvae
  Hydrobia ulvae, also known as Peringia ulvae, common name the Laver spire shell, is an European species of very small aquatic snail with gills and an operculum, a gastropod mollusk in the family Hydrobiidae....
  
  (Pennant, 1777)
• Hydrobia soosi (Wagner, 1928)
• Hydrobia anatolica Schütt, 1965
• Pseudamnicola geldiayana Schütt, 1970
• Pseudamnicola intranodosa Schütt, 1993
• Pseudamnicola bilgini Schütt, 1993
• Pyrgorientalia zilchi (Schütt, 1964)
• Kirelia carinata Radoman, 1973
• Kirelia murtici Radoman, 1973
• Falsipyrgula pfeiferi (Weber, 1927)
• Falsipyrgula beysehirana (Schütt, 1965)
• Falsipyrgula schuetti Yildirim, 1999
• Horatia parvula (Naegele, 1894)
• Pseudorientalia natolica (Küster, 1852) - Pseudorientalia natolica natolica (Küster, 1852), Pseudorientalia natolica smyrnensis Schütt, 1970
• Falsibelgrandiella bunarica Radoman, 1973
• Tefennia tefennica Schütt & Yildirim, 2003 - Tefenni spring snail
• Orientalina caputlacus Schütt, 1993
• Turkorientalia anatolica Radoman, 1973
• Sheitanok amidicus Schütt & Şeşen, 1991
• Graecoanatolica lacustristurca Radoman, 1973
• Graecoanatolica tenuis Radoman, 1973
• Graecoanatolica kocapinarica Radoman, 1973
• Graecoanatolica conica Radoman, 1973
• Graecoanatolica brevis Radoman, 1973
• Graecoanatolica pamphylica (Schütt, 1964)
• Heleobia longiscata (Bourguignat, 1856)
• Belgrandiella edessana Schütt, 1993
• Belgrandiella cavernica Boettger, 1957
• Belgrandiella adsharica (Lindholm, 1913)
• Sadleriana affinis (Frauenfeld, 1863)
• Sadleriana byzanthina (Küster, 1852) - Sadleriana byzanthina byzanthina (Küster, 1852), Sadleriana byzanthina demirsoyii Yildirim & Morkoyunlu, 1997
• Sadleriana fluminensis (Küster, 1852)
• Sadleriana minuta (Naegele, 1903)
• Islamia pseudorientalica Radoman, 1973
• Islamia anatolica Radoman, 1973
• Islamia bunarbasa (Schütt, 1964)

Lithoglyphidae

Lithoglyphidae

Lithoglyphidae is a family of small freshwater snails with gills and an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks.This family is in the superfamily Rissooidea and in the clade Littorinimorpha .- Taxonomy :Taylor , Ponder & Warén and Kabat & Hershler considered this taxon as a subfamily...

• Lithoglyphus naticoides
  Lithoglyphus naticoides
  Lithoglyphus naticoides, common name the "gravel snail", is a species of small or minute freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Lithoglyphidae....
  
  (C. Pfeiffer, 1828)

Amnicolidae

Amnicolidae

Amnicolidae is a family of small freshwater snails with a gill and an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks.This family is in the superfamily Rissooidea and in the clade Littorinimorpha...

• Bythinella turca Radoman, 1976
• Bythinella occasiuncula Boeters & Falkner, 2001
• Bythinella
  Bythinella
  Bythinella is a genus of very small freshwater snails, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Amnicolidae ....
  
  sp. A - an unidentified species from Istambul sensu Yildirim (2006)

Assimineidae

Assimineidae

Assimineidae is a family of minute snails with an operculum that live in saltwater, freshwater or on the land; they are mostly aquatic gastropod mollusks or micromollusks, in the clade Littorinimorpha.- Ecology :...

• Paludinella littorina
  Paludinella littorina
  Paludinella littorina, common name the lagoon snail, is a species of minute half-way land and half-way sea snail with an operculum, a mostly terrestrial but partly marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk, in the family Assimineidae.-Habitat:...
  
