List of Roman laws
Encyclopedia
This is a partial list of Roman laws. A law (Latin
lex) is usually named for the sponsoring legislator and designated by the adjectival
form of his family or gens
name (nomen gentilicum). Because the noun
lex (plural leges) is of feminine grammatical gender
, its adjective is also feminine in form
. When a law is the initiative of the two consul
s, it is given the name of both, with the gens of the senior consul first. Sometimes a law is further specified by a short phrase describing the content of the law, to distinguish that law from others sponsored by members of the same family.
Some laws listed have been made after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, but they were heavily influenced by Roman laws that were made before.
Latin
Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...
lex) is usually named for the sponsoring legislator and designated by the adjectival
Adjective
In grammar, an adjective is a 'describing' word; the main syntactic role of which is to qualify a noun or noun phrase, giving more information about the object signified....
form of his family or gens
Gens
In ancient Rome, a gens , plural gentes, referred to a family, consisting of all those individuals who shared the same nomen and claimed descent from a common ancestor. A branch of a gens was called a stirps . The gens was an important social structure at Rome and throughout Italy during the...
name (nomen gentilicum). Because the noun
Noun
In linguistics, a noun is a member of a large, open lexical category whose members can occur as the main word in the subject of a clause, the object of a verb, or the object of a preposition .Lexical categories are defined in terms of how their members combine with other kinds of...
lex (plural leges) is of feminine grammatical gender
Grammatical gender
Grammatical gender is defined linguistically as a system of classes of nouns which trigger specific types of inflections in associated words, such as adjectives, verbs and others. For a system of noun classes to be a gender system, every noun must belong to one of the classes and there should be...
, its adjective is also feminine in form
Declension
In linguistics, declension is the inflection of nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and articles to indicate number , case , and gender...
. When a law is the initiative of the two consul
Consul
Consul was the highest elected office of the Roman Republic and an appointive office under the Empire. The title was also used in other city states and also revived in modern states, notably in the First French Republic...
s, it is given the name of both, with the gens of the senior consul first. Sometimes a law is further specified by a short phrase describing the content of the law, to distinguish that law from others sponsored by members of the same family.
Some laws listed have been made after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, but they were heavily influenced by Roman laws that were made before.
Roman laws
- Lex Acilia CalpurniaLex Acilia CalpurniaLex Acilia Calpurnia was a law established during the Roman Republic in 67 BC mandating permanent exclusion from office in cases of electoral corruption.-External links:*...
(67 BC67 BCYear 67 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Piso and Glabrio...
) permanent exclusion from office in cases of electoral corruption - Lex Acilia de intercalandoLex Acilia de intercalandoLex Acilia de intercalando was a law established in ancient Rome in 191 BC.Introduced by the consul M. Acilius, this law probably authorized the pontifices to decree an intercalary period in order to prevent seasonal drift in the pre-Julian lunar calendar...
(191 BC191 BCYear 191 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Nasica and Glabrio...
) adjustment of the calendar - Lex Acilia repetundarumLex Acilia repetundarumLex Acilia Repetundarum was a law established in ancient Rome in 123 BC.It provides for equites as jurors in courts overseeing senatorial class to prevent corruption abroad. It was extremely unpopular since the inferior class judges the senatorial. It was believed to be part of Gaius Gracchus'...
(123 BC123 BCYear 123 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Balearicus and Flamininus...
) repetundae procedures for jurors in courts overseeing senatorial class to prevent corruption abroad - Lex Aebutia de formulisLex Aebutia de formulisLex Aebutia de formulis was a law established in ancient Rome in around 150 BC, though the date is quite uncertain....
(c. 150 BC150 BCYear 150 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Flamininus and Balbus...
) authorized praetor's discretion to be introduced into the court of the praetor urbanus, praetor able to remodel private law of Rome - Lex Aebutia de magistratibus extraordinariisLex Aebutia de magistratibus extraordinariisLex Aebutia de magistratibus extraordinariis was a law established in ancient Rome during the early 2nd century BC, though the date remains uncertain...
(154 BC154 BCYear 154 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Opimius and Albinus/Glabrio...
?) proposer of extraordinary magistracy cannot hold it - Lex Aelia et FufiaLex Aelia et FufiaThe Lex Aelia et Fufia was established in around the year 150 BC in the Roman Republic. The presumed subject of this legislation was the extension of the right of "obnuntiatio", that is, reporting unfavorably concerning the omens observed at the Legislative Assemblies, thus forcing an end to...
(c. 150 BC150 BCYear 150 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Flamininus and Balbus...
?) two laws probably regulating auspices - Lex Aelia SentiaLex Aelia SentiaLex Aelia Sentia was a law established in ancient Rome in 4 AD. It was one of the laws that the Roman assemblies had to pass . This law , has made limitations on manumissions. Manumission, or the freeing of a slave, became increasingly important by the early empire...
(AD 44Year 4 was a common year starting on Wednesday or a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar and a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Proleptic Julian calendar...
) manumissions of slaveSlaverySlavery is a system under which people are treated as property to be bought and sold, and are forced to work. Slaves can be held against their will from the time of their capture, purchase or birth, and deprived of the right to leave, to refuse to work, or to demand compensation...
s - Lex Aemilia distribution of freedmen among tribes
- Lex Aemilia De Censoribus (c. 433 BC433 BCYear 433 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Tribunate of Vibulanus, Fidenas and Flaccinator...
) reduced the terms of censors to a year and a half - Lex Ampia (64 BC64 BCYear 64 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Figulus...