  (delle Chiaje, 1828)

Valvatidae

Valvatidae

Valvatidae, the valve snails, is a taxonomic family of very small freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks.- Taxonomy :...

• Valvata cristata
  Valvata cristata
  Valvata cristata is a species of minute freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Valvatidae, the valve snails.-Shell description:...
  
  O. F. Müller, 1774
• Valvata saulcyi Bourguignat, 1853
• Valvata macrostoma
  Valvata macrostoma
  Valvata macrostoma is a species of minute freshwater snail with an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Valvatidae, the valve snails.-Habitat:...
  
  (Mörch, 1864)
• Valvata piscinalis
  Valvata piscinalis
  Valvata piscinalis, common name the European stream valvata, is a species of minute freshwater snail with gills and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Valvatidae, the valve snails. It is also known as Cincinna piscinalis .- Subspecies :Subspecies of Valvata piscinalis...
  
  (O. F. Müller, 1774)
• Borysthenia naticina
  Borysthenia naticina
  Borysthenia naticina is a species of small freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Valvatidae, the valve snails.-Distribution:This species occurs in the Pontic and Baltic regions as follows:...
  
  (Menke, 1845)

(All species above this line are freshwater "Prosobranchia".)
----

Cochliopidae

Cochliopidae

Cochliopidae is a family of small freshwater snails with gills and an operculum, aquatic gastropod mollusks.This family is in the superfamily Rissooidea and in the clade Littorinimorpha ....

• Heleobia contempta (Dautzenberg, 1894) / Semisalsa contempta (Dautzenberg, 1894)
• Heleobia longiscata (Bourguignat, 1856) / Semisalsa longiscata (Bourguignat, 1856)

Planorbidae

Planorbidae

Planorbidae, common name the ramshorn snails or ram's horn snails, is a family of air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks....

• Anisus leucostoma
  Anisus leucostoma
  Anisus leucostoma is a European species of small air-breathing freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod in the family Planorbidae, the ram's horn snails and their allies.- Synonyms :...
  
  (Millet, 1813)
• Anisus spirorbis
  Anisus spirorbis
  Anisus spirorbis is a species of small freshwater air-breathing snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Planorbidae, the ram's horn snails.- Distribution :This species occurs in countries that include:...
  
  (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Anisus vortex
  Anisus vortex
  Anisus vortex is a species of small freshwater snail, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Planorbidae, the ram's horn snails and their allies.- Distribution :This species occurs in countries and islands including:...
  
  (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Anisus vorticulus
  Anisus vorticulus
  The ramshorn snail, Anisus vorticulus is a species of minute, air-breathing, freshwater snail, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Planorbidae, the ramshorn snails.-Distribution:...
  
  (Troschel, 1834)
• Gyraulus albus
  Gyraulus albus
  Gyraulus albus is a small species of freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Planorbidae, the ram's horn snails.-Distribution:Palearctic:* Czech Republic - least concern * Germany...
  
  (O. F. Müller, 1774)
• Gyraulus euphraticus (Mousson, 1874)
• Gyraulus laevis
  Gyraulus laevis
  Gyraulus laevis is a small species of freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Planorbidae, the ram's horn snails.-Distribution:The distribution of this species is Holarctic:...
  
  (Alder, 1838)
• Gyraulus pamphylicus Glöer & Rähle, 2007
• Gyraulus parvus
  Gyraulus parvus
  Gyraulus parvus is a small species of freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Planorbidae, the ram's horn snails.-Distribution:This species is native to North America:It is not listed in IUCN red list - not evaluated...
  
  (Say, 1817)
• Gyraulus piscinarum (Bourguignat, 1852)

Lymnaeidae

Lymnaeidae

Lymnaeidae is a taxonomic family of small to large air-breathing freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks, that belong to the clade Hygrophila....

• Radix auricularia
  Radix auricularia
  Radix auricularia, common name the big-ear radix, is a species of medium-sized freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Lymnaeidae.Radix auricularia is the type species of the genus Radix.-Forms:...
  