) allowed PompeyPompeyGnaeus Pompeius Magnus, also known as Pompey or Pompey the Great , was a military and political leader of the late Roman Republic...
to wear the crown of bay at the Ludi Circenses - Lex Antonia de TermessibusLex Antonia de TermessibusThe Lex Antonia de Termessibus was a Roman law passed in 71 or 68 BC , at the initiative of the tribune Gaius Antonius.The purpose of the law was to form an alliance between the city of Termessus and Rome....
(72 BC72 BCYear 72 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Publicola and Lentulus...
) alliance with Termessus - Leges Antoniae measures of Mark AntonyMark AntonyMarcus Antonius , known in English as Mark Antony, was a Roman politician and general. As a military commander and administrator, he was an important supporter and loyal friend of his mother's cousin Julius Caesar...
against dictatorship etc. - Lex Apuleia gave a suretySuretyA surety or guarantee, in finance, is a promise by one party to assume responsibility for the debt obligation of a borrower if that borrower defaults...
the right to take action against his co-sureties for whatever he paid above his share - Lex Apuleia Agraria (103 BC103 BCYear 103 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Marius and Orestes...
and 100 BC100 BCYear 100 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Marius and Flaccus...
) measures of the tribuneTribuneTribune was a title shared by elected officials in the Roman Republic. Tribunes had the power to convene the Plebeian Council and to act as its president, which also gave them the right to propose legislation before it. They were sacrosanct, in the sense that any assault on their person was...
SaturninusSaturninusSaturninus may refer to:* Lucius Appuleius Saturninus , tribune* Lucius Antonius Saturninus , provincial governor and rebel against Domitian* Julius Saturninus , provincial governor and rebel against Probus... - Lex AquiliaLex AquiliaThe lex Aquilia was a Roman law which provided compensation to the owners of property injured by someone's fault.- The provisions of the Lex Aquilia :...
(possibly 286 BC286 BCYear 286 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Corvus and Paetus...
, at least before 3rd century BC) provided compensation to the owners of property injured by someone's fault - Lex Aternia-Tarpeia (454 BC454 BCYear 454 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Capitolinus and Varus...
) allowed magistrates to fine citizens, but set maximum fines - Lex Atilia Marcia (312 BC312 BCYear 312 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Corvus and Mus...
) empowered the people to elect sixteen Military TribunesTribuneTribune was a title shared by elected officials in the Roman Republic. Tribunes had the power to convene the Plebeian Council and to act as its president, which also gave them the right to propose legislation before it. They were sacrosanct, in the sense that any assault on their person was...
for each of four legions - Lex Atinia (149 BC149 BCYear 149 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Censorinus and Manilius...
) Tribunes of the plebsTribuneTribune was a title shared by elected officials in the Roman Republic. Tribunes had the power to convene the Plebeian Council and to act as its president, which also gave them the right to propose legislation before it. They were sacrosanct, in the sense that any assault on their person was...
automatically promoted to the senateRoman SenateThe Senate of the Roman Republic was a political institution in the ancient Roman Republic, however, it was not an elected body, but one whose members were appointed by the consuls, and later by the censors. After a magistrate served his term in office, it usually was followed with automatic... - Lex Atinia de usucapione (197 BC197 BCYear 197 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Cethegus and Rufus...
or 149 BC149 BCYear 149 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Censorinus and Manilius...
) dealing with ownership - Lex Aufeia settlement of Asia c. 124 BC124 BCYear 124 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Longinus and Calvinus...
- Lex Aufidia de ambitu (61 BC61 BCYear 61 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Calpurnianus and Messalla...
) candidate who promises money and does not pay it should be unpunished - Lex Aurelia de tribunicia potestate (75 BC75 BCYear 75 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Octavius and Cotta...
) - Lex Aurelia iudiciaria (70 BC70 BCYear 70 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Magnus and Dives...
) judices should be chosen from senatorRoman SenateThe Senate of the Roman Republic was a political institution in the ancient Roman Republic, however, it was not an elected body, but one whose members were appointed by the consuls, and later by the censors. After a magistrate served his term in office, it usually was followed with automatic...
s, equites and tribuni aerariiTribuneTribune was a title shared by elected officials in the Roman Republic. Tribunes had the power to convene the Plebeian Council and to act as its president, which also gave them the right to propose legislation before it. They were sacrosanct, in the sense that any assault on their person was... - Lex BaebiaLex BaebiaLex Baebia was one of many laws enacted during the Roman Republic to combat ambitus in the electoral process.There is some confusion over the exact nature of this law; whether it was indeed a single law or two. Lex Baebia de Praetoribus mandated the election of four and then six praetors on...
(192 BC192 BCYear 192 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Flamininus and Ahenobarbus...
) set number of praetors to alternate, but was never observed - Lex Caecilia De CensoriaLex Caecilia De CensoriaLex Caecilia De Censoria was passed by Metellus Scipio, Roman Consul of 52 BC. It repealed a law passed by the tribune Publius Clodius Pulcher in 58 BC, which had prescribed certain rules for the Censors in exercising their functions as inspectors of public morals...
(54 BC54 BCYear 54 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Appius and Ahenobarbus...
) repealed a law passed by the tribuneTribuneTribune was a title shared by elected officials in the Roman Republic. Tribunes had the power to convene the Plebeian Council and to act as its president, which also gave them the right to propose legislation before it. They were sacrosanct, in the sense that any assault on their person was...
ClodiusPublius Clodius PulcherPublius Clodius Pulcher was a Roman politician known for his popularist tactics...
in 58 BC, which had regulated the Censors - Lex Caecilia De Vectigalibus (62 BC62 BCYear 62 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Silanus and Murena...
) released lands and harbors in Italy from the payment of taxes - Lex Caecilia DidiaLex Caecilia DidiaThe Lex Caecilia Didia was a law put into effect by the consuls Q. Caecilius Metellus Nepos and Titus Didius in the year 98 BCE. This law had two provisions. The first was a minimum period between proposing a Roman law and voting on it, and the second was a ban of miscellaneous provisions in a...
(98 BC98 BCYear 98 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Nepos and Didius...
) Required laws to proposed at least three market days before any vote. Also forbade Omnibus billOmnibus billAn omnibus bill is a proposed law that covers a number of diverse or unrelated topics. Omnibus is derived from Latin and means "for everything"...
s, which are bills with a large amount of unrelated material. - Lex CalpurniaLex CalpurniaLex Calpurnia was a law established in 149 BC by Tribune Lucius Calpurnius Piso. According to this law, a permanent court with a praetor who observed provincial governors has been established. The main reason was the increasing extortion in provinces...
(149 BC149 BCYear 149 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Censorinus and Manilius...
) establishes a permanent extortion court - Lex CanuleiaLex CanuleiaThe Lex Canuleia is a law of the Roman Republic passed in the year 445 BC. Named after the tribune Gaius Canuleius, who proposed it, it abolished a corresponding prohibition in the Twelve Tables and allowed marriage between patricians and plebeians, with children inheriting the father's social status...
(445 BC445 BCYear 445 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augurinus and Philo...
) allows patricians and plebeians to intermarry - Lex Cassia (137 BC137 BCYear 137 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Porcina and Mancinus...
) introduces secret votes in court jury decisions - Lex Cassia (104 BC104 BCYear 104 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Marius and Fimbria...
) required any senator to be expelled from the senate if they had been convicted of a crime, or if their power (imperiumImperiumImperium is a Latin word which, in a broad sense, translates roughly as 'power to command'. In ancient Rome, different kinds of power or authority were distinguished by different terms. Imperium, referred to the sovereignty of the state over the individual...
) had been revoked while serving as a magistrate - Lex Cassia (44 BC44 BCYear 44 BC was either a common year starting on Sunday or Monday or a leap year starting on Friday or Saturday of the Julian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday of the Proleptic Julian calendar...
?) allowed Julius CaesarJulius CaesarGaius Julius Caesar was a Roman general and statesman and a distinguished writer of Latin prose. He played a critical role in the gradual transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire....
to add new individuals to the patrician (aristocratic) class - Lex Cassia Terentia Frumentaria (73 BC73 BCYear 73 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lucullus and Longinus...
) required the distribution of corn among the poor citizens - Lex CinciaLex CinciaLex Cincia was a plebiscite passed in 204 BC, and was intended to reform the legal system of the Roman Republic. One provision of this law forbade lawyers from being compensated after pleading a case...
(204 BC204 BCYear 204 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Cethegus and Tuditanus...
) tort reformTort reformTort reform refers to proposed changes in common law civil justice systems that would reduce tort litigation or damages. Tort actions are civil common law claims first created in the English commonwealth system as a non-legislative means for compensating wrongs and harm done by one party to...
concerning the payment of lawyers - Lex citationis (AD 426426Year 426 was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Theodosius and Valentinianus...
) during court proceedings, only five Roman lawyers could be cited - Lex ClaudiaLex ClaudiaLex Claudia was a law established in ancient Rome in 218 BC. The law was written by Quintus Claudius, then Tribune of the Plebs, stating that no senator or senator’s son could own a sea-going ship with a capacity of more than 300 amphorae . Though Q...
(218 BC218 BCYear 218 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Scipio and Longus...
) prohibits senators from participating in overseas trade, obsolete by the time of CiceroCiceroMarcus Tullius Cicero , was a Roman philosopher, statesman, lawyer, political theorist, and Roman constitutionalist. He came from a wealthy municipal family of the equestrian order, and is widely considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists.He introduced the Romans to the chief... - Leges ClodiaeLeges ClodiaeLeges Clodiae were a series of laws passed by the Plebeian Council of the Roman Republic under the tribune Publius Clodius Pulcher in 58 BC. Clodius was a member of the patrician family Claudius; the alternate spelling of his name is sometimes regarded as a political gesture...
(58 BC58 BCYear 58 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Piso and Gabinius...
) a series of laws passed by the tribuneTribuneTribune was a title shared by elected officials in the Roman Republic. Tribunes had the power to convene the Plebeian Council and to act as its president, which also gave them the right to propose legislation before it. They were sacrosanct, in the sense that any assault on their person was...
Publius Clodius PulcherPublius Clodius PulcherPublius Clodius Pulcher was a Roman politician known for his popularist tactics... - Lex Cornelia Annalis (81 BC81 BCYear 81 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Decula and Dolabella...
) a sanction law for Sulla's past acts; part of his program to strengthen the Senate - Lex Cornelia de maiestate treason law passed by Sulla to regulate the activities of pro-magistrates in their provinces, especially unapproved war and unauthorized travel
- Lex Cornelia de sicariis et veneficiis (80 BC80 BCYear 80 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Sulla and Metellus...
) dealing with injuries and deaths obtained by magic - Lex curiataLex curiata de imperioIn the constitution of ancient Rome, the lex curiata de imperio was the law confirming the rights of higher magistrates to hold power, or imperium...
was any law passed by the comitia curiata, including the lex curiata de imperio (following); Roman adoptions, particularly so-called "testamentary adoptions," were also recognized by a lex curiata, famously in 59 BC when the patrician Clodius PulcherPublius Clodius PulcherPublius Clodius Pulcher was a Roman politician known for his popularist tactics...
was adopted into a plebeianPlebsThe plebs was the general body of free land-owning Roman citizens in Ancient Rome. They were distinct from the higher order of the patricians. A member of the plebs was known as a plebeian...
gensGensIn ancient Rome, a gens , plural gentes, referred to a family, consisting of all those individuals who shared the same nomen and claimed descent from a common ancestor. A branch of a gens was called a stirps . The gens was an important social structure at Rome and throughout Italy during the...
in order to run for the office of tribune of the plebsTribuneTribune was a title shared by elected officials in the Roman Republic. Tribunes had the power to convene the Plebeian Council and to act as its president, which also gave them the right to propose legislation before it. They were sacrosanct, in the sense that any assault on their person was...