  (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Radix peregra
  Radix peregra
  Radix peregra, previously known as Lymnaea peregra or Lymnaea pereger, is a species of air-breathing freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod in the family Lymnaeidae, the pond snails....
  
  (O. F. Müller, 1774) - synonym: Radix labiata (Rossmässler, 1835)

Ellobiidae

Ellobiidae

Ellobiidae is a family of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Eupulmonata. This is the only family in the superfamily Ellobioidea, according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)....

• Myosotella myosotis
  Myosotella myosotis
  Myosotella myosotis, common name the mouse ear snail, is an European species of small, salt marsh snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Ellobiidae....
  
  (Draparmaud, 1801) - semi-marine

Land gastropods

Species of gastropods of Turkey include:

Ellobiidae

Ellobiidae

Ellobiidae is a family of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Eupulmonata. This is the only family in the superfamily Ellobioidea, according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)....

• Leucophytia bidentata
  Leucophytia bidentata
  Leucophytia bidentata is a species of small air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Ellobiidae.This species of snail is semi-marine in habitat.-Distribution:...
  
  (Montagu, 1808) - semi-marine species

Pyramidulidae

Pyramidulidae

Pyramidulidae is a family of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea.-Anatomy:In this family, the number of haploid chromosomes lies between 26 and 30 ....

• Pyramidula cephalonica
  Pyramidula cephalonica
  Pyramidula cephalonica is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidulidae.- Shell description :The width of the shell is up to 2.6 mm, the height is up to 1.8 mm.- Distribution :...
  
  (Westerlund, 1898)
• Pyramidula chorismenostoma
  Pyramidula chorismenostoma
  Pyramidula chorismenostoma is a species of very small air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Pyramidulidae.- Shell description :...
  
  (Westerlund & Blanc, 1879)

Clausiliidae

Clausiliidae

Clausiliidae, common name door snails, are a taxonomic family of small, very elongate, mostly left-handed, air-breathing land snails, sinistral terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks....

• 175 species of Clausiliidae in Turkey. Turkey is home to 95 % of the subfamily Mentissoideinae.
• Pontophaedusa funiculum
  Pontophaedusa funiculum
  Pontophaedusa funiculum is a species of land snail, a gastropod in the family Clausiliidae, the door snails within the subfamily Serrulininae....
  
  (Mousson, 1856)
• Bulgarica denticulata
  Bulgarica denticulata
  Bulgarica denticulata is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Clausiliidae, the door snails.- Distribution :This species lives in Turkey....
  
  (Olivier, 1801)
• Papillifera bidens
  Papillifera bidens
  Papillifera papillaris, also known as Papillifera bidens, is a species of small, air-breathing land snail with a clausilium, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Clausiliidae, the door snails...
  
  (Linnaeus, 1758) - synonym: Papillifera papillaris (O. F. Müller, 1774)
• Sprattia sowerbyana O. Boettger, 1883
• Albinaria latelamellaris
  Albinaria latelamellaris
  Albinaria latelamellaris is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Clausiliidae, the door snails.- External links :...
  
  Neubert, Örstan & Welter-Schultes, 2000

Pupillidae

Pupillidae

Pupillidae is a family of mostly minute, air-breathing, land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the clade Stylommatophora....

• Pupilla triplicata
  Pupilla triplicata
  Pupilla triplicata is a species of minute air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Pupillidae.- Distribution :...
  
  (Studer, 1820)

Orculidae

Orculidae

Orculidae is a family of mostly minute, air-breathing, land snails; terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the order Pulmonata.- Taxonomy :...

• 41 species of Orculidae in Turkey
• Orcula zilchi Urbański, 1960
• Schileykula attilae Páll-Gergely, 2010

Enidae

Enidae

Enidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks.- Anatomy :In this family, the number of haploid chromosomes lies between 21 and 25 .- 1998 taxonomy :...