. - Lex curiata de imperioLex curiata de imperioIn the constitution of ancient Rome, the lex curiata de imperio was the law confirming the rights of higher magistrates to hold power, or imperium...
granting imperium to senior Roman magistrates under the Republic. The traditional basis for the later Lex de Imperio allowing Imperial succession. - Lex Domitia de sacerdotis (104 BC104 BCYear 104 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Marius and Fimbria...
) establishes election of pontifex maximusPontifex MaximusThe Pontifex Maximus was the high priest of the College of Pontiffs in ancient Rome. This was the most important position in the ancient Roman religion, open only to patricians until 254 BC, when a plebeian first occupied this post...
, until then chosen by the college of priests - Lex Fufia (c. 150 BC150 BCYear 150 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Flamininus and Balbus...
) substitute with the Lex Aelia in place of the obsolete patrum auctoritas - Lex Fufia CaniniaLex Fufia CaniniaIn ancient Rome, the lex Fufia Caninia was one of the laws that national assemblies had to pass, after they were requested to do so by Augustus. This law, along with the lex Aelia Sentia, placed limitations on manumissions...
(2 BC2 BCYear 2 BC was a common year starting on Thursday or Friday of the Julian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Proleptic Julian calendar...
) limitation of manumissionManumissionManumission is the act of a slave owner freeing his or her slaves. In the United States before the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which abolished most slavery, this often happened upon the death of the owner, under conditions in his will.-Motivations:The... - Lex GabiniaLex GabiniaIn the law of ancient Rome, the Lex Gabinia of 67 BC granted Pompeius Magnus extraordinary proconsular powers in any province within 50 miles of the Mediterranean Sea...
(67 BC67 BCYear 67 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Piso and Glabrio...
) Pompey has special powers in the Mediterranean to fight against pirates - Lex Gabinia tabellaria (139 BC139 BCYear 139 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Piso and Laenas...
) introduces secret votes in election for magistrate offices - Lex Gellia Cornelia (72 BC72 BCYear 72 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Publicola and Lentulus...
) consuls of this year authorized PompeyPompeyGnaeus Pompeius Magnus, also known as Pompey or Pompey the Great , was a military and political leader of the late Roman Republic...
to confer Roman citizenship to the deserving. Pompey's clientela and Spaniards were the beneficiaries - Leges GenuciaeLeges GenuciaeLeges Genuciae were laws proposed in 342 BC by plebeian consul Lucius Genucius.These laws banned lending that carried interest , holding two magistrates at the same time or repeated holding of office within 10 years...
(342 BC342 BCYear 342 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Ahala and Rutilus...
) no man can hold the same officeCursus honorumThe cursus honorum was the sequential order of public offices held by aspiring politicians in both the Roman Republic and the early Empire. It was designed for men of senatorial rank. The cursus honorum comprised a mixture of military and political administration posts. Each office had a minimum...
before 10 years have elapsed from the first election - Lex Hadriana (?) HadrianHadrianHadrian , was Roman Emperor from 117 to 138. He is best known for building Hadrian's Wall, which marked the northern limit of Roman Britain. In Rome, he re-built the Pantheon and constructed the Temple of Venus and Roma. In addition to being emperor, Hadrian was a humanist and was philhellene in...
's law that enabled permanent tenants to develop land, it was an extension of the Lex MancianaLex MancianaThe Lex Manciana is a Roman law dealing with tenancy agreements of Imperial estates in North Africa.-Location:The Imperial estates in question are all from the Bagradas Valley region of Africa Proconsularis The Lex Manciana is a Roman law dealing with tenancy agreements of Imperial estates in North... - Lex Hieronica (240 BC240 BCYear 240 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Centho and Tuditanus...
) taxation of Sicily - Lex HortensiaLex HortensiaLex Hortensia was a law passed in Ancient Rome in 287 BC which made all resolutions passed by plebeians binding on all citizens.-Introduction:...
(287 BC287 BCYear 287 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Marcellus and Rutilus...
) plebiscites approved by the Assembly of the PeopleRoman assembliesThe Legislative Assemblies of the Roman Republic were political institutions in the ancient Roman Republic. According to the contemporary historian Polybius, it was the people who had the final say regarding the election of magistrates, the enactment of new statutes, the carrying out of capital...
gain the status of law - Lex Icilia (454 BC454 BCYear 454 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Capitolinus and Varus...
) gave land to plebeians - Lex Iulia (90 BC90 BCYear 90 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Lupus...
) brought by consul L. Caesar, offered citizenship to all Italians who had not raised arms against Rome in the Italian War (Social War) - Lex Iulia de Adulteriis Coercendis (18 BC18 BCYear 18 BC was either a common year starting on Friday, Saturday or Sunday or a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Proleptic Julian calendar...
) made conjugal unfaithfulness a public as well as a private offense, with banishment a possible penalty - Lex Iulia de Maritandis Ordinibus (18 BC18 BCYear 18 BC was either a common year starting on Friday, Saturday or Sunday or a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Proleptic Julian calendar...
) marrying-age celibates and young widows that would not marry were barred from receiving inheritances and from attending public games - Lex Iulia de Repetundis (59 BC59 BCYear 59 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Bibulus...
) regarding extortion in the provinces - Lex Iulia Municipalis (45 BC45 BCYear 45 BC was either a common year starting on Thursday, Friday or Saturday or a leap year starting on Friday or Saturday and the first year of the Julian calendar and a leap year starting on Friday of the Proleptic Julian calendar...
) set regulations for the Italian municipalities - Leges Juliae (18 BC18 BCYear 18 BC was either a common year starting on Friday, Saturday or Sunday or a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Proleptic Julian calendar...
) regarding marriage - Lex Junia LiciniaLex Junia LiciniaThe Lex Junia Licinia or Lex Junia et Licinia was an ancient Roman law produced in 62 BC that confirmed the similar Lex Caecilia Didia of 98 BC....
that was a reinforcement law done in 62 BC to back up the original Lex Caecilia DidiaLex Caecilia DidiaThe Lex Caecilia Didia was a law put into effect by the consuls Q. Caecilius Metellus Nepos and Titus Didius in the year 98 BCE. This law had two provisions. The first was a minimum period between proposing a Roman law and voting on it, and the second was a ban of miscellaneous provisions in a...
law of 98 BC. - Lex Junia Norbana (AD 19) regarding status of freedmen
- Lex Licinia MuciaLex Licinia MuciaLex Licinia Mucia was a Roman law established in 95 BC by consuls Lucius Licinius Crassus and Quintus Mucius Scaevola Pontifex. Its purpose was to remove certain groups not amalgamated into the Roman Republic from the citizen rolls by prosecution of all citizens who falsely claimed to have Roman...
(95 BC95 BCYear 95 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Crassus and Scaevola...
) removed Latin and Italian allies from Rome's citizen-rolls. - Lex Licinia Pompeia (55 BC55 BCYear 55 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Crassus and Pompey...
) PompeyPompeyGnaeus Pompeius Magnus, also known as Pompey or Pompey the Great , was a military and political leader of the late Roman Republic...
and Crassus set forth to prolong CaesarJulius CaesarGaius Julius Caesar was a Roman general and statesman and a distinguished writer of Latin prose. He played a critical role in the gradual transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire....
's proconsulship in both the Gauls for another 5 years - Lex Licinia SextiaLex Licinia SextiaLex Licinia Sextia was a Roman law introduced around 376 BCE and enacted in 367 BCE. It restored the consulship, allegedly reserved one of the two consular positions for a plebeian , and introduced new limits on the possession of conquered land.- Authors :It is named for the plebeian tribunes Gaius...
(367 BC367 BCYear 367 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Tribunate of Cossus, Maluginensis, Macerinus, Capitolinus, Cicurinus and Poplicola...
) resumes consulship, requires plebeian as a consul; aka Leges Liciniae Sextiae - Lex Maenia (after 293 BC293 BCYear 293 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Cursor and Maximus...
) plebeian achievement, it carried the principle of Lex Pubilia to elections - Lex Maenia Sestia (452 BC452 BCYear 452 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lanatus and Vaticanus . The denomination 452 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe...
) scale for fines, 1 ox = 12 sheep = 100 lb. of bronze - Lex MancianaLex MancianaThe Lex Manciana is a Roman law dealing with tenancy agreements of Imperial estates in North Africa.-Location:The Imperial estates in question are all from the Bagradas Valley region of Africa Proconsularis The Lex Manciana is a Roman law dealing with tenancy agreements of Imperial estates in North...
(around Flavian dynasty) dealt with imperial and private cases in North AfricaNorth AfricaNorth Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, linked by the Sahara to Sub-Saharan Africa. Geopolitically, the United Nations definition of Northern Africa includes eight countries or territories; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, South Sudan, Sudan, Tunisia, and...
, regulated relations between cultivators and the proprietors - Lex ManiliaLex ManiliaThe Lex Manilia was a Roman law established in 66 BC. The proposal of the law was supported by Cicero in his De Imperio Cn...
(66 BC66 BCYear 66 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lepidus and Tullus...
) Pompey's actions against Mithridates - Lex Minucia (216 BC216 BCYear 216 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Varro and Paullus...
) appointment of three finance commissioners - Lex OgulniaLex OgulniaLex Ogulnia is one of the results of the long class struggle between patricians and plebeians. This law was named after tribune Quintus Ogulnius Gallus. With this law the priesthoods were open to plebeians. It also increased number of pontifices from five to nine . The first plebeian pontifex...
(300 BC300 BCYear 300 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Corvus and Pansa...
) the priesthoods are open to plebeians - Lex OppiaLex OppiaThe Lex Oppia was a law established in ancient Rome in 215 BC, at the height of the Second Punic War during the days of national catastrophe after the Battle of Cannae....
(215 BC215 BCYear 215 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Albinus/Marcellus/Verrucosus and Gracchus...
) limited female adornment - Lex Ovinia (318 BC318 BCYear 318 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Flaccinator and Venno...
) transferred the right to appoint Senators from the Consuls to the Censors - Les Papia de Peregrinis (65 BC65 BCYear 65 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Cotta and Torquatus...
) challenged false claims of citizenship and deported foreigners from Rome - Lex Papia PoppaeaLex Papia PoppaeaThe Lex Papia Poppaea was a Roman law introduced in AD 9 to encourage and strengthen marriage. It included provisions against adultery and celibacy and complemented and supplemented Augustus' Lex Julia de Maritandis Ordinibus of 18 BC and the Lex Iulia de Adulteriis Coercendis of 17 BC. The lex...
(AD 99Year 9 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Sabinus and Camerinus...