• Enormous radiation
  Radiation
  In physics, radiation is a process in which energetic particles or energetic waves travel through a medium or space. There are two distinct types of radiation; ionizing and non-ionizing...
  
   of the family Enidae on the Macaronesian Islands: 115 species of Enidae in Turkey
• Multidentula ovularis
  Multidentula ovularis
  Multidentula ovularis is a species of minute air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Enidae....
  
  (Olivier, 1801)

genus Ena: 3 species in Turkey

• Ena nogellii (Roth, 1850) - synonym: Buliminus ponticus Retowski, 1886
• Ena menkhorsti Hausdorf & Bank, 2001
• Ena dazimonensis Hausdorf & Bank, 2001
• Chondrula lycaonica (Sturany, 1904)
• Chondrula orientalis (Pfeiffer, 1848)
• Chondrula sturmii (Küster, 1852)
• Chondrula werneri (Sturany, 1902)
• Imparietula ridvani Schütt, 1995

Oxychilidae

Oxychilidae

Oxychilidae is a taxonomic family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Gastrodontoidea.- Distribution :...

• 45 species of Oxychilidae in Turkey
• Nastia viridula
  Nastia viridula
  Nastia viridula is a species of small, air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Oxychilidae.-Distribution:The distribution of Nastia viridula includes north-eastern Turkey....
  
  Riedel, 1989 - north-eastern Turkey

Zonitidae

Zonitidae

Zonitidae, common name the true glass snails, are a family of mostly rather small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Zonitoidea....

• Zonites algirus
  Zonites algirus
  Zonites algirus is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropodmollusk in the family Zonitidae.- Distribution :This species occurs in Turkey and other areas....
  
  (Linnaeus, 1758)

Trigonochlamydidae

• Drilolestes retowskii
  Drilolestes retowskii
  Drilolestes retowskii is a species of predatory air-breathing land slug. It is a shell-less pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Trigonochlamydidae.Drilolestes retowskii is the only species in the genus Drilolestes....
  
  (O. Boettger, 1884)
• Selenochlamys pallida
  Selenochlamys pallida
  Selenochlamys pallida is a species of predatory air-breathing land slug. It is a shell-less pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Trigonochlamydidae.Selenochlamys pallida is the type species of the genus Selenochlamys.- Distribution :...
  
  O. Boettger, 1883
• Trigonochlamys imitatrix
  Trigonochlamys imitatrix
  Trigonochlamys imitatrix is a species of predatory air-breathing land slug. It is a shell-less pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Trigonochlamydidae.Trigonochlamys imitatrix is the only species in the genus Trigonochlamys...
  
  O. Boettger, 1881

Milacidae

Milacidae

Milacidae is a family of air-breathing, keeled, land slugs. These are shell-less terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Parmacelloidea.This family has no subfamilies ....

• Tandonia budapestensis
  Tandonia budapestensis
  Tandonia budapestensis is a species of air-breathing, keeled, land slug. It is a shell-less terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Milacidae.-Description:...
  
  (Hazay, 1880)

Agriolimacidae

Agriolimacidae

Agriolimacidae is a family of small and medium sized land slugs, or shell-less snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks.- Distribution :Distribution of Limacidae is Holarctic, this include: Nearctic, western Palearctic and eastern Palearctic....

• Deroceras turcicum
  Deroceras turcicum
  Deroceras turcicum is a species of air-breathing land slug, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Agriolimacidae.-Distribution:...
  
  (Simroth, 1894)

Helicodontidae

Helicodontidae

Helicodontidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Eupulmonata .- Taxonomy :...

• Lindholmiola lens
  Lindholmiola lens
  Lindholmiola lens is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Helicodontidae.Lindholmiola lens is the type species of the genus Lindholmiola.- Distribution :...
  
  (Férussac, 1832)

Hygromiidae

Hygromiidae

Hygromiidae is a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea.-Anatomy:...

• Turkey has 112 species of Hygromiidae and it is strong for several endemic genera of Hygromiidae.
• Harmozica occidentalis Hausdorf, 2004
• Monacha oecali Hausdorf & Páll-Gergely, 2009
• Monacha georgievi Páll-Gergely, 2010

Helicidae

Helicidae

The Helicidae, sometimes known as the typical snails, are a taxonomic family of small to large, air-breathing, land snails. In other words, they are terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks....