) regarding marriage - Lex Papiria de dedicationibusLex Papiria de dedicationibusLex Papiria de dedicationibus was a law established in ancient Rome in around 304 BC, though the date is uncertain....
(c. 304 BC304 BCYear 304 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Sophus and Severrio...
) forbade consecration of real property without approval of the popular assembly - Lex Papiria Julia (430 BC430 BCYear 430 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Crassus and Iullus...
) made payment of fines in bronze mandatory - Lex de Permutatione Provinciae (44 BC44 BCYear 44 BC was either a common year starting on Sunday or Monday or a leap year starting on Friday or Saturday of the Julian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday of the Proleptic Julian calendar...
) Marcus Antonius set this law which gave him a five year's command in Cisalpine and Transalpine Gaul in lieu of Macedon. Also gave authorization to transfer CaesarJulius CaesarGaius Julius Caesar was a Roman general and statesman and a distinguished writer of Latin prose. He played a critical role in the gradual transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire....
's legions from Macedon to the new provinces. - Lex Petronia (?) prevented a master from sending his slave to the beasts in the amphitheater without authorization
- Lex Plautia de Reditu Lepidanorum (70 BC70 BCYear 70 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Magnus and Dives...
) granted a pardon to Lepidus' former associates - Lex Plautia Judiciaria (?) chose jurors from other classes, not just the Equites
- Lex Plautia PapiriaLex Plautia PapiriaThe Lex Plautia Papiria was a Roman plebiscite enacted amidst the Social War in 89 BCE. Sponsored by the Tribunes of the Plebs, M. Plautius Silvanus and C. Papirius Carbo, the law expanded civitas, or citizenship...
(89 BC89 BCYear 89 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Strabo and Cato...
) granted citizenship to Roman allies - Lex Poetelia PapiriaLex Poetelia PapiriaThe Lex Poetelia Papiria was a law passed in Ancient Rome that abolished the contractual form of Nexum, or debt bondage. Livy dates the law in 326 BC, during the third consulship of Gaius Poetelius Libo Visolus, whereas...
(326 BC326 BCYear 326 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Visolus and Cursor...
) regarding debt-slaveryNexumNexum was a debt bondage contract in the early Roman Republic. The debtor pledged his person as collateral should he default on his loan. Nexum was abolished by the Lex Poetelia Papiria in 326 BC.- The contract :... - Lex Porcia (I) (199 BC199 BCYear 199 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lentulus and Tappulus...
) proposed by tribune P. Porcius Laeca to give right of appeal in capital cases - Lex Porcia (II) (195 BC195 BCYear 195 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Flaccus and Cato...
) M. Porcius Cato prohibited scourging of citizens without appeal - Lex Porcia (III) (184 BC184 BCYear 184 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Pulcher and Licinus...
) consul L. Porcius Licinus safeguarded citizens from summary execution on military service, all dealing with right of appeal (provocatio) - Lex Pompeia (89 BC89 BCYear 89 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Strabo and Cato...
) regarding citizenship rights in Gaul - Leges provinciaeLeges provinciaeThe ' were sets of laws first enacted in 146 BC designed to aid in the regulation and administration of the Roman provinces. Written specifically for each province, the was drafted by the victorious general with the help of a commission of ten , or advisors, whom were usually of senatorial rank...
(146 BC146 BCYear 146 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lentulus and Achaicus...
) a set of laws designed to regulate and organize the administration of Roman provinces - Lex Publilia (339 BC339 BCYear 339 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Mamercinus and Philo...
) restricted patrum auctoritas - Lex Pupia (72/61 BC) Senate could not meet on Comitiales Dies
- Lex Regia
- Lex Romana Burgundionum one of the law tables for Romans after the fall of Western Roman Empire
- Lex Romana Visigothorum (AD 506506Year 506 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Messala and Dagalaiphus...
) one of the law tables for Romans after the fall of Western Roman Empire - Lex Roscia (49 BC49 BCYear 49 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lentulus and Marcellus...
) CaesarJulius CaesarGaius Julius Caesar was a Roman general and statesman and a distinguished writer of Latin prose. He played a critical role in the gradual transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire....
proposed, full Latin Rights on the people of Transalpine Gaul - Lex Roscia theatralisLex Roscia theatralisThe lex Roscia theatralis was a Roman law dated to 67 BC. It reserved 14 rows in the theater to members of the Equestrian order.The Latin poet Horace refers to it satirically in his Epistulae, and wonders whether "melior est an puerorum nenia" ....
(67 BC67 BCYear 67 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Piso and Glabrio...
) allocated a place in Roman theaters to the equestrian order - Lex Rubria (122 BC122 BCYear 122 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Ahenobarbus and Fannius...
) authorized a colony on the ruins of Carthage - Lex Sacrata (494 BC494 BCYear 494 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Tricostus and Geminus...
) law after first secession of the plebeians that either affirmed the sacrosanctity of the tribunes or established the plebeians as a sworn confederacy against patricians - Lex ScantiniaLex ScantiniaThe Lex Scantinia is a poorly documented ancient Roman law that penalized a sex crime against a freeborn male minor . The law may also have been used to prosecute adult male citizens who willingly took a passive role in having sex with other men...
(c. 149 BC149 BCYear 149 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Censorinus and Manilius...
) a poorly attested law regulating some aspects of homosexual behaviorHomosexuality in Ancient RomeSame-sex attitudes and behaviors in ancient Rome often differ markedly from those of the contemporary West. Latin lacks words that would precisely translate "homosexual" and "heterosexual." The primary dichotomy of ancient Roman sexuality was active/dominant/masculine and...
among citizens, primarily protecting freeborn male minors - Leges Semproniae Agrariae (133 BC133 BCYear 133 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Scaevola and Frugi...