• Turkey has 52 species of the subfamily Helicinae.
• Assyriella guttata
  Assyriella guttata
  Assyriella guttata is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Helicidae, the typical snails.Assyriella guttata is the type species of the genus Assyriella....
  
  (Olivier, 1804)

Bivalves

Unionidae

Unionidae

Unionidae is a family of freshwater mussels, the largest in the order Unionoida, the bivalve mollusks sometimes known as river mussels, naiads, or simply as unionids.The range of distribution for this family is world-wide...

• Unio stevenianus Krynicki, 1837
• Unio terminalis - Unio terminalis delicatus (Lea, 1863)

See also

Lists of molluscs of surrounding countries:

• List of non-marine molluscs of Bulgaria
• List of non-marine molluscs of Greece
• List of non-marine molluscs of Georgia (country)
• List of non-marine molluscs of Armenia
• List of non-marine molluscs of Azerbaijan
• List of non-marine molluscs of Iran
• List of non-marine molluscs of Iraq
• List of non-marine molluscs of Syria
• List of non-marine molluscs of Cyprus

Further reading

Bank R. A. & Menkhorst H. P. M. G. (1994). "Katalog der rezenten Clausiliidae (exkl. Gattung Albinaria) der Türkei (Gastropoda, Pulmonata)". Deinsea 1: 85–122, Rotterdam.

• Gümüş B. A. (2004). Taxonomic studies on the Clausiliidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) species distributed in Western Anatolia. PhD thesis, University of Süleyman Demirel, Isparta, Turkey.
• Gümüş B. A. (2005). "The land snails (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Stylommatophora: Clausiliidae) of the ancient cities in the Marmara, the Ege (Aegean) and the Akdeniz (Mediterranean) regions of Turkey". The Archaeo+Malacology Group Newsletter 7: 1–4. http://triton.anu.edu.au/issue_7.htm
• Gümüş B. A. (2010). The land snails of Kâhta
  Kahta
  Kâhta is a large district of Adıyaman Province of Turkey. Population 63,216 . The mayor is İbrahim Yusuf Turanlı .Kâhta is a small town in attractive countryside at the foot of Nemrut Dağı and has a thriving business providing food, accommodation and transport to people visiting the mountain...
  
  , Adıyaman, Turkey (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata)". Munis Entomology & Zoology 5(1): 286-289. PDF.
• Hausdorf B. (2000). "The genus Monacha
  Monacha
  Monacha is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Hygromiidae, the hairy snails and their allies.- Distribution :...
  