) set of laws issued by Tiberius GracchusTiberius GracchusTiberius Sempronius Gracchus was a Roman Populares politician of the 2nd century BC and brother of Gaius Gracchus. As a plebeian tribune, his reforms of agrarian legislation caused political turmoil in the Republic. These reforms threatened the holdings of rich landowners in Italy...
to redistribute land among the poor; repealed after his assassination - Lex Servilia Caepio (106 BC106 BCYear 106 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caepio and Serranus...
) some control of the court de rebus repentundis was handed back to senators from the equites - Lex Servilia Glaucia (100 BC100 BCYear 100 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Marius and Flaccus...
?) provided allotments for veterans on land in southern Gaul - Lex Terentia Cassia (73 BC73 BCYear 73 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lucullus and Longinus...
) safeguarded Rome's grain supply and distributed grain at reduced rates - Lex TitiaLex TitiaThe Lex Titia was a Roman law passed on November 27, 43 BC, that legalized the Second Triumvirate of Octavian, Mark Antony, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus...
(43 BC43 BCYear 43 BC was either a common year starting on Sunday, Monday or Tuesday or a leap year starting on Sunday or Monday of the Julian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the Proleptic Julian calendar...
) gave OctavianAugustusAugustus ;23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14) is considered the first emperor of the Roman Empire, which he ruled alone from 27 BC until his death in 14 AD.The dates of his rule are contemporary dates; Augustus lived under two calendars, the Roman Republican until 45 BC, and the Julian...
, Mark AntonyMark AntonyMarcus Antonius , known in English as Mark Antony, was a Roman politician and general. As a military commander and administrator, he was an important supporter and loyal friend of his mother's cousin Julius Caesar...
and Lepidus full powers to defeat the assassins of Julius CaesarJulius CaesarGaius Julius Caesar was a Roman general and statesman and a distinguished writer of Latin prose. He played a critical role in the gradual transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire....
; legalized the second triumvirateTriumvirateA triumvirate is a political regime dominated by three powerful individuals, each a triumvir . The arrangement can be formal or informal, and though the three are usually equal on paper, in reality this is rarely the case... - Lex TreboniaLex TreboniaThe Lex Trebonia was passed in 55 BC during the second joint consulship of Marcus Licinius Crassus and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus . Sponsored by the tribune Trebonius, the legislation granted each outgoing consul an extended five-year proconsular command. Crassus received the province of Syria, with...
(55 BC55 BCYear 55 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Crassus and Pompey...
) organization of the provinces - Lex Tullia (63 BC63 BCYear 63 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Cicero and Hibrida...
) passed by CiceroCiceroMarcus Tullius Cicero , was a Roman philosopher, statesman, lawyer, political theorist, and Roman constitutionalist. He came from a wealthy municipal family of the equestrian order, and is widely considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists.He introduced the Romans to the chief...
in his consulship to regulate election fraud (see ambitusAmbitusIn ancient Roman law, ambitus was a crime of political corruption, mainly a candidate's attempt to influence the outcome of an election through bribery or other forms of soft power...
) - Lex Valeria (maybe in 509 BC and 449 BC449 BCYear 449 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Third year of the decemviri and the Year of the Consulship of Potitus and Barbatus...
or 300 BC300 BCYear 300 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Corvus and Pansa...
) it granted every Roman citizen legal right to appeal against a capital sentence, defined and confirmed the right of appeal (provocatio) - Lex Valeria (82 BC82 BCYear 82 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Marius and Carbo...
) appointed Sulla dictator - Lex Valeria Cornelia (AD 55Year 5 was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Messalla and Cinna...
) regarding voting in the Comitia Centuriata - Leges Valeria Horatiae (449 BC449 BCYear 449 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Third year of the decemviri and the Year of the Consulship of Potitus and Barbatus...
) regarding the rights of the plebs - Leges Valeria Publicola (449 BC449 BCYear 449 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Third year of the decemviri and the Year of the Consulship of Potitus and Barbatus...
) grants the right to appeal to the People of any decision of magistrates - Lex Vatinia (59 BC59 BCYear 59 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Bibulus...
) gave Julius CaesarJulius CaesarGaius Julius Caesar was a Roman general and statesman and a distinguished writer of Latin prose. He played a critical role in the gradual transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire....
governorship of Cisalpine Gaul and of Illyricum for five years - Lex Villia annalis (180 BC180 BCYear 180 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Luscus and Piso/Flaccus...
) established minimum ages for the cursus honorumCursus honorumThe cursus honorum was the sequential order of public offices held by aspiring politicians in both the Roman Republic and the early Empire. It was designed for men of senatorial rank. The cursus honorum comprised a mixture of military and political administration posts. Each office had a minimum...
offices; determined an interval of two years between offices - Lex VoconiaLex VoconiaLex Voconia was a law established in ancient Rome in 169 BC.Introduced by Q. Voconius Saxa with support from Cato the Elder, Voconius being tribune of the people in that year, this law prohibited those who owned property valued at 100,000 asses from making a woman their heir...
(169 BC169 BCYear 169 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Philippus and Caepio...
) disallowed women from being the main heir to a dead man's estate, including cases were there were no male relatives alive
General denominations
- Lex AgrariaLex AgrariaThe Lex Agraria can refer to a Roman law proposed in 133 BC during the Tribunate of Tiberius Gracchus. The law involved the redistribution of public land, previously owned by the Senatorial class, to the lower classes in Ancient Rome, using money bequeathed to Rome in the will of Attalus III of...