  in Turkey (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Hygromiidae). Archiv fur Molluskenkunde 128(1/2): 61–151, Frankfurt am Main.
• Loosjes F. E. (1963). "Clausiliidae (Gastropoda, Pulmonata) collected by the Netherlands biological expedition to Turkey in 1959". Zoologische Mededelingen 38 (15): 243–260, pl. 18–20, Leiden.
• Nemeth L. & Szekeres M. (1995). "The systematic position of some new and little-known species of Clausiliidae from Turkey (Mollusca, Stylommatophora)". Zoology in the Middle East 11: 93–108, Heidelberg.
• Neubert E. (1992). "Descriptions of new taxa of the Clausiliidae from Turkey (Mollusca: Stylommatophora)". Zoology in the Middle East 7: 65–86, Heidelberg.
• Neubert E. (1995). "Note on some genera of Clausiliidae from Turkey (Mollusca, Stylommatophora)". Zoology in the Middle East 11: 101–118, Heidelberg.
• Neubert E. & Menkhorst H.P.M.G. (1994). "New taxa of Armenica (Mollusca, Stylommatophora, Clausiliidae) from Turkey". Zoology in the Middle East 10: 139–159, Heidelberg. Nordsieck H. (1993). "Türkische Clausiliidae, I: Neue Arttaxa des Genus Albinaria Vest, 1867 in Süd-Anatolien (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora)". Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie A (Biologie) 499: 1–31, Stuttgart. Nordsieck H. (1994) "Türkische Clausiliidae, II: Neue Taxa der Unterfamilien Serrulininae und Mentissoideinae in Anatolien (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora)". Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie A (Biologie) 513: 1–36, Stuttgart. Nordsieck H. (2004) "Türkische Clausiliidae, III: Neue Arttaxa der Unterfamilien Alopiinae und Mentissoideinae aus Anatolien (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora)". Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde, Serie A (Biologie) 670: 1–28, Stuttgart. PDF.
• Örstan A., Yıldırım M. Z., Gümüş B.A. & Welter-Schultes F. (2005). "The land snails of the Bodrum". Mitteilungen der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft, 73/74: 1–15, Frankfurt am Main. Riedel A. (1995). "Wenig bekannte und neue Zonitidae aus der Türkei (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora)". Malakologische Abhandlungen Staatliches Museum für Tierkunde Dresden 17(10): 121–136, Dresden. Riedel A. (1989). "Zonitidae (sensu lato) des Ostpontischen Gebirges in der Türkei (Gastropoda)". Ann. Zoologici 42: 363–424, Warszawa. Schütt H. (1965). "Zur Systematik und Ökologie türkischer Süßwasserprosobranchier". Zoologische Mededelingen
  Zoologische Mededelingen
  Zoologische Mededelingen publishes papers and monographs on vertebrate and invertebrate systematics. The publisher is the National Museum of Natural History Naturalis in The Netherlands. The first issue of Zoologische Mededeelingen appeared in 1915, as the official journal of Naturalis' predecessor...
  
  41(3): 43-72, Plate 1. abstract, PDF. Schütt H. (1993). Turkische Landschnecken. Christa Hemmen, Wiesbaden.
• Schütt H. (2005). Turkish land snails 1758–2005. 4th, revised and enlarged edition. Verlag Natur & Wissenschaft Solingen, 559 p.
• Şeşen R. & Schütt H. (2005). "The clausilioid genus Idyla in Turkey (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Clausiliidae)". Club Conchylia Informationen 37(1/2): 3–5, Ludwigsburg. Stojaspal F. (1986). "Ein Beitrag zur Molluskenfauna der Türkei". Mitteilungen der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft 38: 11–20, Frankfurt am Main.
• Sturany R. (1894). "Zur Molluskenfauna der europäischen Türkei. Annalen des k. k. Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums 9: 369-394. 3 tables.
• Tillier S. P. & Mordan P. (1983). "The conchological collections of Bruguière
  Jean Guillaume Bruguière
  Jean Guillaume Bruguière was a French physician, zoologist and diplomat.Bruguière was born in Montpellier.He was a doctor, connected to the University of Montpellier. His was interested in invertebrates, mostly snails ....
  
   and Olivier from the Ottoman Empire (1792–1798)". Journal of Conchology 31(3): 153–161, pl. 5–7. London.
• Uit De Weerd D. R. & Gittenberger E. (2005). "Towards a monophyletic genus Albinaria
  Albinaria
  Albinaria is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Clausiliidae, the door snails.- Distribution :Distribution of the genus Albinaria include:* southern Albania* Greece* Cyprus...
  
  (Gastropoda, Pulmonata): the first molecular study into the phylogenetic position of eastern Albinaria species". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
  Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
  Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society is the scientific journal of the Linnean Society published by Wiley-Blackwell.According to EBSCOhost, it "[p]resents original papers on zoology with an emphasis on the diversity, systematics, interrelationships, and habits of animals both living and...
  
  143: 531–542, London.
• Yıldırım M. Z., Kebapçı Ü. & Gümüş B. A. (2004). "Edible Snails (Terrestrial) of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology 28: 329–335, Ankara.

about bivalves:

• Şereflişan H., Şereflişan M. & Soylu S. (2009). "Description of Glochidia of Three Species of Freshwater Mussels (Unionidae) from Southeastern Turkey". Malacologia 51(1): 165-172. .

External links

• Turkey and Cyprus: list of species where we do not have pictures yet