A law regulating distribution of public lands - Lex annalis qualifications for magistracies
- Lex ambitu Laws involving electoral bribery and corruption; see ambitusAmbitusIn ancient Roman law, ambitus was a crime of political corruption, mainly a candidate's attempt to influence the outcome of an election through bribery or other forms of soft power...
- Lex curiata de imperioLex curiata de imperioIn the constitution of ancient Rome, the lex curiata de imperio was the law confirming the rights of higher magistrates to hold power, or imperium...
Law that Comitia Curiata used to ratify the choice of a new king, also confirmed Octavian's adoption as Caesar's son in 43 BC - Lex frumentaria A law regulating price of grain
- Lex sumptuaria A law regulating the use of luxury items and public manifestations of wealth
The conclusions of the Senate
- Senatus consultumSenatus consultumA senatus consultum is a text emanating from the senate in Ancient Rome. It is used in the modern phrase senatus consultum ultimum...
A SenateRoman SenateThe Senate of the Roman Republic was a political institution in the ancient Roman Republic, however, it was not an elected body, but one whose members were appointed by the consuls, and later by the censors. After a magistrate served his term in office, it usually was followed with automatic...
decree - Senatus consultum ultimumSenatus consultum ultimumSenatus consultum ultimum , more properly senatus consultum de re publica defendenda is the modern term given to a decree of the Roman Senate during the late Roman Republic passed in times of emergency...
or Senatus consultum de re publica defenda a late republic alternative to nominating a dictatorRoman dictatorIn the Roman Republic, the dictator , was an extraordinary magistrate with the absolute authority to perform tasks beyond the authority of the ordinary magistrate . The office of dictator was a legal innovation originally named Magister Populi , i.e... - Senatus consultum de BacchanalibusSenatus consultum de BacchanalibusThe senatus consultum de Bacchanalibus is a notable Old Latin inscription dating to AUC 568, or 186 BC. It was discovered in 1640 at Tiriolo, southern Italy...
(BC 186186Year 186 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Aurelius and Glabrio...
) concerning the BacchanaliaBacchanaliaThe bacchanalia were wild and mystic festivals of the Greco-Roman god Bacchus , the wine god. The term has since come to describe any form of drunken revelry.-History:... - Senatus consultum Tertullianum concerning inheritance (time of HadrianHadrianHadrian , was Roman Emperor from 117 to 138. He is best known for building Hadrian's Wall, which marked the northern limit of Roman Britain. In Rome, he re-built the Pantheon and constructed the Temple of Venus and Roma. In addition to being emperor, Hadrian was a humanist and was philhellene in...
) - Senatus consultum Orphitianum (c. AD 200200Year 200 was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Severus and Victorinus...
) concerning inheritance - Senatus consultum Silanianum (AD 1010Year 10 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, throughout Roman Empire, it was known as the year of the consulship of Dolabella and Silanus...
) concerning slaves - Senatus consultum Claudianum (AD 5252Year 52 was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Sulla and Otho...
) concerning slaves - Senatus consultum Macedonianum concerning loan/mutuum (time of VespasianVespasianVespasian , was Roman Emperor from 69 AD to 79 AD. Vespasian was the founder of the Flavian dynasty, which ruled the Empire for a quarter century. Vespasian was descended from a family of equestrians, who rose into the senatorial rank under the Emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty...
) - Senatus consultum Neronianum (c. AD 100100Year 100 was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Traianus and Frontinus...
) concerning legatum - Senatus consultum Pegasianum (c. AD 100100Year 100 was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Traianus and Frontinus...
) concerning fideicommissum - Senatus consultum Vellaeanum (AD 4646Year 46 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Asiaticus and Silanus...
) concerning intercedere
Other
- Constitution of the Roman RepublicConstitution of the Roman RepublicThe Constitution of the Roman Republic was a set of guidelines and principles passed down mainly through precedent. The constitution was largely unwritten, uncodified, and constantly evolving...
-Set the separation of powers and checks and balances of the Roman Republic - AcceptilatioAcceptilatioIn Ancient Roman civil law, acceptilatio is defined to be a release by mutual interrogation between debtor and creditor, by which each party is exonerated from the same contract...
spoken statement of debt or obligation release - Constitutio AntoninianaConstitutio AntoninianaThe Constitutio Antoniniana was an edict issued in 212 AD, by the Roman Emperor Caracalla...
granted citizenship to the Empire's freemen - Corpus Iuris CivilisCorpus Juris CivilisThe Corpus Juris Civilis is the modern name for a collection of fundamental works in jurisprudence, issued from 529 to 534 by order of Justinian I, Eastern Roman Emperor...
codification by emperor Justinian - StipulatioStipulatioStipulatio was the basic form of contract in Roman law. It was made in the format of question and answer. The precise nature of the contract was to some extent disputed, as can be seen below.-Capacity:...
basic oral contractContractA contract is an agreement entered into by two parties or more with the intention of creating a legal obligation, which may have elements in writing. Contracts can be made orally. The remedy for breach of contract can be "damages" or compensation of money. In equity, the remedy can be specific... - Twelve TablesTwelve TablesThe Law of the Twelve Tables was the ancient legislation that stood at the foundation of Roman law. The Law of the Twelve Tables formed the centrepiece of the constitution of the Roman Republic and the core of the mos maiorum...
The first set of Roman laws published by the DecemviriDecemviriDecemviri is a Latin term meaning "Ten Men" which designates any such commission in the Roman Republic...
in 451 BC451 BCYear 451 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Sabinus and Augurinus and the First year of the decemviri...
, which would be the starting point of the elaborate Roman constitution. The twelve tables covered issues of civil, criminal and military law. Every Roman that went to school was supposed to know them by heart.